PERIODIC SIGNALS

Let the periodic signal, with the period T

x t kT x t ,

k Z, t R (*)

Obs. The condition (*) has to be fulfilled t , .

For real signals (*) is true only for finite time intervals t t1 , t 2 the Fourier Series
decomposition are valid only if t 2 t1 T .
Complex Fourier Series (CFS)
x t

C k e

jkt

C k
C 0

1
T

1
T

x t e

jkt

dt ;

2
2F
T

C k C * k

x t dt;

Proof?
Notation

CFS

x t C k

Properties
1. Linearity

SFT

x1 t C1 k
SFT

CFS

a1x1 t a2 x2 t a1C1 k a2C2 k x1,2 a1,2

x2 t C2 k

Proof?
2.

Time domain differentiation

SFC

SFC

if x t C k then x n t jk C k
n

Proof?
3.

Shifting
time -

CFS

CFS

if x t C k then x t t 0 C k e jkt0

frequency -

CFS

CFS

if x t C k then x t e jk0t C k k 0

Proof?

Interpretation time shifting does not change the absolute value of the CFS
coefficients
4. Conjugation & symmetry
Conjugation Simmetry -

CFS

SFC

if x t C k then x * t C * k
CFS

CFS

if x t C k then x t C k

Proof?

Remark (1) if both theorems are applied

x * t C * k CFS
SFC

coefficients conjugation

Proof?
Remark (2) if x t R x t x t C k C k
Then
*

Re C k
Im C k

1
1
1
C k C * k C k C k
2
2
T

x t cos kt dt

1
1
C k C * k
C k C k 1
2j
2j
T

x t sin kt dt

the real part of the CFS coefficients are an even function with frequency and the
imaginary part of the CFS coefficients is an odd function with frequency.
Remark (3)if

5.

x t R x t x* t C k C * k

the absolute values of the CFS

coefficients have an even symmetry with the frequency and their arguments have an
even symmetry with the frequency. Proof?
Convolution
Definition the periodic convolution between two periodic signals is

x1 * x2 t 1 x1 x2 t d
T
T

Proof?

1
T

x t x d
1

CFS

x1 t C1 k

CFS

x1 * x2 t C1 kC2 k

CFS

Proof?

x2 t C2 k

Consequence (1) - Parsevalls theorem

1
T

x1 * x2 0

x1 x2 d

C k C k

If t
1
T

If

x2 t x2 t C2 k C2 k
1
T

If

x1 t x2 t d

C k C k

we have

x1 t x2 t d

C k C k (*)
1

x1 t x2 t x t
1
T

2
x t d

C k C k

Consequence (2) - Energy theorem (Rayleigh)

If in (*) x2 t x2* t C 2 k C 2* k (*) becomes
1
T

If

x t x t dt C k C k
*
2

*
2

x1 t x2 t x t
1
T

x1 t dt
2

C k

Energy Theorem (Rayleigh)

Remark for real signals Parseval i Rayleigh theorem are the same.

Trigonometric Fourier Series (TFS) and Harmonic Fourier Series (HFS)

Justificare if x t R it is useful to have a representation with real coefficients

generally, the coefficients C(k) are complex numbers
Notation
C k

C k jS k
A
k e j k , C k , S k , k R, Ak R
2
2

C k 2 Re C k ,

S k 2 Im C k

Ak 2 C k ,

k arg C k

Trigonometric Fourier Series (SFT)

Separate the sum in k<0, k=0, k>0 and replace
x t
Ck
C0

Teorem1.

If

C0
Ck cos kt S k sin kt ,
2
k 1

2
T
2
T

x t cos kt dt;

Sk

2
T

2
T

x t sin kt dt; .

x t dt;

T
2

x t x t

we integrate in the domain

T T
t ,
2 2

and,

using the symmetry

x t

C0
2
Ck cos kt ,
2 k 1
T

Ck

4
T

x t cos kt dt

T
2

Sk 0

the even functions have a only cosines in the TFS decomposition

Teorem 2.

If

x t x t

we integrate in the domain

using the symmetry

x t S k sin kt ,

k 1

Ck 0
Sk

4
T

x t sin kt dt

T
2

2
T

T T
t ,
2 2

and,

 the odd functions have a only sines in the TFS decomposition

The Harmonic Fourier Series (HFS)

C k

Using

Ak j k
e ,
2

Ak 2 C k ,

k arg C k

we separate in k<0,

k=0, k>0 and replace

x t A0 Ak cos kt k ,

k 1

2
T

C0
C 0 ,
2

A0

Sk
Ck

Ak Ck2 S k2 2 C k , k arctg
Ak

arg C k

A3
A1
A2

A0

3
1

(a) Amplitude spectrum

(b) Phase spectrum

the amplitude spectrum shows the energy distribution in frequency domain

k=0 = = the d.c. component
k=1 = = the fundamental component
k=n 0,1 = = the n-th harmonic,
b

Remark: (T Riemann

lim x t cos t dt lim x t sin t dt 0 )

the amplitudes of the high

frequency components are very small and the ones of the low frequency components are
relatively high.

 If

N 1

N 1
k

x i t , i 0,1, ... N x i t does not have ' jumps' C k S k O

0

Ak O

the

amplitudes of the components decrease with its order we can define the effective
bandwidth that certain domain including components larger than a certain threshold.
as the signal varies more smoothly the effective bandwidth is smaller.

Using Parseval The power and the effective value of a signal is

Signal power

2
P w x t dt w
TT

Ak2
C k w C 0 2 C k w A

k
k 1
k 1 2

Z if x t i t
C02 Ck2 S k2

w
, where w

1
4 k 1 2
Y if x t u t
Z

R if x t i t

x t R w 1
if x t u t
G
The effective value

A2
U ef P w A02 k
k 1 2

2
0