Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ABSTRACT
A Hybrid Multi-channel MAC protocol with Virtual Mechanism and Power
Control for Wireless Sensor Networks (HM-VMPC) is designed and implemented
in this paper. This kind of protocol integrates dynamic channel assignment
mechanism and quasi-reservation mechanism effectively. It employs a virtual
MAC frame mechanism to support larger network layer packets, and a
multi-channel virtual carrier sensing mechanism to estimate idle or busy channels
effectively, and has the function of intelligent power control which adjusts the
transmission power levels automatically according to the distance among network
nodes, therefore reduces the energy consumption and prolongs the life of the entire
network. This protocol provides proper solution to the hidden and exposed
terminal problem in wireless sensor network, and improves the network
performance. HM-VMPC is compatible with the physical layer of IEEE 802.15.4
standards, and is able to run on SARD (Sensor Applications Reference Design)
board from Freescale company. The performance of HM-VMPC is tested and
compared with other classical MAC protocols. Experiments show that HM-VMPC
is suitable to solve the problem of hidden and exposed terminal in multi-hop
wireless networks, and can control the power more effectively to reduce the energy
consumption of network nodes for prolonging the life of the entire network.
Keywords: multi-hop wireless network, MAC protocol, dynamic channel
assignment, sensor network
1
INTRODUCTION
Volume 3 Number 3
Page143
protocols.
Schedule based MAC protocols include
Self-Organizing Medium Access Control for Sensor
Networks(SMACS)[2],Eavesdrop-And-Register
(EAR)[2] algorithm, Distributed Energy Aware MAC
Layer Protocol (DE-MAC)[3], Energy Efficient MAC
protocol for Sensor Networks (EMACS)[4] protocols.
To this kind of protocols, the time period staring from
network nodes embedded with this protocol is
decided by the scheduling algorithm, which fully
adapts to topology change and maintains optimal
network attributes. The disadvantage of SMACS is
that the node coming from different sub-network may
never have communication opportunity. The EAR
algorithm maintains seamless connection among
mobile nodes, but only suitable for those networks
which remain overall static. The core idea of
DE-MAC is to allow nodes to exchange the
energy-level information, but the drawback is that
even while in the time slot of its neighbor node
possession, it must keep awake, too.
Competition based MAC protocols generally
www.ubicc.org
Volume 3 Number 3
Page144
HM-VMPC design
www.ubicc.org
Volume 3 Number 3
Page145
www.ubicc.org
L
RTS
Receiver B
Control Channel
CTS
RES
S
RTS
CTS
RES
Transmitter
&Receiver
DATA
ACK
Promissory Channel
Nearby node of A
Control channel
RTS
RES
Nearby node of A
NAV(RES)
Promissory Channel
Nearby node of B
CTS
Control channel
Nearby node of B
NAV(CTS)
Promissory Channel
Figure 2.1: time sequence of node A transmitting data to node B with HM-VMPC protocol
4) If acknowledgment frame ACK is received,
the node judges whether the total number of the data
frame reaches. If it is true, it proves that the virtual
data frame has been sent out completely, then this
data transmission is ended and the node starts to
sense the control channel again. If not, the node
continues to obtain a new data frame in order. If a
denial frame is received or the timing counter is
overtime, then it changes to the step 3) to re-transmit
data frame.
At the receiver node:
1) Parameters are initialized,
2) The node starts to wait for data frame. If it
receives a data frame, examines whether there is
transmission mistake on the CRC check. If there is no
mistake, it continues the next step. If there exists
mistake, then it structures a denial frame to transmit
and goes to step 2) again,
3) The node picks out the data frame ID,
constructs and transmits the ACK frame. If the ID is
not the expected one, then it transfers to step 2). If the
ID is the one, then it takes data section from the
received data frame into the buffer in order,
4) The node judges whether the total number of
the data frame reaches. if it does, it shows that the
virtual data frame has been all received completely,
the node can pass the payload to the upper network
layer. Otherwise, it goes to step 2) and continues to
wait for receiving a new sub-data frame.
HM-VMPC employs virtual frame mechanism
for performance improvement. This kind of virtual
frame mechanism is compatible with long message
division mechanism of S-MAC protocol, as long as
sub-data-frame of virtual frame is defined as the short
message length of S-MAC, and at the same time, the
virtual frame length itself is defined as the long
message length of S-MAC. But the design concept of
frame treatment from HM-VMPC and S-MAC
protocols is different, and the virtual frame
Volume 3 Number 3
Page146
www.ubicc.org
T2
T3
Receiver
i-1th
level
Transmitter
i-th level
T1
SYNC-ACK T2,T3 T4
SYNC-REQ T1
Volume 3 Number 3
Page147
system resources.
The time difference between transmitter and
receiver is computed in following:
Let 1 denote transmission delay of synchronized
request frame. Let 2 denote transmission delay of
synchronized response frame. T1, T2, T3, T4 are local
time of request frame at the transmitter, local time of
receiving request by receiver, local time of response
at the receiver, local time of response receiving by
the transmitter respectively.
From reference[21]:
(T - T1 ) - (T4 - T3 )
= 2
2
= (T2 - T1 ) + (T4 - T3 )
(2.1)
r and the
RTS, according to receiving power
current total noise power pnoise of the receiver node,
The sending level PLev of sending node used as
current data communication is computed through the
intelligence power control processing, and this
information is informed to the transmitter node
through CTS frame. The node sending information
receives a CTS frame, analyzes a power level P lev and
adjusts the transmitting power to send out a data
www.ubicc.org
pt ,max
pt ,min
and
pt ,max
and
pr = pt ,max .
gt .g r
4 d
n
2.2
Buttons
Programming Port
s ,n
sensitive level and the limiter
of receiver
Signal-to-Noise(SNR), this mechanism can compute
LED
a for correct
the minimum power of signal
receiving information by node A, then node B should
adopt the minimum transmitting power pb which
satisfies:
MCU
RS232
MC13192
Antenna
DC IN
pa = pb .
gt .g r
4 d
n
2.3
Transformer
p
b
pt ,max
min max
,
pr
t ,min
Sensor
p
t ,max
HM-VMPC
2.4
Initialization/
Simple MAC
Layer
Configration
Phisical Layer
Hardware Configration
File
Hardware Drivers
Hardware
Volume 3 Number 3
Page148
www.ubicc.org
SYNC start
Send TSR
Y
Send TSR by
CSMAset Timer
Start listening
channel
A frame
detected
Y
Need to modify ID
of upper node?
Is TSR
Is local
TSA
Y
Get time
difference,
sync with upper
node
Target ID is
Local ID?
Y Send
TSA
N
N
End
Y
End
Volume 3 Number 3
Page149
www.ubicc.org
60
40
20
HM-VMPC Protocol
0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Frame Length(Bytes)
Figure 4.1: experiment environment of multi-hop
sensor networks
pc
pc
Volume 3 Number 3
Page150
www.ubicc.org
Packets loss
rate(/1000)
pc
802.11
HM-VMPC
20
40 60 80 100 120
Data length(Bytes)
35
Packet loss rate(/1000)
Packets loss
rate(/1000)
30
20
10
0
30
25
20
15
10
802.11
HM-VMPC
0
20
20 40 60 80 100 120
40
60
80
100
120
Volume 3 Number 3
Page151
www.ubicc.org
16
50
45
12
Transmission power
level
14
10
With
power
control
Without
power
control
8
6
4
40
Without
power
control
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Transmission range(/m)
10
15
20
25
30
Transmission range(/m)
Conclusion
Volume 3 Number 3
Page152
Reference:
[1] E. Shih, S. H. Cho, N. Ickes, et al. Physical Layer
Driven Protocol and Algorithm Design for
www.ubicc.org
Volume 3 Number 3
Page153
www.ubicc.org
Volume 3 Number 3
Page154
www.ubicc.org