Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A heterogenous group of compounds that have a greasy or oily consistency and are
relatively insoluble in water.
Tristearin ( C
Examples of Lipids
1
2
3
Functions of Lipids
Lipids have a high _______________ value. They yield _____________ of energy upon
-1
oxidation (Carbohydrates 17 kJg ). Their high energy content is due to the higher
proportion of hydrogen and a low proportion of oxygen compared to carbohydrates.
____________________________
However, glycogen is easier to break down compared to fats and requires less oxygen
for cellular respiration.
_____________________
_________________________
_________________________
________________________
Example :
__________ on skin
__________ on leaves
This helps terrestrial plants and animals in water conservation.
______________________________
10
Fatty Acids
Formula
R (CH2)n COOH
1 to 16
Structure
( Normally 14-22 )
_________________ chain.
Example
of
stearic
acid
is
CH3(CH2)16COOH
or
C17H35COOH
Structure of Stearic Acid :
Symbol :
Because
the
hydrocarbon
tails
are
_________________
fatty
acids
are
Fatty acids which contain one or more ______________ bonds are said to be
unsaturated.
An
example
of
an
unsaturated
fatty
acid
is
___________________
(________________ )
The
kink
in
the
unsaturated
fatty
acid
prevents
the
molecules
from
In contrast, saturated fatty acids exist as ______________ chain molecules which are
closely-packed together to form ______________ at room temperature.
The melting point of unsaturated fatty acids is much _______________ than that of
saturated fatty acids. More energy is required to overcome the intermolecular attraction
in saturated fatty acids. (refer table)
Name of fatty
acid
General
formula
Saturated /
Unsaturated
Occurance
Melting
o
point ( C)
No. of
double
bonds
Strearic acid
Palmitic acid
Arachidic acid
Oleic acid
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Triglycerides
(i)
(ii)
Formation of a triglyceride
The carboxyl group of the fatty acid is hydrophilic and very reactive. It reacts readily with
the hydroxyl group of glycerol.
Glycerol
3 fatty acids
Triglyceride
Water
3 stearic acids
tristearin (triglyceride)
3 oleic acids
triolein (triglyceride)
An unsaturated fat contains mostly unsaturated fatty acids. They are _____________ at
room temperature.
Properties of triglycerides
1
Non-polar, hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Therefore can be stored in cell without
affecting the osmotic potential of the cell.
When boiled with a ________ like NaOH, the triglyceride molecule is broken down to
form glycerol and the ___________ of the fatty acids (soap).
Tristearin
3NaOH
3 sodium stearate
glycerol
When boiled with an acid, the triglyceride molecule is broken down to ______________
and ________________________ .
The hydrocarbon side chains of the triglyceride molecule are ________________ . This
enables the molecule to be _______________ into a ________________ form. (takes up
less space, suitable as a storage material)
Phospholipids
In
the
phospholipids
molecule,
one
of
the
fatty
acids
is
replaced
by
__________________ ( H3PO4 )
Structure of phospholipids
Structure of phospholipid
Symbol :
Examples of phospholipids
Structure of lecithin
______________________
______________________
Structure of Lecithin
Refer handout
whereas
the
phosphate
head
is
____________
and
__________________ .
10
In the phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophilic heads face _______________ in contact with
water whereas the hydrophobic tails face _______________ away from water.
At the surface of a cell, the phospholipids bilayer forms a stable boundary between the
cell contents (cytoplasm) and the external environment (aqueous medium)
Discussion Topics
Tristearin and triolein are both lipids. Which is more likely to be an oil?
A camel stores fat in the hump primarily as a water source rather than as an energy
source.
(a)
(b)
Draw the structure of lecithin and state its importance in cell membrane structure.
11
Steroids
Examples of steroids
1
2
3
4
5
Cholesterol
Structure of cholesterol
Functions of cholesterol
Constituent of _______________ .
12
The cholesterol level in the blood should not exceed ________ mmol / litre.
As a result, arteries become ______________ and less blood can pass through
them.
Tissues ( e.g. the heart, the brain ) served by that artery will be deprived of
_________ .
13
HDL transports
Abuse of steroids
The type of steroids used are the _______________ steroids synthetic hormones
which mimic the effects of the male hormone testosterone (e.g. Dianabol)
14
Increase in _________________ .
Increase in ______________________ .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Glycolipids
Waxes
Fact of life
Worldwide, humans use 80 million tonnes of fats and oils every year, most of which are derived
from plants. In addition to being used in margarines, soaps, candles, putties, printing inks, and
varnishes, plant oils are also used as a fuel for vehicles. Biodiesel, oil derived from plants such as oil
palms and sunflowers, is commonly used in tropical areas that do not have their own fossil oils.
15
16