Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PVP2014
July 20-24, 2014, Anaheim, California, USA
PVP2014-28600
Gaku Minorikawa
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Hosei University
3-7-2, Kajinocho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8584,
Japan
Hisao Izuchi
Chiyoda Corporation
4-6-2, Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa
Pref., 220-8765, Japan
ABSTRACT
In the flare piping system, it is known that piping
vibrations occur caused by Acoustically Induced Vibration
(AIV) and Flow Induced Vibration (FIV) corresponding to high
flow rate, high pressure drop and relatively thin pipe wall
thickness. For FIV, turbulence generated at combining tee with
high fluid velocity results in low frequency piping vibration.
For AIV, large noise produced through a component with large
pressure drop results in high frequency piping vibration.
Carucci and Mueller shows the several cases with piping
failure due to AIV and most of these cases the piping failure
occurred at the combining tee. In these piping failure cases, the
velocity at the combining tee would be quite high close or
equal to sound speed and this means piping vibrations could
occur due to FIV in addition to AIV.
This paper shows the investigation results of FIV at
combining tee with 90 degrees using experimental data. The
results are compared to the previous study results for 45
degrees combining tee and the difference between 90 and 45
degrees tees are discussed in the view points of pressure
fluctuation and piping vibration. This paper also shows that the
vibration index proposed by authors is quite effective to
evaluate the vibration level caused by FIV for both of 90 and
45 degrees tees. This proposed vibration index is applied to
failure and no failure cases presented in Carucci and Mueller
paper with some assumptions and it is suggested that the
vibration indexes for failure case is relatively higher than those
of no failure cases. And this suggests that not only AIV but also
FIV could affect the piping failure reported in Carucci and
Mueller paper.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the flare piping system, the shell mode vibration caused
by large mass flow rate and thinner pipe wall thickness would
cause severe trouble such as pipe wall crack [1]. Acoustically
Induced Vibration (AIV) and Flow Induced Vibration (FIV) [2]
are known as typical mechanisms of the shell mode piping
vibration. The vibration source of AIV is the large noise
produced through a component with large pressure drop. Since
the major frequency band of large noise produced through a
component with large pressure drop is order of 1000 Hz, the
vibration frequency of AIV is relatively high. On the other
hand, the vibration source of FIV is turbulence generated at
combining tee with high fluid velocity, and it is generally said
that the vibration frequency due to FIV is relatively low.
Carucci and Mueller shows the several cases with piping
failure due to AIV and most of the piping failure occurred at
the combining tee [3]. In these piping failures, the velocity at
the combining tee would be quite high close or equal to sound
speed and this means that the turbulence energy could be so
high after the combining tee that the piping vibrations could
occur due to the FIV effect in addition to the AIV effect. There
are some proposed criteria to evaluate the AIV risk [4, 5],
however, these criteria could not consider the effect of FIV.
From this point of view, author recently had been developed an
evaluation method of the random piping vibration with the
shell mode caused by FIV for 45 degrees combining tee [2].
The 45 degree combining tee is generally used for flare header
piping system with high velocity due to relatively lower
1
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g
p
limit
rms
3. EXPERIMENT METHOD
In order to investigate the characteristics of the shell mode
vibration caused by FIV, the pressure fluctuation of the pipe
inner surface and the shell mode vibration strain were measured
using the experimental system shown in Figure 1 to Figure 3.
Figure 1 and 2 show the experimental system for the branch
pipe diameter less and larger than 1 inch, respectively. Figure 3
shows the locations of the strain gauges at strain measure
section. Since the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) which
was executed prior to this investigation indicated the high
kinetic energy occurs around 4 inches downstream from the
combining point, pressure fluctuation sensor, TPA4 was
installed at this point and the strain gauges were set along the
circumferential section close to TPA4. Table 1 shows the
experimental cases. The experimental cases were determined to
investigate the difference between 90 and 45 degrees tees, and
the effect of pipe size, wall thickness and the branch area ratio
to the main pipe. In order to measure the maximum vibration
stress of the shell mode piping vibration, 7 strain gauges were
attached to the half side of the test pipe as shown in figure 4.
The static pressure of the pipe inner surface was measured by
pressure sensors with the strain gauge type. The pressure
fluctuation was measured by pressure fluctuation sensors with
the piezoelectric type. The experimental procedure is shown
below.
fg
fn
f 2 nd
:Transfer Function
k
m
p
: Mass [kg]
Critical
Condition [Pa]
: PSD of Pressure Fluctuation [Pa2/Hz]
: Non-Dimensional PSD of Pressure Fluctuation
[Pa2/Hz]
: Power Spectrum Density of Vibration
Displacement [m2/Hz]
Sw
Sx
X rms
D1
D2
F
P
P*
&x&
2. NOMENCLATURE
A1
A2
c
x
x&
[N2/Hz]
t1
t2
Vrms
W0
Vrms
2
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TPA4
D2, t2
Restriction
Orifice
D1, t1
2
3
TP1
Ball Valve
TP2
3311
TPA5
200
TPA4
TPA3
6 inch
Air
Chamber
101.6 101.6
TPA2
TP3
Fig.1
PG
Combining
Angle
Fig.4
D2, t2
Restriction
Orifice
D1, t1
3311
101.6 101.6
200
D1
t1
D2
t2
[barg]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[-]
2 - 13
48.6
1.7
114.3
2.1
0.181
6 - 19
89.1
2.1
114.3
2.1
0.608
9 - 28
114.3
2.1
114.3
2.1
1.000
4 - 12
27.2
1.7
114.3
2.1
0.057
7.5 - 9.5
13.8
1.2
114.3
2.1
0.015
2 - 13
48.6
1.7
114.3
2.1
0.181
2 - 13
48.6
1.7
114.3
3.0
0.181
2 - 13
48.6
1.7
114.3
4.5
0.181
6 - 19
89.1
2.1
114.3
2.1
0.608
4 - 12
27.2
1.7
114.3
2.1
0.057
2 - 13
48.6
1.7
165.2
2.8
0.087
4 - 12
27.2
1.7
165.2
2.8
0.027
45
Air
Chamber
Combining
Angle
Flow
Strain
Measured
Section
Area
Ratio
TP3
Branch
Branch
Main
Main Pipe
Pipe
Pipe Wall
Pipe
Wall
Diameter Thickness Diameter Thickness
[-]
4inch
x
1.5inch
4inch
x
3inch
4inch
x
4inch
4inch
x
0.75inch
4inch
x
0.25inch
4inch
x
1.5inch
4inch
x
1.5inch
4inch
x
1.5inch
4inch
x
3inch
4inch
x
0.75inch
6inch
x
1.5inch
6inch
x
0.75inch
Ball Valve
TPA2
Measured
Pressure
(TP1)
PG
Main and
Branch Pipe
Sizes
[deg]
TP1
Fig.2
Combining
Angle
Experimental Cases
A1/A2
D1, t1
4inch
Table 2
TPA5
TPA4
TPA3
TPA2
D2, t2
101.6
Fig.3
101.6
50.8
Symbol
Dimension[mm]
151.0
tro
8.0
0.8
8.66
P.C.D. R1
39.1
P.C.D. R2
87.4
3
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4x d
P.C.D. R 1
Flow
P* =
8xd
P.C.D. R 2
(0.5
tro
Pipe Inside
Diameter
v + p
) / (D / v )
2
(1)
D1
v
(2)
Fig.5
St = f
P
2
100
101
[kPa2/Hz]
3. EXPERIMENT RESULTS
3.1 Characteristic of Pressure Fluctuation at
Combining Tee Downstream
Figure 6 shows the measurement results of pressure
fluctuation downstream of 90 degrees combining tee of 4 inch
x 1.5 inch. In this figure PSDs of the pressure fluctuation are
shown with the parameter of the pressure inside air chamber
(TP1). As shown in Figure 6, the pressure fluctuation increases
as the pressure inside air chamber increases. This means that
the pressure fluctuation increases as the turbulence energy at
the combining tee downstream increases corresponding to the
mass flow rate increase. Authors executed the experimental
investigation with the 4 inch x 1.5 inch piping system with 45
degrees tee in the previous study [2]. The results of previous
study show that it is useful to apply the nondimensionalization
of PSD of the pressure fluctuation at the combining tee
downstream and the vibration frequency using Equations (1)
and (2), respectively. Figure 7 shows the relation between nondimensional PSD of pressure fluctuation and vibration
frequency, i.e., Strouhal number. This figure shows that this
nondimensionalization with using Equations (1) and (2) is also
effective for the FIV phenomena of 90 degrees combining tee
similar to those for 45 degrees combining tee. As shown in
Equations (1), the representative pressure fluctuation in the
pipe would be proportional to the sum of kinetic energy, 0.5 x
v2 and pressure discontinuity at the tee, p. Figure 8 shows
the comparison of non-dimensional PSD of pressure fluctuation
between 90 and 45 degrees combining tees. From this figure
the level of the non-dimensional PSD of pressure fluctuation at
45 degrees combining tee downstream is almost equivalent to
that at 90 degrees combining tee. However, the RMS values of
PSD of pressure fluctuation at 90 degrees combining tee
downstream, 7.08 to 7.65 are slightly larger than those at 45
degrees combining tee, 6.54 to 6.55. From this comparison it
can be said that the pressure fluctuation at 90 degrees
combining tee downstream would be a little larger than that at
45 degrees combining tee.
102
103
104
105
100
Fig.6
1000
10000
Frequency [Hz]
100000
101
Fluctuation [-]
100
102
103
104
105
0.01
Fig.7
0.1
1
Strouhal Number [-]
10
4
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stress of the 45 degrees tee. This means that the vibration stress
caused by FIV can be evaluated for both of 45 degrees tee and
90 degrees using the same proposed vibration index with the
correction factor of 1.3.
Fig.8
101
Fluctuation [-]
100
102
103
104
105
0.01
0.1
1
Strouhal Number [-]
10
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Vibration Index [m/s]
2.0
2.5
rms
30
130%
25
20
15
100%
10
5
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Vibration Index [m/s]
2.0
2.5
5
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5. CONCLUSION
In order to investigate the effectiveness of proposed FIV
vibration index proposed by authors experiments were
executed for the combining tee with the various conditions of
different
combining angle, wall thickness and branch area
ratio to the main. In addition, the proposed vibration index was
applied to the failure and no failure cases in the Carucci and
Muller paper in order to investigate the effect of FIV. As a
result, the following conclusions are obtained:
(1) The proposed vibration index would be quite effective
to evaluate the magnitude of vibration stress for wide
range of parameters such as combining angle, wall
thickness and branch area ratio to the main.
(2)
REFERENCES
1. Husain Mohammed Al-Muslim, Nadhir Ibrahim Al-Nasri,
Mohammad Y. Al-Hashem, The Danger of Piping Failure
due to Acoustic Induced Fatigue in Infrequent Operations:
Two Case Studies, PVP2011-57133. (2011)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
18
16
Failure
No Failure
14
Vibration Index (m/s)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Main Pipe Diameter (m)
1.0
Ansys
6
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ANNEX
EVALUATION METHOD OF RANDOM VIBRATION CAUSED BY TURBULENCE AT COMBINING TEE
DOWNSTREAM
In order to evaluate the random vibration, statistical processing is required [6]. In this processing, the overall RMS (Root Mean
Square) of the vibration is equivalent to the standard deviation. Consider a single DOF (Degree Of Freedom) vibration system
expressed by Equation (4). If the excitation force, F(t) is assumed to be random characteristic, the PSD (Power Spectrum Density) of
the displacement can be written by Equation (5) with frequency domain.
m&x& + cx& + kx = F (t )
(4)
S x ( ) = H ( ) S w ( )
(5)
H ( ) =
(6)
(k m ) + (c )
2 2
The RMS of the displacement can be written by Equation (7) which is obtained by the integration of Equation (5) [7].
X rms =
2
( )d =
H ( )
S w ( )d =
W0
(7)
4kc
The Equation (10) can be derived from Equation (7) with the definition of Equations (8) and (9).
k = (2f n ) m
(8)
c = 2 mk = 2m = 4mf n
(9)
X rms
W0 f n
m fn
W0 f g
m fn
(10)
The numerator of the right-hand side, Equation (10) expresses the excitation force. The frequency range of the excitation force fg
could be considered to be several times of fn from the view point of vibration response characteristics, and with this consideration
Equation (11) can be derived. This equation is the basis to propose the FIV vibration index.
W0 f g
m fn
F
m fn
(11)
7
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