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INTRODUCTION
A. Background
A developing country, also called a third world country, a less developed
country or underdeveloped country, is a nation with a less developed
industrial base, and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other
countries. The term Developing country consists of two words. They are
developing and country. Developing means having few industries and many
poor people who are unable to buy the things they need; growing larger or
more advanced (www.merriam-webster.com). While, depend on Oxford
Learners Pocket Dictionary, country means area of land that forms a
politically independent unit; nation. From two words above, it can be defined
that Developing country is a country having a standard of living or level of
industrial production well below that possible with financial or technical air; a
country that is not yet highly industrialized (www.dictionary.com).
One of the examples of developing country is Indonesia. With its 17,508
islands (6,000 of which are inhabited), and an estimated population of 240
million people, Indonesia is the largest archipelagic state in the world and the
fourth most populous country. After having experienced long periods of
political instability and violence during the last 50 years, Indonesia has made
significant progress with regard to its transition to democratic governance. In
2009, both national legislative and presidential elections were held that were
peaceful and considered to be free and fair.
Indonesia has made a strong economic recovery from the 1997 financial
crisis. According to the World Bank, Indonesia is classified as a lower
middle income economy, which means that the 2008 gross national income
per capita is between US$976 and US$ 3,855. The growth forecasted for
2010 is 5.6%, which indicates that the Indonesian economy has also made a
solid recovery from the global economic crisis of 2008. In terms of human
the
United
Nations
Development
Programme
(UNDP)
Human
d'Ovidio said not only has there been a significant drop globally but this
would also include reductions in Indonesia in the worldwide
statistics. However, he said, there was no official data in 2016 indicating
how many children were stuck doing forced labour in the country. Citing
data from several years ago, d'Ovidio said there were approximately 1.5
million children in Indonesia who were victims of child labour, 1.3
million of whom were categorized as being under the "worst labour
conditions." (The Jakarta Post, June 8th 2016)
Manpower Ministry official Laurend Sinaga reiterated that the Labour
Law prohibited all corporations from employing children, as evidence of the
government's clear objection toward the exploitative business practices.
Laurend, who is the acting director of work norm inspection for women and
children, said the government had also been implementing efforts in
eradicating child labour through a program called Family Hope since 2008
and had subsequently rescued and retrained 80,163 children thus far. He said,
However, several industry sectors continued to dominate as most likely to
exploit
children,
namely
agriculture,
services
sector
and
garment
manufacturing.
Assessment and remediation manager from international clothing
company giant GAP, Toni Wahid, said the problem sometime stemmed from
the children who would provide false documents to apply for jobs. In its
preventative efforts, Toni said the company had set strict criteria to verify
documents in the application process, which he said would come in the
thousands. Throughout the 93 factories GAP operates around Indonesia, he
pointed out the highest number of underage applicants came from Sukabumi
in West Java and Jakarta, as well as areas in Central Java.
"In Sukabumi, there are an especially high number of falsified
documents. Although there are no exact numbers, I estimate around 20 to 30
percents of the total lack authenticity," Toni said in The Jakarta Post, June 8th
2016.
B. Identification of Problems
From background above, the authors can determine the identification of
problems such as:
1. Child labour that occurs in Indonesia.
2. The governments lack of attention for children especially for child
labour cases in Indonesia.
3. The societys lack of attention for children especially for child labour
cases in Indonesia.
C. Limitation of Problems
In this paper, there is limitation to limit this discussion so that the
discussion of problems can be guided and directed. This paper only discusses
about children exploitation in labour in Indonesia.
D. Problem Formulation
Based on the background, identification, and limitation of problems that
have been explained above, the formulation of problem can be formulated as:
1. What is definition of child labour?
2. How is the real condition of child labour in Indonesia?
3. What are the recent cases related to child labour in Indonesia?
4. What is analysis for the recent cases related to child labour in
Indonesia?
5. What are the solutions to solve the cases related to child labour in
Indonesia?
E. Objectives
There are objectives in this paper :
1. To know the definition of child labour.
2. To know how is the real condition of child labour in Indonesia.
3. To know the recent cases related to child labour in Indonesia.
4. To know the analysis for the recent cases related to child labour in
Indonesia.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
engaged in the small-scale mining sector, including gold mines. Children also
work in construction. There is limited evidence indicating that children
engage in the worst forms of child labor in the asphalt, oil, brick, cigarette,
floor covering, furniture, marble, stone, textile, and tin industries. (11
Children working in the production of these goods may be vulnerable to
working long hours, carrying heavy loads, and inhaling toxic fumes.
Yunita Chang stated that in the year 2000, ILO finds that slightly more
than half of working children of age 10-14 years in Indonesia combine work
and schooling, while the remaining either have no schooling or are no longer
in school. In addition, more than 60% of child labourers have also been
recorded as unpaid family workers and this percentage reached the peak of
76.50% in 1998 and fell to 69% in 2000. The peak in 1998 might be
attributable to the 1997/1998 economic crisis which was likely to have forced
many family businesses to cut costs by engaging their children to help out
instead. Overall, there has been a declining employment rate among the 10-14
years old from 8% in 1996 to 4.7% in 2000, in which the percentage
distributions are as follows :
Table of The Amount of Child Workers By Year And Status Of
Employment in 1996-2000 (%)
Self employed
Employer
Paid Employees
Unpaid Family Worker
1996
16.47
0.77
13.84
68.92
1997
10.77
0.84
12.93
75.46
1998
11.78
0
11.72
76.5
1999
14.15
2.31
10.9
72.64
2000
15.91
0.62
14.07
69.41
Table 2.1 Child Workers By Year And Status Of Employment, 1996-2000 (%)
(Yunita Chang, 2012)
From Table 2.1 above, it can be known that the majority of child workers
status in year 1996 until 2000 is unpaid family worker and it is continued in
rank 2 is self employed. Unpaid work is labor employment done without
giving any wage to the worker. These may be either members of a
family or cooperative; conscripts or forced
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who
work for charity or amusement; students who take intern positions as work
experience; or conventional workers who are not paid because their enterprise
is short of money or subject to embezzlement.
Besides, based on UNESCO Institute of Statistics Data in 2010 which is
published in 2013 in United States of Labour Report in 2012, it can be known
the statistics on working children and education in 2010 which is showed by
table below :
Table of Statistics on Working Children and Education in 2010
Children
Working
Attending School
Age
10-14 years
10-14 years
Percent
3.7 (816,363)
92.4
10-14 years
2.1
108.8
Based on Table 2.2 above, it can be known that majority, 92.4 % from all
of children still attend school. It also can be known that the primary
completion rate in 2010 is 108.8. Primary completion rate is the percentage of
students completing the last year of primary school. It is calculated by taking
the total number of students in the last grade of primary school, minus the
number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the total number of children of
official graduation age. From the primary completion rate above, Indonesia is
still higher than another developing countries.
Moreover, in this paper, the authors also present the percentage of
children who are working in age 5 to 14 years old as follows :
10
2%
Agriculture
27%
Manufacturing
Services
Other
62%
10%
From figure 2.1, it can be seen than there are some kinds of industry
which are faced by children in age 5 to 14 years old. They are agriculture,
manufacturing, services, and other. There are 62 % children who are working
in agriculture field. There are 26 % children who are working in service
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12
BAT, which makes the Dunhill, Lucky Strike and Pall Mall brands, and
Philip Morris, which produces Marlboro, Parliament and Virginia Slims,
respectively own or control Indonesian companies
PT Bentoel
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skill, low-paid jobs who, in turn, are less likely to be able to educate their
own children.
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CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
From a discussion in chapter II, the authors can draw a conclusion. Child
labour is one of social problem that some nation suffers especially in
developing countries including Indonesia. Child labour is a social problem
where children whom are employed by employer in dignity and sometime
harmful. In Indonesia, child labour has occurred for long time and until now;
there is no exact solutions to solve it although the government has tried to
minimalize it by making some regulation such as act. However, this problem
eradicates and suffers other variables so that it makes child labour more
complicated and complex.
There are some recent cases of child labour in Indonesia which have
been explained above in chapter II. For example, the child who is poisoned in
tobacco field, the child labour in manufacturing industry like PepsiCo, and for
the last is the children domestic workers suffer in silence. How poor they are.
All of cases are evidences that Indonesia has not been free from child labour
and the worst is all of cases are contrary with human rights.
From analysis, it can be known that there are some reasons that why
child labour is existing. They are high demand from employers who need
more employees with low wages, poverty in society, and lack of education for
children so that children can be influenced to be employees in some industry
with low wages and occasionally, they are got abuse and exploitation in high
level.
As a consequence, there are some effects or impacts from this problem
for children such as psychological effect and physical effect. In psychological
side, it can be known that children get a pressure while they work. The
pressure of working will make them stress and confused. After that, they also
deny an education like school or course. It will make them not clever, smart,
and decrease their skills or competences. From physical side, it can be known
that the children sometime get physical injuries and perhaps, they will be sick
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of working. The low of their immune system will carry them to get a sickness
from other people.
However, there are still some solutions for this problem. The government
can do some act like make a regulation like act to stop and ban child labour.
Next, as a society, they can make a seminar, petition, and report to
government if they see a child labour around them. Moreover, the parents also
protect their children and educate them about the effect of child labour for
them as children. If all of elements such as government, society or
community, and family which is represented by parent can participate and
synergy, it is not impossible that in the future, there is no child labour case
again in Indonesia and in the world.
B. Recommendation
Based on conclusion which is written and explained above, the authors
can determine the recommendations are as follows:
1. This paper may lack of data and analysis validation so that it will be
required to be checked and corrected again in order to make this paper
better and more valid and reliable.
2. This paper is needed to be studied and researched more to improve
and enhance the quality so that it can be used and published for
government and society.
3. The authors will continue this project by using another analysis to
analyse the problems from other point of view in order to get a better
paper so that it will give more advantages to others.
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BIBILIOGRAPHY
Act
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Ting, Inga. 2010. Child Domestic Workers Suffer Silence. The Jakarta Post
February, 16 2010. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/02/16/childdomestic-workers-suffer-silence.html (Accessed in September 11, 2016)
United States Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs. 2012.
Finding on The Worst Forms of Child Labor. Report. https://
www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/childlabor/findings/2012TDA/indonesia.pdf.
(Downloaded in September 11, 2016)
Yosephine, Lisa. 2016. "ILO urges Indonesia to intensify child labour eradication
efforts". The Jakarta Post June, 8th 2016. http://www.thejakartapost.com
/news/2016/06/08/ilo-urges-indonesia-to-intensify-child-labour-eradicationefforts.html (Downloaded in September 9, 2016)
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APPENDIX 1
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APPENDIX 2
Two men load fresh fruit bunches, each weighing up to 25 kg, into a truck on
Indofood's plantation in North Sumatra. Neither wear personal protective equipment.
Image: RAN
By Vaidehi Shah
Friday 10 June 2016
Investigators found that about half the workers they interviewed were on contracts
that offer no long-term job security or had no formal employment status. Image: RAN
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problems arising from their work, they had limited access to on-site
company health services.
The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil - the industry association for
certifying responsible palm oil - requires plantations to ensure adequate
medical amenities to workers..
PT PP London Sumatra also reportedly violated an international ruling
that employers are not allowed to intervene in the union membership of
workers. Indonesia has ratified the International Labour Organisations
convention which guarantees the Freedom of Association for workers.
Permanent plantation staff told investigators that they had been
automatically enrolled in an employer-dominated union when they joined
the company, and had fees deducted from their paychecks without their
consent.
This union did not represent their interests, and when workers tried to
approach independent unions, they said they were intimidated by the
company.
PepsiCo and Indofood may not be fully aware of the practices outlined in
this report, nor condone them, the authors acknowledged. But Averbeck
said that both companies must act without delay to address the egregious
worker abuse exposed on Indofoods plantations.
PepsiCo is widely regarded by green groups as a laggard on palm oil
sustainability. Despite its extensive sustainable Palm Oil Action Plan which
the company says will help it achieve zero deforestation, it ranked last on
a palm oil scorecard released by Greenpeace in March.
There was little evidence that Pepsicos palm oil is deforestation-free, and
the company fares poorly on tracing its supply back to
its source Greenpeace found. Traceability information is essential to
ensuring that a companys palm oil is not grown on illegally cleared land. It
also said the company needs to do more to ensure that suppliers comply
with its policy.
The labour abuse reports authors added: Indofood is now the largest
private palm oil company in Indonesia that has not strengthened its
policies or improved its practices to align with the new benchmark for
responsible palm oil.
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APPENDIX 3
Inga Ting
Contributor
Jakarta | Tue, February 16 2010 | 01:14 pm
Job opportunities: A sign printed on the glass window of a job
agency for domestic workers advertises for pembantu rumah
tangga (domestic workers).
One of the most serious challenges facing NGOs, social workers
and other organizations fighting to protecting child domestic
workers is the problem of access and monitoring. Hidden away in
their employers home, isolated from their families and forbidden
to socialize, these young workers are extremely vulnerable to
abuse and exploitation.
The motivation of an employer who recruits a child rather than
an adult is often to find someone who will work for less, who will
complain less, who is easier to order around, and who has fewer
social connections, reported Human Rights Watch in 2009.
Child domestic workers often come from impoverished villages
far from the cities where they work.
Most are forced to enter domestic work because their families
cannot afford school tuition fees and they have no skills or formal
qualifications.
Many child domestic workers are at the mercy of their employers.
CARE International Indonesias survey of 242 child domestic
workers in Tangerang found that almost 90 percent had no
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