CONSTRUCTION

THE
OF

THE

WONDERFUL

OF

CANON

LOGARITHMS
BY

NAPIER

JOHN
OF

BARON

TRANSLATED

FROM

MERCHISTON

LATIN

INTO

ENGLISH

WITH

NOTES

AND

CATALOGUE

A
OF

THE

VARIOUS

WILLIAM

WILLIAM

EDITIONS

RAE

OF

EDINBURGH

AND
AND

MDCCCLXXXIX

Rights

reserved

WORKS,
F.F.A.

MACDONALD,

BLACKWOOD

All

NAPIER'S

LONDON

SONS

BY

"2)3

A/

2)52.

/I

'"

To

The

FRANCIS

BARON

Right

Honourable

NAPIER

descendant

John

MirificI

of

of

Translation

the

Canonis

Logarithmorum

is

Merchiston

of

Napier

this

ETTRICK,

AND

dedicated

Constructio

much

with

respect.

K,T,

CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION,

xi
.......

OF

CONSTRUCTION

THE

PREFACE

THE

48

ON

APPENDIX

NOTES

BY

64

PROPOSITIONS,

BY

PROPOSITIONS

TRIGONOMETRICAL

ON

OF

76

NAPIER,

JOHN

lOI

103

PRELIMINARY,

SUMMARY

OF

WORKS

THE

BRIGGS,

83
.

APPENDIX

HENRY

TRANSLATOR,

THE

CATALOGUE

55

BRIGGS,

HENRY

BY

TRIGONOMETRICAL

THE

NAPIER,

.....

REMARKS

JOHN

CONSTRUCTION,

APPENDIX,

NOTES

BY

NAPIER,

ROBERT

BY

LOGARITHMS,

.....

109

CATALOGUE,

TO

OF

.....

CATALOGUE,

CATALOGUE

148
....

AND

166

APPENDIX,

npKMMMCVH
I

^^PW^

cJ"c^c:^^:^^dfc'd^ifcc:^{^"^

INTRODUCTION

Napier^''

John
and

Bothwell.

Janet

in

Edinburgh,
little

as

searching

of

out

_the xesjiiltof which

^published work,
-Jation

of St

Had

he

and
found

could

have

near

been

'

the

to

death

December

563, he

College,

was

speciallydirected

the

mysteries

of

appeared thirty years

A

of

plaine discovery

the

his

matriculated
St

Andrews.
the

to

study

Apocalypse,

later

of the

mother,

in his first

whole

Reve-

name

would

John.'
continued

naturally have
1566

Napier

Merchiston,

at

father

Salvator's

St

of

there, his mind

JWhile
and

20th

on

student

his

previous

occurred

which

born

Archibald

sixteen.

months

Two

when

of

son

Hejwas

1550,

than

more

eldest

the

was

of

appeared
of

masters

the

with

collegealong

at

with
*

See

St
in

him,

so

for
of

that

note, p. 84,

as

list of

the

arts

names

his

Andrews,

to

1568.

the
he

It

students
is believed

spelling of

determinants

is not,

who
to

for
ever,
how-

entered

havejeft^

name.

the

Introduction.

xii

in order

.previousto 1566
-the-XLtiiversity
jstudies
He

Continent.

the

on

James Stirlingof
close

the

_A

few

Lord

The

him.

second

son,

Leaving

for

Napier's life,we

here

exciting public

many

it.

of

course

government
On

In

1560

56

II., sailed from

welcome

her

on

24th July 1567,

on

The

year

Bartholomew,

three

months

1587 Mary
the
last

year
event

in

she

1572
which

Mary,

on

we

need

the

mention

was

six years,

sign
the

Fotheringay,
Armada
the

of

enthusiastic

an

On

Church

widow

Within
to

the

Parliament.

her

8th
and
set

death

tion.
abdica-

Massacre

24th August;

died.

Spanish

of

of

of the

during

young

signalisedby

at

is the

few

form

the

compelled

began

beheaded

following

of

Scottish

Edinburgh.

was

five

incidents

occurred

the

later, John Knox

was

dates

the

by

was

who

were

of whom

Calais, receiving

arrival

married

Cromlix,

marriage

Presbyterian

he

purely personal

Queen

1,

of

known

which

events

peerage

literaryexecutor.

note

established

was

14th August

Francis

St

the

one

daughter, Jane.

one

this

best

his father's

may

the

to

Chisholm

James

moment

died, leaving him

also

offspringof

Robert,

place towards

of hi_sfirst wife

daughters, the

five

and

took

raised

was

and

Napier,

of Sir

Agnes, daughter

sons

his wife

1579

afterjthe_death

years

survived

marriage

in 1627,

who,

title of

the

by

In

of 1572.

Archibald,

son,

The

Keir.

preliminarieswere

Elizabeth^ daughter of Sir

inarriage with

for his

arranged

the

when

in 1571

home

at

was

his

complete

to

of

exactly

February
in

May

sail.
of

of

The

Queen

Elizabeth

xiii

Introduction.

Elizabeth

King

James

The

he

1588

of

one

he

1593
interview

the

active

On

Not

after

into that
for the

discovery

Another
date

mysterious

1596, with

"
proffitable
"

withstanding

the

Fast

at

of strangers

king.

Napier
of

Logan

dayes

own

cation,
publi-

first

ing
enter-

Restalrig

Castle.
bears

by Napier

title,'Secrett

in theis

necessary

his
to

written

the

his

was

find

we

treasure

interestingdocument

7th June

Hand

of hidden

of

punishment

to

with

contract

deputation of

written

1594,

In

following, 1594,"^

dedication

this, in July

Edinburgh

whom

among

plaine discovery,' was

long

of

the

29th January
the

forms

led

Assembly.

of

one

king regarding
the

Armada

politics. In

General

appointed

was

of

Church

Presbytery
the

to

accession

Spanish

in

part
the

by

the

letter which
*

inuentionis,

for defence

of

of Gods

enemies

this
truth

relegion.'
and
versatility

The

further

evidenced

in

was

very

of the

by manuring
tract

of

an

father-in-law.

and

invasion

Popish rebels," prominent

**

the

England.

its commissioners

to

the

of

chosen

was

October
six

take

to

the

and

1603,

throne

the

to

threatened

Napier

March

24th

on

by

1593

old

his

by

practicalbent

of

Napier's mind

his

to

which
agriculture,

depressed
country.
the

land

eldest

style,1594

new

attention

state,

The
with

owing

the

to

Merchiston

Archibald,

style.

Under

the

old

to

in

whom

style the

year

dition
con-

of

system

salt is described

son,

unsettled

tillage

very
a

are

rare

mono-

commenced

on

25th March.
c

poly

Introduction.

xlv

poly
22d

of

the

system

result

time, it is

the

at

man

of

experiments

About

the

1603,

of
raid

the

Napier's lands
him

find

on

mutual

for

Colin

where
in

John

sat

doubt

no

December

24th

161

protection with
of

Campbell

and

Aberuchill,

On

as

the

broken
their

jury

The

Macand

men,

inroads,

as

we

contract

Campbell

James

the

entrapped by

entering into

large

known

Napier.

from

suffered

the

was

held

Luss,

was

desperation,became

to

young

between

death.

to

on

grandfather.

and

of

chief

system

conflict

the

The

quite

Napier

Colquhoun

and

him

driven

his father

condemned

and

condemned

gregors,

by

Glenfruin.

of

Argyll, tried,
which

made

seal

privy

was

the

probable

most

Lennox,

Macgregor

the

Napier

devastated

possessions,was
chief

Archibald

As

June 1598.

under

granted

was

Lawers,

of

their

John Campbell,

brother-german.
To
seen,

the critical
drew

English

Jn
The

he

Latin

to

have

we

due

the

of

plaine discovery,'already

[A

intended

was

'

says,

haste

unripe.'

It

was

appeared

in

of

public life,is

as

into

Latin, but, owing

as

1588 which,

Napier

treatise

was,

of

events

rewritingit
Mathematics,

out

to

the

wherein

he

in Latin, but
as

Napier's attention

well
from

in

as

an

mentioned.
written

referred

in

to, he

compassion, leaving the

the

English

published
1 1

of

appearance

been

above

events

constrained
in

have

to

already

1594.

work

almost

revised

edition

present
A

still expressed his intention

this

was

never

theology,must
earlyage.

What

accomplished.
have
he

occupied
had

done
in

Introduction.

in the

of

way

systematising and
and

of arithmetic

*A

in

this

Logistica.' From

imaginary roots,
extraction

of

the

complete
notation

first

the

was

the

Towards
further

Europe

numeration
in

This

by

Simon

use

the

the

to

seems

Stevin

to

devise

of

science

he

1594

was

hopes

of

led
the

Logarithms.

by

sixteenth

his

of

publication

See

extend

the

of

the

p.

in

on

and

however,

labour

is

not

by
of

this, Napier

Arithmetic

and

deliberately set

lessening this

Canon

but'i^Napier

and

labour.

progress

tells

correspondent

note,

To

"^^'^

of

Kepler

informant
*

century.

considerable

year,

Scotch

had

greatly impeded

work

made

that

notation

century,

was

means

Tycho's

for the

1585,

notation.

completion,

in

method

to

consequence

aside

have

must

undertaking, as

Brahe

In

some

of

algebraic

tenth

in

present
the

its

before

Algebra
himself

laid

have

gations
investi-

proposed, though

was

of

progress

his

Arte

great

and

it still remained

calculation.

numerical

his

into

end

general

De

the

consideration

continually increasing complexity

the

By

to

as

in

degrees.
of

system,

form,

cumbrous

title

to

before

appears

that

to

refers

system

fractions.

to

him

discovered

of all

roots

introduced

been

the

also

decimal

The

he

subject

had

He

secret.

led

sciences

years

the

it appears

work

had

equations

under

1839

the

some

plaine discovery/

manuscript published

in

developing

algebra, probably

publication of

the

xv

us,

Tycho

entertain

to
or

in

Table

named,

but

of
is

88.
c

generally

Introduction.

xvi

generally

believed

the

Napier's friend,

been
of

computation

The

Craig.

have

to

Table

the
works

explanatory

the

preparation

of

the

Constructio

and

Descriptio, must,

The

Canon,

occupied

years.

and

nature

before

the

Descriptio,was

Napier

the

at

in 161 7, 'for

of small

Rabdologia,

invention

of

relief from
than

his

life

twice
and

visited

in the

been

outside
It

the

has

death

West

been

near

Port
stated

and

all the

the

long-

by

none

devoted

improvement.
in

161

in

He

and

1616,

7, when

161

inventor.

The

he

strain

perfectingof

the

did

survive

occurringon
of

means

by

thenceforth

him

the

Napier

the

for

once

and

visit
of

computation

his death

buried

was

to

these

by

welcomed

was

Merchiston,

at

great, and

too

completion,

the

calculation

who

Briggs,

work

of

of calculation, and

computation

Napier

published

important

giving

labour

preparing again

involved

He

their

stopped by

had

the

by Henry

to

was

was

as

he

Napier's bones.'

logarithms

greatest mathematicians,
desired

mechanical

prefer to

may

or

years

till 16 19.

which

most

rods, familiarlycalled

The

more

the

its

The

1614.

several

who

those

numbers,'

named

being

of

sake

natural

the

aids

the

have

several

written

devised

time

same

in

published

not

it,

description of

appearance

though

of

however,

the

computation, a descriptionof

to

with

with

its

made

use,

of its construction,

method

aids

two

and

Canon,

or

Dr

not

the

parish church

long
4th

of

Canon

April

of _St

its

161 7.

Cuthbert's,

Edinburgh.

that

Napier dissipated his

means

on

Introduction.
mathematical

his

on

the

was

in

estates

besides

large

in

The

having

clear

where,
else-

and

amounted

to

Mark

published by

the

above

the

Napier,

particularsare.

as

undertaken,

which,

reproduce
M.

such

of

the

Laughton.

will
facsimile.

allow,
To

and

the

the

the

will

never

from

contents

Maseres

of

head

its

In

Mr

form

added

pieces

valuable

few

and

of the

are

was

faithfully

Holliday

closelyas

as

tail

and

found

preparation

John

16 19

are

translation

be

printing and

work

subject
Baron

present

hoped,

from

original edition

be

to

as

volumes.

original.
The

its

with

case

rare

the

on

it

Scriptores Logarithmici,'which

facts

received

was

the

the

be

it is

is

ception
originalcon-

so

describing

large quarto

view

assistance

writers

work,

Constructio'

the

way

It is, however,

and
to

appears

six

simple

many

copy,

well-known

occupies

Canonis

Napier's works, presenting as

and

logarithms.

seen

hearsay,

follow

which

of all

little known,

A.

Memoirs,

Logarithmorum

most

of

to

the

to

important

in

In

which

regarding John

1834, from

Mirifici

most

his

Menteith,

derived.

mainly

in

information

is referred

Napier

very

left extensive

he

Lennox,

personal property

fuller

reader

does

the

death

ever,
how-

opposite,

very

sum.

For

the

his

at

as

Lothians,

the

The

pursuits.

case,

xvii

Mr

book

tion
translain

exact

explanatory

notes.

The

second

part of the

volume

consists
c

of

Catalogue
of

Introduction.

xviii

of

editions

various

the

full collation, and

page,

principal public

it will

It will be
work

and
also

has

1611

Dutch

been

to

the

Dutch

to

reprinted in Latin,
Rather

neglected.
in

the

have

former

and
was

in this

try
coun-

given

reference

Wolffgang

arithmetical

work,

into

to
to

Mayer,

being

very

of

edition

biographers

popular.
Italian and

rently
appa-

RabIt

was

Dutch,

languages.
of

reprinted
besides

scientific

greatest
have

Constructio

Scriptores Logarithmici,

English,

Panneel,

been

works

his

of

in several

his

Descriptio

both

logical
theo-

widespread

Edinburgh

by

translated

and

appearing

The

His

in

its

Napier's

Michiel

them.

curiously,

interest,the

by

to

seems

also

in

pended
Ap-

particularsnow

translation

translation

unknown

abstracts

The

supposed

was

time,

own

Napier's

of

proof

Churches,

statement

German

dologia,also

editions

misunderstood.

editions

apply
the

that

show

ing
show-

Napier's writings.

numerous

Reformed

is

it

authors, which

that

Continent.

the

on

his

Catalogue

German,

and
the

popularitywith

the

other

by

with

through

went

French,

Dutch,

works

few

from

seen

lar
simi-

No

interest, as
in

of

as

comparative rarity now.

in connection

of interest

well

as

the

hitherto, and

considerable

and
a

of

names

copies.

possess

title-

giving

country,

Napier's writings

of

of

notes

are

are

the

the.

attempted

of

prove

location

their

in

been

diffusion

the
and

libraries

has

catalogue
believed

with

notes,

Continent, which

the

on

some

Napier's works,

of

in

been

1620,

being

and

most

also

translated
into

xIx

Introduction.

into

English.

This

neglect

the

base

been

of

in

their

they

works

in

in

I have

taken

only

gladly

Forres

to

to

public

also

are

for

to

the

the

have

his

vention
in-

me

with

Mr

Davidson

for

assistance

am

them
amount

the

of

tion
informa-

Walker
in

my

collating

add

that
or

any

communications

works

relating to

regarding
Napier

received.

December

for

libraries.

editions

Street,

very

numerous

great

very

supply

due

cordiallythank

most

To

of

W.

computed

Catalogue

the

Librarians

to

of.

search

London

un-catalogued
be

to.

have

thanks

hearty

of

assistance, and

was

the

seems

made

had

he

the

to

referred

kind

trouble

completeness

indebted

libraries

before

even

Napier

by

61 4.

the

largely

which

advantage

for

tables

of

only.

1620

largely accounted

doubt

no

reprinted in

was

practicalpurposes

an

10,

aware

For

is

for

advantage

latter

The

Edinburgh,

1^, 1888.

R.

MACDONALD.

will

p"Gp53p

TO

THE

READER

OF

STUDIOUS

MATHEMATICS,

THE

GREETING.

Ryeral

years

Father,

my
made

Canon
the

on

he

theory
the

in

plain
in

to

the

and

criticism

this

theTn

kind

his

it,go

Therefore,
Author

yet

not

have

honourable

on

put
done

request,

especially who
stick

into

the

are

very

rithms,
Logathe

types

who

those

are

nothing

the

construction

so

much

is

very

finishing

what
and

weaker

the

in
to

me

afford
in

more

invention

of

agreeable

to

Won-

this

of

suffice

public

benefit.

touch

to

to

to

this

and

plain
ex-

the

little

ise,
treat-

their

most

satisfy

studies

to

that

me

assistance

some

such

skilled

most

new

manifest

lay

made

might

as

light for

it

the

this

been

has

the

that

if

the

although

had

tioned
men-

ascertained

had

life,it

consider

and

least

at

forth

to

of

that

proofs,

than

happen,

this

from,

sciences

or

he

Canon

the

on

departure

importance,

derful Canon,

committing
until

the

of

pages

vered,
re-

of learning.

mathematical

could

last

creation^

unmistakable

by

me

great

very

its

of

since

But,

the

on

be

to

himself

he

as

matics)
Mathe-

Wonderful

the

of

but,

decidedly against

method

opinion

versed

and

always

use

the

of

memory

the

of Logarithms

was

and

of

public

seventh

Lover

(^Reader,

ago

to
are

those

apt

to

threshold.
A

Nor

To

Nor

do

doubt, but

THE

that

Reader.

this

would
posthumous work
have seen
the light in a much
more
perfect and finished
had granted a longerenjoyment of lifeto the
state, if God
Author, my most
dearly loved father, in whom,
by the
other illustrious gifts
opinion of the wisest men,
among
this showed
ters
matpre-emine^it, that the most difficult
itself
unravelled
and easy method, as well as
were
by a sure
in the fewest words.
You
then
have
(kind Reader^ in this little book most
a^nply unfolded the theory of the construction
of logarithms,
{here called by him
artificialnumbers, for he had this
treatise written
beside him
several years
out
before the
word
their
Logarithm was
nature,
invented,)in which
variotis
relations
natural
their
to
characteristics,and
numbers, are
clearly demonstrated.
It seemed
desirable also to add to the theoryan Appendix
to the construction
as
of another and better kind of logarithms
in the preface to his
(mentioned
by the Author
the logarithm of unity is o.
Rabdologiae) in which
After this follows the last fruit of his labours, pointing
to the ultimate perfectingof his Logarithmic Trigonometry,
tion
namely certain very remarkable
for the resolupropositions
of sphericaltrianglesnot quadrantal, without dividing
them
into
quadrantal or rectangular triangles. These
mined
propositions, which
are
absolutelygeneral, he had deterhe
into order and successively
to reduce
to prove, had
not been snatched
from us by a too hasty death.
away
We
Studies on
have also taken care
to have printed some
the above-mentioned
kind of
Propositions,and on the new
Logarithms, by that most excellent Mathematician
Henry
Briggs,public Professor at London, who for the singular
friendship which subsisted between him and my father of
illustrious memory,
took upon himself, in the most
willing
the
this
Canon,
new
spirit,
of computing
very heavy labour
the method
of its creation and the explanation of its use
being

h
To

being leftto

the

Reader.

THE

Inventor,

NoWy

as

he has

been

burden

of the whole business

would
learned
appear to rest on the shoulders of the most
Briggs,on whom, too, would appear by so7ne chance to have
fallen the task of adorning this Sparta.
Meanwhile
[Reader) enjoy the fruits of these labours
in good part according
such as they are, and receive them
called

to your

away

from

this

the
life,

however,

culture.

Farewell,
Robert

Napier,

Son.

THE

CONSTRUCTION

THE

OF

WO^pET{FUL
OF

CA!J\(p!J\(^

LOGARITHMS;

(HEREIN

BY

CALLED

THE

THE

AUTHOR

ARTIFICIAL

and

TABLE

their

relations

their

natural

to

numbers.

Logarithmic

Table

which

of

we

metrical

is

and
avoided

by

is

picked

out

size

all

only

in

generally
from

table

use

all

geo-

by a\

space^

all

sines

of

few

most

divisions

figures

numbers

by
and

progressing

very

divisions,

multiplications,

very

it

because

of

extractions

and

subtractions,

It

of

small,

very

difficult

more

quite

in
it

by

for

motions

the

by

knowledge

called

exceed

because

table

calculation.

not

the

small

and

deservedly

does
easy,

obtain

can

dimensions

easy

very

is

roots

easy
it

two,

are

tions,
addiures
meas-

motions.
in

continuous

proportion,
A

2.

Of

Construction

of

Canon.

the

is one
which
Of continuous progressions,an arithmetical
which
proceeds by equal intervals ; a geometrical, one
advances
by unequal and proportionally increasing or
decreasing intervals.

2.

Arithmetical
"c.

2, 4,

or

progressions:
6, 8,

progressions:
Zi, 27, 9, 3,

10,

2, 4,

i,

14,

12,

3,

2,

i,

16, "c.

8, 16, 32,

5, 6, 7,
Geometrical
4,

64, "c.

243,

; or

I.

and
in
ease
progressions we
require accuracy
working. Accuracy is obtained by taking large numbers
most
are
for a basis ; but large numbers
easilymade from
small by adding cyphers,(Icro^^

3.

/?^ /^^^^

Thus

make

put

of

instead
the

which

00000,

sine,

greatest

the
the

whereby the difference

also
expressed. Wherefore

for

same

radius

and

for the

greatest

enced
experilearned

more

iQOOQOOO,

is better

less

of
we

of

all sines
the

use
our

metrical
geo-

proportionals.
4.

again be
computing tables,these large numbers
may
still larger by placing a period after the number
made
and
adding cyphers.
In

in

Thus
1 0000000

we

minute

error

commencing
put

to

1 0000000.

should

compute.

lest the

0000000,

become

Instead
most

large by

very

of

quent
fre-

multiplication.
In

5.

numbers

7nidst, whatever
the

denominator

after it

there

as

Thus
also

distinguished thus by a period in their

is written
after the period is a fraction,
is unity with
as
of which
cyphers
many
are
figures after the period.
is the

10000000.04

25.803

is the

same

as

same

as

25Yf"f

loooooooj^
also 9999998.
000502

Construction

lo

less

of

of

the

other, and

the

Canon.

the

of

greater of the

line

parts,

let

the

h^

b
1-

divided

into
a

two

b and

Let

c.

b lie between

123.2
123.5 the greater and
the limits 43.2
lie between

Then

less.

the

greater and

the

The

limits

two

of

the

of another, when
into the less of the other,
the greater of the other,

let

Thus
between

10.500
lie between

greater and

^^^

the

less.

33.757500,
33.774432
oi a b c d will lie.
10.

the

b lie

limits

Then

limits

other
the

3.216

10.502

and

3.216

between

greater

let the

the less.

the

3.215,

line

quantitiesa
And

the

3.215

and

the

166.3.

10.502

being multiplied into

into

43.1
to

multiplied into the

of the one is multiplied
greater of the one into

of

the

being

limits

the

added

are

the

one

let b

and

greater

166.7

the less
and

Also

less, the whole

limits

limits

the

to

quantity

one

and

the

limits

the

less.

the

greater

less

the

will lie between

two

greater

the other.
Thus

9.

the

to

one

will
which

10.500
become
the

area

of limits is performed by taking the greater

limit of the less quantityfrom the less of the greater, and
the less limit of the less quantity from the greater of the
Subtraction

greater.
Thus, in the first figure,if from
which

are

166.7

^^^

166.3,

Y^^

the

limits

subtract

the

of

c,

limits

of ^ c, which
limits oi a b
and
are
43.2
43.1, the
become
and
^^"^ 123.2.
not
123.6 and
123.5
123.1,
For

although

the

addition

of

the

latter

to

43.2

and

Construction

and

does

converse

some

quantity

which

if you

and

43.2

and

123.5

Division

of

limit

of

of

limits

the dividend

remainder

10.

that

be

may

not

the

by

3.215,

when

and

in the

instead

to

10-506

far

and

the

limits

will

there

for

of

same
10.500,
of
subtraction.
case

reason

and

accuracy

be

may

what

of

removed

preceding limits
io-496fff|, we
;

Cy

come

limits

10-505 gfff
and
10-496.

concerning

rectangle

the

the

namely,

follows

of

by
b,

put

may

concerns

working.

The
;

not

for the

of

Thus,

easy

it

33.774432

io.496ffxt
and

vulgar fractions of the limits

adding unity to the greater limit.

in

lie between

not

hmits

The

ease

is between

figure, the

divided

and

10.502

stated

we

preceding

between

3.216
505^11^

b, and

the

lying

out

Thus

which

may

from

166.3

is

in

33.757500
which
are

3-

other

some

be

may

performed by dividing the greater

by the less of the divisor^ and the less
by the greater of the divisor.

abed

166.7

there

^^i^

the dividend

Thus,

12.

the

; for

but it is impossible for

123.2,
the limits 123.6 and
123.1.

lie between
1 1

between

ii

166.3 (^s in 8), yet

follow

not

subtract

43.1,

Canon.

the

166.7 and

produced

43.1

the

of

construction
not

sOy

however,

This

of

easilyformed

aritlunetical

every
as

progression is
geometrical progression.

an

arithmetical

by

addition

or

progression
subtraction
continued

geometrical progression
difficult multiplications,
divisions, or
is

of

Those

every

is evident,

is very
but
a
very

of

by

tions
extrac-

roots.

geometrical progressions
B

alone
2

are

carried

on

easily

Construction

12

easilywhich
number
from
1

We

4.

arise

cyphers,such
the

figures at
cyphers in the

number,

made

of
of
are

the

because

tenth

its last

the

figuresat

of

figure,the

its

figures,and

always deleting as many

there
as
are
cyphers in

part.

Thus

its hundredth

is 9932,
99, "c.

is

number

hundredth

its last three

end
the

part of any

the

the

part of

tenth

part is 993,

of

sandth
its thou-

The

half twentieth, two hundredth, and other parts

denoted
and
two
by the number
cyphers,are also tolerably
of the figures at the
easilyobtained ; by rejectingas many
end
there a7^e
as
of the principal nmnber
cyphers in the
denominator, and dividing the remainder
by two.
Thus
the 2000^^ part of the number
9973218045
is

16.

nators
denomi-

tenth, hundredth, thousandth, IOOOO*^

1 000000'^,
1 0000000^^
easily
parts are

denominator

"

the

parts

any

up

last two, the thousandth

with the others, by
so

15.

the

the

by deleting

99321

part of

easy

denominator.

obtained,

the

an

of unity and a number

by rejectingas many
parts being obtained
the end of the principal number
there
as
are

00000^^,

got

of

number,

parts of

Thus
1

whole

Canon.

the

subtraction

by

the

call easy
of which

of

Hence
added

you
thence

numbers

in

less

9999999

20000*^

it follows that

hundred

Pirst

the

subtract

number

sine

4986609,

the

iffrom

its

arising
may

part is 498660.
radius

with

seven

lopoopoo^^ part,
lopoopoo*'' part,

and

its

very

easilybe

and

continued

cyphers
the
from
so

radius

cally
geometri-

and
proportion
than
it by unity, na7nely between
1 0000000
this series of proportionals we
name
; and

subsisting between

on,

the
afid
the

table.
Thus

Construction

of

Canon.

the

13

table,

First

.0000000

lOpOOOOO

Thus

.0000000

radius, with

from

cyphers added
namely,

9999999.0000000
"9999999

subtract

1
9999998.000000
.9999993

for

1 0000000.

9999999.0000000

000000

:?999997
9999996.0000006

as

you

create

get 9999998.

hundred

last of

the

which,

have

proportionals,
if
you

rightly, will

computed

"'cr

this

in

side, until

the

at

get

tract
this sub-

proceed

shown

way,

0000000,

from

you

and

acy,
accur-

you

.9999999,

9999997.0000003

greater

0000000,

i.

seven

be

9999900.0004950.
a-

9999900.0004950

proceedsfrom radius with six cyphers

added, through fiftyother numbers
decreasing proportionally
is easiest, and
in the proportion which
as
near
as
bers
possibleto that subsistingbetween the first and last numSecond

The

of

the

table

First

table.

the

Thus

of
Second

table.

the

0000000

form

easy

9999800.001000
99.998000

and

near

9999^900.000000
99.999000

which

99.997000

9999600.006000

the

at

proportion is
be

may

cyphers

at

the
B

to

1 00000

by

radius

to

time

same

and

each
subtracting from
own
loqpoo*^ part in

shown

in

side;
3

and

to

numbers.

continued

exactness

'

9999700.003000

1 0000000.

are

fifty proportional

100.000000

table

9999900.0004950,
proportion it is difficult

opoopoo.ooopoo
A

First

last numbers

and

which
I

first and

an

99999,
ficient
suf-

with

six

adding

continually
number
the

its

manner

this

table

contains

Construction

14

-:

""
g"
9995001.222927

T/ie

Third

last

numbers,

the

have

erred,

not

if you
will find to be

of

you

which,

9995001.222927.

[This
8.

Canon.

the

is
which
besides
radius
contains,
the
first, fifty other
proportional

9P

of

should

table

be

9995001.224804"

note.]

see

consists

of sixty-ninecolumns, and in
each column
a7'e
placed twenty-one numbers, proceeding in
the proportion which
is easiest,and
as
near
as
possible to
that subsistingbetween
the first and
last numbers
of the
table.

Second

Whence
radius

its

with

part, and
First

so

is very
first column
easily obtained
five cyphers added, by subtractingits
as
from the other numbers
they arise.

column

Third

In
the

00000

5000.00000

QQQ0002.

and

soooo

P^^^ ^^
^^sy

9985007.49875
Af^r^o

l^s^

cr^^^A
499^50374

4. 9950

o^

From

last

of

these, if you

have

in the
to

to

9995,
it ; the

not

erred,

9900473.57808.
these

when

numbers,

com-

^
^^

puted, the last figureof each may

sensible
rejected without
error,

"^

that

the

com-

numbers

twenty-one

as

table,

therefore

proportion of loooo
is sufficiently
near

^jji ^^
1

Second
the

9995001.222927,
is troublesome;

same,

which

the first of the

50000

499500125

99500

forming this progression,

1 0000000.
proportion between

000000,

9995000.00000

4997-

2000'^

of

table.

1 0000000.

from

others

may

easily computed

hereafter
from

be

be
so

more

them.

9900473.57808
19.

The

firstnumbers

of

all the columns

must

proceedfrom
radius

Construction

and

the

in

subsistingbetween
firstcolumn.

to that

nearest

of

numbers

Canon.

the

four cyphers added^

with

radius

of

the

column

the

first and

the

As

are

the

and

to
proportion very near
Accordingly sixty-eight numbers

subtractingfrom

in

each

firstand
of

the last

the

first
the

9900473.5780,

easiest

radius

easiest

proportion

last numbers

10000000.0000

from

15

the

ratio

one

of

this

is

to

are

of

be
to

100

them

to

100

99.
tinued
con-

by

99

its hundredth

part.
20,

proportion a progression is to be made from

number
the second
of the first column
through the second
the third
numbers
in all the columns, and from
through
the fourth through the fourth, and
the thirdy and from
from the others respectivelythrough the others.
from
in one
Thus
number
tracting
column, by subany
In

the

same

its hundredth
rank

same

the

in

numbers

part, the

the

number

following column
should
be
placed in

is

of

made,

order

as

the
and
lows
fol-

"

^^

Proportionals

of

the

Third

Table.

Third

Construction

i6

Third

of

Canon.

the

Column.

9801000.

0000

9796099.

5000

9791201.

4503

9786305. 8495
9781412. 6967
Pu
n"
w

9?

13 n
CI-

9703454.1539
in

Thus,

21.

the

Third

table

radius

between

and

half

have

radius, you

proportion of
have

to

the

9995

first

9995000,

two

you

of

between

interpolated in

; and

in

to

1 00000

the

interpolatedin
;

and

99,

again,
of these, namely
have fifty numbers

table, between

9999999

to

100

numbers

twenty

10000

and

interpolated,in
each two
of these

sixty-eightnumbers

the

99999;

table, between

between

have

proportion of
the

of

proportion

Second

the

you

and

loooopoo

interpolatedin the proportion

and finally, in the First

latter, you

since

the

the

hundred

radius

differenceof

or

to

1 0000000

is

these

numbers

never

more

than

unity, there is no need to divide it more

minutely by
whence
these three tables, after they
interpolating means,
have
been
rithmic
completed,will suffice
for computing a Logatable.
Hithef^to

place

in

we

tables

have

explained

sines

or

how

natural

we

numbers

easily
progressing in

may

most

geometricalproportion.
It

22.

the

remains, in the
sines

or

natural

Third
numbers

table

at

least, to place beside

decreasing geometrically
their

Construction

i8

of

Canon.

the

said

decrease

geometrically,
diminished
In equal times
because
they are
by
similarly proportioned. Let the
unequal spaces
sine T S be represented in numbers
by looooooo,
S by 8100000,
2
I S
by 9000000,
3 S by 7290000,
then
these
said to
numbers
are
4 S by 6561000;
in equal
decrease
geometrically,being diminished
times
by a like proportion.
S,

25.

S, "c.,

are

to

geometrically moving point approaching a

its velocities proportionate to its distances
has
fixed one
from tlu fixed one.
Thus,
referring to the preceding figure, I say
the geometrically moving
that when
point G is at
T S, and
when
G
T, Its velocity is as the distance
when
is at
Its velocity is as
Its
S, and
at
2
i
I
Hence,
velocity Is as 2 S, and so of the others.
Whence

whatever

S,

S,

S,

velocities

For

over

the
ratio
I

S,

S,

to

same

T,

3, 4,

1,2,

[*] It
I,

2,

i,

is that

"c.['"]

of

S,

the

S,
the

"c.,

3, 4,

point

to

It is

is declared
be

to

seen

velocities.

of the

another

S,

2,

of

less space
In equal times.
Is necestraversed
sarily
spaces

traversed

"c.,

other, that

or

that

as

in

equal times,

of the
Hence

distances
It follows

of the distances
2

S,

of

of G

the
T

i,

S,
that

from

S, "c., Is the

S, 4

velocities

But

at

the

points

"c., respectively.

is evident
2

each

distances

same.

the

spaces

that

as

of

one

S, namely

the

greater

S, 4 S,

the

points T,

that

3, 3 4, 4 5,

ratio

the

the

to

of

moving
swift, according as

same

of
2

2,

at

ratio

the

Hence

the

will be

less

or

borne

S, "c.,

observe

we

more

proportion

of

another,

one

the

be

3, 3 4, 4

that
5,

the

"c.,

ratio
is that

of the

spaces

of the

traversed

distances

S,

Construction

S,

of

Canon.

the

19

when

S, 3 S, 4 S, "c., for

tinued
conquantities are
also conproportionally, their differences
are
tinued
in the
the
Now
distances
same
proportion.
the
are
by hypothesis continued
proportionally, and
traversed
wherefore
it
is
their
are
differences,
spaces
traversed
continued
in the
proved that the spaces
are

ratio

same

The

26.

logarithm of

increased
as

and

the

as

distances.

given

sine

arithmeticallywith the
with
which
radius
began

that

in the

time

same

radius

as

has

is that
same

to

number

which

has

velocitythroughout
decrease geometrically,
to the

decreased

given sine.

Let

the

sine

in

from

time.

the

of

27.

in

and
a

up

to

the

line

sine

the

be

i be

another

b, let

from

is called

the

given

moments

of

line,infinite

wards
to-

ically
arithmet-

move

had

same

geometrically

velocity as g
the
fixed
from
point b in
advance
in just the
same
The
number
the point c.
c

radius, and

line ; let g move

certain
determinate

Again, let b
i, along which,

i let

time

same

to

with
at

line

logarithm

at

first when

direction

the

of

moments

measuring
of

the

given

S.

Whence

nothing is the logarithm of radius.

T
For, referring to the figure, when
g is at
making its distance from S radius, the arithmetical
proceeded thence.
point d beginning at b has never
Whence
by the definition of distance nothing will
be the logarithm of radius.
C

28.

Whence

Construction

20

28.

of

also it follows that

Whence

Canon.

the

any given
the
radius
and

logarithm of

the

differencebetween
given sine, and less than the differencebetween radius and
to the
exceeds
it in the ratio of radius
the quantity which
these differences
And
are
thereforecalled the
given sine.
limits of the logarithm,
sine

is greater than

the

the

preceding figure being repeated, and

being produced beyond T to o, so that o S is
S as T S to d S.
I say that b c, the logarithm

to

Thus,
S

of the
than

T.

from

and

T, g

is
and

But

since

swifter

that

d S, is greater than T
in the same
that
time
borne

is

is such

in the

at

sine
For

to

24) o

but

borne

is
T

from

when
at

to

and

in

between
a

(by

traversed
T

the

of

that

; so

T, T

d,

times.

and

and

S,

rithm)
loga-

equal

between

moving

distance

d is of T

definition
c

less

g is borne
d, because
(by

as

traversed

equally swift with

the

to

the

T, and

swiftlyis greater,
by

of

(by

distances
g

than

part

time

same

are

from

d and

is

slower,

26) ; it follows
by

distance

moving slowly is less,than b c the

traversed
by the point a with its medium
in just the same
of time ; the
moments
between
consequently, a certain mean
g

moving
traversed
distance

motion,
latter
the

is,
two

former.
Therefore

is called

the

greater

limit, and
Td

Construction

less

the

limit

Canon.

the

of

of

the

21

logarithm

which

represents.
2

the limits

Therefore to find

9.

of

the

logarithm of a given

sine.

the

preceding

being

subtracted

By
sine

that

remains, and
less

limit

that

proved

from

radius

the

given

less

the

limit

radius

being multiplied into the

by the given
product divided

the

and

is

it

sine, the greater limit is produced,

ing
in the follow-

as

example.
Whence

30.

its

has

9999999,

and

firstproportionalof

the

between

logarithm

the

limits

(by 29) subtract 9999999

cyphers added, there will remain
cyphers

for the

less

limit

from

will result

there
if

The

thing

limits
between

the

themselves
them

may

the

in

sine 9999999
1. 000000

or

i. 000000

require greater

you

Thus

1. 000000

1,

fraction

for the

found

or

best

of

be

to

all

themselves,

differ from

like

each

other

therefore
iooqqooo"

true
a

them

more

own

cyphers
and

9999999

greater

limit, or

1 000000

1.

insensible

either

i. 0000000

1.00000005.

For

i. 0000000

and

by an
they

insensible
and

ever
what-

will differ still less from

these

logarithm lying between

much

with

i. 000000

accuracy

its

differinginsensibly,they or anythe true logarithm.

as
above
example, the logarithm of

limits

is between

unity with

this

with

be taken

was

10,

the

since

32.

i. 000000

radius

unity
radius, divide by

being multipliedinto

is

1. 0000000.

For

table, which

the First

the

limits,and

by

error.

of sines decreasingfrom radius

being any number
in geometricalproportion,of one
of which the logarithm or
its limits is given, to find tliose of the others,
There

This

Construction

2 2

of

Canon.

the

necessarilyfollows from the definitions of

arithmetical increase, of geometrical decrease, and
of a logarithm. For
by these definitions,as the
sines decrease
continuallyin geometrical proportion,
time their logarithms increase
at the same
so
arithmetical
by equal additions in continuous
gression.
proWherefore
sine
in
the
to
decreasing
any
there
geometrical progression
rithm
corresponds a logaarithmetical
in the
increasing
progression,
first
the
the
the
and
second
to the
to
first,
namely
This

and

second,

so

on.

that, if the first logarithm corresponding to

So
the

first sine

will be

logarithm
of

so

sines

after

the

others

be

known,

be

radius

double

of

until

the

and
it,the third triple,

logarithms of all
following example

the

as

second

the

given,

the
will

show.
33-

Hence
First

the

logarithms of

table may

given

all the

be included
with

proportional sines of the

between

and
li7nits,

near

exactness.
sufficient

since

Thus
and

(by 27) the logarithm of

(by 30) the logarithm of 9999999,

sine

after radius

limits

1. 000000

logarithm

quently
conse-

in the
1

of

First

and

radius
the

table, lies between

rooooooo

the

necessarilythe

the

9999998.0000001,

is o,
first

second

sine

the double
between
radius, will be contained
these
and
limits, namely between
2.0000002

after
of

; and

2.0000000

the

namely
so

the

will

third

with

be

between
the

limits

by

logarithm of 9999997.0000003,
between
the tripleof the same,

the

and

3.0000003

And

3.0000000.

others, always by equally increasing

the

limits

completed the limits

proportionalsof the

of

of the
the

First

first,until you

logarithms

table.

You

of

may

have
all the
in this

way

Construction

will

of radius
after

radius

second
so

34.

The
sine is

35.

the

selves
logarithms themprogression with little
in
which
the logarithm
error
case
;
be o, the
logarithm of the first sine
of the
(by 31) will be 1.00000005,

of

2.00000010,

of the

23

exactly similar

insensible

and

Canon.

the

please, continue

if you
in an

way,

of

the

third

and

3.00000015,

rest.

differenceof the logarithms of radius and a given

the logarithm of the given sine itself
This
is evident, for (by 27) the
logarithm of
when
is nothing, and
radius
nothing is subtracted
from
the logarithm of a given sine, the logarithm
of the given sine necessarilyremains
entire.

be
differenceof the logarith7ns of two sines must
the logarithm of the greater that you
to
have
added
may
subtracted
the logarithm of the less, and
from the logarithm
that
have
the
the
less
logarithm of the
of
may
you
The

greater.

Necessarily this
as

sines

the

is so,

since

the

crease
logarithms inthe
less logarithm

and

decrease,

logarithm of the greater

greater logarithm of the less sine.
the
add
difference
it is right to
to
is the

that

you

may

though corresponding
other

hand

to

subtract

have
to

the

the

sine, and
And

therefore

the

greater

less

logarithm,
logarithm

less sine, and

the

difference

logarithm that you

may
logarithm though corresponding

to

the

on

from

have

greater

the

the

the

the

less

greater

sine.

36.

logarithms of similarlyproportioned
different.
This
necessarily follows from the
of the two
motions.
a logarithm and
The

sines

are

equi-

definitions
For

since

of

by

these

Construction

24

of

Canon.

the

arithmetical

definitions

increase

always the
corresponds to geometrical decrease similarlysame
conclude
that equiproportioned,of necessitywe
different logarithms and their limits correspond to
As
in the. above
similarlyproportioned sines.
example from the First table, since there is a like
first
the
proportion between
9999999.0000000
proportionalafter radius, and 9999997.0000003
these

the third,to that which

fourth

the

the

3.00000015
difference

same

logarithm

that

of the
the

4.00000020

fourth, differs from

the

9999996.0000006

the sixth ; therefore

9999994.0000015
the logarithm of the first differs

and

1.00000005
from

is between

6.00000030

third, by the

logarithm of
the logarithm

proportional. Also there is the same

the differences
of the
ratio of equality between
respectivelimits of the logarithms,namely as the
of the

sixth

differences
of

the

greater
the

37-

Of

three

the

of

sines

less among

themselves,
themselves, of which

among

sines

are

also

so

rithms
loga-

proportioned.
similarly
in

continued

geometricalproportion, as
the square
of the mean
equals the product of the extremes,
so
equals the
of their logarithms the double of the mean
Whence
two
sum
of the extremes.
of these logarithms
any
beinggiven, the third becomes known.
Of

the

first and

three
the

sines, since

the

is that

second

ratio

between

and

the third, therefore

(by 36),of

the

difference

the

that

the

between

example,
the

by

between

line b
the

thus

let the
c,

line b

the
e,

second

between

their

first and
and

the

the

the
second

logarithms,

the

second

third.

is
For

first

logarithm be represented by
second
by the line b d, the third
all placed in the one
line b c d e,

"

and

Construction

26

ferences
middle

of

middle
b

and
b

of

d, which

differences

the

equal

the

to

equal

differences
for

the

and

from

of b

sum

is b f, is

sum

to

and

of b

first

the

reason

b f

same

their

together,because

b g

of

double

together,
d, namely c d and

same

the

the

and

from

the

the second

(by 37)

d, namely
Since, therefore, both

equal.

the

equal,so that d placed in

necessity also placed in

For

equal ;
equal to

d e, are
is also

Canon.

the

fourth.

their

because

g
is of

is

the

Then

g.

third

the

and

of

and

the

sum

g,

are

of

also
and

equal to the
double
of b d, which
is b f, therefore
also they are
be
other, which
to
equal to each
was
proved.
follows the rule, of these four logarithms
Whence
b

and

if you
known
and

the

subtract

and

known

are

the

from

mean

there

extremes,

if you
subtract
a
the
known
means,

of

is left the

known

sought for;

mean

from

extreme

there

left

is

of the

sum

the

the

sum

extreme

for.

sought
39.

of

sum

T/ie

differenceof the logarithms of two sines lies between

limits ; the greater limit being to radius
two
the differas
ence
the less limit
of tJie sines to the less sine, and
being
the differenceof the sines to the greater sine,
to radius
as
V

Let

be

sines, and
V

T
S

is to

difference
of
off
the

be
T

by

the

greater

radius, d S the greater of

Beyond S T let
off by the point V,

marked
as

S, the

sines.

sine,

c,

so

is to

distance

that
d

on

e,

the

is to

tance
disthat

so

to

the
T

the

d e, the
other
side

sine, is

Again,

S, let the

point

less

given

two

less.

the

of the

T, towards

marked

be
T

difference

as

of

S,
the

sines

Construction

Then

sines.

the

greater

is
S

to

to

e
c

conclusions

of

36)

the

and

(by 34)
S

is

the

radius

less,because

by

than

is

to

the

greater

of

limits

to

was

be

To

find the limits of

given sines.
Since
of the

the

the

difference

of the

is to

difference

less

the
limit

of

follows, from

the

the

to

as

is the

of

the

sine

of

rithms
loga-

S.

But

the

sine

is included

and

above

(by
sines

of the

the

stated,

radius

as

greater and

S
of

difference

S and

S.

therefore

And

differenceof
less

radius

as

to

greater

sines

tween
lies be-

the

less,

proved.

(by 39)
sines

to

necessarily,the
the

of proportionals,

first conclusion
is

is to

logarithm
logarithm

the

radius

logarithms

which

two

the

and

this

Whence,

S.

the

limits

the

difference

is the

(by 28)

logarithms
S

by hypothesis,

nature

as

S.

the

to

this difference

between

the

of

of

"

of

limits

to

equal

itself; and

the

ratio

the

V, and

is to

logarithms

For

follow

the

difference
e

to

therefore, from

that

of

40.

as

less.

27

the

of

lies between

the

Firstly,that V
Secondly, that
same

as

two

and

and

Canon.

the

difference

the

sines

the

of

sine
the

to

logarithms ;

the
the

of

is

the

and

sines

the

the
as

difference
limit of the

greater sine
radius

to

the

the

logarithms ; it
proportionals, that

of

nature

to

logarithms of

greater

of

difference

the

being multiplied by the difference of the

given sines and the product being divided by the
limit will be produced ; and
less sine, the greater
the product being divided
by the greater sine, the
less limit will be produced.
radius

Example.

Construction

28

of

Canon.

the

Example.
let the greater of
THUS,
and
9999975.5000000,
difference

the

0000300,

of

the

given

the

these

less

be

sines

9999975.

being
.4999700
the eighth place

multipliedinto radius (cyphers to

for the
both
after the point being first added
to
of
demonstration,
although otherwise
purpose
if you
divide the product by
are
sufficient),
seven
there
the greater sine, namely 9999975.5000000,
will

for

out

come

the

less

limit

with

.49997122,

eight figures after the point ; again, if you divide

the
product by the less sine, namely 9999975will

there

0000300,

out

come

for

the

limit

greater

and, as already proved, the difference

.49997124;
of the logarithms of the given sines lies between
the

since

But

these.

extension

fractions

of these

eighth figure beyond the point is greater

than is required,especiallyas only seven
accuracy
placed after the point in the sines ;
figures are
therefore, that eighth or last figure of both being

to

the

deleted, then
itself of

the

the

logarithms

will

without

fraction

.4999712
of sensible

41.

limits and

two

also the
be

even

difference

denoted
the

by

smallest

the
ticle
par-

error.

numbers
not
find the logarithms of sines or natural
between
them;
or
proportionals in the First table but near
at leastyto find limits to them
or
separated by an insensible
difference.
To

Write
to
out

the
the

found
of

the

down

given
limits
note

the

sine

in the

sine, whether
of

them

difference

the

table

of

the

table

nearest

less

or

sine

(by 33),and

when

seek

the

limits

the

given

Then

down.

First

greater.

logarithms

out

of

Seek

sine

Construction

limits

or

almost

table

the

and

sine

equal,

is less

sine

limits

the

(by 8,

subtract

which

from

of them,

the

than

produced

will

included

the

is

ample.
ex-

being found,
else

or

the

as

table
be

are

above

down,

noted

both

they

the

35),according

greater

or

either

since

them,

above

and

10,

thence

numbers

of

either

or

29

(by 40),

sine

is evident

as

these,

them

to

Canon.

the

other

or

one

Now
add

of

given

sine.

The

limits

near

logarithm

of

tween
be-

the

sine.

given

Example.
the
Let which

the
less

0000300,

sine

given

be

to
9999975.5000000,
sine in the table is 9999975.

nearest

than

the

sine.

given

By

the

33

logarithm of the latter are 25.0000025

and
Again (by 40),the difference of
25.0000000.
the logarithms of the given sine and the table sine
is .4999712.
By 35, subtract this from the above
limits

of the

limits,which
there
the

will

out

come

limits

required

limits

the

are

(by 31)

in

in

either

of

the given
LET table
sine
limits

1 00.0000

.0004950.

and

they

of
and

1 00

difference

the

limits,or

best

of all

Example.
sine

of

the

Add
become

the

be

the

9999900.0000000,

it 9999900.0004950.

nearest

the

sine, and

24.5000300.

Another

33

less

Accordingly the actual

be
placed without
may

9999975.5000000.
logarithm of the sine
error

the

and
24.5000288,
24.5000313
of the logarithm of the given

sine

sensible

of

logarithm

the

Then

100.0000000.

logarithms of
this (by 35) to
100.0005050
D

of

the
the
for

By
latter

are

(by 40)
sines
above
the

the

will be
limits

greater

limit,

Construction

30

of

Canon.

the

100.0004950

which

required logarithm

the

less limit,between

for the

limit, and

of the

sine

given

is

included.
it

Hence

42.

exactness,

by

Second

the

in

or

in
limits

the

and

of the

last sine

and

by

an

Write

between

sines

5000.
having all

Now,

(by 31) to

table,

between

them

nattiral

or

but

find

the

numbers

near

known

between

or

limits

not

differing

fraction.
the

down

sine

in the

given sine, whether

find

the

Then

limits

by

the

of

the

rule

This

the

product by

less
the

done

may

be

sine

into

greater.

table

shall

be

table
in

radius

Or, in

and
an

the

to

for

radius
is

by

way

By
table

seek

sines

one

est
near-

less.

or

logarithm of
of proportion

proportional,which
less of the given and

greater.

Second

greater

fourth
the

portional
pro-

limits

the

5000.0247500.
will be able

the

sine.

third

logarithms.

insensible

42

the

of

table, namely 9995001.

limits,you

include

to

or

and

and
300.0015150
the logarithm of
finally,

Second

find the logarithms of

proportionalsin the Second
;

tional
propor-

limits

And

To

them

sarily
neces-

200.0010100

logarithm

the

included

is

limits

the

the

"c.

300.0014850,

43.

ing
differ-

limits

the

between

actual

tionals
propor-

sufficient

fraction.

200.0009900

0252500
these

known

between

will lie between

222927,

with

and
100.0005050
100.0004950;
the
of
the second
32)
logarithm

(by

the

all the

logarithm of the sine 9999900,

table, was
proportional of the Second
the preceding example
lie
between
to

first

shown

logarithms of
be found
may

table

since

Thus
the

the

be included

may

insensible

an

that

follows

to

as

the

plying
multi-

dividing
easier

the

by
multiplying
way,

Construction

of

Canon.

the

31

multiplying the difference of the sines into radius,

tracting
dividing this product by the greater sine, and subthe quotient from
radius.
Now
since (by 36) the logarithm of the fourth
proportional differs from the logarithm of radius
the logarithms of the given and
as
by as much
differ from
each
other ; also, since (by
table sines
difference
is the same
the logaas
rithm
34) the former
of the fourth
therefore
proportional itself;
of the logarithm of the
for
seek
the
limits
(by 41)
fourth proportionalby aid of the First table ; when
the
add
limits of the logarithm of
them
found
to
them
the table sine, or else subtract
(by 8, 10, and
35),according as the table sine is greater or less
the
than
given sine; and there will be brought
the limits of the logarithm of the given sine.
out
Example.

HUS,

let the

To

this the

logarithm
Now

seek

the

methods

7764614,

41)

for the

fourth

from

1.2235386.

the

the

limits

Add

these

; it

of its

table

First

table

limits

of

its

5000.0247500.
either

of

proportional by

described

above

Second

the

and

5000.0252500

are

and

(by 42)

and

9995000.000000.

in the

sine

nearest

is 9995001.222927,

be

sine

given

logarithm

will

limits

will be

be
to

9999998.
found

1.2235387
the

former

(by
and

(by

and
out
5001.2487888
35),and there will come
5001.2482886 as the limits of the logarithm of the
Whence
the number
5001.2485387,
given sine.
is
between
them,
most
(by 31) taken
midway
suitably,and with no sensible error, for the actual
logarithm of the given sine 9995000.
and

44.

Hence

it follows that

the

logarithms of
D

all

the proportionals

Construction

32

of

Canon.

the

of the Third table may be found

firstcolumn
be included
between
known
with sufficient
exactness, or may
insensible fraction.
limits differingby an
For, since (by 43) the logarithm of 9995000,
first proportional after
the
radius
the
first
in
tionals

in the

column

sensible

no

Third

of the

of the

(by 32) the logarithm

proportional,namely 9990002.5000,
and

10002.4970774;
the
to
up

last

the

9900473.57808,

of the

so

in

the

namely

column,

of

logarithm

others, proceeding
for

which,

like

will be

will

and
its limits
100024.9707740,
and
100024.9657720
100024.9757760.

reason,

be
45.

with

therefore

error;

second

will be

table, is 5001.2485387

sines not
numbers
or
find the logarithms of natural
table, but
of the Third
proportionals ifi the first column
To

near

limits

or

them

between

differingby
Write

the

down

table

Third

insensible

an

greater

logarithm
methods

of the

the

given

and

table

found

the

fourth

limits

of

When
the

shall

these

its

logarithm

else
limits

subtract
of

brought

sine.

be

to

sines

is

by

for

radius
to

fourth

the

of the

one

the

as

the

of

limits

portional,
pro-

less of
ing
Hav-

greater.

proportional,seek (by 43) for

table.
logarithm from the Second

of

the

table

them

the

Then,
seek

43,

found, add

are

for the

of the
whether

sine,

given

seek

44

in

first column

the

in

the

table

described
which

the

sine

By

known

between

fraction.

nearest

less.

or

them

include

to

or

(by 8,
logarithm of

them
sine
10,

the

found

above,

35), and

and

given

of

limits

the

to

sine

or

the

will

be

out.

Example.
let the

given
proportional sine

THUS,

sine
nearest

be

The

9900000.

it

in

the

first

column

Construction

34

at

pute,

one

time,

logarithms of the same

second
logarithms In each

all the

rank, namely all the

all the
the columns, then
and

so

32 1029

the
to

the

to

be

the

sine

table, beside

Third

fourth,

column, that the

one

in the

rank
either
the
is

column

next

method

be

may

proportionals in
6934250.8007528,

be
had
this
responding
cor-

4998609.4034.
the

natural

numbers,

to

are

table,
logarithns; so that the Third
Radical
this
call
shall
the
table,
we
after
always
and
be made
complete
perfect.
This
writing up of the table is to be done by
and
in the number
order
arranging the columns
described
(in 20 and 21), and by dividing each

written

which
may

the

in

logarithm

table; the last of which

In

the

third, then

of

others, by continuouslyadding 100503.

logarithm of the same

For
by
brought out.
the logarithms of all

47.

Canon.

the

of

their

two

the

geometrical proportionalswe

natural

should

sections, the first of which

into

numbers,

the

second

their

call

contain

sines

and

logarithms progressing

arithmetically
by equal intervals.
The

Radical

Table.
Second
Natural

column.

Logarithms.

numbers.

9900000.0000

100503.3

9895050.0000
9890102.4750

105504.6

II0505.8

9885157.4237

1 1

98802 14.845

"X3

9801468.8423

5507.

120508.3

"73

200528.2
and

Construction

of

Canon.

the

35

be
things should
in mind
borne
First, that in these logarithms it
:
is enough to leave one
figure after the point, the
rejected,which, however,
remaining six being now
if you
had
neglected at the beginning, the error
in the
arising thence by frequent multiplications
in
intolerable
have
previous tables would
grown
the third.
figure after
Secondly, If the second
the point exceed
the number
four, the first figure
alone
after the point, which
is retained, is to be
increased
by unity : thus for 10002.48 it is more

shortness,

For

however,

two

"

to

correct

3 500

1 000.

numbers

fitlyput

more

for
For

has

been

Radical

the
set

the
as

table

formation

first
of

two

the

tables

third,
E

1000.3.
in the

forth.

were

this

so
2

of

the

take

completed, we
being now
logarithmictable from it alone.
the

for

and

10002.4;
than
1000.4

table

Radical

the

we

which

manner

The

than

10002.5

therefore, continue

Now,

48.

put

service

third

in

Radical
table

Construction

36
table

of

for

serves

the

Canon.

the

of

construction

Logarithmic table,with great

and

ease

principal

the

sensible

no

error.

49.

To

find

easilythe logarithms of

most

sines greater than

9996700.
This

given

sine

from

of the
3300

simply by

is done

and

sine

3301

the

subtraction

For

9996700

lies between

and

these

the

(by 29)

radius.

limits, since

of

the

rithm
loga-

the

limits

they

differ

differ from
by unity only, cannot
their true
logarithm by any sensible error, that is
to
error
greater than unity. Whence
say, by an

from

3300,

each

the

other

less

limit, which

subtraction, may
The

method

greater than
50.

To
limits

is

be

taken

we

for

necessarilythe

obtain
the
same

true

simply by
logarithm.
for

all sines

this.

the
within
find the logarithms of all sines embraced
table.
of the Radical
Multiply the difference of the given sine and
it by radius.
table sine nearest
Divide
the product
which
the
easiest
be either
divisor,
by
may
table
the
the given sine or
sine nearest
it, or a
sine
between
both, however
placed. By 39
less
there will be produced either the greater or
limit of the difference
of the logarithms, or
else
something intermediate, no one of which will differ
from
the true
difference
of the
by a sensible error
of the nearness
of the numbers
logarithms on account
in the
table.
Wherefore
(by 35), add the
it may
result,whatever
be, to the logarithm of the
table sine, if the given sine be less than
the table
sine ; if not, subtract
the logarithm
the result from
of the table sine, and
there will be produced the
required logarithm of the given sine.
Example.

Construction

of

Canon.

the

37

Example.

THUSthe
the former
there

by
which
or

given sine be 7489557, of which

table sine
logarithm is required. The

it is 7490786.61

nearest

and

let the

may

with

the

table

table

This

9.

the

by

by
by

most

plied
multi-

being

easiest

number,

7490786.61

19,

them, such

division

easy

subtract

thus, 7489557.0000,

7.0000 or
something between

as

will be

there

1640. i. Since the given sine is less than

this to the logarithm of the
sine, add

sine, namely

result

11

this

be either 748955

and

produced

29.6

12

radius, divide

still better

7490000,

added

cyphers

remains

From

19.

28891

to

which

2890751.8,

there

1.7, and

equals 289075 if.

will
But

fractions
neither
principal table admits
nor
anything beyond the point, we
put for it
is the required logarithm.
2890752, which
since

the

Example.

Another

given
LET tablethe sine

sine

be

it will

nearest

The

difference

of

these

is

multiplied by radius, you

which
product by 7071000,
and

table

sines, and

the

sine

Since
this be

given

subtracted

3465735

exceeds

of

the

is

7070084.4434.

the

out

comes

the

table

logarithm
which

sine, namely from

3467125.4,
will
there
the
table, and
Wherefore

be

This
983.5566.
being
divide
the
most
fitly
lies between
the given

there

from

of

is

remain

assigned
sine

for

1390.9.

sine, let
the

table
in

given

3465734.5.
the

7071068.
given
logarithm
libertyof choosing a divisor produces
facility.
E

The

7071068.0000.

required
Thus

the

wonderful

51.

All

Construction

38
51.

All

for

the

of

the

since
as

same

the

ratio

that

of

difference

of Its half is the

and

logarithms of
(by 34) the
of

and

radius

radius

sine

of the

13862938.44,
whose
and
the
the

the

will

be

sines

are

the

the

of

same

of

of

have

the

rithm
loga-

this

Therefore,
of all

rithms
loga-

of two

to

it, namely
of

all

tripleof it, namely 20794407.66,

of all logarithms whose
difference
sines
ratio of eight to one.

proportion often to one

difference
of their logarithms.

any

as

ratio of four

the

sines in the

of

5000000.

proportion

difference

In the

therefore

and

difference

is

difference

is the

double

half

logarithms

5000000,

the

its

its half

of
of

in the

are

the

as

6931469.22.

will be

sines

to

logarithms

5000000

be

Consequently

one.

the

and

6931 469. 2

5000000,

same

sine

will

also, 6931469.22
whose

to

difference

the

logarithm itself
(by 50)

the

of

sine

sine

every

radius

the

But

for

of

(by 36)
the

All

have

proportion of two to one

differenceof their logarithms.

sines in the

For

52.

Canon.

the

rithms
loga-

to

one

will
are

be
in

23025842.34

will have
for Its
(by 50) the sine 8000000
logarithm 2231434.68; and (by 51) the difference
between
the logarithms of the sine 8000000
and
of its eighth part 1 000000,
will be 20794407.66
;
whence
by addition will be produced 23025842.34
for the logarithm of the sine 1 000000.
And
since
For

radius

is ten

to

will have

one

between

times

this,all sines In the ratio of

the

same

ten

difference, 23025842.34,

their

and
cause
logarithms,for the reason
stated
the
in
reference
to
already
(in 51)
tion
proporof two
the
double
And
to one.
consequently
of this logarithm,namely 46051684.68, will, as regards
the difference
of the logarithms,correspond
to

Construction

to

the

proportion

tripleof
the

ratio of

ten

thousand

Whefice

53two

the

to

all

171

of all

ten

ratio

to

one,

the

from

the way

Proportions

to

to

one

shown

of the

and

Short

Given

hundred

39

and

so

others

compounded

have

to

one

Four

Eight
Ten
20

40

80
A

hundred

200

400
800

thousand

2000

4000

54-

To
limits

the

of the

be

in

ratio

below.

as

the

of

ratios

differenceof
differences6931 469. 2 2
in the following
the

their
and

Table.

Corresponding

Corresponding

Differences

Differences

of

of Sines.

Two

; and

one

namely 69077527.02, will

sines are
logarithms whose

one,

in

Canon.

the

thousand
to

logarithms formed
23025842.34

sines

and

one

of

same,

difference

the

of

of

Logarithm.

Logarithm.

6931469.22
13862938.44
20794407.66
23025842.34
299573IX-56
36888780.78
43820250.00
46051684.68
52983153-90
59914623.12
66846092.34
69077527.02
76008996.24
82940465.46

89871934.68
92103369.36
99034838.58
105966307.80
112897777.02
115129211.70

122060680.92
128992150.14

^35923619-36
138155054-04
145086523.26
152017992.48
158949461.70
161180896.38

find the logarithms of all sines which are outside the

table.
of the Radical
This
is easily done
by multiplying the given
sine
by 2, 4, 8, 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 200, or any
other
please, contained
proportional number
you
in

the

within

short

the

table, until
limits

of

the

obtain

you

Radical
E

table.

number

By

50

find

Construction

40

find

the

of

logarithm

Canon.

the

this

of

sine

in

contained

now

ence
logarithmic differwhich
the short table indicates
as
required
by the preceding multiplication.
the

then

table, and

add

it the

to

Example.

IT

required to
Since
378064.
is

Radical

of the

find the
this

proportional
as
by 20, when

falls within

which

short

add

table
to

twenty

the

Radical

and

you

sine

limits

the

is outside

and

you

obtain

2795444.9,
difference
in the

the

corresponding

one,

As
this
7561280.
table, seek for its

will

29957311.56,

is the
32752756
given sine 378064.
55.

the

multiplied by some
foregoing short table,

in the

it will become

logarithm (by 50)

to

sine

of

table, let it be
number

now

logarithm

the

to

have

of

proportion
fore
Where-

32752756.4.

required logarithm

of

the

half radius is to the sine of half a given arc, so is

sine of the complement of t lie half arc
to the sine of the

As
the

whole

arc.

Let
which
this
from

lay off
e

d
arc.

e,

radius, and

be

in

the
the

is described

diameter

as

given

arc

e,

c
a

its double,
semicircle.

bisect

on

On

it in d, and

tion
direc-

lay off e h,
of
complement
half
the
given

of
the

Then

is

necessarily equal to
h, since the quade
rant
i
d e h must
equal
the remaining quadrant made
of
up
and h c.
Draw
i perpendicular to a
e

the

arcs

i c, then

a
e

is

Construction

42

of

Canon.

the

radius.
degrees, to e i, now
Consequently (by
double
the
of
the
sine
of 45 degrees
37)
logarithm
is equal to the logarithms of the extremes,
namely
radius
and
its half.
But the sum
of the logarithms
these
is the logarithm of half radius
of both
only,
because
the
of
radius
is
logarithm
(by 27)
nothing.
the
double
of
the
Necessarily,therefore,
logarithm
of an
of
the
is
arc
degrees
logarithm of half
45
45

radius.
The

57.
arc

and

of

the

logarithms of half radius and any given

is equal to the sum
of the logarithms of half the arc
the complement
Whence
the logaof the half arc.
rithm
the
the
be
half arc
of
found if
logarithms of
may
sum

the other

three

be

given.

Since
the
that

(by 55) half

the
as
given arc
half

arc

is to

the

is to

radius
sine
sine

of
of

the

the

of

half
of

complement
whole

the

sine

arc,

fore
there-

of the logarithms of the two

(by 38) the sum
extremes,
namely half radius and the whole
arc,
will be equal to the sum
of the logarithms of the
namely the half arc and the complement
means,
also (by 38), if you
of the half arc.
add
Whence,
the logarithm of half radius, found
by 51 or 56, to
and
the given logarithm of the whole
subtract
arc,
of the half
the given logarithm of the complement
there
will remain
the
required logarithm of
arc,
the

half

arc.

Example.
there
LET radius

degrees
The

half

be

given

arc

logarithm
also

(by 51) 6931469;

minutes,

20

the

is

34

and

the

of

half

69
its logarithm 665143.

degrees

40

minutes,

arc

whose

logarithm

Construction

of

Canon.

the

43

is

of the
required. The
complement
half arc
is 55
its logadegrees 20 minutes, and
rithm
is
add
given. Wherefore
6931469
1954370
subtract
to
making 7596612,
665143,
1954370,
there
remains
and
5642242, the required logarithm
of 34 degrees 40 minutes.
of an
arc

logarithm

When

58.
are

the

the

given^

all

arcs

logarithms of

all

logarithms of

less than

not

less

arcs

are

degrees
easily

45
very

obtained.

logarithms of all arcs not less than 45

obtain
(by
degrees, given by hypothesis, you can
of
all
the
creasing
de57) the logarithms
remaining arcs
down
From
to
22
degrees 30 minutes.
in like manner
be had
the logathese, again, may
rithms
of arcs
down
to
1 1
degrees 1 5 minutes.
And
from
these
the logarithms of arcs
down
to
And
so
successively,
on,
5 degrees 38 minutes.
the

From

down

59-

To

form

to

minute.

logarithmic

table.

somewhat
long in
Prepare forty-five pages,
margins at the top and
shape, so that besides
hold
bottom,
they may
sixty lines of figures.
Divide
each
into
by
equal spaces
twenty
page
horizontal
lines

lines, so

that

of

figures.
columns
by

seven

ruled

vertical

the

fifth and

between

the

others.

write
the

left, over
and

at

the

the

on

first

bottom

hold

three

each

page

into

third

and

sixth, but
first page,

at

columns,

three
to

may

lines

lines, double

second

between

Next

space
divide

Then

the

between

each

the
F

columns

and

single line only

the
"o

right, under
2

being

top

to

the

degrees'';
the

last
three

Construction

44

of

Canon.

the

second
the
degrees''. On
below,
above, to the left, 1 degree''; and
page,
third
the
the
to
right, **88 degrees". On
page,
and
below,
"2
above,
"87 degrees".
degrees";
three

columns,

"89

"

Proceed

thus

number

written

below,

or

at

''Minutes
of

head

left ;
^'Logarithms of

head

second
the

at

the

''Sines

of the

head

the

to

arcs

above"

written

column,

third

left";

at

the

of

head

the

at

of the degree

the
"

the

to

arcs

write,

page

less

quadrant,

up

written

that

to

the

that

so

pages,

added

above,

each

Then, on
first column,
the

other

always make
89 degrees.

may

degree

the

with

of

the

column,
both

the

"Difference
between
the logarithms of the complementary arcs
;
at the foot of the fifth column,
"Logarithms of the
to the right "; at the foot of the sixth
column,
arcs
"Sines
the foot
to the right"; and
at
of the arcs
of the
seventh
"Minutes
column,
of the degree
and

the

foot

of the

third

column,

"

beneath".

written
Then
minutes
the

in

seventh

to

three

the

same

enter

the

60

or

60,

from

to

to

the

degree
line

to

at

the

values

make

example,
58, and
3

to

each

of

values
the

lines.

top

and

left ; also
of the sines

sines
the
in

up
enter

in

pair

any

seventh
a

whole

site
oppo-

57, placing
intervals
twenty
In
the
second

the

of the

in

minutes

first and

for

horizontal
the

enter

59,
in

the

60, and

to

that

so

of

numbers

of

line, may

minutes

number

60

same

numbers

the

the

the

from

placed opposite,in

between
column

order

in

degree

order

column

of minutes

columns

first column

ascending

descending

to

in the

enter

the

to

corresponding
in

minutes
sixth

the

column

corresponding

to

the

degree

Construction

degree
line

at

the

to

sines,
with

the

or

OF

and

bottom

right.
other

any

Canon.

the

the

minutes

Reinhold's

in the

will

supply

of
you

values.

these

this, compute,
by 49
Having done
radius
logarithms of all sines between
and
by 54, the logarithms of the other
you

same

table

common

exact,

more

45

with

may,

facility,
compute,

by

of all sines

degrees,
readily obtain

and

the

to

45

both
the

greater

between

radius

from

these,

the

50,

and

its half,

sines

ever,
howand

accuracy

and

49

same

and

and

by

the

50,

58,

rithms
logaof

sine

the
you

very

logarithms of all remaining arcs

less than 45 degrees.
Having computed these by
in the third
either method,
column
the logaenter
rithms
corresponding to the degree at the top and
minutes
line

same

column
at

sines

and

in

in the

left in the
the

same

their

to

minutes
line

same

the
the

in

in the

the

fifth

degree

right and

to

right side.

at

middle

column,

right from

line, between

the

to

the

to

line, and

same

sines

the

Finally, to form
each
logarithm on
the

left,and

similarlyenter
logarithm corresponding

bottom

the

the

left side

at

the

their

the

the

subtract

logarithm
the

enter

on

difference

both, until the whole

is

completed.
We
of

have

computed
quadrant, and

the

elaboration
table
may

of it, as

of sines,
be

to

the

well

this Table
leave

we

the

as

learned

to

to

the

each
more

minute
exact

emendation

of

whom

leisure

more

the

given.

Outline

Construction

46

of the

Outline

form, of
60.

OINCE
"^
from

the

Then,

the

of

Canon.

the

Construction,

Table.

Logarithmic

another

in

logarithms found fy $4. sometimes

differ
those found by ^% {for example, th.e logarithm
of the sine 378064 is 32752756
by the former, while by
that the table of
the latter it is 32752741), it would
seem
sines is in some
places faulty. Wherefore I advise the
learned, who perchance may have plenty ofpupils and comreliable and with
putors, to publish a table of sines more
that
1 00000000,
larger numbers, in which radius is made
is with eightcyphers after the unit instead
of seven
only.
let

numbers

progressing

the sine

to

First

less tlmn

table, like
in
it

the

contain

ours,

proportion of

the

by unity,namely of

hundred

radius

new

to

1 00000000

99999999.

the Second

Let
the
it

table also contain

proportion of

by

Let

hundred,
the

Third

this

namely of

hundred

with

let the hundred

less than

to 99999900.

the

Radical

hundred

numbers

in

numbers

to the number

100000000

table, also called

columns
thirty-five

column, and

radius

new

table, contain

numbers
in

each

in

column

each

gress
pro-

in the

less
to the number
proportion of ten thousand
than it by unity,namely of 1 00000000
to 99990000.
Let
the thirty-five
prop07^tionals
standingfirstin all the
columns, or occupying the second, third, or other rank, progress
the
themselves
in
to
100
proportion of
99, or
among
radius
to 99000000.
1 00000000
of the new
In continuingthese proportionals and finding their logarithms,
let the

other

rules

we

have

laid

down

be observed.
From

Construction

Radical

the

From

table

with

great

exactness

all sines

between

radius

find

of

Canon.

the

in

completed
(by 49 and
and

the

arc

cell these
will

results

produce
most

described

as

excellent

of

way,

obtained

59,

will

all

these, you

Arrange

and

certainly

tables, and

you

all

by 58.
in

Table,

this

50) the logarithms of

0/4.^ degrees ; from
will find {by 56) the

sine

of ^^ degrees doubled, you

logarithm of half radius ; having
other
will find the
logarithms
the

47

you

the

matical
Mathe-

pared
pre-

for the most

important
uses.

End

of the

Construction

of the

Logarithmic

Table.

Appendix.

Page 48

APPENDIX.
the

On

better kind

of Logarithms,

in which

one

of another

Construction

the

the

of

Logarithm

and

namely

unity is

o.

various

improvements ^Logarithms,
the more
important is that which adoptsa cypher
the Logarithm of unity,and
as
10,000,000,000
tenth of unity
either
the
as
one
Logarithm of
ten times
or
rithms
unity. Then, these being once fixed,the Logathe
follow. But
of all other numbers
necessarily
methods
offinding them are various, of which the firstis
as follows :
the given Logarithm of a tenth, or of ten, naTneDivide
and
by
thereby 5 ten times successively,
ly 10,000,000,000,
will be produced, 2000000000,
the following numbers
MoNG

"

80000000,

400000000,

128000,

25600, 5120,

by

times

2, ten

256, 128, 64,

16000000,

and
successively,
32,

16, 8, 4,

divide

Also

1024.

2,

logarithms.
Thereupon let us seek for

there
I.

640000,

3200000,

will

Moreover

the last
be

of
produced

all these

these
^12,
bers
num-

are

the

common

numbers

which

correspond

Appendix.

50

weights of i, of 2, of \, of Z,
and
of other like numbers
of pounds in the same
tion,
proporwhich
number
to
us
now
are
of pounds weight,
every
the
addition
be
formed
by
Logarithms, may
so, from
;
correspond to them,
proportionals V, T, S, R, "c., which
and
from others also to be formed in duplicate ratio, the
proportionals corresponding to every proposed Logarithm
be formed
by corresponding multiplication of them
may
themselves, as experience will show.
among
The
special difficultyof this method, however, is in
finding the ten proportionals to twelve places by extraction
of the fifth root from sixtyplaces, but though this method
is considerably more
it is correspondingly more
difficult,
exact
for finding both the Logarithms of proportionals
and
the proportionalsof Logarithms.
For

in

as

statics,from

Another

method

of the

Logarithms

the

Logarithms

with

for the easy

of

construction

composite numbers,

of their

primes

are

when

known.

known

Logarithms be multiplied
together,forming a third ; the sum
of their Logarithms
will be the Logarithm of the third.
Also
be divided
number, proif one number
by another
ducing
the
third;
a
Logarithm of tlie second subtracted
from the Logarithm of the first,leaves the Logarithm of

IF

two

numbers

the third.

If from
third

are

number

raised

to

the

second

power,

to

the

bers
fifth power, "c., certain other numbe produced; from
the Logarithm of the first multiplied
by two, three,five,"c., the Logarithms of the others
produced.

power,

to

the

Also

Appendix.

51

Also

there
be extracted
the
if from a given number
and
the Logarithm of the
secondy third, fifth,"c,, roots;
be divided
given number
by two, three, five,"c.y there will
be produced the Logarithms of these roots.
number
Finally any common
being formed from other
numbers
common
by multiplication,division, [raising to a
[of a roof]; its Logarithm is corpower'] or extraction
respondingly
formed from their Logarithms by addition,
subtraction, multiplication,by 2, 3, "c. [or division
by 2,
whence
the
is
in
the
only difficulty
finding
rithms
Loga3, "c,]:
the
numbers
these may
be found
of
prime
by
; and
the following general method.
For finding all Logarithms, it is necessary
the basis
as
that
the Logarithms
two
common
of some
of the work
thus
in
numbers
least assumed
the forebe given or
at
going
;
first method
of construction, o or a cypher was
and
number
the Logarithm of the common
assumed
as
one,
the Logarithm
or
as
of ten.
of one-tenth
10,000,000,000
These
thereforebeing given, the Logarithm of the number
be sought by the following
number^ may
5 (^hich is a prime
Find
the mean
method.
10
proportional between
^^^^ l^^ arithmetical
and
mean
iooowatwA^"
I, namely
then
and
between
10,000,000,000
o, namely 5,000,000,000;
between
and
to
f^^fooooooo"
find the geometrical mean
between
^^^^ ^^^ arithmetical mean
namely xSBMM^iiw'
and
namely 7,500,000,000;
10,000,000,000
5,000,000,000,

In

AS

the

of

sum

to

the extremes
nearest

proportionals.

all continuous

the

the

to the

means

same

and

one

extreme

differenceof

or
so

the

same

other

is the

of the extremes
differenceof
and

extreme

the

mean,

saving

Appendix.

52

of half the

saving

I T

Table
M

of Loga-

s.

quadrant, as the sine of the

greater is to the sine of double its arCy so is the sine
Whence
the Logaof 30 degrees to the sine of the less.
rithm
of the double arc being added to the Logarithm ^30
degrees, and the Logarithm of the greater being subtracted
there remains
the Logarithm of the less.
from the sum,
two

OF

making up

arcs

The

relations
their

I.

sines

and

each
their

"

numbers
other.

Logarithms

be

given. If as
numbers
equal to the less sine be multiplied
many
units
in the Logarithm of the greater ;
there
are
togetheras
the
numbers
and
other
hand, as many
on
equal to the
units in
greater sine be multiplied together as there are
will be prothe Logarithm of the less ; two
equal numbers
duced,
the Logarithm of the sine so produced will be
and
the product of the two
Logarithms.
As
the greater sine is to the less,so is the velocity
of
increase or decrease
the
the
the
at
to
less,
Logarithms
of
decrease
increase
or
velocityof
of the Logarithms at the
T
-I
"

2.

Et

of Logarithms

natural
to

[A]

two

'

greater,
sines

Two

3.

other

ratio, have
or

And

4.
as

in

for

other
two

duplicate,triplicate,quadruplicate, or
their Logarithms in double, triple,quadruple,

ratio,

sines in the ratio

instance

the

of
triplicateto

one

the

order

to another

order,

quintuplicate,or

the
cube

Appendix.

cube

to the

fifth,have

53

their

Logarithms in the ratio of the

indices of their orders, that is of
to 5.
be
sine
into
second producing a
If a first
multiplied
a
5.
to the
third, the Logarithm of the first added
Logarithm
So in
of the second produces the Logarithm of the third.
division, the Logarithm of the divisor subtracted
from the
the Logarithm of the
leaves
Logarithm of the dividend
quotient,
And
plied
6.
if any number
of equals to a firstsine be multitogetherproducing a second, just so many
equals to
the
Logarithm
of the first added
together produce the
Logarithm of the second,
between
sines has for
two
Any desired geometrical mean
7.
its Logarithm the correspondingarithmetical
between
mean
the Logarithms of the sines.
times
8.
successively[B]
If a firstsine divide a third as many
units
in A ; and
there are
if a second sine divides the
as
times
third as many
same
successivelyas there are units in
B ; also
if the same
first divide a fourth as tp^any times
second
there are
units in C ; and
as
if the same
successively
times
divide the same
fourth as many
successivelyas there
units
in D : I say that the ratio of K to ^ is the same
are
that
as
of C to D, and as that of the Logarithm of the
second to the Logarithm of the first,
it follows that the Logarithm of any given numHence
[C]
9.
contained
ber is the number
are
ofplaces or figures which
to the
in the result obtained
by raising the given number
'^

10,000,000,000*^ power,
10.

be the Logarithm
of \o,
if the index of the power
in
less
the
number
or
multiple^
of places^
power
one,
be the Logarithm of the root.
rithm
is the Loganumber
Suppose it is asked what
of places in
number
I reply, the
of 2.
result
obtained
the
multiplying together
by

Also
the
will

10,000,000,000

of

the

number

2.

But,

Appendix.

54

But, you

will say, the

together
is innumerable.
in it,which

itself;and
to

be

the

reply,still the

with

the

as

the

by

as

our

rule

the

index, seek

multiple,and

number

of the

tiplying
mul-

number

number

of

places

given

root,

and

seek, is numerable.

10,000,000,000

places in

by

of the

10,000,000,000

Therefore,
of

obtained

number

not

for the
for

the

number

multiple

will find 301029995

"c.
Logaof places sought, and the rithm

number

you

2.

FINIS.

SOME

Page

55

SOME

REMARKS

BY

THE

LEARNED

HENRY

On

The

the

relations
numbers

BRIGGS

foregoing Appendix.

of

Logarithms

to each

and

other, when

of unity

natural

Logarithm

the

is made

their

o.

with their Logarithms beinggiven; [A]

;Wo numbers
if both Logarithms be divided by some
common
the
and
each
numbers
be
divisor,
if
of
given
the
multiplied by itself continuously, until
number
of multiplicationsis exceeded, by unity only, by the
quotient of the Logarithm of the other number, two equal
And
the
numbers
will be produced.
Logarithm of the
number
produced will be the continued product of the

quotientsof the Logarithms

and

their

common

divisor.

Logarithms.

(25118865
T

Let

the given

numbers

be

| 3937^^
G

4.

4
6

Let

Remarks

56
Let

the

divisor

common

be

multiplied by itself

The

first

The

second

Appendix.

on

"

"

5
3

times

J ^^^^^

,.

251

.88649

'l^555oo

Continued

Logarithms.

Proportionals.
I

(o)

25118865

(i)

First

63095737

(2)

Second

158489331

(3)

Third

39810718

(4)

Fourth

(5)

Fifth

power

20

(6)

Sixth

power

24

I 00000000

188649

251

power

4
8

power
power
power

12

16

Continued

Logarithms.

Proportionals.

(o)
(I)
(2)
(3)
(4)

39810718
15^933^
630957379
251

188649

Another

6
12

18
24

Example.

Logarithms.
Let

Let

the

the

given
common

numbers

divisor

be

316227766
{50118724

5
7

be

So"7";f'"' "::"
4'"r }""=*'""

"^^zz*

Remarks

58
As

the

3 and

7,

quotients of the given Logarithms

are
their product is 2 1 which, multiplied by
,

the

84509804
the

divisor,makes

common

Logarithm

It should

Appendix.

on

of the

be observed

that

number

17.74705884

produced.

the cube

of the second number,

and
its equal the seventh power
of the first(which some
^^// secundus
contain
eighteenfigures,wherefore.
solidus),
its Logarithm has 17. in front, besides the figuresfollowing. The latter represent the Logarithm of the number
denoted by the same
but of which
digits,
5, the firstdigitto
the left,
is alone
integral,the remaining digitsexpressing
^^"
to the integer,thus 5iooooo""w"
a fraction added
has for its Logarithm 74705884.
Again, iffour places
remain
be placed in front of the Logaintegral,3. must
rithm,
thus
^^^ fo^ ^^^ Logarithm
^^5585xuM"OTf
3.74705884.

Hence

from

si7ie of the
the sine
Take

given Logarithms

two

first we

of

shall

and

the

be able to find

the second.

of the Logarithms, (the

each
let the first
larger the better^
by it. Then
; divide
and
sine multiply itself
its products continuouslyuntil the
number
of these products is exceeded, by unity only, by the
quotient of the second Logarithm ; or until the power is
with the quotientof the second Logproduced of like name
arithm.
be produced if tlie second
The same
number
would
until it became
to multiply itself
sine,which is sought, were
the power
with
the quotient of the first
of like name
Logarithm, as is evident from the preceding proposition.
Therefore
some

common

divisor

Remarks

Appendix.

on

59

Therefore take the above power and seek for the root of it
which
corresponds to the quotient of the first Logarithm ;
the
thereby you will find the required second sine. Also
itselfwill be the continued
Logarithm of the power
product of the quotients and
the common
divisor.
Thus
the

and

be

let the

this

sine

3.

given Logarithms
corresponding to the

gives

the

quotients

itself six

times, you

which,

in

unity, will

series

is

7.

If

multiply
power

proportionals from
it
place,and hence

seventh
be

number,

same

14,

first Logarithm

2187 for the

of continued

inconvenience,

The

power.

have

and

Logarithms

and

will

the

occupy

without

may,

of the

divisor

common

be

called

2187,

seventh

the

fourth

is the

series of continued
unity in another
proportionals,in which the first power,
6j^"gggg^,
The
is the required second
sine.
product of the
quotients 4 and 7 is 28, which, multiplied by the
from

power

the

(o)
I)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

3
9

27
81
243

729

2187

those

of

Logarithm

Continued

Logarithms.

Proportionals.

will

56, the

2187.

power

Continued

It

2, makes

divisor

common

be

employed

observed

(O)

6838521

16
24

46765372
31980598

.32

Logarithms.

Proportionals.

2187

(0
(2)

(3)
(4)

14
28
42

56

40

48

56
that

in illustration

Logarithms differfrom
of the previous Proposition;

these

but

Remarks

6o

they agree in this, that in both, the Logarithm of unity

bers
numconsequentlythe Logarithms of the same
; and
either equal or at least proportional to each other.
are

but
is

[B]

Appendix.

on

If

first sine

The

divide

divide

third, )

quotientof the
third, and each quotientof a quotientsuccessively
as
many
times as possible,
until the last quotient becomes
less than
firstmust

divisor.

the

noted, but
least,

Then

which

to

let the

of

the

sine

be

^^^e^f'^
"

"

"

"

"

"

\ third

first,2. divides
quotientsare 8, 4, 2,
third, 16.
A

will
the

In
six

times

times

two

be 4, and

same

manner

and

the

second, 4. divides
are

Hence
and
the

so

16, 4,
I

say

is the

the

i.

and
B

also

64

third, 16. four times; and

The
second, 4. divides the

the

so

16

(fourth
The

And

each,

by

let the

be

divisions

third.

same

C first

Thus

these

of

quotient,unless perhaps the

refer presently. In the same

divide

be divided

fourth

number

the

any

shall

we

let the second

manner

third, and

let the

the value

not

the

the

will

quotients

be

are

same

fore
There-

i.

4,

the

2,

first,2. divides the fourth, 64.

The
quotientsare
^2, 16, 8, 4, 2, i.
the

fourth, 64.
C

Therefore
that, as K, a^, is

i.

Logarithm of the

three
will
to

B,

second

times

and

the

ents
quoti-

be 6, and

will

be 3.

is

C,

6. to

D, 3.

2.

so

to the

Logarithm of

first.

If in these divisions
everywhere unity as in
^

the

last

these

and

four

smallest
cases,

the

quotient be
numbers

of
the

Remarks

on

Appendix.

quotients and the Logarithms

proportional.
reciprocally

the

Otherwise
sides

the ratio

nevertheless
y

will

if

the

not

be

6i

the

of

divisors

exactly the

divisors

be

very

will

same

on

small,

and

dividends
many,
even

sufficiently
large,so that the quotients are
the defectfrom proportionalitywill scarcely,
or
be
scarcely, perceived.

Hence
Let

it follows that
two

numbers

be

taken,

the

both
the
very
not

logarithm )

and

lo

be

2, or

any

[C]

others you

please. Let the Logarithm of the first,namely 100, be

given ; it is required to find the Logarithm of the second.
In the firstplace, let the second, 2. 77iultiply
uously
itselfcontinuntil the number
of the products is exceeded, by unity
only,by the given Logarithm of the first. Then let the last
product be divided as often as possibleby the firstnumber,
and
number,
2.
10.
by the second
again in like manner
The
number
of quotients in the latter case will be 100, i^for
tiplied
be multhe product is its hundredth
power ; and ifa number
by itselfa given number
of times forming a certain
times
and
product, then it will divide the product as many
^^ multiplied by itselffour
more
once
; for example, if Z
times
it makes
the same
243 five times,
243, and
3 divides
the former
the quotients being ^i, 27, 9, 3, i.) In
case,
fest
the product is continually divided
where
by 10, it is manithat the number
of quotientsfalls short of the number
by one only. Therefore (by tJie
of places in the dividend
product is divided by
preceding proposition)since the same
two given numbers
of the
as
often as possible,the numbers
will
be
rocally
recipquotients and the Logarithms of the divisors
of quotients by the
proportional. But, the number
second being equal to the Logarithm of the first,the numH

ber

Remarks

62

ber
in

Appendix.

on

of quotientsby the first,that is the

the product less one, will be equal to

number
the

of places
Logarithm of

the second.

Here
of

to

10

be

10,

if

the

something

the

hundredth

302

the

more

in the

the

power
ten

places in
logarithm of 2

products

we

31

when

products are

true

take

in

the

few, the

the

the

tenth

will be

places

3
in

thousandth,

and

generally
more
nearly do we
For
sought for.
fraction adhering to

30TI

Logarithm

the

of

number

thousandth,

approach
the

is

Logarithm

of

The

over.

the

assume

we

number

is 4, wherefore

power

and

that

see

we

the

Remarks

Appendix.

on

the last

quotient disturbs

assume

the

Logarithm

63

the ratio
of

10

to

be

little;but if we
10,000,000,000,

multiplied by itself continuously until

of products is exceeded, by one
the number
only,
the
number
of
by the given Logarithm
; then
places,less one, in the last product, will give the

and

if

Logarithm

be

of

in

large numbers
last quotient will
proportion.

THE

with
the
have

sufficient
small

accuracy,

fraction
effect in

no

because

adhering

to

disturbing the

END.

the

SOME

Page 64

VERY

SOME

REMARKABLE

PROPOSITIONS

FOR
of

solution
with

To

solve

into

two

IvEN

THE

sphericaltriangles

wonderful

ease.

sphericaltrianglewithout

dividing

it

quadrantal or rectangulartriangles.
three

sides,to find any

angle.

And

conversely
angles, to find any
y

three

Given

This

explained in
VI

sects.

8, 9,

my

is best
work

done

on

side.

the

three

Logarithms,

Book

by

methods
II.

chap,

10.

Given

the

1l" "

"

side AD,

^,

find
Multiply the

the

to

sine

by
will

have

of D
the

angles
B.

the side A
sine

sine

the

the

of A

divide

by

the

duct
pro-

of B, and

you

sine

of A
4.

B.
Given

Trigonometrical

66

its

produced ;
given side
the

arc

and

D,

of

sine

Propositions.

the

subtract

from,
C.

have

you

of

complement

to, the

add

or

multiply

Then

the

by

complement of B C ; divide the product by

sine of the complement of C D, and the sine of
complement of A B will be produced ; hence

the

the

itself

Given

D, "

have

find the

would

angle

from
the

require

thrice.

Therefore

and

problem

the
Given

the
Rule

"

of

the

problem
applied

will be

dr^ D, with

and

is

the

D, df

D, d^

the side B

angle

the

D,

find

to

D, divide

the

as

of

sixth
"

Three

the

with

C.

and

Whence
C

the

multiply
the

you

sine

sine

have
the

problem, and
being applied

side

B,

to

find

side

B,

divide
of

to

the

find

sum

tangent
of the
sine

the

sine
sine
or

the

the

complement of
of the complement
C

arc

of

the

will be

ment
comple-

of the

the

the

will be

of

tangent

by
product by

the

and

the

Then

of C

D,

the

with

by the
product by

D, and

produced.

angle

radius

the

of A

the

D.

Multiply

divide

for A,

B.

angle

to

"

Multiply the sine of A D by the sine of D ;

the product by the sine of A
B, and the sine
angle B will be produced.
9. Given

D,

side A

the

be

to

for B

follows

as

"

Three

substitute

**

the

side

the

but

above,

exactlythe same
is solved
Rule
by the
twice
only.
This

you

B.

angle

8. Given

with

the

A.

follows

This

angle

the

of

sine

the

complement of A B,
of the complement of
of the complement
of
difference

required side

of the
B

arcs

D.
10.

Given

Trigonometrical

TO.

Given

the

T), "

the

Propositions.

angle

with

the

67
A

side

B,

/f^

find

A.

angle

radius

of
by the sine of the complement
A
the product by the tangent
of the comD, divide
plement
of D, and
the tangent of the complement
of
CAD
C A
will be produced, giving us
D.
Again,
the
of
A
D
the
of
sine
the
multiply
plement
comby
tangent
of C A
the product by the tanD, divide
gent

Multiply

of
B

will

sum

Given
side

be

the

D, df

B.

the

D, divide

the

of

is

the

by

B
1 2.

Given

A
A

third

angle

you

radius

D, divide

the

Given

problem

C.
the

the

thus

CAD

find

to

the

with

of

whole

the

the

the

angle
of

tangent
of

complement

tangent

of A

angle A,

the

plement
com-

known,

the

Multiply
complement

will have

of

B.

find

to

the

by the sine of the complement of

plement
product by the tangent of the comthe

D, and

the

D,
side

follows
would

the

"
B

sine

from

produced,
required.

This

the

of the

tangent
and

same

sine

be

find

and

of

B.

of

to

Then

angle A,

the

by the

angle

Multiply

will

C.
C

being

the

of

sine

D, dr' the

B
A

the

have

product

C, and

complement

BAD.

CAD

of

angle

the

divide

sum

the

the

arcs

with

you

or

of

by the sine of the complement of

product by the tangent of the complement

D, and

of

the

angle

radius

difference

of

required angle

Multiply
A

sine

produced, giving

difference

or

will be
1 1.

the

B, and

complement

of the

which

angle

have

we

with

the

of

angle

the

angle A,

this

form

D.

from

the

require

above,
the

but

"Rule
I

in

of

Three"

the
to

be

three

Propositions.

Trigonometrical

68

times

three
D

and

applied.

Therefore

the

problem
angle A

A, and

for

'D

Given

the side

^nd

This

the

"

angle D,

the

with

throughout

same

the

by applying

and

ttse

follows

as

to

A.

is the

solved

The

"

will be

for D

substitute

Rule

''

problem

as

"

of Three

is

and

1 1
,

only.

twice

importance of half-versed
sines.

1.

/^^

IvEN

the

contained

angle

to

v_T

third

side.

From

the

half-versed

sine

subtract

the

half

multiply

the

remainder

by

angle ;

divide

the

contained
this add

to

the

the

sides, and

required

will be

by

radius
of

sine

Given

3. Given
the

sine

half-versed

similar

the
sine

difference

half-versed

sine

product by

radius

of

the

half-versed

sides,to find

of
;

divide

the

of
the

three

the
of

of their

vertical

base

subtract

of the

sides

sides -multiplied
half-

diminished

by

by

difference, and

angle

angles,the

will be

sides

the

the

remainder
the

cal
verti-

angle.

any

of the

difference

sum

sine

of the

the

the

sine

the

half-

produced.

will be

found

by

reasoning.

find a third, whose sine shall

differenceof the sines of the given arcs.
two

of

sine

of

difference

adjacent angles,the
by similar reasoning.

half-versed

sine

versed

the

the

their

of

sides

the

of

sum

the

found

the three

the

half- versed

the

and

base

Conversely,given

versed

the

sine

half-versed
have

of

the

find

base.

angle

From

versed

you

the

Given

2.

"

sides

two

arcs,

to

be

equal

to

Let

Trigonometrical

the

Let

Propositions.

be

arcs

i' and

38"

yf.

51" 59^ and

13". The
complements is 32" 29', the half

Their
half

are

and

logarithms

the

these,

Adding
will

radius,

there

21",

thereabout.

or

is

358368,
6

Given

589

the

Let

The

3663993.
the

is also
5. Given

two

the

to

of

sum

Let

the

the

the

6. Given

whose

an

its half

its versed

of

is 6"

and

1"
arc

arcs

for

of

third

sine

the

the

will

is 1"

this

to

remain

28',
this

; but

^
'k

whose

shall

sine

of the given arcs.

1" 28';
be 38" \' and
difference
36" 33', also
half

from

this

subtract
11

nearly so, to the

28^ namely 615661
the

601

sine

sum

and

Logarithm of
shall be equal

their

be

equal
is

sum

half

the

to

39"
is

sum

Wherefore

18" i6^

difference

to
logarithm 443791,
39" 56' and sine 641896.

versed

[a]

sine,

is 25595

13'

difference, namely

"

and

this, namely

there

the

arc

the

sines

1603968;
half

of

30', of which

double

From

sine

find

equal, or
and

974370

logarithm of the half sum,

logarithm of the difference, viz.

remain

the

are

the

have
the

sines

corresponding

put

29' and their

19" 44' and the
add

of the

sines

693147,

versed

arcs,

which

13";

arc

number

the

respectively.
from

19670,

17

logarithm of half
1026523, the logarithm of
the sine of 21", namely

difference

2178570.

subtract

4357140,

and

be

is

logarithm

19" 29',

the

Logarithm

the

find

arc

the

less.

or

to

the

to

38" i\

1, more

arc,

an

remain

Whence

equal

and

yy"

arcs

you

of

1098014

have

subtracting 693147,

which,

ments
comple-

sum

difference

and

621656

are

69

viz.

1085655,

to

you
5 183 13, and
the
logarithm of

77, and
'which
But

will

there

correspond
this

is

sine

of

38"

\'

of the

sines

25595

respectively.

its

sine,

to

the

to

sine

find
of

the

the

arc

given

arc.

Let

Propositions.

Trigonometrical

70
.

the

Let

be

arc

logarithm
logarithm

which

39" 56', to
the

443791,

corresponds
To

unknown.

being

sine

the
the

logarithm of half
Halve
this logarithm
radius, and you have
11
36938.
To
this corresponds the arc
have
and
568469.
you
34" 30', which
gives 69" for the arc
being doubled
This
is the case
which
since the sine
was
sought.
each
sine of 69" are
of 39" 56^ and the versed
equal,
or
nearly so, to 641800.

[b]

the

693147,

sphericaltriangleA B X^,given
angle, to find the base,

the

Of

add

443791

contained

the

Et

sides

34"
24' 49".
be

and

the

47", and

sides "

the

the

contained

Half the contained

angle is
angle 1 20"
60" 1 2^24^", and its logarithm 141 766. To the double
the logarithms of
of the latter, namely 283533, add
and
the sides, namely 581260
312858, and the sum
This
Is the logarithm of half the
is II 7765 1.
sum
difference
the

versed

also

the

which

versed

sine

the

difference

of

the
6"

have

9" 20^

the

latter

sum

and

''

sine

second

of

the

base

of

the

sides

of

the

arc

and
it is

17" 56',

found," for that which

and

of the

logarithm
and

you

half-versed
the

sides, namely

sine

is 2178570.

of which

have

of the

for

the

13"; it Is
44', which

also

4357140

sine

of

0"

arc

13", and

arc

first found."
of

the

their

respectively.
17" 12^ the half
1218382

the

difference

30^

the

call the
The

**

sine

is first found.

logarithm of the
the logarithm of
we

of

call the

we

Halve

Double

the

logarithm

arc

follows

you

between

two

arcs

logarithms

Also

the

8"

the

40^

and

1139241

difference

difference

1900221

is

of the

8" 36',and

their

half

sum

1819061

two

arcs

is

logarithms

respectively.
Now

Trigonometrical

Now

the

add

Propositions.

logarithm

of

the

71

half

namely

sum,

1819061,
either

the

to

logarithm

and

the

3037443

12

tract
sub-

logarithm 190022
will

there

to

be

this

from

the

logarithm of
of
the
complement
difference, namely 11

18382,

will

sum

the
and

or

and

remain

the

from

will remain
Halve

56861

which

to

1,

double

latter

the

this

and

you

tract
sub-

there

37221.

11

have

be

the

logarithm

the

is

arc

and

307,

this

693147

1137222.

half

will

sum

1830368;

the

arc
34" 30^ and
corresponds
the base
required,namely 69".

Conversely,given the three sides, to find any angle. The

solution
on
of this problem is given in my work
rithms,
LogaBook
II. chap. vi. sect. 8, but partly by logarithms
and partly by prosthaphceresisof arcs.
It

that

is to be observed

problems

there

direct

Another

to

and

preceding

discriminate

the

form, and magnitude of

course
of the calculation.

several

of the preceding problem follows,

converse

{Given the

following
the different

between

the

in the

appear

need

no

since

cases,

parts

is

the

in

"

sides and

the base, to find the vertical

angle^

given base, namely 69", and you have

is 5686 11.
34" 30^ the logarithm of which
the

Alve

Double

to

second
As

latter

the

this

and

is the

you
arc

have

11

3722

18" 42^ which

2;
note

ponding
corres-

as

the

found.

before, take

for

the

first found

the

corresponding to the logarithm 4357140.

The
are
complements of the two arcs
is 80" 17',and
71" 18'; their half sum
I

arc

89"
its

0" 44',
16' and

logarithm
14449;

Trigonometrical

72

their

14449;

half

which

these

corresponding

arc
arc

call the

we

is 8"

there

this

to

third

its

59', and

logarithms and

693 147 and

subtract

87 1405;

The

difference

Add

1856956.
1

Propositions.

remains

logarithm is 17" 56',

found.

the
and

312858,

and

you

have

there

141

78258.

11

logarithm of the third found,

logarithms of the given sides, namely
and

remains

581260

halve

283533;

766 for the

subtract

of

logarithm

The
whole
angle 60" 12' 24^'^
angle sought is therefore 120" 24' 49^^

rule

\Gwen
Ote

the sides and

half

the

sum

half-versed
the

among

the

find

to

difference

sine

of

vertical

the

sines

for

for

the

sines

of the versed

of the

the

and

sum

also
Look

angle.

them

found

second

sines

sides, and

values

the
to

versed

the

of the

dase.]

the

find

between

corresponding

arcs

write

Then

angle

and

common

vertical

"

vertical

difference

half

by prosthaphcsresis,
^

of the

the

the base

for finding

this

the

vertical

Another

have

you

the

From

rithm
loga-

noted, and

in

table.

the

half

difference
of these

difference

arcs.

Also,
versed

sine

Add

the
the

obtain

Conversely
"

The
sine

before, take

as

of the

of the

From

first found

will

difference

the

sine

sides and

Multiply the

you

be,

as

of the
sine

will have

latter

half-

you

will

sides.

found, and

of the

the

base

sought

the base, to find the vertical

half- versed

and

first found

of the

second

half- versed

first found

the

difference

first and

\giventhe

for

by

the

before, the

for.

angle.]

half-versed

sides.
of the
the
square

base

second

subtract

the

found.

of radius

divide

by

Trigonometrical

74

add

Again,

the
and

sum,

the
the

subtract

ference,
together the logarithm of the half diflogarithmof the complement of the half
logarithm of the tangent of half the base;
and the logarithm
logarithm of the sum

of half radius, and

Proceed
and

Another

you

way

of

the

found.

second

first and

found,

second

sides.

of

the

angles at

the

secant

of the

sum

of half the

the

the

same,

the

Ultiply

the

with

above

as

will have

you

will obtain

Propositions.

complement of the
base by the tangent

base.

Multiply the product by the sine of the greater

angle at the base, and you will have the first found.
Multiply the same
product by the sine of the less
angle, and you will have the second found,
divide

Then

[d]

the

by

the
of

square

of half the
Also
have

add

tangents, and
the

less

of the

the
arc

have

the

the

greater and

you

of the

difference

side will be

greater

the

greater and

corresponding

arcs

from

will

found

second

gent
tan-

sides.

of half the

the

first and
you

the less from

tangent

Whence

radius, and

sum

subtract

the

of the

sum

sides.

these

to

obtained
you

will

have

two

tract
subthe

less side.

Of

the

five consecutive

given
parts of a spherical triangle^
the three intermediate, to find both extremes
by one operation
and
several

(^)

the need

of discriminating between

the

cases,

^^^

^^

^^
sine

without

difference
of the

of the

at

the

is to

the

angles

difference

is to

base, the
sine
a

of the

fourth

sine

of

the

half sum,
as
which
is the

half
the
sum

sines.
And

Trigonometrical

And
the

as

the

the

half

half the
of the

sine

of
of

the

to

the

base

is

of the

sum

the

to

sines
of

tangent

the

half

the

angles
of

tangent

is

sum

to

the

the

as

half

sine

of

of

tangent

the

difference

sides.

Add

the
from

the

greater
the

of

arcs

the

them

from

is

the

is to

75

sides.

difference
base

sum

half

of the

sum

Whence

of the
of

tangent

half the

the

sine

Propositions.

side

table
;

in

greater and

these
of

tangents,
and

tangents,

like
the

known

you
subtract

manner

will be

less side

taking

will have
the

obtained.

FINIS.

'

less

SOME

Page 76

SOME

NOTES
LEARNED

THE

BY

HENRY
FOREGOING

THE

ON

[a] ^;^^

BRIGGS

IvEN

to

arc,

an

PROPOSITIONS.

the

find

logarithm of

its versed

sine.
the

To

the

end

following

Conversely,given
its

of this proposition%* / should

the

like

add

to

"

logarithm of a

versed

sine, to find

arc.

the known

Add

logarithm of

of '^0",viz.,693147, and
of half the
Thus
versed
To

arc

rithm
required versed sine to the logabe
the
the
will
sum
half
logarithm

sought for.

let 35791

sine, whose
this

the

be
arc

logarithm

the

given logarithm

is also
add

728938, half of which,

43" 59^ 33^'- The arc of
Zf 59' 6'^ and its versed

an

unknown

unknown.

693147,
364469,
the

of

the

and

will

be

logarithm of
given logarithm is therefore

sine

is

sum

the

is 9648389.

Again, let a negative logarithm, say

known
logarithm of the required versed

"54321,
sine.

be
To

the
this

logarithm

Notes

Trigonometrical

on

Propositions.

logarithm add, as before, 693147, and

number
the
remaining since the sines
be

638826,

46" 36' o''.

of

The

arc

is greater

this

which,
of

o", the versed

12'

93"

half

namely

contrary,

are

is

will

is the

3,

of which

radius

than

that

sum,

logarithm of
given logarithm is therefore

31 941

the

sine

the

77

is 105582

it has

16, and

since

negative logarithm,

"54321.
^d

Demonstra-

tion.
Iversed

of

sine

arc]

sine

of

'^cont.

^x

" pro-

g, sine

) port.

b, double

Later
in

proved

Of

I observed

on

that

In

finding
namely :

the

base

30"

o'

arc

of line

\ cont.

d
c

"

pro-

) port.

propositionmight

be

way.

spherical triangle A

the

of

sixth

the

exactly similar

an

c,

we

may

the

versed

another

pursue

method,

"

the

Add

logarithm of

of tlie giveyi angle to the

tlte stim
will be the logarithm of
sine of the differenceof tlie sides

logarithms of the given sides and

the difference between
the versed
y

the

and

versed

sine

cmisequently known,
and

sides
y

For

the

sum

example,

of tJie base
add

will

to it the

This

differencebeing
of
differenceof the
of tlie base required.

required.

siyie

versed

be tlte versed

let the

sine

sides

sine

be

34"
K

the

and
3

47", their logarithms

Notes

yS
rithms

581

versed

difference

versed

the

sine

versed

of the

line

the

Now

sine

and

base
If

sides.
of

or

this

of

of

base

the

of

8941

[c]

tJie versed

the

versed

sine

leaves

581

and

261

and

logarithm, whether
the

the

and

quently
conse-

versed

sine

difference

the

of

of

the

of

required

is

sides,to find any

differencebetween
of
differenceof
sides, the remainder

the

of
the

ence
differ-

will

sine

the

the

of

base

sides.

be

the
and

the

plement
com-

sine

is the

69".

angle.

the

sine

sine

base

the versed
the

sides

will

be

sine

of

you

tract
sub-

the

rithm
loga-

angle sought for.

let the

previous example,

19, from

will be

the

three

logarithms of

be

sides

of

of

sum

required, namely 6416357,

logarithm of

the versed

in the

As

this

the

logarithm

of the

base, namely 3583643, which

the

the

and

to

between

radius

from

Conversely,given
If from

of the

sine

versed

Consequently

the base

sine

the

sine, is 6160057,

difference

the

subtracted

of 21".

The

this you
add the versed
sine
sides, that is 256300, the sum

to

sine

difference

common

the

the

versed

versed

corresponding

this is the
the

the

between

of

logarithm

given angle "409615.

is
logarithms is 484504, which

three

of the

the

and

312858,

the

of

sine

these

and

261

Propositions.

Trigonometrical

on

312858.

logarithms

Subtract

their

of

the

sum,

the

logarithm 484504, and the remainder

negative logarithm" 409615, which gives the
of the required angle 1 20" 24' 49''.

Of fiveparts of

sphericaltriangle ]

proposition appears to be identical with the one which is

at the end, and
distinguished like the former by (*). The
There
ever,
much
latter proposition I consider
the superior.
are^ howwhich
I
throw
into
three operations in it,the first two
of
one,
Thus :
as
they are better combined.
This

inserted

"

Let

Notes

Let

there

the

Trigonometrical

on

be

Propositions.

79

given

69",

base

the angles

at

\^

the base

2/^^,f

73" 36' 4" sum.

36" 48' 2jhalf sum,
53" 11' 58" complement

of

sum.

11"

23^54" difference.
5" 41' 57" half difference.
84" 18' 3"compl.of|diff
Logarithms.
{ Sine

Propertion

I.

Sine

half difference
half

5" 41' 57"

36" 48' 2"
11" 23' 54"

sum

J Sine

difference

I Sum

of sines

/ Sine

5124410

16213641
-1757509

36" 48' 2
5" 41' 57"
34" 30' o''
6" 30' o"

of

angles
I
Sine ^ diff. of angles
Proporbase
tion 3.
J Tangent ^
'
Tangent ^ diff. of sides
sum

23095560

5124410

23095560
3750122
21721272

40" 30'
6" 30'

'}

sides.

34

TAese

are

the

operations

described

replacethe firsttwo

by

the Author,

by

another
^

But

retaining

the third,
K

Proportion.

Notes

8o

Trigonometrical

on

Propositions.

Logarithms.
of angles 53"ii'58" 2222368
compl.^ sum
Proper- I Sine comply difif.of angles 84^18' 3"
49553
o"
base
tion. ^ Tangent ^
34" 30'
3750122
( Tangent ^ sum of sides
40" 30' o" 1 577307
/ Sine

Another
Let

there

the

be

Example.

given

angle 47",

the sides

containing it

-j^% ^5/

90" 41' 16" sum.

45" 20' 38'' half sum.
44" 39' 22" compl. of

half

29' 6" difference.

14" 14' 33'' half difference.
75" 45^ 27" compl. of half

sum.

28"

diff.

Logarithms.
/Sine

of sides

22"

44" 39^
comply sum
35 26 11
Propor- J Sine compl. -|diff.of sides 75"45^27"
312192
tion I. \ Tan. compl. -^vert,
66"
o"
30'
angle
"8328403
o''
1 1452329
72" 30^
\ Tan.^sumofangs.atbase

"

/ Sine

of sides
3406418
45" 20' 38"
^ sum
diff.
of
sides
14" 14' 33" 14023154
^
compl. ^ vert, angle 66" 30' o" "8328403
of angs. at base 38" 30' o"
^diff.
2288333
.

Propor- 1 Sine
tion

2.

J Tan.

( Tan.

72" 30'
38" 30'
iir

34^
And

these

C'}^"^'

relations

es

are

at

all

the

base.

uniformly maintained,
whether

Notes

BY

THE

TRANSLATOli

J(li:(^^^fl!AJ^C^"ks^

Notes.
of

Spelling
The

spellingin ordinary

older

spellingsare

various

have
I

been

the

adopt

and

used

the

made

claim

might
Plaine

Discovery,' the
is

work

VI.,

James
infer

and

first issued

was

editions

subsequent

which

editions

above,
The

the

were

modern

form

published

in

in

16

signed

this

although Briggs
ways,
In

the

"

is

too

contributed

Brigs, Brigges,
works

published

in

spelling
lifetime,as
the

In

the

retained

was

well

in the

as

1645 edition, as

In
to

we

The

form.

'

book

King,

the

to

case

in

English.

dedicating

approved

same

strong

spelling adopted

address
most

author's

may
work
in

the

French

mentioned

introduced.

Wright's translation

much

stress

attached

and

aside,

set

the

was

solemn

the

in

be

Napeir"

by him.

is used

was

this

as

by his biographers,

used

Discovery.'

usage

in the

be

the

revised

slight importance

very

The

known

spellingsare

published by Napier

and

during

is that

"John

letter

1593,

16, but

of these

Plaine

book

spelling was

Nepair

Several

present

signature would

the

that

as

Napeir,

only

letter

Napier.

Napeir, Nepair, Nepeir, Neper,

example,

of

of

for

out

is

time

author.

our

edition

be

this

for

Name.

present

spelling,which

1645

If, however,

the

Naipper.

modem

in the

also

by

Author's

at

use

"

Nepper, Naper, Napare,

to

the

must

the

to

preface,

his

not

of
be

spelling

name

is

Descriptio,

the

laid
of

spelt

on

names;

in three

this, as
thus

ent
differ-

Briggs.

in Latin

the

form

Neperus

is

invariably used.
On

Notes.

On

Canon

Napier's

minute

every

in the

given
assumed

of the

the

of

under

the

the

value

for

called

the

Logarithm,

Numerus

and

Appendix

of

page

the

and

the

and

1614;

of the
of

them

in the

was

of the

body

the

logarithm

Vulgaris

is used, is

to

is also

It
the

word

the

of

latter

of the Constructio, and

used

(see

have

the

invented

not

was

Constructio

must

throughout
the

second

written

been

till

some

an

of

arc,

an

log. sine complement

meaning

log. tangent,
in

used

terms

of

an

arc.

meaning

arc,

an

expression logarithm

the

modern

the

of

arc

of

(see

original,but

mathematics,

we

do

arc,

scriptio,
De-

as

they

not

use

translation.

Trigonometry

of

short

in

term

common

is twice

and

century,

following

headings

uses

in
signification

Prosthaphceresiswas
seventeenth

sine

I., chap, iii.),

are

different

have

in the

used

Numerus

as

completion

Differential of
Bk.

Totus^

16 14.

Antilogarithm

The

is

Table

Descriptio.

calls Sinus

corresponding

papers.

Preface, line 12), the

logarithm

for the

arc

of the

page

he

the

equidifferentarcs

of the

which

which

to

shortness, Napier sometimes

For

edition

and
title-page

in

the

after

prior to

years

16 14

number

following

Descriptio published
years

of

specimen

contain

not

Naturalis.

in the

employed

several

sines

of

Work.

1 0000000.

LogarithmuSi corresponding
in the

Original

does

is
or
Artificialis^
simply Artificialis^

Constructio

however

but

Radius,

or

the

in

Logarithms

quadrant.

Quadrant

have

to

Numerus

being

in

Catalogue

sine

The

Table

or

of

use

equidifferentnumbers,

of

logarithms
for

made

Terms

some

85

from

extract

well

as

'Encyclopaedia Britannica,' indicates

in

as

Glaisher's

Mr

beginning

the

in the

by Napier

employed

Constructio

the

at

use

the

of

nature

Napier,

on

this

the

Spherical
The

Descriptio.

the

article

of

in

the

method

of

calculation.
The

given

in Denmark"

invention

"new
the

hint

Napier

to

to

which

probably

was

the

Anthony

Wood

method

of

refers

as

calculation

ing
havcalled

which
had
letters "KpoaOatpaipeffis),
prosthaphseresis(often written in Greek
consists in the use
origin in the solution of sphericaltriangles. The method
the

formula

sin

of two
results taken

from

sin b
sines
a

\ {cos{a
is reduced

table

of

{a + b)],by

b)-cos
to

the

sines ; and

addition
as

such

or

means

subtraction

products

of which

occur

of two

the

its
of

tiplication
mul-

tabular

in the solution

of

S6

Notes.

of

certain

addition

by

cases

of Breslau, who

of the

form

References
and

The
the
1

to

given

are

(Bk.

passages

from

the

notation

34

24

in

used
in

but

49,

the

the

publishing the

of

Logarithms

Napier's works

referred

are

Wittich

to

it

used

was

original is

translation

the

Constructio,
Base

to

bearing

title

in

appeared

Admonitio,

Conclusio,

Napier

Robert

by

to

They

5.

the

of

lo.

these

on

points

on

on

p. 7

the

57 th

in

the

first page

of
in

Descriptio, published

the

entitled Admonitio,

Table

the

(Bk.

last page

or

the

and
chap, ii.),

I.

of

work

the

fourth

inserted

was

by Napier

line

It is the

18.

'

dologiae

to

the

of
the

scriptio,
De-

p.

chap, iv.)of

I.

(Bk.

19

in

the

second

in the

of

page

Dedication

the
of

face,
Pre-

*Rab-

Seton.

Book

DESCRIPTIO,

From

/.

at

opening paragraph

Sir Alexander

to

back

in 161 6.

referred

passage

the

printed on

copies.

Wright's translation,published
last is the

is

published along with

Logarithms

of

in many

is omitted

but

The

due

; and

chap, vi.)

last page

The

be

1582.

in

delay

third passage,

The

to

Brahe

Tycho

to

spherical trianglesin

seems

always 34" 24' 49".

first,entitled

with

II.

time

It

of

below.

the

second,

solution

only.

short

or

49

kind

first two

"

for
in

new

Preface, line

6 14,

is

to

various

The

gr 24

used

the

subtraction

calculations

34

of notation

form

affords

spherical trigonometry

the

either

and

assistant

was

in their

them

by
In

method

spherical triangles,the

II.

Chapter

Note.

Up
and
are

to

be

their
more

But

if

and

show
as

their sines

Construction
use

have

we

here

had.

with
their

point

should

we

to

this

for

what

by

we

to

explained

minute

every

hereafter

the

or

and

pass

at

least

displease

we

leave

to

their

on

the
the

computing they

containing

Table

quadrant,

first understood,

of

method

or

whole

of the

fittingtime

more

propertiesof logarithms,

genesis and

calculations

issuing

are

advantages being

published

the

rest

may

less

the
use.

either

by being

the

rithms
loga-

Theory
So

of

that

please the
buried

in

silence.

Notes.

silence.

I await

For

the

unadvisedly publishing

//.

Fro7n

judgement

the

others

87
criticism of the

and

and

them

exposing

DESCRIPTIO,

Book

II.

learned
the

to

Chapter

this before

on

detraction

of

the

VI.

Conclusion.
It has
what

therefore, been

now,

they

of what

and

are,

multiplication,division,or

of

clearlyand

shown

have,

you

full

of

promised,
should

application,and
please

likelyto

of

the

method

and

render

of all

all

the

the

praise and

good

///.

From

the End

of

the

glory

roots

God

to

of the

be

may
of

I may

be

chief

TABLE

OF

the

metical
arith-

readily obtained.

very

with

Logarithms

profit by

its very

that
also

this

workers

among

trouble

demonstrated
that

encouraged

Meanwhile
the

both

the

communications

by your

you,

Logarithms,

are

Trigonometry

Canon

table.

have

we

of

question

I understand

constructing

works.

of

there

by their help without

kinds

wonderful

learned

more

for

in both

Geometrical

every

as

are

extraction

by examples

solution
Thus

that

shown
sufficiently

they

use

this

is

publish

to

little

work,

the

helper

and

LOGARITHMS.

Note.

labour

by the

strength
have

calculation

the

Since

industry
into

crept

assistance

and

and

it.

for

of

if I

perceive

perhaps

in

time

one

that

the

appear
a

by the
in

from

me

time

assistance

it

stands,
of

polished and

more

likely

or

of

greater

the

theory
it

computing
of

number

shape

anew

was

the

in

an

more

But

care.

learned,

I will

either

method

and

computors

than

needful

reader

to

of

improved form,
ultimately

it may

possibleby

the

work

of

single individual.
is

perfect

THE

An

Bvt

and

because
its

the

powers]

birth.

at

END.

TRANSLATION

WRIGHTS

From

Book

the
with

the

on

the

attention

the

errors

many

printer,let

them

to

by

weariness

another

find favour

help) give

accurate

Nothing

IV.

health,

to

surprising if

be

at

accomplished

completed

arising from

devoting

(with God's

as

canon

is

been

been

part of the

the

on

weak

have

to

has

not

therefore, whether

this invention

short

improving
so

that

alone, it will

one

important affairs,hindered

ought

computors,

many

carelessness

or

at

table,which
of

These,

part of the computor

kindly pardon,

this

of

addition
may

seeme

I.

Chapter

THE

OF

DESCRIPTIO,

IV.

Admonition.
and

subtraction
somewhat

of

these

former

painfull,I intend

numbers

[logs,of

(if it shall

please
God)

Notes.

88

in

God)

second

numbers

aboue

other

any

V.

Most
and

of

Sir, I

of my

measure

Canon

also

grant

use

out

new

it

him

of

using

It would

thus

Logarithms,
to

to

the

is

notation

translated
his first

to

from

has

given
*

point

had

printed at

the

we

dear

in former

time

out

the
three.

results

same

We

determined

their

method

leave

the

of

work,

the

publication

difficult operations

by

have

and

of

from

the

more

and

two

strength

my

many

long

bring

known

have

(ifGod

of construction

actual

tion
computa-

particularly
fessor
Briggs, public Pro-

friend,Henry

more

the

of

have

made

Wright's

the

use

parts.

written
of

translation

in

long
the

of the

enables

us

thereby

explanation

of

following extract,

the

before

Canon

of

decimal

chap, iv.,is interestingas

subject,though

been

for

which

full

to

invention

numbers,

many

occurred

great

whole

but

great

fractional

and

upon,

47,

notation

of

arithmetic.

I.

the

his

of

out

system

4, 5, and

to

device

integral and

facilityas

in sections

must

simple

the

their

of

Logarithms, Napier

of

extending

improved

power

to

Canon

working

same

reference

the

that

been
the

Fractions.

numbers

devise

to

actually been
end

of

Rabdologiae,'Bk.

Constructio

the

the

make

Decimal

in the

never

with

published

from

or

tediousness

very

the

which

logarithms,

very

for

at

and

bodily weakness,

separate

increasing the

immensely

worked

by

to

I undertook

skilled in this kind

doubt

no

led

was

of

deter

to

me,

divisions

health) to

our

use

that

appear

fractions

use

wont

numbiers

computing

of

point

fractions which

is

the

before

I had

kind

of

then

was

he

and
difficulty

aim

scholar, my

work

to

in London.

continually make

places,and

ioo,ooo,ocx),
abated

according

natural

others

to

canon

Notation

would

as

with

away

which

the

of life and

Geometry

actual

those

or

endeavoured

which

this

better

learned

very
of

added

make

RABDOLOGIM.

by them, substituting others

but, owing

the

that

the

of

With

continuance

of

In

do

ability

rejected

canon

found

and

to

always
to

additions, subtractions, and

easy

now

have

Logarithms

performed
by

bee

to

shal

as

such

numbers,

easie

are

OF

irksomeness

of

; this

Logarithmes

decimal

"c., which

of mathematics.

the

years

to

such

out

the DEDICATION

From

calculations, the

study

set

number.

Illustrious

the

to

fall upon

300,000,000,

200,cxx),ooo,
from

Edition,
written

being

above

sections

that

date, and

of

Logarithms

Descriptio in 16 16.
From

Notes.

'

90

Notwithstanding

Napier's time

after

long

into

came

The

general

subject
and

455,

the

computation

that
of

was

it

that

"

of

Report

Mistake

Napier's

table,

since

of

trial it will

on

the

in the

proportional therein

last

whereas

9995001.222927,

occurred

have

the

of

Computation
Enquiry into
Computing his

an

Method

451-

pp.

the

in

somewhere

must

Memoirs,'

16.

p.

with

'

1873 Meeting

the

Sections,

Table

Second

in the

found

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9995001.224804.

This

table,

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mistake
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as

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an

logarithm of

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incorrect

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logarithm of
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see

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table,

be

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rather

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whereas
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table.

6934250.8,

as

sec.

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by finding

incorrect, and

logarithm of

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table

one

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logarithms as published in

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above,

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the Second

therefore

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logarithm by 2.6,
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the

proportionalin

their difference.

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into

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the

eighteenth century

Napier

of the

mistake

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given (sec.17) as
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of

of

Accuracy
Logarithms.

to

in

Mark

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is

by

to

Glaisher

the

It is evident

till the

these, it

last of

use.

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elegance

in fact,not

"

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Mr

by

and

Association, Transactions

British

On

simpHcity

the

to

introduced

enquire whether

by

the

method

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computation employed.
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Napier's logarithms with

by
known

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those

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to

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the

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mally
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this

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31,

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table,

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30,

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proceed

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Notes.

92

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e~\

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table
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of

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table

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6931471.80559945309422
So

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unity in
clearly gives accurate
only

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to

show

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in the
the

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T5th place,

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excess

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that
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be

adapted

Notes.

adapted

meet

to

suggesting the
of

places,

would

construction

be

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of

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hmits,

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greater number
To

of

ensure

tables

tables, and

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the

logarithms

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to

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last

69.

tables.

of

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unit

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to

much

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the
are

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given

next

each

and

as

tables

the

three

preceding
the

their

value

figure

first

(pp.94-95),
to

is

to

multiplied by

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or
1

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examples
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to

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followingvalues

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when

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decimal

Napier's method,

to

in

preparatory
described

the first proportional after

of the

are

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methods

found

comparison,

are

each

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the

to

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method

to

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quite superseded,

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limits

to

We

and

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figures given above,

in the

recomputed

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logarithm.

places.

accuracy

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with

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16 14

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Notes.

94

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in

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Magnus

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to

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as

example

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Magnus

Canon

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his

Table,

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on

69314718.28,
explain
are

too

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to

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223

page

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of
i

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in the

the

in sect.

the

'

in

table

693

as

of

of the

53

in

value

place.

at

147 18

which
the

is

rithms
loga-

Constructio),

Trigonometria,' the
true

the
The

1624.

given

logarithms
units

those

Catalogue),

in

But

of the

exceeds

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table

with

case

published

and

places given.

of

number

the

not

was

Ursinus

by

radius,

of

page

given by

is stated

table, this

computed

30"

of

(see specimen

which

Second

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by
the

value
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.22.

end

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Notwithstanding
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Notes.

this,the Magnus
text

in the

and
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Canons

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the
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Canons.

by him,

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the

discrepancies between

the

to

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figures in the

the

correct

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the

as

to

in

the

the

as

Second

table

may

tables

preparatory

for

different.
was

in full the
It had

two

been

were

mistake

safely be used

may

of 16 14,

Canon

reference

no

logarithms of
the

Canon

95

observed

by

Mr

tables

of

previously pointed

out

preparatory

Napier in the 'Journal de

Savants

Sang in 1865, when

Edward

Napier's Canon

'for

by

M.

1835,
M

to

15

puting
recom-

places.

Biot, in his articles

p.

255.

The

on

following
translation

Notes.

96
translation

Journal'

April 1836,

for

It has
his

[Napier's]numbers

from

of

I have
this
he

done, and

kind,

forms

steps

the

thus

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does

to

but

of

which
whereas

by

difference

commences

been

shown

in the

the

errata

figures in

after careful

objection is

to

in

the

the
text

consideration

give

them

as

last

tenth

foregoing pages
text.
are

In

"

it is
in the

of

in

that

the

to be

ing
abridg-

calculated
and

for

found

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its value

6931471. 805599

places
that

difference

referred

figure.
of what

consequence

thought

have
but

Napier's table,

of

which

subsequent

that

development,
I

This

figure.

fifteenth

in many

progression

method,

tising his

been

resulted

sligh't
error

all the

Now

series,it ought

the

slight errors

processes

figuresof
have

inaccuracy

second

accumulate;

errors

modern

with

the

last

applications.

is in fact

table.

those

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until the

reallycommence

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his

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in the

calculation

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operations by
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detected

that

remark,
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calculation

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have

that, which

corrected

logarithm

693 147

from

is

ascertained
error

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to

this

some

slighterror,

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deduced

are

remarked.

the

thereby

preparatory

repeats the

have

to

from

or

Philosophical

New

"

inaccurate

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Edinburgh

'

Delambre

value

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method,

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in the

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285

p.

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truth

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or

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course

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inaccurate,

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to

original.

Different

Notes.

98

THE

TABLE.

III.
the

In

that
of

when

descriptionof
log. 1

cyphers annexed,

number

produced

may

be

and
a

the third

method,

log. 10

is assumed

close

obtained

by finding the

10.

As

an

number

53-54,

pages

equal

approximation

by raisingthe given

logarithm of

on

to

the

to

example, Napier

with

logarithm of

number

to

unit

it is

power
mentions

of

places

equal

to

explained
a

number

any

in the
the

given
result

assumed

that, assuming log.

10

Notes.

10=

the

looooooooo,

by raising2

in

these
2

the

to

the

The

table, extended

in this

method,

logarithm.
added
remains

to

to

These

the

unity

limits

assumed
in

the

is

are

in

shown

really one

place.
the

the

on

carried

are

in

log.

10=

and

10,

findingthe
further

we

their

but

find

form.
below

matical
Mathe-

limits

of

for each

the

the

cypher

difference

Bringing together

table,

log.

subject.

place

one

of

for

his

to

ducing
re-

61-63,

tabular

Introduction

Hutton's

logarithm

approximations obtained

that

So

explained by Briggs,pages

remarks

seen,

last

have

produced

Napier's approximation, is given

in

further

result

301029995.

we

approximation

found

it will be

is

in the

one,

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with

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in the

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places, less
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of

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first steps

Tables,
The

ratio

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and

of

iooo.oooDooth

"c.

.301029995

number

99

always

successive

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the

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THE

TABLE.

The

Table

"

confd.

Notes.

lOO

THE

TABLE"

continued.

CATALOGUE

OF

WORKS

THE

NAPIER

JOHN

Merchiston

of

To

which

added

are

Tables

and

Note

other

Compiled

William

OF

Rae

of

Early

some

Works

of

by

Macdonald

Interest

Logarithmic

PRELIMINARY.

Contents

The

works

following

order

in

Mirifici
in

16

his

his
works
III.

in

in

Reformed
of

John,

in

161

Logarithms.

of
the

7,

in

published

Table

or

Latin

the

of

year

Constructio,
the

Author's

in

published

death,

day

as

these
less

or

IV.

three

of

his

by

order
The

his

edited

son,

booke

of

Napier,

Mark

by

or

in
I.

Plaine

Descriptio

works

the

during

the

Discovery
and

have

we

Constructio.

IL

famous
learned

most

in
other

Catalogue

the

Logarithms,

on

his

placed

suggested
the

of

contains

became

established

be

may

to

his

first
he

one

as

was

groups

which

by

contains

another

the

groups

Europe,

Mathematician
two

Latin,

Revelation

Accordingly,

in

into

preparatory

following

Rabdologiae

Merchiston

of

Baron

Churches

the

between

the

St

1839.

studies

Logarithms.
in

Canon

after

Algebra,'

fall

fame

more

of

Descriptio,

Canonis

years

naturally
early

Theologians

were

the
in

'The

and

published

works

two

19,

Logistica,

and

world

with

published

Arithmeticke

his

the

Napier.

Ars

which

Revelation

Whole

Canonis

Logarithmorum

in

Robert

the

in

death.

Latin

among

published

were

1593.

together

1614,

Mirifici

of

in

Logarithmorum

Author's

result

the

of

English

Rabdologise,

These

Merchiston

of

Discovery

published

Latin

Arrangement.

"

Plaine

Napier

John

of

and

the

by

scientific
which

works,
elaboration

of

his

arranged

Logistica

Ars
As

supplement

Preliminary.

I04

ment

added

are

particularsof

the

Briggs,

with

Ursinus, Kepler,

and

Logarithmic
of

note

tables

computed
other

by

works

of

original is indicated

by

some

interest.

Collation.
The

upright bar

placing an

title-pagein

the

of

arrangement

mark

to

the

the

of each

end

symbols 4", 8", 12", etc., indicate

The

which

sheet

the

of paper

folded

was

signatures sometimes

in the

early editions
there

of A

8 leaves

are

The

Plaine

in many

the

cases

in

work

for

sheet

into

leaves

of leaves

thus,

the

of

made

up

example,

in the

is folded

into 4

signature.

of the

measurement

number

number

this

Discovery, though

each

to

the

the

; but

differs from

line.

largestcopy examined
its originalstate must

has
have

given, but

been
been

considerably

in rebinding.
larger,the copy having been cut down
The
signaturesin the editions described consist of the letters of the
alphabet excluding J, U, and W, or 23 letters (in one or two instances J
and

8,

4,

used

are

for I and

"c.,

12,

the

as

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first

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the

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John's

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principal public libraries

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The

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University,

Aberdeen.

University,

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Trinity College,

do.

St

do.

John's College,

Trinity College,

Dublin.

Advocates,

Edinburgh.

Signet,

do.
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Preliminary.

:o6

Bibliographies.

particularwork

of the

note

of this kind

works

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As

Messkatalog.

librorum,
tiores

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held

in that

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those
taken

corroborative

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which

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the

as

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16 14,

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by lansonius,

first

editions

Draudius.

"

'

and

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other

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Classica

Draudio.

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usualibus

"c., omnium,
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simply importers

161 9,

sometimes

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appear

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'

Constructio

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others

two

editions

the

cannot

publisher

of

name

the

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on

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name

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burgh
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remarks

Napier's works.
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quotquot
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videlicet

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prostant,
Par

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Gallica

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1625.

Ostern.

Librorum
.

Officinis

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Catalogus
in

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Catalogus

scriptorum,

entur.

Another

founded

and

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sive

Fracofurti

Linguis

and

editions

Librorum

fairs

half-yearlybook

the

example,

German

Franckfurt

II

for

were

the

Latomi.

Draudium.

Georgium

for

place

1617,

the

these

supplied

translations

the

to

who

and

that

the

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and
particulars,

correct

auffgelegt,

Herbstmesse.

Edinburgh

at

gantz

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publication

of

place

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1611

bibliographicalworks

Rabdologiae

is littledoubt, however,

apply

and

evidence.

published

were

with

issued

Draudius, Lipenius, etc.,

of

aller Bucher,

widerumb

new

Superiorum,

were

in

and

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emenda-

vel

noui

vel

auffs

"

omnium

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Verzeichnuss

worden.

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catalogues,

ist

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Herbstmess,

verkaufft

catalogues

est

below

given

Francofurtensibus

autumnalibus

verbessert, oder

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Frankfurt

der

in

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nundinis

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short

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nundinis

pro

prodierunt.

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in the

referred

mdcxi.

anno

auctiores

et

zu

so

universalis

de

autumnalibus,

edition

and

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"

mentioned

are

1625.

Peregrinis
Anglica

indagari potuac

Pierre

senales

hab-

Kopf.'

1610.

edition, 1625.
Le

Preliminary.

Le

Bibliotheca

Z^"^."

107

Sacra, Jacobi Le

Long.

Parisiis, Apud

Freytag.

Analecta

"

Gotthilf

Gerdes.

Literaria
I.C.

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Libris

nach

ihren

beschrieben

und

an

der

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Ebert.

Bucher

General

"

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worin

die

zu

bei

The

"

(1750-1832)

Thomas

Brunei,

"

Bibliographer's

du

Frederic

of

Par

de

Livres

Rares

Z^/;"^C^/."

Charles

et Prdcieux.

Librarian
in

Memoirs,"

Par

of the

of the

Library

Signet Library (sold

Apr. 1880, in Jul. 1880, and

yitmoxxs

of

John Napier

in Feb.

William

Bohn.

Didot, "c.

Jean George
Rudolf

four

1861.

1863.

Thdodore.

Kuntze.

1863.

Laing, Esq., LL.D.,

portions

in Dec.

1879,

1881).

of Merchiston.

By
Wm.

Edinburgh.

G.

1837.

Press.

Brunet.

of the late David

in

Ebert.

Adolphus

Firmin

Dresde.

Catalogue

1835.

English Literature, by

Jacques

Graesse.

Kayser.

Schumann.

Henry

1816.

Heyse.

University

Paris.

Graesse."Tx"sox

mund,
Roter-

Band.

Gottlob

Dictionary.

London.

Libraire.

Georg

Ludwig

Manual

aller

Schriften

Wilhelm

Fiinster

Christian

von

Jochers

Christoph Adelung,

Leipzig.

Lowndes.

Manuel

Gottlieb

Heinrich

Johann

"763^

Rump.

und

Bremen.

Oxford.

Lowndes.

Daniel

Schriftsteller

Johann

fortgesetztvon

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Biographical

Christian

zu

von

Bremen,

"

(By

Lebensumstanden

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und

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Rotermund.

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Rarioribus.

Historico-criticum

Florilegium

"

de

F.

Mark

Blackwood.

Napier.
1834.

CATALOGUE

A
OF

THE

WORKS

JOHN

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Catalogue.

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Cer-|taine

Catalogue.

112

Cer-|taineOracles of Sibylla,agreeing |with the

other Iplaces of Scripture.|Newlie
Imprinted and
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this edition was
printed in Edinburgh by Waldegrave for

Norton.

Libraries,

Col.

New

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Catalogue.

114

phrasticallyand

Text.|By John Napier, Lord

Resolution
of certain
of Marchiston.
a
doubts, |moved
by
|With
affected
brethren.
certain
well
annexed
some
|Whereunto are
and
other
the
Oracles
of |Sibylla, agreeing with
Revelation,]
also an
omitted
Epistle which was
in|
places of Scripture.IAnd
fifth Edition
the last Edition. |The
and
amended.
: corrected
|
for
Andro
sold
and
be
at
Printed
to
Wilson,
are
Edinbvrgh, |
his Ishop, at the foot of the Ladies
1645.]
steps.
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59
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Catalogue.
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Mirifici

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|Descriptio,|Ejusque usus,
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Logistica Ma-|
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thematica, amplissimi, facillimi,|
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conad naturales
habistructio," Logarith- 1morum
ipsorum numeros
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praestantiore Loga- 1
|Secund6, Appendix de alia, eaque
rithmorum
specie construenda.
|Terti6, Propositiones quaedam
facilitate
resoleminentissimae, ad Trian- 1gula sphaerica mira
Autore
Inventore
loanne
venda.
Merac
Nepero, |Barone
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Hart. |Anno
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Annotationibus

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blank

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|Logarithmorvm

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Ad

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Table.

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appendicem.

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aliquot
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I
.

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toriae.

| M.

Matheseos

Ai^

Appendix.

pp.

50-57,

priuilegio

Caesar.

A2, pp. 3 "

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pp.

pp.

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Annotationes

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42-49,

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Constructio.

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pp.
blank
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Catalogue.
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Catalogue.

146
logarithms of
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147

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Appendix.
The

bloody Almanack
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John

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VI.

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Concerning

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14.";

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ovene

Edition.

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England

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|To

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shall

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slightlyaltered.]
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J. Booker

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1647. | With

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day |of Judgement,

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|Astrologer. |The

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Lord

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symbolical

his

Note.

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concerning

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[With

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1643.I

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Additions.!

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Lord

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Concerning
"

Another

The

Prophecies proved

Trumpets

seven

mentioned

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seven

+ 6 numbered

Libraries.

the

Astrologer, M.

containing symbolical designs,]

Title.

Concerning

of Daniel."

in 4

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of page

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1643. |

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Scotland.
|
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149

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150
4*. Size
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Concerning
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Daniel.";

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8 pages

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Le|Sommaire|Des
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Christ's

Concerning

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as

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of Elias."

Prophesy

Astrological prediction

pages,

A3^-A42,

14.";

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Concerning

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ses

Un.

appear

and
a

ans,

lumiere
que

iouer

sa

harmonyes
nous

reste

is written

work

cinq

last

that

par
ses

este

pages.

"

intitule, L'ouuerture

liure

vn

pretation
Napier's inter-

confute

le desauouet,

mesme

son

certainement

temps

nous

pubplein

come

qu'en

si pres,

Pythonissiennes, cauteleusement

de

voulu

Escossois, duquel n'ay

partisans
voyant

64

thus

veu

Napeyr

previous edition
to

Croy
; Et

two)

commences

impostures

pleines d'attrait,pour
Libraries.

would

aduerty

erreurs,

docteur

ou

mis

and

first two

on

Apocalypse,

mensonges

Sathan
ce

leaves.

32

The

quatre

Apocalypse^

(except

title-pageit

of

in fours

64 numbered

son

oeuure

enuoyer

douces, "

par

la verite

pyper.

Ed.;
Le

Appendix.

IDesabvsement,

Le

Consommation

|des

Vniuersel.

ment

I'annee
Par

|Et

1666.

F.

Rouen,

IPar

erie du

fin du

Covrt

Qvi

"

Monde,

Lavrens

la

met

prochaine

|lour

du

du

luge-

lour

ce

|Tannic

en

en

1688.

Mavrry,

DC.

|de

Varin, qui |assigne

Escossois, qui le

Covrcelles.

|M.

Louvre.

Brvit

Perrieres

Napier

De

Le

Siecles,

|Contre

le Sieur

|Svr

151

LXV.

neuve|S. Lo,

rue

|Avec

Permission.

Timprim-

12".

Libraries.

Brit.

Aureum

Mus.

Woltheri

|Johannis

Gvlden

Da-

Arch,

1rinn

vnd

Johannis,

im

Propheten

Treffli-

| vnd
gelegt Ivnd
mit

gelius
hannis

|die

sey.

gi Mayers,
Jrrthumbe

curs

zufallen.

94.

1Recht

musz

vnd

doch

anderer
eines

Rechtfertigung
Articuln

"c.

bleiben, vnd

nis
Johanzeit

er-

Augen

Paulus

Na-

Jo- 1

Newen

Apocaly- 1ptica zu
Napeiri, Wolffgan-]
Calvinisten
| grobe
|Sunders,
kurtzen

einem

auch
Dis-

|
werden

dem

nis,
Johan-

vor

andern

armen

auch

|Nebenst

|Ceremonien,
recht

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alle

fromme

Hertzen

Gedruckt

Johan

der

Dromna,

Kirchen-

den

gratiae oder
erortert

aller

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der

vnd

seiner,

auch

werden
de

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Glaubens

von

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|Letzlich

von

anderen

von

Astronomia

Rosencreutzbriider
halten

was

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der

M.

der

vnd

iiber-

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darinn

boszlich

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|vnd

Offenbarung

auch

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vermeynten

Geschichten

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der

|Offenbah-

reichlich

Theologi,

vnd

Mehr

Propheten
vnd

iiber

der

bewerthe

diese

ist

Einhalt

in

Wiederlegung,

Historien

dargestellt, wie

vmbgehe,

eine

Schottlandischen

angezeigt.
dem

Daniel,

| Das

vnd

Zahlen,

auch

Auszlegung

|chen

Napeiri, durch
klaret

dann

Saxonis

Verstand
vnd

auszfuhrliche

vnd

lang- 1gewUnscheten
desz

wahre

Worter

fliissig
gefunden wird, Wie
Propositionen,

Peinensis

der

Geheimnussen,

wichtigen
rung

Lon.;

zu

Rostock,

Hallervordes

durch

Mauritz

Sachsen,

daselbst.

Buchhandlers
[Printed in black

and

red.]

In

1623.I

vorlegung |

Appendix.

152
4". Size

B3I,

1 1

Dedication

pages,

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Durchl.

B32
in

printed

Gedruckt

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pp.

of 'A

\durch

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Brandenburg,

von

E,

Pfarrherr

On

itself[see note].

Sacksen,\Im

Moritz

Churf.

daselbsty

plaine discovery,'printed

work

A2I-

2, blank.

id^i.Jahres

Woltherus

The

1-272,

des

at

Frankfurt

On

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is

\ 162^. \

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to

adherent

full the

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to

numbered

14 + 272

Johann Wolther,
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15

translation

Rostock

Wilhelm

Georg
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German

B4i-Nn32,

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in fours =144
288

the Pastor

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pages.

Liechtenhagen, was

of

Confession.

Augsburg

of

1615,

pp.

proposition is appended
much

being

omitting

1-122,

refutation

the

longer than

the
of

zealous

his work

In

36 propositionsof Napier's First treatise

edition
each

leaves.

reprintsin

he

given

as

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furt
Frank-

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the

the

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These

same.'

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|
gefertigt.

Straszburg

zu

Rhabdologia
durch

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Truck

zum

Size

Libraries.

art

Rechenmeistern,

Freyherrn in Schottlandt, | beschrieben, nacher

Herrn
v.
anleytung, desz hochgelehrten |weitberiihmbten

Gedruckt

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Frankfurt;

1cographum

|Myriot, In verlegung
MDCXVIII.
|Anno
|

letter.

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ist,|Newe,

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|len

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Appendix.

154

verrijckt met

een

wannigheden

af

"

Ma-

Ithes.

Tot

Amsterdam,

16 +

numbered

246

hare

Med.

D.

|
Boeckvercooper

Laurentsz,
1634. |

8.

Another

Gedruckt

8 + 377

These

numbered

editions

two

entitled

Amsterdam

Academy

"

Landschaps

ende

catalogued by

Bouwstoffen

Wetenschappen

Art

1 1

are

kundige

1naris
1646. |

Anno

1Drucker.

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Paging.

Edition.

Balck, Ordi-

Ulderick

by

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Verslag. xii.,1878 (Natuurk.),p. 19.

|By |Speaking-Rods :|Vulgarly termed

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Appendix.
description of
division, and

the

the

Libraries,

Un.

rods, with

extraction

Ed.;

examples

of square

Brit.

Mus.

Lon.

Another

London,

printed by T.

i^^

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of their

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multiplication,

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for

H.

Sawbridge,

the

at

|Bible

on

Ludgate-Hill. 1685. |
Libraries.

Un.

Nepper's

Ab.

Netto.

Mit

This

Mus.

is

copied from

G.

Dresd.

Multiplication
hrsgg. v. F. A.

181 5. Arnold.

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d.

in

The

1835.

work

apparently

Tovs
|Trigonometrie, |Povr Resovdre
Les
Demonstrations
Spheriqves. |Avec

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Traite

Rectilignes |Et
deux

Decimalbriiche

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bei

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of

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Rechenstabchen,

100

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|du

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Paris,

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| Chez

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8".

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312

pages.

156

leaves.
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Appendix.

156
Errors

186,

in

and

the

Permission

end, thus

is

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an

in

error

work

signed by
the

On

the

of consequence.

none

making

print

to

Dedication

first part

In

Paging.
to

so

given

was

the

'

Author

(p. 116)

last page

In

The

5th April 1635.

on

Theagrius

Hvmivs,

Iacobvs

of the

part 168 numbered

second

of 18.

excess

first part will be

found

the

is quoted
relatingto Napier's burial-place,"c., part of which
The
celebrated
two
426 of the Memoirs.
propositionsby Napier

passage
at
are

p.

Nos.

"

117

Adv.

Libraries,

Primvs

of the

120

Ed.

second

Un.

Ed.

part.

|Tabvlarvm

Liber

Soc.

Roy.

Lon.

Prima
|Discentivm
necessarius
Elemen-|ta Astronomiae
"|utilissimus.|HisInsertvs
ad singula scrupula qua- 1drantis
Est Canon
|fecundus
propagatus. |
Item
Nova
Tabvla
Clima-|tum " Parallelorum, item umbrarum.|
Canonvm

Appendix
Salueldensi

| Libri

Secvndi

| opera

montani

Directionvm.

desiderantur.

| Cum

"

gratia

Apvd

Tvbingae

| Avtore

Erasmo

priuilegio

Caesareae

| des

Haere

| Rheinholdo
" | Regiae
| M.D.

Anno

Morhardi.

Vlrici

[Printed in black
4". Size

Constructio, Napier
other

(or any
in

columns

probably

the

Libraries.

he

Trin.

|Volumen

Rectarvm

made

Col.

Ursini

Gymnasio

says

6, and

and

one

Benjaminis
Practici

red.]

Logarithmic Table,

the

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exact) will supply

more

Vel Semis sivm

Sinwm

and

inches.

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describing the formation

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gico

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sines

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|In

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Joachimicae, | Cursus
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Brandenbur-

| Mathematici
"

Generosi

|
DN.
DN.

Appendix.
DN.

Johannis

Gratia

I Cum

Et

IOC

| Coloniae

[Note.

4|

domino^

et generoso

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First

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Propor'\tionalis\Seqtienti\Canoni\Logarithmo-\rum
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Dedication

pages,

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Cliens

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8 pages,

et

XVI.

chistonii,Sco- \ti, dfc. \ Mirijicus \ Canon

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lib. Baroni

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Trigonometric

tabula.''

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Loga- 1rithmicam

nometriam
tarn.

|Baronis

Neperi

157

in

17th May

161

7, which

is

no

doubt

correct,

161 7.

Electora-|lis Brandenburgici |Trig|Mathematici

Privilegio |
| Cum
|Logarithmor. |Canone
magno
V

Coloniae

Appendix.

158
| Sumptib.

Coloniae

is engraved

above

[The

on

Dedication

to

L^'^,

1-272.

pp.

Dn.

Liber

Triangulis Spharicis."

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genere."

in

ejusq.

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Constructione

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lineorum."

Sectio

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8 + 272

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II.,

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280

in fours

LI

to

140

leaves.

pages.

Electoralis
|Mathematici
Brandenburgici |Magnvs Canon
|Triangulorum |Logarithmicvs ; |
Ex
"
Consilio
Voto
|lUustr. Neperi, p. m. |novissimo, |Et Sinu
ad
toto
decadas
lOCXXXDOOO.
scrupulor. |secundor.
|usq'.|Vigili
studio
" pertinaci industria
|diductus. |

Benjaminis

Harmonic.

Keppler.

Silesi

|Sprottavi

Ursini

Lib.

iv.

cap.

vii.

p.

168.

"

[followed by

Coloniae, |Typis Georgij Rungij, impensis

Guttij IBibliopolai,Anno
Ai\

Title.
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Signatures.

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are

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1.

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5).

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of

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Napier

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references

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and

the

are

The
the

The

lines.

35

sumtibus

lines.]

TypographuSy \ impensis

Rungius

to

A2I-LII22,

Canone,"

in

XXIV.

DC.

2, blank.

BibliopolceColoniensis.

M.

"

of 8

extract

sines

logarithms of
in
of

similar
16

way,

14,*but

are

and

10"

for every
are

carried

of the
one

in

same

place
further,

Appendix.

Grad.
Stmts.

M.S.

30.
D.

50000000

10

04199

20

08397
12595

16794

159

99

D.

Different. D.

Logarith.

69314718
06321
69297925

54930614

89530
81136

54897027
85833
74640

Logarith.

20992

72743

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19417
08222

4384104
86904
89703

Sinus.

D.

60

86602540
00116

24

86597692

50

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30

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92842

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D.

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20

059

40_

02

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30
20
10

03
2

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66156
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04

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05

30

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28

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20

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30206
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50

20

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"

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95
17515

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20

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20

Grad.
V

59.

50

"54
S.M.

Appendix.

i6o

further, radius being made

full details

by Ursinus, and
II.,

sect.

same

of

2,

to

the

specimen

page

regard

laid down

preliminary tables

proposed

be

Table

the
made

Ed.

Un.

Libraries.

in

to

given

is

notes,

my

Oxf.

; Bodl.

the

on

; Brit.

Book
the

are

modifications

the

in

Napier

preceding

in

60.

sect.

and

page,

ence
refer-

95.

94,

pp.

in

employed

with

by

puted
recom-

was

given

are

methods

Constructio

of

also

may

The

the

those

as

of its construction

Trigonometria.

the

entire Canon

The

100,000,000.

Mus.

Lon.

Stadt.

Breslau

; Nat

Paris;

Carl

Schulze

Mitgliedes der
Konigl.
|wirklichen
Preussischen
Academic
der |Wissenschaften
Und
Erweit|Neue
erte
| Sammlung
| Logarithmischer, | Trigonometrischer | und
Gebrauch
anderer
Der
Mathematik
| Zum
| Unentbehrlicher
|
Johann

Tafeln.

||II. Band.

||

Berlin, 1778. | Bey

8|

reprinted to

the

are

the

lower

given

same

every
pp.

Tafel I der \ Sinus,

the

minute
2-261

being

pages

in

as

dten

Joannis

Theile

der

original.

The

Ursinus'

logarithms from
logarithms

four

4"

to

half

occupy

II., the title of the whole

die

\und\

vier

Caes.

|Ad
| Logarithmorum
Praemissa
| Demonstratione
usus
|Quibus |Nova
eorumq.

deren

zustimmenden

und

ersten

des Quadranien

Differenzen \berechnet.

numerorum

last

and

first four

are

tents
con-

"

Tangenten, \Secanten

Chilias

post

the

Ursinus

of

Kepleri |Imp.

quo

of

case

in Volume

hyperboli-\schen
Logarithmen \fur
den iihrigenTheil
zu\\o Secunden
; \fiir
dem

Canon

Magnus

only.

und

nebet

the

of

in the

seconds

portion of

of these
"*

for

logarithms

10

every

degrees, being the

86"

Der

6 inches.

this work

In

| In

Buchhandler

Mylius,

Briiderstrasse.
Size

August

aber

letzten

von

Minute

zu

10

von

\Minute^

"

Ferdinandi
Totidem

Legitima
Traditur

vier

briggischen
Grade

II.
Numeros

| Ortus

|Mathematici
| Rotundos,

Logarithmorum

Arithmetica,

notitiam]nullum

|
|

nee

Seu

pendium,
|Com-

admirabilius,
nee

Appendix.

l62

Circuit

Sinus

cum

differentiis.

29.

0.45

29.

4.41

3.

29.

12.

-3.

29.

16.

29.

20.

3.

3.

29.

24.
3-

29. 28.
29.

205.
00

33

205.

48800.

00

30
56

48900.

00

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57

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"

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00

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57
12

3-

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58

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56.

3.
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3.58

30.

7- 57
58
3.

3.

II.

3.

201.

69916.53"

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00

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30.

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40
"

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00

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00

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3.

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48700.

naria.

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205.

fexage-

40

00

32.
3.

29.

206.

48500.

56

8. 37

29.

differentiis.

cum

quarta.

56

3.

Partes

LOGARITHMI

vicefima

55

3.

3.

Partes

feu Numeri
abfoluti.

21

Arcu

Appendix.
mathematicians,

man

with

Napier's

motion.

he

as

mentions

demonstration

The

two

on

is

reprinted

liii of

p.

which

omitting only

of

the

in

reprinted

are

the

of

Mathematical

translation

same

Tables,

of

both

propositions, and

parts,
rather

some

of them."
in

not

affected

Tables

of

are

of

Geometrical

beginning

Hutton's

"brief

being satisfied

and

Table

the

At

to

found

demonstrations

logarithms

they

be

the

i.

Introduction

will

the

long illustrations
The

the

with

I. p.

Preface, not

Arithmetical

on

together

*Scriptores Logarithmici,'vol.
volume

in his

based

parts

163

the

Table

mistake

the

by

are

kind

of

the

same

in

the

computation

as

Napier's,but
of

the

Canon

6 14.

The

which

numbers

for

Napier's

Canon

sines

is

and

4 contains

the

the

different.

In

the

are

numbers

Table

values
sines

or

preceding

see

of
are

page.

"

equidifferent numbers,

9;

10,000,

It also has

10,000,000.

i, 2, 3, to
to

2000

1000,

Column

the

of

also

are

"Sinus"

in this table

9,990,000,

numbers

36

given

are

and

looo

9,980,000,

the

as

differently
arranged,

are

column

page

follows

contains

30,000,

900;

while

specimen

For

arrangement
Column

in

numbers

the

equidifferent.
The

logarithms

the

equidifferentarcs,

of

Napier

and

Kepler

10,

20,

to

30

90;

20,000,
at

the

ginning
beto

200

100,

9000.

the

logarithms of

the

in

numbers

2, with

column

differences.
interscript
The

2nd

and

4th

only

containing entries

columns

for the first

numbers.

36

observed

It will be

values
and
to

in these

radius
ratios

Taking

of the

numbers

the

equal

Column

day

of 24

arc,

to

the

but

those

there

which

is

in

if it be
of the

given

to

; and

numbers

the

of account

being

referred

really represented

values

are

10,000,000.

in the

specimen

represents

and

minutes, and

the

seconds,

seconds

page,

ratio

the

ber
num-

4,850,000

corresponding

to

interscriptdifferences
the

x^fjth

part of

finally
X

to

Similarlycolumn

of radius.

T^f ^th part

part of the radius, with

in hours,

the

figures of

last two

of 16 14, in

Canon
the

degrees, minutes,

i^Mth

left out

that

4,850,000
=

off the

m.arks

first entry

the

T^M^^^th

gives

hours

point

So

example

an

or

10,000,000

sine

with

agree

10,000,000.

as

columns,

of

in column

gives

that

two

logarithms

the

the

are

Column

;
a

Appendix.

164
Column

gives in minutes

and

seconds

Libraries.

Sig. Ed.;

Tabvlae

Gl.; Hunt.

Un.

Rudolphinae.

Folio.

Size

The

13|

Adv.

Quam

loannes

Jonae

mento,

typis

desiderio

sariorum

1culo

Chilia-

Algebraicas,

Quod

"

extructu

Deo,

|in

satis-

1das

of

Napier.

|faceret

partim,
omnium

1bus

graduu |centesimis,

|quem

lucem

vna

sedaturum

per

adiuetiam

1nim

e-

|aequationes

proportionales, pro

Logarithmis

cum

sed

Habet

primis

eius

vt

Triangulorum

Decennium,
Sinu-

neces-

suorum

absolueret.

ante

|cilio,vt

con-

eo

1dam

quorun-

Canonem,

seipso,

PrIMA.

aliquot insequentes

differentias,ipsis

singulis Gradibus
accurate

vt

commodius

Sinuum,
"

Dub.;

M.DC.XXVII.

curauit, non

partim,

inseruientem

Canonem

licuerit.

excudendam

|rithmorum

Loga-

integrum

those

are

| ChILIAS

priuatim

solum

non

Anno

Col.

; etc.

fieret ; sed

publici iuris

Oxf.; Trin.

Keplerus.

Saurii.

in this work

Edin.

autor

Gl.; Bodl.

LOGARITHMORVM

mus

degree

inches.

logarithms used

Libraries.

Mus.

Ulmae.

ente

of

y^f fth part

minutes.

of 60

cal-

the

fundamentis

adjvnctis,vol-

primum

sperat, quam

commode

|
autem

inuentor,

hi

Logarithmi,

memoriae

Mirifico

pediem

satisfactu-

sperandum,

burgi, Ibis

eius

quam

libentissime
turn

absoluerat

ab

|posthumum,

libru

Qui

sint

colendae, |in

semper

inuiseret, %l apud

aliquot septimanas
praecipuam

1rum.

diversi

autori
eum

(cum

suo

edidit

eum

; eique

domi

Canone

nobis

abunde

humanissime

mansisset

Clarissi-

ijs,|quos

suae,

exceptus,

|horum

|ostendisset)suadere

proEdin-

|per

partem
non

des-

titit,

Appendix.

titit,vt

hunc

morem

gessit.|
teniii ; sed

In
8".

bears
which
as,

short

above

sixteen
to

1000

with

no

author's

assigns

their

161

kind

different

Note.
works

In

"

referred

editions
any

ille

| inuitus

non

laborve.

more

of the

^Ephemeris

to

those

from

Lon.

from

to

in

are

in

public
Motuum

letter of dedication

met

of

CoelesHum
to

natural

small
numbers

publication,but

place

and

The

Table

that

employed

of

tract

the evidence

of its

date

from

The

places.

14

of

tract

publication

Logarithms

is the

by Napier.

works

subsequent

on

of

the

libraries.

possession of

libraries

of

Logarithms
originallypublished by Napier.
refer to

public

commonly

to

lo,

of

fixes the

foregoing Catalogue

the

first page

base

date

or

different

base

the

containingthe

conclusive.

seems

here

is that

however,

place

or

iBrit.Mus.

Libraries,

fifteen

Briggs,and

7,

to

occupies

logarithms,to

name

it to

published

Preface

It is unnecessary
a

Cui

tenuis^structusve

non

remaining

the

pages,

London,

first

susciperet

16 pages.

The

laborem

|se

in

165

Lord

with,
this
ad

Napier, dated

collections

and

Napier

it embraces
as

of

Napier's

largest single collection,

The

country,
annum

only

Ettrick.
several

well

as

1620,' which

27th July

161 9.

copy

Besides
not

of

contains

found
the

the
in
rare

Kepler's

SUMMARY

CATALOGUE.

OF

Plaine

Discovery.

In

English.
PAGE

Edinburgh,

Robert

by
with

Variety,
for

London,

Edinburgh,

Edinburgh,

for

Sig.

Norton,

III

161

Norton,

by

Middelburgh,

by

Middelburch,

voor

"

IIO

112

1645

Wilson,

In

Translation

109

reset

161

Hart,

Andro

1593

1594

Andrew

John

for

of

part

John
by

London,

Waldegrave,

Michiel

Panneel,

Dienaer

des

Godelijcken

mwrts

Adriaen

with

vanden

additions,

Vivre,
G.

by

Rochelle,
The

par

Jean

Panneel

116

same,

Timothee

Georges

by

Rochelle,

Brenouzet,
substituted

La

Rochelle,

La

par
par

Rochelle,
on

Variety,

par
p.

Thomson.

.118
.

La

title-page.

Rochelle,

pour

1602

Jovan,
les

1602

La

with

vised,
re-

French.

In
Translation

.115

Translation

1607.
.

La

Middelborch."

tot

1600

Moulert,

Symon

Dutch.

Rentiers

de

H.

.120
.

Noel

de

la

Noel

de

la

Croix,

.119

1603

Haultin,

1605

121
....

Croix,

1607.

Second

The

Treatise

ends

406

122
.......

with

difference

in

title-page

of

the

Harmonies

Quatre

La

Rochelle,
on

par
p.

392

Noel

de

la

Croix,
.

1607.
.

Second

The

Treatise

123

ends

123
In

Summary

In
Translation

Gera, durch
The

of the

Martinum
but

same,

date

only by Leo

of the

am

Mayn,

1615

Franckfurt

am

Mayn,

1627

De

Second

1839.

Club

126

Treatises by Wolfpgano

Mayer.

.....

126
128

Arte

copies

.....

In

Edinburgi,

125

1612

First and

Franckfort

Dromna.

de

1611
"

Translation

167

German.

First Treatise

Spiessen,

with

Catalogue.

of

and

Logistica.
Latin.

large

copies

paper

129

Rabdologiae.
In

Edinburgi,
The

Andreas

same,

Lugduni,

Hart,

with

Petri

Latin.

161 7
in

error

Rammasenii,

131

title-page corrected

131

1626

132

....

The

with

same,

Petri

substituted

Ramasenii,

title-page.

Translation

Angelo

Tamo,

132

by

"II

1623

Pieter

Rammaseyn,

133

The

same

varieties

Descriptio reprinted
R.

Wilks,

Constructio.

in

and

on

without

The

with

same,

Anton.

134

Logarithms.
Latin.

Hart,

With

1614.

Admonitio

137

Admonitio

139

Scriptores Logarithmici,

vol. vi.

London

1807

139
Andreas

Constructio.

Edinburgi, Andreas
Descriptio and Constructio.
Variety,

Vlack.

....

Andreae

Edinburgi,

Descriptio

Dutch.
by Adrian

In

Edinburgi,

Locatello."

1626

Works

Descriptio.

Marco

.....

In

by

Italian.

Cavalier

Translation

Goude,

Batavorum

.....

In

Verona,

Lugd.

1628

Hart,

Hart,

1619

140

title-page

New

for

works,

two

1619

Lugduni,

140

Barth

Vincentium,

1620

141

dated

1619
title-pageof Descriptio
A
of
Lugduni,
reprinted.
Descriptio
sig.
Ant.
" Marc.
Ravaud,
1658
Huguetan

M3

but

Joan
144
In

i68

Summary

In

by

The

Nicholas

W.

by

Herschell

Bloody

A
Le

1647

Maurry,

1665

Arch,

gen,

Another
Manuale

Myriot,

of
G.

Another

149

Varin.

Paris, Abraham

le

.150

Rouen

at

150

....

F. de

Courcelles.

Rouen,

Laurens

151
Woltherus.

Rostock,

Mauritz

Sachsen,
151

edition.

152

"

by

by

.152
153

.....

1634

Laurentsz,

1646

Balck,

speaking-rods,

London,

Run-

Practicae, by Adrianus

Geometriae

Ulderick

Nepper's Rechenstabchen,

1630

Henderick

Berlin, George

Ursinus.

Anno

ridge, 1667

edition.

Nic-

......

numbring
Sawb

Straszburg,

1618

1623
edition.

Keszlern.

Frantz

by

Ncperiana, by Benjamin

Amsterdam,

art

.......

Arithmeticae

Another

148

.......

by Johannes

Rechenstablein,

Rhabdologia

149

Perrieres

le Sieur

1623

The

de

par

laus

Vincent, 1643

1610

Desabusement,

Kiinstliche

Anthony

149

previous edition, published

Gulden

Calvert, 1641

......

le Sieur

par

Feure,

Le

APPENDIX.

......

Sommaire,

147

additions

Almanack,

Bloody

for

for Giles

London,

with

same,

Filipowski.

OF

London,

Almanack.

Lizars, 1857

H.

Narration.

The

146

161 8

SUMMARY

Napier's

Simon

for

London,

title-page.

Retranslated

The

144

....

substituted

Waterson,

Edinburgh, by

Wright.

Edward

by

1616

Okes,

with

same,

English.

Descriptio translated

The

London,

Appendix.

of

for H.
F. A.

W.

by
.

Sawbridge,

Netto.

L.

Metius.
'153

London,
.

1685

.154

for

.154

"

"

Dresden, Arnold, 1815

^55

155
Traitd