Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
de
www.MaterialsViews.com
CommuniCation
DOI: 10.1002/adom.201500705
E x iH z cot x = 0
2
E z + iH x cot
(1)
wileyonlinelibrary.com
CommuniCation
www.advopticalmat.de
www.MaterialsViews.com
1 tan( z /2 )
r ( , ) = exp 2i tan
(2)
cos
tally realize this particular AEB as a plasmonic dual-symmetric
mirror for both CP and LP wide-angle polarization control. A
Equation (2) can be regarded as a generalized geometric
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the fabricated
phase formula for metasurfaces at oblique incidence. At normal
2
wileyonlinelibrary.com
www.advopticalmat.de
www.MaterialsViews.com
metasurface is shown in Figure 2a. Here, we adopted a sandwich structure consisting of a periodic array of gold nano rods
on a gold back plane with a thin MgF2 spacer layer to ensure
nearly complete reflection and z = x = /2 (at a wavelength
around 1.5 m). We note that similar sandwich structures with
same reflection phases were first proposed to construct a circular polarization antenna in microwave regime.[23,24] Here,
our sample is designed for operation in NIR spectral domain
and we use a super continuum laser as light source while the
polarization and the angle of incidence on the sample can be
arbitrarily changed (for the experiment set up see Figure 2b).
Either CP or LP detection is performed for the reflected beam
and only specular reflection is measured as the periods of the
plasmonic nanoantennas are small enough to eliminate higherorder diffraction.
First, we measure the CP reflection amplitudes at an incident
angle near normal incidence ( = 15 and = 0 ) by using a
right-handed CP incident light. The co-CP (cross-CP) reflection
amplitudes are shown as open blue squares (open red circles) in
Figure 3a. The measured co-CP reflection peak and the associated cross-CP reflection dip is very close to our designed operational wavelength of 1.5 m, which equivalently corresponds to
a maximum helicity preserving efficiency (HPE) (95%, defined
as co-CP reflected power over total reflected power)[39] as shown
in Figure 3b. These results confirm our numerical simulations
(CST Microwave Studio, with structural parameters adjusted
from the SEM image of the actual sample), which are shown as
solid lines in Figure 3a,b.[40] Here, it is interesting to note that
the realization of such AEB in infrared regime is much more
difficult than in microwave regime. In this frequency regime,
we have to carefully design such metasurface with proper thickness to avoid too much loss from the metal (usually require a
thicker spacer) and still keep the validity of ultrathin criterion of
AEB. From the simulation results, we extract the corresponding
reflection phases when the incident light is at normal incidence (Figure 3c). The design criteria z = x = /2 is indeed
approximately satisfied around the designed wavelength at
1.5 m. The small mismatch between simulation and measurement might arise from imperfection in the nanofabrication and
CommuniCation
Figure 2. NIR metasurface sample and experimental setup. a) SEM image of the fabricated
sample (top-view), with geometry parameters: the thickness of the gold rod is 35 nm, each rod
as a dimension of 292 80 nm, the periodicity of the array is 360 nm in both directions, and
the MgF2 layer and the gold mirror layer is 93 and 150 nm in thicknesses. The whole sample
is fabricated on SiO2 substrate by standard nano fabrication techniques. b) Experiment set up.
Light from a super continuum laser with wavelength of 1.111.56 m was focused onto the
sample with a lens (L1 with focal length 10 cm). The polarization of laser can be changed to
circularly polarization through linear polarizer LP1 and quarter-wave plate QWP1, the polarization transmitted light can be analyzed by LP2 and QWP2.
wileyonlinelibrary.com
www.advopticalmat.de
www.MaterialsViews.com
CommuniCation
Supporting Information
Supporting Information is available from the Wiley Online Library or
from the author.
Acknowledgements
S.X., H.M., and G.L. contributed equally to this work. J.L. acknowledges
support from the European Unions Seventh Framework Programme
under Grant Agreement No. 630979. S.Z. acknowledges support
from EPSRC (EP/J018473/1) and Leverhulme (RPG-2012-674). T.Z.
acknowledges the continuous support by Cedrik Meier for providing
his electron beam lithography system for sample fabrication and the
financial support by the DFG Research Training Group GRK1464.
Received: November 27, 2015
Published online:
Figure 4. Measured wide-angle polarization control for both CP and LP
incidence. a,b) Measured (solid dots) and simulated (curves) helicity preserving efficiency and LP cross-polarization conversion efficiency spectra
versus incident angle at fixed azimuthal angle = 45. c) Measured
(solid dots) and simulated (surface) helicity preserving efficiency as a
spherical plot versus both incident polar angle ( ) and azimuthal angle ( ).
The HPE is denoted by both radius from origin and color of the surface.
larger than 91% even when the angle of incidence reaches 60.
The small drop from the ideal 100% conversion efficiency is
attributed to the absorption loss of metal at infrared frequencies.
Finally, the reflection amplitudes for the full range of incident
angles (varying both and ) are carried out. The experimental results of the co-CP conversion efficiency are shown
as a spherical plot (efficiency as radius plotted as a function of
and ) in Figure 4c with black dots. The measurements confirm our simulation results (the colored surface) in approaching
an upper spherical hemisphere of unit efficiency, indicating
that the fabricated metasurface has a high co-CP reflection efficiency at a wide range of incident angles. Here, if the incident
light is of general elliptical polarization, our mirror preserves
the ellipticity of the incident wave, as a direct implication of
the helicity-preservation property. On the other hand, the orientation angle (of the polarization ellipse) is increased by an
amount of arg(r + /r )/2, which is generally dependent on both
and . We have shown how to characterize the reflected light
4
wileyonlinelibrary.com
www.advopticalmat.de
www.MaterialsViews.com
wileyonlinelibrary.com
CommuniCation