NEW - Information Technology Hindi & English Notes1

DCAA & PGDCA
Information Technology
English & Hindi
Sanskar Computers Software &Training Center
Created By
Sankalp Kumar Singh
B.A. & P.G.D.C.A
Email Id:- sankalpsingh.apoorva@gmail.com, sanskarcomputerspbh@gmail.com

Contact No:- 9984687814, 8896312297
Created by:- Sankalp Kumar Singh At works From J J Infotech Computer Institute ,Pratapgarh
COMPUTER
Computer is an electronic device which is capable
os receiving data in a particular form and performs
a sequence of operations in accordance with a
predetermined but variable set of procedural
program to produce a result in the form of
information or signals.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Computer is an electronic device that is designed to
work
with
Information.
The
term
computer is derived from the Latin term computer,
this means to calculate. Computer cannot do
anything without a Program. it represents the
decimal numbers through a string of binary digits.
The Word 'Computer usually refers to
the Processor Unit plus Internal memory.
FUNCTION OF COMPUTER
Function of a computer is basically divided into
following parts.
1. Input
2. Output
3. Process
Input:- The process of feeding the data into a
computer is called input prcess. The device used to
input the data is called input device and the data
itself is called input.
Process:- Process is the task done by the CPU to
solve the given problem. Process is broad term
include analysis, modification of data.
Output:- The result that we get after the process is
called output. The device by which we get the
output is called the output devices and process of
getting the output is called output process.
Charles Babbage:- is called the "Grand Father" of
the computer .The First mechanical computer
designed by charles Babbage was called Analytical
Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of
punch cards.
Computer Generation
The generation of the computer is divided on the
basis of the basic component used .In computers to
make it faster .It also depend up on development in
computer field .It is generally divided in to five
generations1-First Generations Computer(1945-1954)
First electronic computers used vacuum tubes, The
first general purpose electronic computer was the
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer) built in 1946 at University of
Pennsylvania ,(isuflYosfu;k) USA by John Eckert(tkWu
,dVZ) and John Mauchy (ekSPyh).
COMPUTER
dEI;wVj ,d bysDVkWfud fMokbl gS tks fdlh fo ; & oLrq ds
ckjs esa MkVk dks crkSj buiqV ysrk gS vkSj ml ij t#jh
vkWijsku bj ,d fu;r vkmViqV iznku djrk gSA
dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl
dEI;wVj ,d ,slk ;a= gS tks lwpukvksa dks ,d= dj mUgs
vko;drk iM+us ij lqfu;ksftr <ax ls izLrqr djrk gSA dEI;wVj
tfVy ls tfVy x.kukvksa dks cgqr rsth ls rFkk fcuk fdlh =`fV
ds laiUu dj nsrk gSA dEI;wVj kCn dh mRifRr vaxzsth Hkk k ds
ySfVu kCn COMPUTER ls gqbZ gSA bl kCn dk vFkZ gS
fxurh vFkok x.kuk djuk nwljs kCnksa esa dEI;wVj ,d
bysDVkWfud iz.kkyh gS tks Program ds fu;a=.k esa Data dks
Process djds lwpuk mRiUu djrk gSA
pkYlZ CkSCkst dk fMQjsal baftu (Charles Babbages
Difference Engine):pkYlZ cScst us lu~ 1822 esa ,d ekhu dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftldk
O;; fczfVk ljdkj ogu fd;k A ml ekhu dk uke fMQjsUl
baftu j[kk x;kA bl ekhu esa fx;j vkSj kkV yxs FksA vkSj
;g Hkki ls pyrh FkhA blds ckn lu~ 1833 esa pkYlZ cScst us
fMQjsl
a baftu dk fodflr :Ik ,d ,ukfyfVdy baftu rS;kj
fd;k A ;g ekhu dbZ izdkj ds
x.kuk dk;Z djus esa l{ke Fkh A
blesa funsZskksa dks laxzfgr djus dh
{kerk Fkh A vkSj blds }kjk
Lopfyr :Ik esa ifj.kke Hkh Nkis tk
ldrs FksA
CkScst dk dEI;wVj ds {kS= esa cgqr
;ksxnku jgk A cScst dk
,sukfyfVdy
baftu
vk/kqfud
dEI;wVj dk vk/kkj cuk vkSj ;gh
dkj.k jgk gS fd pkYlZ cScst dks dEI;wVj dk firkeg dgk tkrk
gSA
cScst ds ,sukfyfVyd baftu dks
igys csdkj le>k x;k A ysfdu
ckn esa ,Mk vkWxLVk us ,sukfyfVdy
baftu esa x.kuk ds funsZkksa dks
fodflr djus esa enn dh A blh
dkj.k ,Mk vkWxLVk dks igys
izksxzkej dk Js; tkrk gSA vkWxLVk
dks lEekfur djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj dh ,d Hkk k dk uke ,Mk
(ADA) j[kk x;kA
First Generation (1945-1955):- izFke ih<h
dEI;wVj dh izFke ih<+h dh 'kq#vkr 1945 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl
tujsku esa Vacuum Tube Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;k FkkA ftlus dEI;wVj dks lkdkj dj x.kuk,a djuk laHko
fd;kA
bl ih<+h dh fuEu foks"krk,W gSA
1.
bl ih<h esa fuokZr uyh;ksa (Vacuum Tube)
Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k tkr
2. ;g dEI;wVj ml le; ds vuqlkj cgqr vf/kd xfr ls
dsydqys ku djrs FksA
3. ;g lkbt esa cgqr cMs gksrs FksA
4. ;g fo/kqr dk vf/kd iz;ksx djrs Fks A
5. bu dks pykuk dfBu gksrk FkkA
6. blesa ekhu Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi ,oa iapdkMZ dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk FkkA
8. budk j[k[kko dfBu FkkA
EDVAC:- It stand for Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer (fMfLdzV osfj,cy vkWVksesfVd
dEI;wVj)and was developed in 1950.
EDSAC:- It stand for Electronic Delay (fMys)

Storage Automatic Computer and was develpod by
M.V.Wilkes at Cambridge (dSfEczst) University in
1949.
UNIVAC:- It stand for Universal Automatic
Computer, was the first commercially successful
computer.
2-Second Generations Computers(1955-1964)
In this generation of computer, it had been used
Transistors which made a computer a little concise
and faster to do the same.
The most popular of transistor computers was IBM
1401. IBM also created the first disk drive in 1956,
the IBM 350 RAMAC.
Second Generation (1955-1964) f}rh; ih<+h%&

Second Generation dh 'kq:vkr 1956 ls 1964 rd ekuh
tkrh gS A bl ih<+h essa Transistor dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
ftldk fodkl Willom Shockly us 1947 esa fd;k FkkA
Second Generation dh foks"krk,s%a &
1. blesa Transistor Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kFkkA
2. bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk izFke ih<+h
ds dEI;wVj ls cgqr vf/kd Fkh A
3. budh lkbt NksVh gks xbZ Fkh D;ksfa d bles transistor dk
iz;ksx fd;k Xk;k FkkA
4. ;g de xeZ gksrs FksA
5. budks pykuk vklku FkkA
6. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus
yxk FkkA
1-IBM -1620 2-IBM-1401 3-CDC-3600
1-IBM -1602 2-IBN-1401 3-CDC-3600

Third Generation (1964 -1975) :- dEI;wVj dh rhljh
ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr 1964 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujsku esa vkbZ
lh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA IC dk iwjk uke Integrated
Circuit gSA IC dk fodkl 1958 esa Jack Kilby us fd;k FkkA
3-Third Generation Computers(1960):The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The

computers
of
third
generation
used
integrated circuits (IC's)
in place of transistors. A
single IC has many
transistors, resistors and
capacitors along with the
associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack
Kilby.
4-Fourth Generation Computer(1975):In this generation of computer , these had been used
micro
processors
inside to work for
better comparatively.
This is the most
reliable among and
very concise in size to be portable anywhere you
want.
5-Five Generation Computer(PRESEND):This is the generation of computer where computers
are assigned automatic intelligence; they use
artificial intelligence where they will use their own
IQ too to solve a problem at end.
Third Generation dh foks"krk,s%a &

1. blesa IC Technology(SSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
SSI dk iwjk uke Small Scale
Integration gSA bl fpi ij 10 ls 20 rRo LFkkfir gksrs FksA
2.izFke ,oa f}rh; ih<+h ls cgqr vf/kd xfr ls dk;Z djrss FksA
3. ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs FksA
4. ;g dEI;wVj cgqr vf/kd foolhuh;s FksA
5. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk FkkA
6. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk
ldrs FksA
7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus
yxk FkkA
Fourth Generation:- dEI;wVj ds prqFkZ tujsku esa
ekbkskslslj VsDuksykWth dk mi;ksx fd;k tks Fke ] f}rh;
rFkk r`rh; rhuksa gh tujsku ls dkQh rst] Hkjksles na rFkk lkbt
esa NksVk ik;k x;k ftls vki vklkuh ls dgh Hkh b/kj m/kj mBk
,oa j[k ldrs gSA
Fifth Generation:- iape tujsku ds dEI;wVj esa
vkfVZfQfl;y d`f=e baVsfytsal dk mi;ksx fs;k x;k tks bls
dEI;wVj VsDuksykWth esa loksZifj fl} djrk gS ftlesa ;s viuk
[kqn ds vkbZ0 D;w0 dk Hkh bLrseky djrk gSA
Fifth Generation dh foks"krk,s%a &
1. blesa IC Technology(ULSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k
FkkA Ultra Large Scale Integration
gSA bl fpi ij nl djksM ls vf/kd Elements dsk ,d fpi
ij LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
2. ;g PkkSFkh ih<+h dh vis{kk cgqr vf/kd xfr ls dk;Z djrs
FksA
3. ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs FksA ftudks ge xksnh ,oa gFksyh ij
j[k dj pyk ldrs gSA
4. ;g dEI;wVj cgqr vf/kd foolhuh;s FksA
5. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k
tkrk tks vf/kd ljy gSA bu Hkk"kkvksa esa
GUI Interface dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
6. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk
ldrs FksA
7. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd ,oa fpi dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkus yxk A tSls isu MkbZo A
8. ;g fo/kqr dk cgqr de iz;ksx djrs gSA
9. budk j[kj[kko ljy Fkk ,oa budks Operate djuk ljy
FkkA
Type of Computers
Classification Of Computers:The computers are classified on varies bases .Such
as according to their functions, purpose and size.
Computer are divided on there working
capacity , application and size.
ON THE BASICS OF FUNCTION:-Type of

computer by there working capability .
1-Digital Computer:These computer accept data or input as a digit or by
counting and calculating .
And process in a digital form
also provide result In Digits
form . These computer can
store large amount of data
and can perform pin point accurate result.
2-Analog Computer:These computers measure Physical values such as
Temperature and pressure these are badly use
manufacturing unit .These computers accept Input
by measuring and after processing on these value .
It gives us result in digital form . These computer
are not available store large amount of data enter
calculation are not sow accurate.
Type of Computers(dEI;wVj ds izdkj)

vyx vyx vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA
Type of Computer Base on Application: ,Iyhdsku ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Digital Computer
2. Analog Computer
3. Hybrid Computer
1- Digital Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj vadks dh x.kuk djrs
gSSA fMftVy dEI;wVj MkVk ,oa izksxzke
dks 0]1 esa ifjoZfrr djds mudks
elelctronic
:Ik esa ysrk gSA
vf/kdkkar% dEI;wVj fMftVy dEI;wVj
fMfyVy dEI;wVj gh gksrs gSA
2-Analog Computer :- ,ukykWx dEI;wVj os dEI;wVj gksrs
gS A tks HkkSfrd ek=kvksa dks ukius dk dk;Z djrs gSA tSls rki ]
nkc] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn eki dj muds ifj.kke vadks esa O;Dr
djrs gSA ;g dEI;wVj nks ifjekiksa ds chp rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs
gSA tSl FkEkkZehVj dksbZ x.kuk ugh djrk fdUrq ;g ikjs ds
lacaf/kr izlkj dh rqyuk dj rkieku crkrk gSA ,ukykWx
dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx foKku ,oa Engineering ds {kS= ess fd;k
tkrk gSA D;ksa fd bu {kS=ksa esa ifjeki dk iz;ksx vf/kd gksrk gSA
3. Hybrid Computer :- os dEI;wVj tks ,ukykWx ,oa

fMftVy dEI;wVj nksuksas dk dk;Z djrs gSA hybrid computer
dgykrs gSA mnkgj.k Petrol Pump ;g petrol vkfn dks
ukirk gS vkSj mlds ewY; dh x.kuk Hkh djrk gSA
3-Hybrid Computer:A combination of computers those are capable of
inputting and outputting in both digital and analog
signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a
cost effective method of performing complex
simulations.
Type of Computer Base on Size and work
power:- vkdkj ,oa dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj
fuEUkizdkj ds gksrs gSA
1. Micro Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Mainframe Computer
4. Super Computer
1. Micro Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs
gSA bu dEI;wVj esa ekbdzks izksll
s j dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk A
blfy; bUgsa ekbZdzks dEI;wVj dgrs gSA ;g otu esa gYds ,oa
lLrs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa NksVs
O;olk;ksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks PC Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA
PC dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA
a. Desktop Computer
b. Laptop Computer
c. Palmtop Computer
d. Notebook Computer
e. Tablet Computer
ON THE BASIS OF SIZE

There are four types of computer on the basics of
size.
1-Micro Computer:A Micro computer is the smallest general purpose
processing system . That can execute program
striations to perform of wide variety of task . In
these types of computers have single CPU and only
one user can work at a time . They can be divided in
different parts of typeCreated by:- Sankalp Kumar Singh At works From J J Infotech Computer Institute ,Pratapgarh
I-Desktop Computer:A personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit

on a desk.
II-Note Books OR Laptops:A portable computer complete with an integrated

screen and keyboard. It is
generally smaller in size
than a desktop computer
and
larger
than
a notebook computer.
III-Palm Tops And PDA [Personal Digital
Assistant ]:A hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no keyboard
but the screen serves both as an input and output
device.
2-Mini Computer:The processor of Mini Computer is small but larger

than Micro Processor . Minicomputer is multi user
device generally used in designing company for
commercial use.
3-MAINFRAME COMPUTER:It has larger processor and multiuser device .

Number of users is more than Minicomputer .This
is multiuser and Multitasking device used in
Metrology.
4-SUPER COMPUTER:The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are

very expensive and are employed for specialized
applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations. For example, weather
forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of
supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and
petroleum exploration.
The chief difference
between
a
supercomputer and a
mainframe is that a
supercomputer
channels all its power
into executing a few
programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe
uses its power to execute many programs
concurrently.
1-Desktop Computer:- Desktop Computer os

dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ftudks Vsfcy ij j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g
lkbZt esa FkksMs cMs gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ekWfuVj dhcksMZ ekml
vkfn gksrs gSA
2-Laptop Computer :- Laptop Computer os gksrs gSA
ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs
gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh
ls ys tk ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w
]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
3- Palmtop Computer:- ;g dEI;wVj
Laptop
Computer ls NksVs gksrs gSA ftudks gFksyh esa j[kdj pyk;k
tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs ,oa ctu esa gYds gksrs gSA bu
dEI;wVjl dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk
ldrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ]
ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ysiVkWi ls FkksMh de gksrh
gSSA
Tablet Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj cgqr gh NksVs dEI;wVj
gksrs gSA ;g eksckbZy ls FkksMs cMs gksrs gSA ;g
VpLdzhu gksrs gSA
2. Mini Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh
dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj ds dk;Z ds fy;s
iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh dk;Z {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
bl dEI;wVj ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA
budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA budk gkMZos;j lekU;
dEI;wVj ls cMk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys
dEI;wVj ugh gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk iz;ksx
dEiuh ds MkVkcsl dks j[kus ds fy;s ,oa dEiuh ds vU;
egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s bl dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA PDP-8 First Mini Computer ftldk fodkl
1965 esa fd;k x;k Fkk A bldk vkdkj fQt ds cjkcj FkkA
bldh dher 18000 Mkyj FkhA ftls DEC Company us
cuk;k FkkA DEC dk iwjk uke Digital Equipment
Corporation gSA
3. Mainframe Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh
cMh dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj ds dk;Z ds
fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh
dk;Z {kerk
Mini
Computer ls cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA bl dEI;wVj ij ,d lkFk
dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd
gksrh24X7 days gSA budk
gkMZos;j ehuh dEI;wVj ls cMk
gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa esa
iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;wVj ugh
gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs
gSA bu dEI;wVjl esa ekbZdzks
dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx Clinent ds
rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA dqqN
Mainframe Computer fuEu gSA
4. Super Computer:- lqij dEI;wVj foks"k izdkj ds
dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk fuekZ.k foks"k dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k tkrk
gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls rst vkSj
cMs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA
bu
dEI;wVj essa vusd lhih;w dks ,d
lekUrj dze esa yxs jgrs gSA ftl
ds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh
{kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
Hkkjr dk igyk lqij dEI;wVj
ije 10000gSA
lqij dEI;wVj ds dk;Z %&
1 varfj{k ;k=k ds fy;s
2 ekSle foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy;s
3 high resolution and action Movies cukus ds fy;s
4 ;q} ds fy;s
Chapter-3
COMPUTER ORGNIZATION
A Computer system can be classified by two
components.
I.-Computer Software II.Computer Hardware
Computer Hardware:Hardware refers to the Physical Components of the
Computer that you can see and touch like
Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Hard disk and so on.
Computer Software:Software consists of Instructions, Programs,
Operating Systems which are required to run the
necessary pieces of hardware together. Without
software, the hardware is of no use.
BASIC COMPUTER OPTION:The computer performs basically five major
operations of functions respective of their size and
make. These are 1) it accepts data or instruction by
way of input, 2) it stores data, 3) it can process data
as required by the user, 4) it gives results in the
form of output, and 5) it controls all operations
inside a computer. We discuss below each of these
operations.
1-INPUT:this is the process of entering data and programs

into the computer system.
2-CONTROL UNIT:The process of input, output, processing and
storage is performed under the supervision of a unit
called 'Control Unit'. It decides when to start
receiving data, when to stop it, where to store data,
etc. It takes care of step -by-step processing of all
operations in side the computer.
3-STORGE UNIT:Computer is used to store data
and instructions.
4-Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):The major operations performed by the ALU
are addition,
subtraction, multiplication,
division, logic and comparison.
5-OUTPUT:This is the process of producing results from the
data for getting useful information.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):The main unit inside the computer is the
CPU. This unit is responsible for all events
inside the computer. It controls all internal and
external devices, performs arithmetic and logic
operations. The CPU (Central Processing
Unit) is the device that interprets and
executes instructions
Chapter-3
COMPUTER ORGNIZATION
dEI;wVj flLVe ds nks izdkj gksrs gSA

Computer Hardware
Computer Software
Computer Hardware:- dEI;wVj flLVe ds ckjs esa HkkSfrd
pht dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j dk ,d Hkkx gSA vFkkZr~ os phtsa ftUgsa
ge Nw ldrs gSA tSls dEI;wVj dh ckWMh] Lihdj] CPU ;s
gkMZos;j gSA
Computer Software:-dEi;wVj dk oks Hkkx ftUgs ge Nw
ugha ldrs ns[k ugha ldrs tks fd dEI;wVj esa gksrk gS] mls ge
lkWVos;j dgrs gSA
BASIC COMPUTER OPTION:vkd`fr esa fn[kk;s vuqlkj dEI;wVj eq[; #i ls ikap cM+s dk;ksZ
dks djrk gSA
;g buiqV }kjk MkVk o funsZkksa dks xzg.k djrk gSA
;g MkVk dks lqjf{kr j[krk gSA
;g MkVk dks User dh lgqfy;r ds vuqlkj Process
djrk gSA
;g Output ds #i esa ifj.kke nsrk gSA
;g dEI;wVj dh lHkh dk;Ziz.kkfy;ksa ij fu;a=.k j[krk
gSA
CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA lhih;w

fuEu ;wfuV ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA
1- CU
2- ALU
3-INPUT UNIT
4-OUTPUT UNIT
5-STORAGE UNIT
1. CU :- bldk iwjk uke Control Unit gSA blds }kjk iwjs
dEI;wVj flLVe dks fu;af=r djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA ;g ;wfuV
lhih;w dh egRoiw.kZ ;wfuV gksrh gSA
2. ALU :- bldk iwjk uke Airthmetic Logical Unit gSA
;g dEI;wVj dh izeq[k ;qfuV gksrh gSA blds }kjk dEI;wVj esa
lHkh xf.krh; ,oa logical dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA ;g processor
ds vUnj gksrh gSA
3. Input unit:- dEI;wVj dh os ;wfuV ftuds }kjk MkVk ,oa
dekWM dks dEI;wVj esa buiqV fd;k tkrk gSA buiqV ;wfuV
dgykrh gSA buiqV ;wfuV dbZ izdkj dh gksrh gSA tSls dhcksMZ ]
ekml ] LdSuj vkfnA
4. Output Unit:- dEI;wVj dh os ;wfuV ftuds }kjk buiqV
fd;s x;s MkVk ,oa dekWM dks izksfll ds ckn ftudh lgk;rk
ls mldk ifj.kke fMLisy fd;k tkrk gSA vkmViqV ;qfuV
dgykrh gSA tSls % fizaVj ] ekWfuVj lkmUM vkfnA
5-Storage unit:- HkaMkj.k ;qfDr dks storage device dgrs
gSa] ;s computer esa data vkSj lwpukvksa dks lgst dj j[krh
gSA
Central Processing Unit:- dEI;wVj dh ALU Unit o
CU dks ,d lkFk Central Processing dgk tkrk gSA CPU
dks ge dEI;wVj dk fnekx Hkh dg ldrs gSA ;g mlh izdkj gSaA
fd euq; fnekx lHkh dk;ksZ dks le>dj mUgsa vatke nsrk gSA
PERIPHERAL DEVICES :Peripheral devices are

connected to the computer
externally. These devices are used for performing
some specific functions. Peripheral devices are as
follows:
1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Other Peripherals
1-Input Devices:Input devices accept data and instructions from the

user. Following are the examples of various input
devices, which are connected to the computer for
this purpose.
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Light Pen
4.Optical/magnetic Scanner
5. Touch Screen 6. Microphone for voice as input
7. Track Ball
1-Keyboard:A keyboard is the most common input device. The
keyboard in most common use is the QWERTY
board. Generally standard keyboard has 104 keys.
In these keyboards, the cursor control keys are
duplicated to allow easier use of the numeric pad.
Keyboards come in a variety of sizes and shapes
having a number of features in common:
1. Standard Typewriter keys 2. Function keys 3.
Special purpose keys 4. Cursor Movement keys 5.
Numeric keys.
2-Mouse:It is a device that is used to control the computer
kind of Input device. It
point&click with two buttons
and wheel. Normally Left Click
for Select/Run and Right click
to generate menu.
3-Light Pen:A light pen is an input device,
similar to a pen. It is used to directly
write and draw any figure on the
computer screen.
4- Scanner:Scanners are used to enter information directly in to
the computers memory. This device works like a
Xerox machine. The scanner
converts any type of printed or
written information including
photographs into digital pulses,
which can be manipulated by the
computer.
5-Touch Screen:-Touch panel displays and pads
are now being offered as
alternatives to keyboard. Here the
input can be given through the
computer screen, that accepts the
input through monitor; users touch
electronic buttons displayed on the screen or they
may use light pen.
Input devices: - os fMokbl ftudh iz;ksx MkVk dks dEI;wVj

ds vanj buiqV djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA buiqV fMokbl
dgykrh gSaA
I. Keyboard II. Mouse
III. Scanner
IV. Joy strick V. Track ball VI. Digiting tablet
VII. MICR VIII. OCR
IX. OMR
X. BCR
XI. Light pen XII. Touch screen
XIII. Voice Recognition
Key board (dh cksMZ):- ;g ,d lcls T;knk iz;ksx dh tkus
okyh vkuykbZu buiqV fMokbl gSA ;g VkbijkbZVj ds fl)kar
ij dk;Z djrk gSA blls text ,number, symbol vkfn dks
dEI;wVj ds vanj buiqV fd;k tkrk gSA ,d LVsM
a Z dhcksMZ esa 105
dh gksrh gS multimedia key board esa blls vf/kd dh
gksrh gSaA dh cksMZ dh dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA
1. .Function key 2. Alfa numeric keypad
3.Numeric key pad 4. Special key
1. Function key: -;g dh dhcksMZ esa lcls ij gksrh gSaA

budh la[;k ckjg ( F1 F12 )gksrh gSA budk dk;Z vyx
vyx izksxzke esa vyx vyx gksrk gSA bu ds dk;Z dks ;wtj
ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrk gS
2.Alphabet Numeric
keypad:- ;g dh dhcksMZ ds e/; dk fgLlk gksrk gS ;g dh
lcls egROkiw.kZ dh gksrh gSA bu ls vYQkosV ,oa U;wesfjd uEcj
ds lkFk foks"k fpUgksa dks dEI;wVj esa buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
blfy;s bUgsa vYQk U;wesfjd dh dgk tkrk gSA blls A aTO Z
,a TO z, 0 TO 9 ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( )
3.Numeric key:- ;g dh cksMZ esa nk;sa rjQ gksrh gSaA blesa
dqy 17 dh gksrh gSaA blls uEcj ,oa ,sjks dh nksuksa rjg ls dke
djrh gSA ;fn Num key on gksrh gS rks uEcj buiqV gksrs gS
vkSj ;fn ;g can gksrh gSA rks ;g ,sjks dh rjg dke djrh gSaA
4.Special key:- budh la[;k dh cksMZ esa de gksrh gS buls
dEI;wVj ds special dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA tSls screen printing
, scroll lock, insert, power button ,home ,End, Insert
etc. VsduksykWth ds vk/kkj ij dh cksMZ nks izdkj ds gksrs gS
Mouse:- ekml dEI;wVj dh lcls egRoiw.kZ ikWbfVax fMokbl
gSA ;g Hkh ,d buiqV fMokbl gSA ekml dk ;ksx Ldspt
s ]
Mk;xzke vkfn MkW djus esa ] VsDLV dks lysDV djus]bULVDku
nsus vkfn dk;Z ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Light Pen:- YkkbZV isu dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbzZ
fp= ;k dk vkd`fr dk fuek.kZ djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
Hkh ,d ikabVj fMokbl gSA ykbZV isu esa ,d QksVks lsy gksrk gSA
tc ge ykbZVisu ls dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbZ fp= cukrs gSA rks
bldh iYl Ldzhu ls transmit gksdj dEI;wVj esa lso gks tkrh
gSA ykbZVisu dk iz;ksx ehuw vkIku dks pquus Hkh fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx CAD ds dk;ksZ esa vf/kd gks
jgk gSA
Scanner LdSuj ,d vkWuykbZu buiqV fMokbl gSA blls ge
lwpuk ,oa MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj lh/ks buiqV dj ldrs gSA
blls fdlh Hkh fdrkc QksVks ,oa
vU; MkVk dsk i<dj mls
dEI;wVj esa QksVks ds :Ik esa lso
djrk gSA blls ge gkMZdkWih
dks soft dkWih esa ifjofrZr dj
nsrk gSA LdSuj ds iz;ksx dk
lcls cMk ykHk ;g gS fd blesa ;wtj dks lwpuk dks Vkbi djus
dh vko;drk ugha gksrh gSA LdSuj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
7
6-Microphone For Voice As Input:A microphone is used to

record any voice or sound
into the computer.
1. Desktop Microphone
2. Hand held Microphone
7-Track Ball:Trackball is a pointing device. A
track ball is an alternative to a
mouse. It, has ball, rotated by the
hand to move the pointer in a desired direction. It is
mainly used in the CAD, CAM , and medical field.
8-Graphics
Tablet:A graphics
tablet (also
digitizer, digital drawing
tablet, pen tablet, digital
art board) is a computer
input device that enables a
user to hand-draw images,
animations andgraphics, with a special pen-like
stylus, similar to the way a person draws images
with a pencil and paper.
2-Output Devices:Output devices return processed data that is
information, back to the user. Some of the
commonly used output devices are:
1. Monitor (Visual Display Unit) 2. Printers
3. Plotter
4. Speakers
Hard Copy:- The output which can not manipulate
ones it done that is printer.
Soft Copy:- The output which can be manipulate
anytime man ever be want that is monitor.
1-Monitor:- This is an output device. VDU is a
visual soft output device and used for the getting
soft visual output on screen. VDU can be
categorized into two types on the basis of
technology the first one is CRT and second is LCD.
The details are as under:
Two basic types of monitors are used with
microcomputers, which are as follows:
I-Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) :This is television like screen
where the results of a computer
tasks are displayed. In this
technology Cathode Ray falls on
florescence(yksjslsUl)
screen
and
by
deflecting(fMysDV) rays make picture. There are
two types of CRTS.
Monochrome:-Also called black and white.
Color:- It has three different phosphors
which emit Red, green , and blue light
respectively and due to the RGB color
picture appears in colored view.
Touch Screen:- Touch Screen dk iz;ksx vktdy

cSafdax] jsyos ] ,;jiksV ,oa ykbczsjh esa dSVykWx Qkby dks <w<us
esa fd;k tk jgk gSA iwjs Vp Ldzhu ekWfuVj esa ,d lsulhfVo
Ldzhu gksrh gSA tks cgqr lkjs fcUnqvksa ls feydj curh gSA ftUgsa
ge Vp IokWbUV dgrs gSA blesa ,d dhcksMZ Hkh gksrk gSA ftlls
MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g
rduhdh ;wtj QzsUMyh gksrh gSA bldks pykuk vklku gksrk gSA
blesa ekml dk dk;Z vkWxqyh djrh gSA ftl vkWIku dks flfyDV
djuk gksrk gSA mls vkWxqyh ls Vp djrs gSA
Microphone:- blls /ofu dks input djus ds fy, iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA Voice recognition software dks vkidh
voice dks VSDLV esa cnyus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Trackball:- ;g ,d pointer device gSA ;g ekml ds
leku dk;Z djrh gSA blesa ,d mHkjh
gqbZ xsna gksrh gSA vkSj nks ;k rhu cVu
gksrs gS bldh xsna dks vaxqfy;ksa ;s
?kqek;k tkrk gSA ;g ysiVkWi esa ekml
dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldh lgk;rk ls
xsEl Hkh [ksys tkrs gSA ;g de txg ?ksjrk gSA bles dsoy xsna
dks ?kqekuk iMrk gS] iwjh trackball device dks ugh A
2-Output Devices:- vkmViqV fMokblst oks fMokblst gksrh
gS tks dEI;wVj flLVe ls lwpuk ;k fjtYV dks iznku djrk gSA
os vkmV fMokbl dgykrh gSA ;s fuEu izdkj fd gksrh gS&
Hard Copy:- dEI;wVj flLVe ls lwpuk ;k fjtYV dks
gkMZdkih ds #i esa fizaV dj ds nsrk gS os gkMZdkih dgykrh gSA
Soft Copy:- dEI;wVj flLVe ls lwpuk dks lkWQVdkWih ds #i
esa ekWuhVj ij iznku djrh gS os lkWQVdkih dgykrh gSA
1-Monitor:- ;g ,d lkWV fotqvy vkmViqV fMokbl gS
ftl ij vkmViqV dks ns[kk tkrk gSA ;g VsDuksykWth ds vuqlkj
nks dkj dk gksrk gS&
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)Monitor:- ;g rduhdh
lLrh ,oa jaxhu vkmViqV nsus esa l{ke gSA blesa fiDpj V;wc
,yhesVa gksrk gSA tks iwjkus Vhch lsV ds rjg gksrk gSA
Monochrome:- tks fd CySd ,.M okbV fiDpj
fn[kkrk gSA
Color:- bles rhu izdkj ds QkLQksjl tks yky] gjk]
vkSj uhyk jax gksus ds dkj.k dyj fiDpj cukrk gSA
LCD (Liquid Cristal Display):- ,y0lh0Mh0

VsDuksykWth fyfDoM fdzLVy fMLiys
VsDuksykth ykbV dks ekWM~;qysV djds
fiDpj cukrh gSA fFku fQYe VkaftLVj
eSfVDl rks cukrh gS ijUrq eSfVDl ls
ykbV ugha fudyrh gSA ysfdu ykbV
bfefVax Mk;ksM es ykbV ;gha ls
fudyrh gS vr% fiDpj DokfyVh dkQh vPNh gksrh gSA
II- Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD):This VDU is thin; flat and having light modulating
technology.It is of two types:
TFT(Thin (fFku) film Transistor):- It is a
variant of LCD and makes matrix but not
self lighting.
LED(Light Emitting (bfefVax) Diode (Mk;ksM)

):- It is self back light
emirring technology
picture quality is
better.
2-Printers:- A printer is the primary output device
used to get the printed copy or hard copy of work
on paper, slides etc. It is used to prepare lasting
document.
Some of the most commonly used printers are:
(i)-Impact Printer:- Impact printing devices
transfer the image on paper by striking a
paper,ribbon and character together. They include
dot-matrix printers and daisy-wheel printers.
Dot-matrix Printer:- A dot matrix printer creates
characters by striking pins against ink ribbons. Each
pin makes a dot and combinations of dots from
characters and illustrations. This is much like a
typewriter.Each character is made from a matrix of
dots. Today, dot matrix
printers are not used by
many
people
anymore.They are still in
use where forms need to
be filled out.
Line Printer:- A line printer is generally used with
large computer systems to
produce
text
based
data
processing reports. Line printers
are high-speed printers with
speeds ranging anywhere from
100 to about 1800 lines per
minute. In the past, print quality on line printers
was not high. Developments in technology are
improving the print quality on line printers. These
are in the cost range of lacs of Rupees.
Three are types of Line Printer.
(a)Chain Printer:-The chain spins horizontally
around a set of hammers. When the desired
character is in front of the selected print column, the
corresponding hammer hits the paper into the
ribbon
and
onto
the
character
in
the chain. Chain and train printers gave way to
bandprinters in the early 1980s.
Printers:- ffVax ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gS tks dEI;wVj ls

MkVk kIr dj mldk vkmViqV gkMZ dkWih ds #i es fUV djrk
gSA ffVax DokfyVh dks MkWV ij bUp esa ukik tkrk gSA faVj nks
dkj dk gksrk gSA
(i)-Impact Printer:- bEiSDV faVj ;g og faVj gksrk gS tks
fd faV djrs le; gSej djds bEsku cukrk gS tSls&
MkWVeSfVDl faVj] MsthOghy faVj] ykbu faVj vkfnA
Dot Matrix printer:- ;g ,d bEiSDV fizVja gksrs gSA buds
fizVa gSM esa fiuksa dk ,d eSfVDl (matrix) gksrk gSA bu fiuksa
ds fjcu ls VDdjkus ls dkxt ij fizafVax gksrh gSA blesa NksVs
NksVs fcUnvksa ls feydj v{kjvksa dk
fuek.kZ gksrk gSA buds fizafVx gSM esa
9,14,18 ;k 24 fiuksa dk horizontal
Group gksrk gSA ,d ckj esa ,d dkye
dh fiu gSM ls ckgj fudkydj MkWV~l
dks Nkirh gSA ftlls ,d v{kj vusd
pj.kksa esa curk gSA bl izdkj fiafVax gSM
ykbu dh fnkk esa vkxs f[kdrk tkrk gSA blesa fizafVax gSM dks
dEI;wVj ds }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA budh fizfVax xfr 30
ls 600 v{kj izfr lSdsaM gksrh gSA ;g fizVaj nksuksa fnkk esa
fizafVax djrs gSA ;g fizVaj fizfVax xq.koRkk ds vk/kkj ij nks
izdkj ds gksrs gSA
Line Printer:- ykbZu fizaVj os fizaVj gksrs tks ,d ckj esa
,d ykbZu dks fizaV djrs gSA buds Nkius dh xfr 100 ls 1800
ykbu izfr Minute gksrh gS ;s Mini Computer vkSj
Mainframe Computer esa cM+s dk;ksZa gsrq iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gS
Line Printer fuEu izdkj gksrs gS&
Chain Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d pSu gksrh gSA ftls fizafVax
pSu dgrs gSA bl ij Bksl v{kj fpids jgrs gSA blesa gSej gksrs
gSaA tks dEI;wVj ds }kjk fu;f+=r gksrs gSA pSu ds ckj iwjk /kweus
ls ,d ykbZu fizaV gks tkrh gSA buls Li"V ,oa rst fizafVax gksrh
gSA
Drum Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d Me gksrk gSA bl ij Bksl

v{kj fpids jgrs gSA blesa gSej gksrs gSaA tks dEI;wVj ds }kjk
fu;f+=r gksrs gSA bl fizaVj esa Me ds ckj iwjk /kweus ls ,d
ykbZu fizaV gks tkrh gSA buls Li"V ,oa rst fizafVax gksrh gSA
(b)Drum Printer:-An old line printer technology

that used formed character images around a
cylindricaldrum as its printing mechanism. When
the desired character for the selected position
rotated around to the hammer line, the hammer hit
the paper from behind and pushed it into the ribbon
and onto the character.
(c)Band Printer:-A line printer that uses a

metal band, or loop, of type characters as
its printingmechanism. The band contains a fixed
set of embossed characters that can only be changed
by replacing the band. The band spins horizontally
around a set of hammers, one for each print column.
Band Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d csM

a gksrk gSA ftls fizafVax
cSaM dgrs gSA bl ij Bksl v{kj fpids jgrs gSA blesa gSej gksrs
gSaA tks dEI;wVj ds }kjk fu;f+=r gksrs gSA cSaM ds ckj iwjk /kweus
ls ,d ykbZu fizaV gks tkrh gSA buls Li"V ,oa rst fizafVax gksrh
gSA
(ii)-Non-Impact Printer:- In this technology there

is no any hammer to strike against ribbon. This is
latest technology. The two types of non impact
printers are;
Ink Jet Printer:- In this technology Ionized Ink (
vk;ukbTM)
spraying
through
magnetic plates on the sheet and
making the symbol, images or
document. These printers produce
high quality printings. It can print
up to 300 DPI or more.
Laser Printer:- In this technology as paper passes
through the printer, the laser beam fall at the surface
of a cylindrical ( flysfUMdy)
drum called a photoreceptor
(QksVksfjlsIVj). This drum has an
electrical positive charge, by
reversing the charge in certain
areas of the drum, the laser beam print patterns
(such as text and images) onto the photoreceptor.
Plotter:- Plotter is an output device that is used to
produce graphical output on papers. It uses single
color or multi color pens to
draw picture as blue print etc.
Plotter is used to print the
maps
and
architecture(
vkfdZVsDpj) of infrastructure. It
is used in the engineering
applications.
Projector:- Projector is output device and often
used meetings presentations. It contains a lens
inside which is used to flash the film to an object
(ii)-Non-Impact Printer:- uku&bEiSDV fuVj tks fd

fcuk gSej fd;s faV djrk gSA tSls badtsV fUVj ,oa ystj tsV
faVj lfp= faVj dh x;h gSA
Ink Jet Printer:- Ink jet printer ,d non impact
printer gSA ftlesa ,d uksty ls dkxt ij L;kgh dh canw ksa dh
ckSNkj djds dSjDs Vj vkSj fp=ksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA fizsfVa
gSM ds uksty esa L;kgh dh cwna ksa dks
pktZ djds dkxt ij mfpr fnkk esa
NksMk tkrk gSA bl fizaVj dk
fizaVvkmV vf/kd Li"V gksrk gSA
D;ksfa d blesa v{kj dk fuekZ.k dbZ
MkWVl ls feydj gksrk gSA jaxhu
badtSV fizaVj esa L;kgh ds pkj uksty gksrs gSA uhye] yky]
ihyk] dkyk blfy;s bldks CYMK fizaVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Laser Printer:- ystj tsV faVj blesa ,d flysfUMdy Me
gksrk gS ftls QksVksfjlsIVj dgrs gSa] ij ystj che rc fxjrh gS
tc isij faVj ls fudyrk gSA ;g Me bysDVhdyh ikftfVo
pktZ gksrk gSftl ij ystj che iSVuZ
faV djrk gSA ,d ckj tc iSVuZ Me
ij cu tkrk gS rc ;g Vksuj dkVst
ls ,d ys;j cukdj tks isij Vksuj ls
ikl gksrk gS ij bZest faV djrk gS
ijUrq dyj faVj ds dkVst esa Vksuj
L;ku eSaxusaVk vkSj ;yks dyj dk gksrk gSA faVj LihM dkQh
rst gksrh gS vkSj bldh MhihvkbZ 600 ;k vf/kd gksrh gSA
Speakers:-Speakers are another type of output

device, which allow you to listen to voice like
music, and conversation with people.
Speaker:- Speaker dh lgk;rk ls ge Multimedia

Computer System ds lkjs Program dh Sound Music
Etc. dks vklkuh ls izkIr dj ldrs gSA
Plotter:- Plotter ,d Output Device gS tks Charts,

Designe vkSj vU; izdkj dh Hard Copy izLrqr djus dk
dk;Z djrk gS tSls dh dksbZ vkfdZVsDpj Mkbax ;k eSi faV djuk
bR;kfnA
Projector:- kstsDVj ,d rjg dk vkmViqV fMokbl gS tks
k;% fdlh ehfVax ;k stsaVsku esa ;ksx esa vkrh gSA ;g ysal dk
mi;ksx dj fdlh fQYe dks fdlh vkWCtsDV ij ySk ;k kkfjr
djrk gSA
10
Chapter-4
MEMORY:- An internal storage area in the
computer is memory .The term memory is used for
physical memory , which refers to the actual chips
capable of holding data. There is also use virtual
memory , which expands physical memory onto a
hard disk . There are two type of memory .
1-PRIMARY MEMORY:- The primary memory

is also known as main memory or internal memory.
A primary memory is physical memory , memory
for two types RAM and ROM.
I-RAM(Random Access Memory):- It is a
temporary ( Volatile ) memory storage area utilized
by the CPU. Before a program runs, the program is
loaded into the memory which asllow the CPU
direct access to the program. RAM is available in
64 MB , 128 MB , 256 MB , 512 MB , 1GB and
2GB capacity.
There are two types of RAM.

(I) DRAM (II) SRAM
I-Dynamic RAM (DRAM):- It requires constant
refreshing of its contents . It loses its content in a
very short period even though computer is working
It is cheapen than static RAM (SRAM).
II-Static RAM (SRAM):- It does not require
refreshing . It retains its content till computer is
working . It is faster than dynamic RAM (DRAM).
SDRAM:- Stand for Synchronous ( flaksul)
DRAM, a new type of DRAM that can run
at much higher clock speeds than
conventional memory. SDRAM actually
synchronizes itself with the CPU.
DDR2-SDRAM:- Abbreviation is Double
Data Rate Synchronous DRAM2 is atype of
DDR that supports higher speed than its
ancestor DDR SDRAM.
DDR3-SDRAM:- Abbreviation is Double
Data Rate Synchronous DRAM3 is the
newest type of DDR that supports the fastest
speed of all the SDRAM memory.
II-ROM (Read Only Memory ):Computer always contain a small amount of ReadOnly Memory that holds
instruction for starting up thar
computer. Unlike RAM, ROM
cannot be written to. It is nonvolatile which means once you
turn off the computer the information is still there.
MEMORY
;g Computer dh LVksjst ;wfuV gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk egRoiw.kZ
fgLlk gksrh gSA blesa ge MkVk ] izksxzke vkfn dks LVksj djds
j[k ldrs gSA blesa MkVk dks ckbZujh QkeZV0]1 esa LVksj fd;k
tkrk gSA bldks ukius dh lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij dbZ ;wfuV gSA
tSls ckbZV] fdyksckbZV ]esxkckbZV] xhxkckbZV ,oa VsjkckbZV blesa

lcls NksVh ;wfuV ckbZV ,oa lcls cMh ;wfuV VsjkckbZV gksrh gSA
;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
Primary Memory: - Computer ;g eseksjh Main
Memory gksrh gSA ;g eseksjh vLFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gSA bldh
LihM yxHkx izksll
s j ds cjkcj gksrh gSA ;g lkbZt esa NksVh ,oa
eagxh eseksjh gksrh gSA RAM and ROM dEI;wVj dh
Primary Memory gksrh gSaA
RAM:- ;g jhM jkbV eseksjh gksrh gS] blesa MkVk VsEs ijsjh gksrk
gS tksfd ikoj lIykbZ dVrs gh MkVk feV tkrk gSA ftldk iqu%
izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA MkVk jS.Meyh ,Dlsl fd;k tkrk
gS vkSj lhih;w ls lh/kk ,Dlsl djrk gSA jSe nks dkj ds gkrs
gSA
DRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Dyanamic Ramdam Access

Memory gSA ;g eseksjh tYnh tYnh fjQsk gksrh gSA
Refresh dk eryc Electronic Charge or Dischage ls
gksrk gSA ;g ,d second esa gtkjksa ckj Refresh gksrh gSA vr%
bldh Speed slow gksrh gSA ;g vU; jse dh vis{kk lLrh
gksrh gSA
SRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Staic Randam Access

Memory gSA ;g Flip Flop ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA blfy;
;g de Refresh gksrh gSA blesa ge MkVk dks vf/kd le; rd
j[k ldrs gSA ;g ,d eagxh eseksjh gksrh gSA bldh data
Accessing Speed vU; jse dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA
SDRAM:- ;g flaksul Mk;ukfed RAM gksrk gS

;g cgqr rst dk;Z djrk gS A SDRAM okLro esa
CPU ds lkFk flaksul gks tkrk gSA
DR2-SDRAM:- ;g ,d DRAM dk dkj gS
tks SDRAM dh rqyuk esa T;knk dk;Z djrk gSA
DR3-SDRAM:- ;g DRAM dk fcydqy u;k
dkj gS tks blds lHkh dkj ds eseksjh ls rst dk;Z
djrh gSA
ROM:- dEI;wVj esa dqN lkWVos;j ds #i esa MkVk fpi es
LVksj jgrk gS] ;s fpi esaeksjh gksrh gS ftlds MkVk dks ;wtj flQZ
i<+ ldrk gS blesa dksbZ psUt ugha dj ldrk gS blfy, bls
jhM vksuyh eseksjh dgrs gSA
;g dEI;wVj ds enjcksMZ ij LFkkbZ :Ik ls yxh jgrh gSA ;g
,d eagxh eseksjh gksrh gSA ;g cktkj esa vyx ls miyC/k ugh
gksrh gSA ;g enjcksMZ ds LkkFk vkrh gSA ;g rhu izdkj dh
gksrh gSSA
11
I-PROM (Programble Rammable Read only

Memory):- A PROM is a memory chip on which
data can be written only once. The difference
between a PROM and a ROM (read-only memory)
is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory,
whereas a ROM is programmed during the
manufacturing process.
II-EPROM(Erasable and Programble rammable
Read Only Memory):- The EPROM can be erased
by exposing it to ultra-violet
light. Once it is erased, it can be
reprogrammed. An EPROM is
similar to a PROM, but requires
only electricity to be erased.
III-EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and
Programmable Read Only Memory):The EEPROM is programmed and erased
electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed
about ten thousand times. Both erasing and
programming take about 4 to
10 ms (milli second). In
EEPROM, any location can
be selectively erased and
programmed. EEPROMs can
be erased one byte at a time,
rather than erasing the entire chip. Hence, the
process of re-programming is flexible but slow.
Non-Volatile Random Access Memory(nvram):With this name we refer generally to any memory
which does not lose
information when power
is turned off. Except from
ROMS , NVRAM also
include
conventional
volatile random access
memories with battery
backup such as BIOS
memory (Basic Input Output System).
Cache Memory:- A section of a computers
memory which temporarily retains recently.
Accessed data in order to speed up repeated access
to the same data . It provides rapid access without
having to wait for systems to load.
Ex: DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate

SDRAM)
DDR2 SDRAM
DDR3- SDRAM
RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module)
Flash Memory(FLASH):- By this name the
cheaper variant of EEPROM is described . In case
of FLASH memory not separate bytes but locks of
bytes are being erased at the same time . It makes
the construction of such memories cheaper in
comparison to regular EEPROM.
PROM: - bldk iwjk uke Programble Read Only

Memory gSA bl fpi esa ,d ckj izksxzke LVksj fd;k tk
ldrk FkkA ;fn izksxzke esa =qfV (Error) gksus ij mlesa dksbZ
lq/kkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA
EPROM:- bldk iwjk uke Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory gSA ;g fpi us PROM dh leL;k
dks nwj fd;k FkkA bl fpi esa LVksj izksxzke esa lq/kkj fd;k tk
ldrk FkkA fpi esa lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fpi dks cksMZ ls fudky
dj ijkcSxuh (ultraviolet Ray ) ds lkeus j[kk tkrk FkkA
ftlls fpi esa LVksj izksxzke vkSj MkVk dks fMfyV fd;k tkrk
FkkA blds ckn iqu% izksxzke dks LVksj fd;k tkrk FkkA tks ,d
dfBu ,oa eagxh izfdz;k FkhA
EEPROM: - bldk iwjk uke Electronic Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi us
EPROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k gSA bl fpi esa LVksj izksxzke
,oa MkVk esa lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fo/kqr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
blds fy;s fpi dks enjcksMZ ls fudkys dh vko;drk ugh
gksrh gSA ;g ,d ljy ,oa lLrh izfdz;k gSA vktdy ds
enjcksMZ esa blh jkse dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
NV RAM :-bldk iwjk uke Non Volatil Randam
Access Memory gSA bl jse dk iz;ksx usVodZ fMokbl esa
gkMZfMLd ds :Ik esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d eagxh eseksjh gksrh
gSA
Cashe Memory:- Cashe memory vR;kf/kd rst
Memory gksrh gS tks Main Memory rFkk C.P.U ds chp
es mifLFkr gksrh gSA Main Memory dh xfr C.P.U. ls
cgqr de gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k C.P.U. dk vf/kdkak le;
Data ,oa Program dk bartkj djus esa O;FkZ gks tkrk gSA bl
leL;k ls cpus ds fy, Cache Memory dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA Cache Memory ,d cQj dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSA
rFkk CPU dks Content dh vko;drk iM+us ij mUgsa Main
Memory ls Attach dj nsrh gSA Cashe Memory
vR;kf/kd rst ,oa eWgxh gksrh gS bldk vkdkj MAIN
Memory dh rqyuk de gksrh gSA
Flash Drives:-;g ,d izdkj ls EE-PROM eseksjh gSa

ysfdu bldh lwpuk, ,d ckbV ds fglkc ls ugha fy[kh tkrh
cfYd ,d ckj esa ,d iwjk Cykd fy[kk tkrk gSA bles de
oksYVst dh vko;drk gksrh gSA bldk iz;ksx ilZuy dEI;wVjksa
dh BIOS dks LVksn djus esa fd;k tkrk gSa
Question:1:-What are the differences between
RAM and ROM ?
jS.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh (RAM) jhM vksuyh eseksjh
(ROM)
1 ;g dEI;wVj dh vLFkkbZ eseksjh ;g dEI;wVj dh LFkkbZ
gSA
eseksjh gSA
2 blesa MkVk ckj &ckj fy[krs blesa MkVk fuekZrk ds }kjk
rFkk feVkrs jgrs gSA
gh fy[kk gksrk gSA
dEI;w
V
j
es
a
ikoj
pys
tkus
ij
blesa laxzghr MkVk fdlh
3
;k fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa dEI;wVj Hkh fLFkfr esa uV ugha gksrk
can gks tkus ij lax`ghr MkVk gSA
uV gks tkrk gSA
4 ;g dbZ laxzg.k {kerkvksa esa bldk laxzg.k {kerk ls
gksrk gSA
dksbZ ysuk nsuk ugha gksrk
gSA
5 bldk dk;Z dEI;wVj ds vkWu bldk dk;Z dEI;wVj dks
gksus ds ckn kq# gksrk gSA
vkWu djus esa gksrk gSA
12
2-Secondary Memory:Secondary memory is where program

and data are kept on a long term basis. Common
secondary storage devices are the hard disk and
optical dosks. The hard disk has vast (oklV] fokky)
storage capacity compared to main memory. The
hard disk is usually contained inside the case of a
computer.
TYPES OF SECONDARY MEMORIES
Hard Disk:- Hard disk the main and local storage
device of any computer
system. It is permamently
connected storage device all
the data in software are
stored here. The storage
capacity of the hard disk is
40GB, 80GB, 320GB,
500GB, 1TB etc.
The Hard disk drive has following components:
Platter:- The actul fixed disk within the hard disk
drive there can be several platters within the hard
drive.
Heads:- Each side of a platter.
Tracks:- Large sections that completely circle the
platter.
Sector:- Section on the track.
Cluster:- Smallest unit of measurement that a hard
drive will read.
Cylinder:- Tracks of the same diameter on each
platter.
II- Optical Disk (CD ROM):- In optical storage
media laser light is used to read or write data.
CD:- CD stand for Compact Disk. It can store upto
670MB of data. The surface of the CD
contains a lot of bits in the spiral form.
III-Pen Drive:- It is a type of Universal Serial
Cable (USB) flash drive. It is a kind of memory
card that can be plugged
into a computers USB
port. It is termed Pen
drive with reference to its
size. It is small and
compact thus making it fit
into the palm of our hand. It
is often flat and rectangular like a highlighter pen.
A pen drive is used to store data and has a storage
capacity of 64 MB to 32 GB. It is re-movable and
rewritable. It is mostly used as a backup for
CD-ROMs or floppy disks.

IV- Floppy Disk:- It is removable device or data
traveler and re-writable.
Floppy disk is flat, circular
pieces of mylar plastic that
rotate within a jacket. The
circular plastic film is
divided into track and sector.
It is also known as diskette. The size of Floppy is
3.5 inches and the storage capacity of floppy disk is
1.44MB.
Secondary Memory
,d oks tks MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa LFkkbZ :Ik ls LVksj djrh gSA
vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj can gksus ij mldk MkVk fMfyV ugha gksrk gSA
Secondary Memory dgykrh gSA bl eseksjh esa MkVk dsk
blfy;s lso djrs gSA rkfd bldk iz;ksx Hkfo"; esa fd;k tk
lds A bldh Storage {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA
Hard disk :- Hard Disk dk fodkl dEI;wVj esa MkVk dks
LVksj djus djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk vkt dy bldk iz;ksx
dEI;wVj ls vkxs c<dj dbZ {kS=ksa esa gks jgk gSA tSls fMftVy
fofM;ksa fjdkMZj ] fMftVy dSejk vkfn esa pqEcdh; fMLd esa
MkVk dks LVksj djus {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
lajpuk ,oa dk;Zfof/k%& gkMZfMLd dk pqEcdh; fMLd ls
feydj cuh gksrh gSA blesa MkVk dks i<+us ,oa fy[kus ds fy;s
,d gsM gksrk gSA gkMZfMLd ,d central shaft gksrh gSA ftlesa
pqEcdh; fMLd yxh jgrh gSA gkMZfMLd dh ijh fMLd ds
ijg lrg ij ,oa fupyh lrg dh fupyh lrg ij MkVk dks
LVksj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ckfd LkHkh lrgksa ij MkVk dks LVksj
fd;k tkrk gSA
fMLd dh IysV esa Track and Sector gksrs gSA lsDVj esa MkVk
LVksj gksrk gSA ,d LksDVj esa 512 ckbV MkVk LVksj gksrk gSA
Optical Disk :- Optical Disk os fMLd gksrh gSaA ftlesa

MkVk dks jhM vkSj LVksj djus ds fy;s ykbZV dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA vkWifVdy fMLd dgykrh gSaA bl fMLV esa ,d
jklk;fud inkFkZ dk ysi jgrk gSA blesa ,d Drive gksrh gSA
ftldh lgk;rk ls bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu fMLd dh
Drive esa ,d ysal gksrk gSA ftlls che fudyrh gSA
vkWifVdy fMLd nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1 lhMh 2 MhohMh
Pen Drive:- ;g ;wfuolZy dscy ySk Mkbo dk ,d izdkj
gSA ;g ,d dEI;wVj ds ;w,lch iksVZ esa [kkfe;ksa dks nwj fd;k tk
ldrk gS fd Le`fr dkMZ dk ,d izdkj
gSA ;g vkdkj esa vkbZlhVh ds lanHkZ esa
isu Mkbo djkj fn;k gSA ;g gekjs
gkFkdh gFksyh esa bl izdkj fQV gS]
ftlls NksVs vkSj dkWEiSDV gSA vDlj ;g
,d gkbykbV dye dh rjg likV vkSj vk;rkdkj gSA ,d isu
Mkbo MsVk vkSj HkaMkj.k LVksj djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
% 32 thch ds fy, 64 ,ech dh {kerk gSA bks fQj ls py jgk gS
vkSj jhjkbVscy A ;g T;knkrj lhMh&jkse ;k ykWih fMLd ds
fy, ,d cSdvi ds #i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Gsa
Floppy Disk:- yksih fMLd ,d eSXusfVd Vsi vk/kkfjr
eseksjh fMokbl gksrk gS tks MkVk ;k buQkesZku dks ijekusaVyh
LVksj djrk gSA blesa VSd ,oa lsDVj gksrs gSA bldh eseksjh
dSisflVh 1.44MB gksrh gSA
1. Mini Floppy :- ;g vkdkj esa 5 bap dh gksrh gSA budh
laxzg.k {kerk 1.2 MB gksrh gSA budh Drive Hkh vkdkj esa
blh ds vkdkj dh gksrh gSA
2. Micro Floppy:- ;g vkdkj esa 3 bap dh gksrh gSA
budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.44 MB gksrh gSA budk vkoj.k vf/kd
etcwr gksrk gS A ;g ?kuRo ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh
gksrh gSA Mcy Msfa lVh ;g 0.7 MB data dks LVksj djds
j[krh gSAblesa 1440 Sector gksrs gSA gkbZ Msfa lVh ;g 1.44
Mb MkVk dks LVksj djrh gSA rFkk blesa 1880 Sector gksrs
gSA
13
Chapter-5
Chapter-5
Main Part of System Uni
Main Part of System Unit
I-CPU:- CPU is the most important part of a

computer , where actual processing takes place. It is
the brain behind all personal computer . It is also
referred to as a processor or microprocessor.
II-Motherboard:- The motherboard serves as a
single platform to connect all of the parts of a
computer tog ether. A motherboard connects CP ,
memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card,
sound card and other ports and expansion cards
directly or via cables. It can be considered as the
backbone of a computer.
I-CPU:- lhih;w okLrfod eq[; txg ysrk gS] tgkW ,d

dEI;wVj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA ;g lc futh dEI;wVj ds
ihNs dk fnekx gSA lg Hkh ,d izksll
s j ;k ekbdzksizksll
s j ds #i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA
II-Motherboard:- enjcksMZ ,d dEI;wVj ds dqN fgLlksa dks
lHkh dks dusDV djus ds fy, eap ds #i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ,d
enjcksMZ lh ih -] eseksjh ] gkMZ Mkbo ] vkWfIVdy Mkbo ] ohfM;ks
dkMZ ] lkmaM dkMZ vkSj vU; canjxkgksa vkSj foLrkj dkMZ lh/ks ;k
dscy ds ek/;e ls tksM+rk gSA ;g ,d dEI;wVj dh jh<+ ds #i
esa ekuk tk ldrk gSA
III-RAM:- This is where our computer keeps the

information it is using at the moment . RAM stands
for Random Access Memory , and information is
kept here only as long as it is needed by the
application running on the computer.
IV-RAM Chip Slots:- These slots are meant to
expand the computers memory by adding RAM
Chips.
V-ROM:- ROM stands for Read Only Memory.
The memory from which we can only read but
cannot write on it. This type of memory is nonvolatile. The information is stored permanently in
such memories during manufacture.
A ROM, stores such instruction as are required to
start computer when electricity is first turned on,
this operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chip
are not only used in the computer but also in other
electronic items like washing machine and
microwave oven.
VI-Video Card:- A video Card is also called video
adapter , graphics accelerator card , display adapter
or graphics adapter card. Its function is to generate
an output image to a display.
III-RAM:- ,
bldk iwjk uke jSaMe ,Dlsl
eseksjh gS tc dEI;wVj vkWu jgrk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh application
run djrk jgrk gSA rHkh rd ml dh eseksjh jgrh gSA
IV-RAM Chip Slots:- ;s LykWV jSe fpIl tksM+dj daEI;wVj
dh Le`fr dk foLrkj djus ds fy, gksrh gSA
V-ROM:-ROM dk iwjk uke Read Only Memory gSA
;g dEI;wVj dh Primary Memory gksrh gSA ;g LFkkbZ eseksjh
gksrh gSA blesa dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djus okys izFkkfed izksxzke ,oa
Setting gksrh gSA ;g dEI;wVj ds enjcksMZ ij LFkkbZ :Ik ls
yxh jgrh gSA ;g ,d eagxh eseksjh gksrh gSA ;g cktkj esa
vyx ls miyC/k ugh gksrh gSA ;g enjcksMZ ds LkkFk vkrh gSA
;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSSA
VI-Video Card:- ;g ,d ohfM;ks dkMZ Hkh ohfM;ks ,MkIVj]
xzkfQDl ,DlsysjsVk dkMZ] iznkZu vuqdwyd ;k xzkfQDl ,MkIVj
dkMZ dgk tkrk gSA bldk dk;Z ,d iznkZu djus ds fy, ,d
mRiknu Nfo mRiUu djus ds fy, gSA
VII-Sound Card:- ;g dkMZ /ofu vkSj laxhr [ksyus ds

fy, l{ke cukrk gSA lkmaM dkMZ fon~;qr ladsrksa esa fMftVy
VII-Sound Card:- This card enables us to play
tkudkjh nsrk gSA
sound and music . The sound card converts the
VIII- Power Supply:- ,d ;wfuV fctyh dh vkiwfrZ ,d
digital information into electrical signals.
daI;wVj esa vU; vax ds fy, fctyh dh vkiwfrZ djrh gS ,d
;wfuV fctyh dh vkiwfrZ vkerkSj ij dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa
ds fy, Mhlh fctyh ds fy, lk/ku ls ,lh dUoVZ djus ds fy,
VIII-Power Supply:- A power supply unit (PSU)
cuk;k x;k gSA ykih vkSj gkMZ fMLd ds ckjs 12 oksYV dh
is the component that supplies power to other
14
in a computer. A power supply unit is typically

designed to convert AC from the mains to DC
power for the different components of the
computer. Most components require 5 volt while
the floppy and hard disk require about 12 volts
vko';drk gksrh gS] tcfd lcls de 5 oksYV dh vko;drk

gksrh gSA
IX-Internal Speaker:- beeps, beeping

IX-Internal Speaker:- It is a speaker on the

computer motherboard that is responsible for beeps,
beeping noises and other
tones. This speaker is very
basic and is not a speaker
for playing songs , music ,
or other complex sounds
generated in a game.
X-Timer:- It is an internal clock on the
motherboard which is battery operated.
XI-Expansion Slot:- It is a long narrow connector
which allow us to plug in expansion card like the
sound card, network card etc. The primary purpose
of an expansion card is to provide or expand on
features not offered by the motherboard .The back
side of system unit have ports and jacks to connect
different accessories.
, ,

X-Timer:-

XI-Expansion Slot:- bl LykWV dh enn ls ge dqN vU;
fMokbl ;k baVjQsl dks dEI;wVj flLVe ls dusDV djrs gS tks

flLVe dh dk;Z {kerk dks c<+rk gSA tc dksbZ ,sls Qhpj ftudks
liksVZ ugha djrk mUgsa ge ,Dlisa ku LykWV dh enn ls tksM+
ldrs gSa tSls lkmaM dkMZ] usVodZ dkMZ] bR;kfnA
A= Network Slot:- This slot is used to connect to

any network through the Network
cable
B= USB Ports 1 & 2: This is called USB 2.0, used
to connect USB to the
computer system like
any electronic device
with USB connector can
be connected to the computer system.
C=Monitor Connector: The monitor connector is a
15 pin female connector.
This is how the monitor
is connected to the
computer. On the back of
the monitor, there is a 15
pin male connector (pictured later in this manual).
The monitor cable gets plugged into the back of the
computer in this location.
F=Com Port-1 :- Com Ports are usually have 9
pins and are male connectors. Com Port stands for
Communication Port and is how
your computer talks to external
devices such as
modems,
scanners or digital cameras.
A= Network Slot:- bl LykWV ls ge dEI;wVj flLVe dks

usVodZ dscy dh enn ls fdlh usVodZ ls dusDV dj ldrs gSA
B= USB Ports:- bl iksVZ dks USB 2.0 dgk tkrk gS
ftlls fdlh USB fMokbl dks dusDV fd;k tkrk gSA
C=Monitor Connector:- 15

, (
) 15

D=Com Port-1:- 9

,
15
Chapter-6
SOFTWARE
Chapter-6
SOFTWARE
Software:- A sequence of striations written in a

Language that can be understood by acomputer is
called a computer program. It is the program that
control the activity of processing by the computer
and the computer perform .
The terms software refers to the set of computer
programs processer and Associated document that
describe the programs and how they are to be used.
Computer software can be divided into Two Part1. System Software
2. Application Software
Software:- Computer esa fdlh fufpr dk;Z dks djus ds

fy, Computer dks fn;s tkus okys funsZ ds lewg dks
Program dgrs gSA ;s Program Computer Hkk
Computer Program }kjk rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSA rFkk bu
Programs ds lewg dks Software dgrs gSaA
dEI;wVj lkWVos;j nks Hkkx esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1. System Software
2. Application Software
System Software:- ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd izksxzke dk

lewg gksrk gSA bl software ds }kjk dEI;wVj mlds gkMZos;j
dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk izeq[k izksxzke gksrk
gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA;g
Software System ds fy;s dk;Z djrs gSA blfy;s budks
System Software dgk tkrk gSA
buds }kjk fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA
1.;g ;wtj ,oa gkMZos;j ds chp interface dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA
2.;g Application Software dks execute djus ds fy;s
IysVQkeZ miYkC/k djrs gSA
3. Uk;s gkMZos;j dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s lg;ksx iznku djrs gSA
4. ;g dEI;wVj dks esUVsUl dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
5. ;g dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrs gSA
1-Operating System:- izR;sd Computer esa vkWijsfVax dh
vko;drk gksrh gSA fcuk blds dEI;wVj dks iz;ksx ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ;g ;wtj ,oa dEI;wVj ds chp bUVjQsl dk
fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA
vkWijsfVax flLVe ds fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds gksrs gSA
i- CUI (Character user inter face ):vkWijsfVax flLVe ds bl izdkj dsoy MkWl fMLd vkWijsfVax
flLVe tSls pfj= dk leFkZu djrk gSA
ii-GUI ( Graphical User Interface ):vkWijsfVax flLVe ds bl izdkj ds pfj= ds #i esa vpNh rjg
ls graphics dk leFkZu gS] bldk eryc gSA gel lkWVos;j
esa eYVhehfM;k dke ds lHkh izdkj ds dj ldrs gSaA vkkfn
windos ,-XP
iii-Single User:- dsoy ,d mi;ksxdrkZ ,d le; esa dke
dj ldrs gSA
iv-Multi User:- ,d ls vf/kd mi;ksxdrkZ ,d le; esa dke
dj ldrs gSaA
v-Multi Tasking:- vkWijsfVax flLVe ds bl izdkj esa ge
,d le; esa MsVk dh rqyuk esa vf/kd dj ldrs gSaA
vi-Multi Processing:- ,d ls vf/kd lhih;w dke dj
ldrs gSaA ,d nwljs ds lkFk vkWijsfVax flLVe ds bl izdkj gSaA
vii-Multi Programming:- vktdy dbZ vkWijsfVax fLkLVe
vusd dk;Z ,d lkFk djus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSA ftls eYVh
izksxzkfeax dgrs gSA vU; 'kCnksa es a nks ;k nks ls vf/kd izksxzkeks a
dk ,d gh le; esa ,d gh dEI;wVj }kjk fdz;kfUor gksuk gSA gh
eYVh izksxzkfeax dgykrk gSA dqNeYVh izksxzkfeaXk fLkLVe esa dqN
fufpr dk;Z gh fdz;kfUor fd;s tkrs gSA mUgsa eYVh izksxzkfeax
fon fQDLM VkLd dgrs gSA rFkk tgkW dk;ksZ dh la[;k vfufpr
gksrh gSA ogkW mls eYVh izksxzkfeax fon osfj;scy VkLd dgrs Gsa
System Software:- System software are the

software that are design opreate manage and direct
the computer system.
System Software can be devided into b Three parts1-Operating System
2-Language Translator
3-Utility Programs
1-Operating System The operating system work as
a link between the user and computer hardware and
software , it comnicate the user with the computer .
Input and output devies ,it is the orginixed
collection of integrated set of specialed program
that controls all the operation of computer to super
vise and manage its resources it called the
application software when ever needed and after
translating the program its work as a user drive.
There are following types of operating system.
i- CUI (Character user inter face ):This type of operating system only support the
character like DOS [ Disk Operating System ].
ii-GUI ( Graphical User Interface ):This type of operating system support the character
as well as graphices , that means. We can do all
type of multimedia work in software . [like Windos
, Windows XP , etc.]
iii-Single User:- Only one user can work at a time.
iv-Multi User:- More than one user can work at a
time .
v-Multi Tasking:- In this type of operating system.
we can do more than data at a time.
vi-Multi Processing:- More than one CPU can
work . With each other is this type of operating
system.
vii-Multi Programming:- Multi Programming is
the name given to the into link exieusion of two or
more different and independent program by the
some computer . Multi Programming involued
exicuting a partition of one program . Than a
segment another as soon .In breth consiqulive time
provide.
16
ix-Time Sharing:- A time sharing system allows

many users to share the computer resourse
simultaneously( )(,d lkFk). In other
words, time sharing refers to the allocation of
computer resources in time slots to several
programs simultaneously. For ex. A mainframe
computer that has many users logged on to it. Each
user uses the resources of the mainframe ,CPU etc.
ix-Time Sharing:- Vkbe ks;fjx dEI;wVj ds lkjs ;wlj dks

,d lkFk vkil esa tksM+rk gS tSls ,d lh0 ih0 ;w0 ls dbZ ;wlj
dks dusDV djuk A
2-Language Translators:- Computer language esa

tks Translator iz;ksx gksrs gSA tks 0] 1 dksM [Binary code
or Machine Code] esa gksrs gSAog flLVe software gksrs
gSA tks ;wtj Hkk"kk dks ekhu Hkk"kk esa cnyrs gSA vkSj ekhu Hkk"kk
dks ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyrs gSA Language Translators rhu
izdkj ds gksrs gSA
i-Compiler:- Compiler ,d System Software gksrk
gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk ds izksxzke
dks e khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj blds ckn ekhu Hkk"kk ds
dksM dsk izkslfs lax ds fy;s Hkstk tkrk gSA izkslfs lax ds ckn tks
ifj.kke vkrk gS mls ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyk tkrk gSA ;g iwjs
izksxzke dks ,d LkkFk e khu dksM esa cnyk tkrk gSA
2-Language Translator:-Language Translator help

us the user to convert computer language in to 0,1
code [Binary code or Machine Code ] .There are
three types of Language Translator.
Exp:- FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, BASIC,
ALGOL, C, LOGO, LISP ,JAVA .
i-Compiler:- It is a program written in a low level
language. and it is a translating program that
translate the struction of high level language in to
Assembler :- :- Machine language dh deh;ksa
machine , each programming recvires. Pit own
dks nwj djus ds fy;s vklsEcyh Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A
compiler translate code written in bad language ,
blesa ckbZujh Hkk"kk ds LFkku ij manumanic code(Le`fr
but it converts whole program at a time.There are
lgkld) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ftudks ;kn j[kuk vklku
different compiler and different language like CFkk A bu dksM dks ekkhu Hkk"kk es cnyus ds fy;s vklsEcyj dk
Compiler for C-Language and COBOL Compiler
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks ,d flLVe Software gSA
for COBOL Language.
ii-Assembler:- Assembler is a program which
Interpreter :- Interpreter ,d System Software gksrk
convert Assemblic language to machine language
gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk ds izksxzke
and again Vice-versa. It is the system program.
dks ekhu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA ;g ,d ,d LVsVesaV esa ekhu
Which is supplied by the Manufacturer it converts
Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA ,oa mldks ju djds mlds ifj.kke dks
manumonic code in to Binary.
rqjar izfnsZkr djrk gSA ;g Compiler ls /khek gksrk gSA ;g
Note:-Menumonic is a tecnic to remember long and
eseksjh esa de txg dks ?ksjrk gSA blesa dksM dks repeat djus
difficult word in a short code.
ds vko;drk ugh gksrh gSA
iii-Interpreaters:- It is the speaciles program
.Which translate high level languge or computer
3-Utility Software:- bu Software dh lgk;rk ls
language in to machine code and again vice-versa ,
dEI;wVj dk j[kj[kko fd;k tkrk gSA ;wfVfyVh software
but it converts only one line at a time.
dgykrs gSA tSls Defregmenter, diskcleanup, backup,
3-Utility Programs:- A utility program there are
system restore vkfnA
diffirents types of computer software.Which a
Application Software:- ;g os izksxzke gksrs gSA ftudk
speacily desine to help and manage the operating
iz;ksx ;wtj vius Daily ruten ds dk;Z djrk gSA;g izksxzke
system there are varrious utility program like
accessbility ,system Information etc.
flLVe software ds ij fuHkZj jgrs gSA budk fuek.kZ
Application Software:- Application software is a
dEI;wVj Hkk"kk esa fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy gtkjksa Application
computer program or a suite of computer program
Software miyC/k gSA ftudh lgk;rk ls vkius dk;Z dks
vklkuh ls fd;k tkrk gSA
that performs a particular function for the user.
Application software include all program that
mnkgj.k%&
Word prossing software, Database
perform specific tasks for user such as word
software, Graphic Software vkA
processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation, eI.
General Purpose
mail and web browsing.
II.
Special Purpose
There are following types of application softwareI.
General Purpose
I-General Purpose:- lkekU; mn~ns ; Computer esa
II.
Special Purpose
vusd izdkj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA buesa mifLFkr
I-General Purpose:- General Purpose application
C.P.U dh {kerk rFkk dher de gksrh gSA lkekU; mn~ns ;
softaware is generally tools that provids specific
Computer esa ge fofk V dk;Z gsrq vyx ls Device ugha
capabilities ,but not support of a specific purpose.
tksM+ ldrs gSa D;ksfa d C.P.U dh {kerk lhfer gksrh gSA
For Example , a spreadsheet program is a general
purpose application.
17
Word Processing Software(for preparing

documents): Word
Perfect, MS-Word,
OpenOffice.org Writer
Spreadsheets
(Data Analysis): Lotus
Smart suites, MS- Excel, OpenOffice.org
Calc, Apple Numbers
Presentations : Presentation Graphics, MSPowerPoint, OpenOffice.org Impress
Database Management System: MSAccess, OpenOffice.org Base, MS-SQL
Server, ORACLE
Graphics Tools: Paint shop pro, Adobe
Photoshop
II-Special Purpose :-Special Purpose software is a
type of software that can only be used for only one
specific thing.For Example weather forecasting ,
aeroplane control etc.
Computer Languages
Languages are a means of communication.Normally
people interact with each other through a language.
On the same pattern, communication with
computers is carried out through a language. This
language is understood both by user and the
machine. Just as every language like English, Hindi
has its grammatical rules; every computer language
is bound by rules known as SYNTAX of that
language. The user is bound by that syntax while
communicating with the
computer system.
Computer languages are broadly classified as:-
1. Low Level Language

The term low level means closeness to the way in
which machine understand. The low level languages
are:
(A)-Machine Language
This is the language (in the form of 0s and 1s,
called binary numbers) understood directly by the
computer. It is machine dependent. It is difficult to
learn and even more difficult to write programs.
(B)- Assembly Language
This is the language where the machine codes
comprising of 0s and 1s are substituted by
symbolic codes (called mnemonics) to improve
their understanding. It is the first step to improve
programming structure.
Assembly language programming is simpler and
less time
consuming than machine level
programming, it is easier to locate and correct
errors in assembly language than in machine
language programs. It is also machine dependent.
Programmers must have knowledge of the machine
on which the program will run.
Word Processing Software(for preparing

documents): Word
Perfect, MS-Word,
OpenOffice.org Writer
Spreadsheets
(Data Analysis): Lotus
Smart suites, MS- Excel, OpenOffice.org
Calc, Apple Numbers
Presentations : Presentation Graphics, MSPowerPoint, OpenOffice.org Impress
Database Management System: MSAccess, OpenOffice.org Base, MS-SQL
Server, ORACLE
Graphics Tools: Paint shop pro, Adobe
Photoshop
II-Special Purpose :- fofk V mn~ns kh; Computer dk

iz;ksx foks k dk;Z djus gsrq fd;k tk ldrk gSA buesa mifLFkr
C.P.U dh {kerk ml dk;Z ds vuq#i gksrh gS ftlds fy;s bUgs
rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA bu Computer dk iz;ksx laxhr laiknu
gsrq LVwfM;ksa esa] bathfu;fjaXk esa] fpfdRlk esa] ekSle esa] varfj{k esa
vkfn {ks=ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Computer Languages
Hkk"kk dk eryc gksrk gSA ftl ds ek/;e ls ge vius fopkj
O;Dr djrs gSA 'kCnksa ds ,ls lewg dks Hkk"kk dgk tkrk gSA
ftldk dksbZ vFkZ gksrk gSA dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s ftl
Hkk"kk esa vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djr gS og ;wtj Hkk"kk gksrh gSA
vkSj dEI;wVj ftl Hkk"kk dks le>rk gS dEI;wVj Hkk"kk ;k ckbZu jh
;k ekhu Hkk"kk dgykrh gSA ;wtj Hkk"kk dks ekhu Hkk"kk esa cnyus
ds fy;s ,d flLVe lkVos;j dh vko;drk gksrh gSA
ftlTranslator dgk tkrk gSA ;g ;wtj Hkk"kk dks ekhu Hkk"kk
vkSj ekhu Hkk"kk dks ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA dEI;wVj ds
fodkl ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Low Level Language

Computer fuEu Lrjh; Hkk dks le>rk gSA fuEu Lrjh;
Hkk 0 vkSj 1 vFkkZr Binary vadksa ls feydj curh gSA fuEu
Lrjh; Hkk esa Program fy[kus ds fy, Computer dh
vkarfjd lajpuk dk Kku vko;d gSA vr% fuEu Lrjh; Hkk
dks lh[kuk o le>uk nksuks gh vklku ugha gSA fuEu Lrjh;
Hkk dks nsk Jsf.k;ksa esa ckWVk x;k gS&
1-Machine Language
;g og Hkk"kk gksrh gSA tks dEI;wVj le>rk gSA bls ckbujh Hkk"kk
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k
x;k Fkk A blesa izksxzkfeax djuk dfBu gksrk gSA blesa fy[ks x;s
izksxzke rhoz xfr ls ju gksrs gSA D;ksa fd bl ij lh/ks izkslasflax
dh tkrh gSA blesa dksbZ Hkh Translator lkVos;j dh
vko;drk ugh gksrh FkhA bldk dk vkmViqV Hkh blh Hkk"kk esa
vkrk gSA blesa izksxzkfeax djuk dfBu gksrk gSA blesa error
Finding dfBu gksrk gSA ;g ekhu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk gksrh gSA
2. Assembly Language
Machine language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s
vklsEcyh Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa ckbZujh Hkk"kk ds
LFkku ij Numanic code dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ftudks
;kn j[kuk vklku Fkk A bu dksM dks ekkhu Hkk"kk es cnyus ds
fy;s vklsEcyj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks ,d flLVe
Software gSA
18
2. High Level Language

You know that low level language requires
extensive knowledge ofthe hardware since it is
machine dependent. To overcome the limitation,
high level language has been evolved which uses
normal English like, easy to understand statements
to solve anyproblem. Higher level languages are
computer independent and programming becomes
quite easy and simple.
Various high level languages are given below:BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code):- It is widely used, easy to learn
general purpose language.
Mainly used in
microcomputers in earlier days.
COBOL(Common Business Oriented language):
A standardized language used for
commercial
applications.
FORTRAN (Formula Translation): Developed
for solving mathematical and scientific problems.
One of the most popular languages among scientific
community.
C: Structured Programming Language used for all
purpose such as scientific application, commercial
application, developing games etc.
C++: Popular object oriented programming
language, used for general purpose.
3. High Level Lanuage

Assembley Language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s
gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa dksM ds LFkku
ij dEI;wVj esa vaxzth Hkk"kk esa funsZk fn;s tkus yxsA ftl ls
izksxzke dks le>uk ,oa fy[kuk vklku gks x;k gSA ;g ekhu
ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk ugh gksrh gSA blesa izksxzke dks ekhu Hkk"kk esa
cnyus ds fy;s compiler and Interperter dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA vktdy dEI;wVj esa izksxzkfeax djus ds fy;s blh Hkk"kk
dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
Chapter-7
DATA REPRESENTATION &NUMBER
SYSTEM
Representation of Data / Information
In digital computer binary information is stored in
memory or processor register . Register contain
either data or control information . Data are
numbers in binary coded. Concept of Data
Processing All types of data are processed in binary
code form.
Data Types:1. Number used to arithmetics computation .
2. Letters and other discrete symbols used for
specific purposes . All types of data are
represented in binary coded except binary
number.
Number System:- There is base or radix that used
distinct symbols for digit.Numbers are represented
by a string digit symbols . For Example1-Binary:- Binary number system there is base of
2 because there are 2 possible digits (0 and 1).
2-Decimal:- In Decimal number system there is
base of 10 because there are 10 possible digits (0 to
9).
ExampleDecimal to Binary:- (365)10=( )2
Chapter-7
DATA REPRESENTATION &NUMBER
SYSTEM
Some High level Languages:1. ForTran:- bldk iwjk uke Formula Translation
Lanuage gSA bldk fodkl IBM Company ds
Engineer John Backus ds }kjk QkewZyk dks Translate
djus ds fy;s lu~ 1957 fd;k x;k FkkA
2. COBOL:- bldk iwjk uke Common Busssinus
oriented language gSA bldk fodkl 1959 esa O;kikfjd
dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA
3. BASIC :- bldk iwjk uke Beginers all purposes
symbolic instruction code gSA bldk fodkl lu~ 1964 esa
fd;k x;k FkkA
Ex:- C++ , C
4G Languages
os Hkk"kk;sa ftudk iz;ksx pkSFkh ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k
mUgsa 4G Language dgk tkrk gSA tSls Pascal , C,C++
etc. ;g Hkk"kk,sa ekhu ij fuHkZj ugha gksrh gSA ;g vkWCtsd
vksfj;UVfMM gksrgSA buesa izksxzkfeax djuk ljy gksrk gSA
Representation of Data / Information

fMftVy dEI;wVj esa MkVk ckbujh ds #i esa izksll
s gksrk gS ,oe~
eseksjh vkSj jftLVj esa LVksj gksrk gSA MkVk ;k bUQkesZlu dks
fjiztsUV djus ds fy, uEcj flLVe dks le>uk t#jh gSA uEcj
flLVe es MkVk dk vkil es duotZu uhps Vscqy crk;k x;k gSA
la[;k, pkj izdkj dh gSA
1. Number used to arithmetics computation .
2. Letters and other discrete symbols used for
specific purposes . All types of data are
represented in binary coded except binary
number.
Number System:- Digit.Numbers ,d fLVx
a vdksa
izrhdksa }kjk nkkZ;k tkrk gSa tks vyx vyx izrhdksa dk bLrseky
fd;k gS fd vk/kkj ;k ewykad gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
1-Binary:- ftldk csl (jsfMDl) 2 gksrk gS bldh fMftV~l
0 vkSj 1 gksrh gSaA
2-Decimal:- ftldk csl 10 gksrk gS blh dk iz;ksx ;wtj
djrk gSA bldh fMftV~l 0]1]2]3]4]5]6]7]8]9 gksrh gSaA
ExampleDecimal to Binary:- (365)10=( )2
19
Binary to Decimal:- (1111)2=( )10

=1x20+1x21+1x22+1x23
= 1+2+4+8
= 15
(15)10 Ans
Binary to Decimal:- (1111)2=( )10

=1x20+1x21+1x22+1x23
= 1+2+4+8
= 15
(15)10 Ans
3-Octal:- In Decimal number system there is base

of 8 because there are 8 possible digits (0 to 7).
Decimal to Octal:- (71)10=( )8
3-Octal:- ftldk csl 8 gksrk gSA bldh fMftV~l

0]1]2]3]4]5]6]7] gksrh gSA
Decimal to Octal:- (71)10=( )8
4-Hexadeciamal:In Decimal number system there is base of 16

because there are 16 possible digits (0 to 9&A to F).
A,B,C,D,E,F, Value is
A=10 , B=11 , C=12 , D=13 , E= 14 , F=15 .
4-Hexadeciamal:- ftldk csl 16 gksrk gSA bldh

fMftV~l 0]1]2]3]4]5]6]7]8]9] A,B,C,D,E vkSj F gksrh gSA
A,B,C,D,E,F, Value is
A=10 , B=11 , C=12 , D=13 , E= 14 , F=15 .
Decimal to Hexadecimal:- (52)10= (
)16
Binary Memory Memory is a data storage device

in a computer system . The data is stored in binary
form ( 0 and 1).
Bit:- A bit is the smallest unit of computer memory
. There is only one value of a bit either 1 or 0 .
Nibble:- It is a sequence of four bits.
Byte:- It is sequence of 8 bits and any data can
measure in a byte .To store in memory any
alphabad , symbol or space etc needs minimum one
byte space.
Word:- A word is a string of bits stored in
computer memory . Word length can vary in
different machines .
Memory Measurement (eki):- Memory or any
storage devices capacity is expresed as a quantity
of bits or bytes , such as kilobytes , megabytes and
gigabyte etc. The total amount of stored information
that a storage device or medium can hold is called a
capacity of that memory or storage device .
Binary Memory:- eseksjh ,d dEI;wVj iz.kkyh esa ,d

HkaMkj.k ;qfDr gSA MsVk ckbujh QkeZ 0 vkSj 1 esa laxzghr fd;k
tkrk gSA
Bit:- Bit dEI;wVj eseksjh dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA bldh
value ;k rks 1 gksxh ;k 0 gksxh A
Nibble:- ;g pkj fcV~l dk ,d e gSA
Byte:- ;g 8 fcV~l ds e gS vkSj fdlh Hkh MsVk dks ,d
ckbV esa eki ldrs gSA memory esa LVksj djus ds fy, fdlh
Hkh alphabad, symbol ;k space vkfn de ls de ,d
ckbV space dh t#jr gksrh gSA
Memory Measurement:- eseksjh Hkh storage device dh
{kerk vkkfn fdyksckbV] esxkkckbV vkSj xhxkckbV ds #i esa
fcV~l ;k ckbV~l dh ,d ek=k ds #i esa iznZfkr ;k eki ldrk
gSA
20
Chapter-8
COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER
NETWORK
Chapter-8
COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER
NETWORK
Communication:- To enter change the information

between two active things is called the
communication.
The active things means man to man , man to
machine ,machine to machine or machine to
man.The communication between computers has
increased and it thus it has extended the room , now
a user settings one place can comnicate computers
of any remote sides throw communication channels
. There are following basic elements of
communication system1-Message
2-Sender
3-Reciever
4-Medium
5-Protocal
,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa data, hardware ds share

djus ds fy;s communication dgk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj esa
communiation djus ds fy;s muds chp networking gksuk
pkfg;s vFkkZr~ mudks vkil esa fdlh uk fdlh ek/;e ls tqMk
gksuk pkfg;sA
Message:- lans k fjlhoj ds }kjk Hkstus okyh tkudkjh
gSA
Sender:- fdlh Hkh fMokbl ls Hksts tkus okyh MsVk ;k
lans k dks sender dgrs gSA
Receiver:- fjlhoj Hkstus okys MsVk ;k lans k laokn djus
fd ,d ;qfDr gSA
Transmission Medium:-

5.Protocal:- izksVksdkWy fu;eksa dk ,d lewg gS ;g ,d nwljs

ds lkFk lapkj dj ldrs gS izksVksdkWy dEI;wVj ds fofHkUu izdkj
dh izf;k esa Qsad jgs gSA
1. Message:- Message is the information to be
communicated by the sender to the receiver.
2. Sender:- The sender is any device that is
capable of sending the data (message).
3. Receiver:- The receiver is a device that the
sender wants to communicate the data (message).
4. Transmission Medium:- It is the path by which
the message travels from sender to receiver. It can
be wired or wireless and many subtypes in both.
5.Protocal:-Protocal is a group of rules are process
throw in different types of computers and throw
protocal it can communication with each other .
To designer to protocal following points are kept is
mind1-What is the communication medium.
2-How to computers will comnicate with each
other.
3-How data can be tranbeted in transmission
medium.
4-How to conferm that data has reached at the or
note.
Data Transimission Mode
There are three ways for transmiting data for one
point.
1-Simplex Mode:- In simplex mode the
communication can take place in one diection . The
receiver , receive the signal from the transmiting
device . In this mode the flow of information is
unidirectional.
;k
-izksVksdkWy fu;eksa dk ,d lewg gSA tks ml fof/k dks fu;af=r
djrk gS ftl fof/k ls dEI;wVjksa ds e/; MsVk Hkstk tkrk gSA
Data Transimission Mode
Data Transmission rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA
1-Simplex Mode:bl communication esa ,d End
dsoy data(Signal) Hkstrk gSA vkSj nwljk End only
singnal reci ve djrk gSA simplex Communication
dgykrk gSA bldk mnkgj.k TV, Radio gSaA
2.Half
Duplex
Communication:bl
Commuication esa nksua ksa End Singnal dks Hkst ldrs gSA
vkSj signal dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA nksua ksa ,s.a M ,d gh le; (
,d LkkFk) uk Signal send dj ldrs gSA vkSj uk flaXuy dks
izkIr dj ldrs gSA tc ,d ,s.a M flaXuy Hkstrk gSA rks ml
le; nwljk ,sM
a flaXuy dks fjlho djrk gSA half duplex
dgykrk gSA ;fn nksua ksa ,.M ,d LkkFk flaxuy Hkst nsrs gSaA
muds chp VDdj gks tkrh gSA vkSj flxuy u"V gks tkrs gSaA
tSls walky talky bldk mnkgj.k gSA
2-Half Duplex:- In half duplex mode the

communication channel is used in both Direction ,
but only in one direction at a time . It ulternatily
send and recive data.
21
3-Full Duplex:-In full duplex the communication

channel is used in both direction at the same time
.Use of full duplex line inpxose . The ifficience as
the line turn around time. Recquired half duplex
arrengment is elliminated like telephone line
Communication channels:- The most basic

hardware required for communication is the media
through which data is transferred. There are several
types of media, and the choice of the right media
depends on many factors such as cost of
transmission media, efficiency of data transmission
and the transfer rate.
Some of the following transmission Medias is as
follows:1-Two wire open line
This is the simplest of all the transmission media. It
consists of a simple pair of metallic wires made of
copper or some times aluminums of between 0.4
and 1mm diameter, and each wire is insulated from
the other. There are variations to this simplest
form with several pairs of wire enclosed in a single
protected cable called a multi core cable or molded
in the form of a flat ribbon.
This type of media is used for communication
within a short distance, up to about 50 M, and can
achieve a transfer rate of up to 19200 bits per
second.
2-Twisted Pair cable
A twisted pair consists of a pair of insulated
conductors that are twisted together.
The
advantages of a Twisted Pair cable over the Two
Wire Open Lines are; it provides better immunity
from spurious noise signals.
As the Two Wires are
closed to each other, both
pick equal interferences caused by extraneous
signal sources and this reduces the differential
signal added by the noise.
Twisted Pair cable is used for communication up a
distance of 1 KM and can achieve a transfer rate of
up to 1-2 MBPS. But as the speed increased the
maximum transmission distances reduced, and may
require repeaters.Twisted pair cables are widely
used in telephone network and are increasingly
being used for data transmission.
3-Co-axial Cable:-A co-axial cable consists of a
solid conductor running co-axial inside a solid or
braided our annular conductor. The space between
the two conductors is filled with a dielectric
insulating material. Larger the cable diameter,
lower is the transmission loss, and higher transfer
speeds can be achieved. A co-axial cable can be
used over a distance of about 1 KM and can achieve
a transfer rate of up to 100 MBPS.
A co-axial cable is of two types- a 75 Ohm cable
which is used by the cable TV operators and 50
Ohm cable which is used in high speed broad band
networks and is low loss cables.
3.Full
Duplex
Communication:bl
Commuication esa nksua ksa End Singnal ,d gh le;
esignal Hkst ,oa fjlho dj ldrs gSA Full duplex
Commuication dgykrk gSA
tSls ekscby baVjusV pSfVax vkfn A
Communication channels:
Lakpkj ds fy, vko;d lcls cqfu;knh gkMZos;j MsVk LFkkukarfjr
gS] ftlds ek/;e ls ehfM;k gSA tks dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gS] vkSj
lgh ehfM;k ds pquko esa bl rjg ds izlkj.k ehfM;k] MsVk
Vkalfeku dh {kerk vkSj varj.k nj dh ykxr ds #i esa dbZ
dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
1-Two wire open line
;g lkekU;r% fctyh dE;wfudsku esa iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa vkSj
de nwjh ds fMftVy MsVk dE;wfudsku ds fy, dkWij vkSj
Twisted rkjksa ds is;j ls cus gksrs gSA MsVk Transmission
dh xfr lkekU;r% nwjh ij 19200 bits per sec gksrh gSA
2-Twisted Pair cable

;g nks izdkj esa miyC/k gksrs gSA khYMsM vkSj vukhYMsM A
vukhYMsM V~;Lw VsM isij Unshielded Twisted Pair ( UTP
) lcls T;knk izpfyr vkSj Ldwy usVodZ ds fy, lkekU;rk
lcls mi;qDr fodYi gSA
3-Coaxial Cable
;g fofkV #i ls Wrap fd, x, insulated wire dk lewg
gS tks vf/kd xfr ls MsVk VkalQj djrk gSA ;g dsUnzh; dkWij
ok;j ls cus gksrs gS ftlds pkjksa vkSj insulation gksrk gS vkSj
ml ij dkWij dk tky fLFkr gksrk gSA ;g T;knk nwjh dh
VsyhQksu ykbu vkSj yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ ds fy, iz;ksx fd,
tkrs gS] D;ksfa d blesa /ofu izfrjks/k vkSj T;knk rst xfr ls MsVk
VkalQj dh {kerk gksrh gSA tSls % Vsyhfotu ds fy, dsfcy
dusDku esa blh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
22
4-Fiber Optic Cables

A fiber optic cable carries signals in the form of
fluctuating light in a glass or plastic cable. An
optical fiber cable consists
of a glass or plastic core
surrounded by a cladding
of a similar material but
with a lower refractive
index. The core transmits
the light while the change
in refractive index. The core transmit the light while
the change in refractive index between the core and
the cladding causes total internal reflection, thus
minimizing the loss of light from fiber.
As light waves gave a much wider wand width then
the electrical then the electrical signal and are
immune from electromagnetic interferences, this
leads to high data transfer rate of about 1000 mega
bites per second & can be used for long & medium
distance transmission links.
Network: A computer network is a group of
computer that are connected to each other for the
purpose of communication . A computer network
allows computers to communicate with many other
computer and to share resources and information . It
is a combination of hardware and software , which
provide facility of sending and receiving of
information between computer or sharing of
information between computing devices . To
establish any network needs sender , receiver ,
medium and protocol . ARPANET was the first
operational computer network in the world.
Type of Network:-There are different type of
network.
1-Local Area Networks (LAN)
Local area network, generally called LANs, is
privately-owned networks with in a single building
or campus of up to a few KM in size. They are
widely used to connect personal computers and
workstation in company offices and factories to
share resources (e.g., printers) and exchange
information. LANs are distinguished from other
kinds of networks by three characteristics:
1. Their size,
2. Their transmission technology,
3. Their topology.
LANs are restricted in size, which means that the
worst-case transmission time is bounded and known
in advance. Knowing this bound makes it possible
to use certain kinds of designs that would not
otherwise be possible. It also simplifies network
management.
2-Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
A metropolitan area network, or MAN (plural:
MANs, not MEN) is basically a bigger version of a
LAN and normally uses similar technology. It
might cover a group of nearby corporate offices or a
city and might be either private or public. A MAN
can support both data and voice, and might even be
related to the local cable television network. A
MAN just has one or two cables and does not
contain switching elements, which shunt packets
over one of several potential output lines.
4-Fiber Optic Cables

Qkbcj vkfIVdy dscy dk e/; dk dkap pkjksa rjQ ls
lqj{kkRed inkFkksaZ dh rjg ls <+dk gqvk jgrk gSA ;g jkskuh dks
VkalfeV djrk gSA tc rd fd ;g fo|qrh; dk;kZs ds chp vkus
okyh leL;kvksa dks uV ugha dj ysrk A ;g bls ,d vknkZ
cukrk gSA fufkpr Ik;kZoj.k ds fy, tks fd dkQh cM+h ek=k esa
fo|qr kfDr j[krs gSA usVodZ dks tksM+rk gSA bekjrksa ds chp
ueh rFkk izdkk ls NqVdkjk ikus ds dkj.k ;g dscy dk;Z djrh
gSA
Network
usVodZ lwpukvksa ;k vU; lalk/kuksa ds ijLij vknku&iznku ,oa
lk>snkjh ds fy, nks ;k nks ls vf/kd dEI;wVjksa dk ijLij tqM+ko
dEI;wVj usVodZ dgykrk gSA dEI;wVj usVodZ ds varxZr
lalk/kuksa ,oa la;U=ks dh ijLij lk>snkjh gksrh gS] ftlls MkVk
rFkk lwpuk,sa ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa leku #i ls
igqWprh gSaA dEI;wVj usVodZ ,d dEiuh] ,d vFkok vf/kd Hkouks]a
,d dejs rFkk kgj ds e/; LFkkfir fd, tk ldrs gSaA izFke
dEI;wVj usVodZ dk uke ARPANET gSA
Type of Network
Physical ,oa HkkSxksfyd {kS= ds vk/kkj ij usVodZ rhu izdkj ds
gksrs gSA
LAN
WAN
MAN
1-LAN Network
bldk iwjk uke Local Area Network gSAblls nks ;k nks ls
vf/kd dEI;wVjl ,oa vU;fMokbl dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk gSA
;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gSA ;g ,d
csfld usVodZ gksrk gSA ysu usVodZ esa dEI;wVj dks vko;drk
ds vuqlkj vkil esa fofHkUUk izdkj ls tksMk tkrk gSAdEI;wVw j dks
vkil esa tksMus dh izfdz;k dks VksiksykWth dgk tkrk gSA
foks"krk,s%a &
;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gSA
bldh MkVk transfer speed rst gksrh gSA
blesa ckgjh usVodZ dks fdjk; ij ugh ysuk gksrk gSA
blesa MkVk lqjf{kr jgrk gSA
bldks Maintane djuk vklku gksrk gS
2-MAN Network
bldk iwjk uke Metropolitan Area Network gSA bl
usVodZ ls ,d 'kgj dks nwljs 'kgj ;k ,d nsk ls nwljs nsk dks
vkil esa tksMk tkrk gS A ;g mPp xfr okyk usVodZ gksrk gSA
;g ySu ,oa oSu usVodZ ls feydj cuk gksrk gS bles mixzg ,oa
Qkboj vkiVhdy dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa blesa usVodZ
dks vkil esa tksMus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj dh usVodZ fMokbl
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk j[kj[kko dfBu gksrk gSA tks
fofHkUUk daiuh;ksa ds lg;ksx ls gksrk gSA
23
3-Wide Area Network(WAN)

A wide area network is a computer network that
covers a broad area such as any network whose
communication links cross metropolitan, regional,
or national boundaries. WANS are used to connect
LANS and other types of network together, so that
users and computers in one location can
communicate with users and computers in other
location . WANS are often built using leased lines
or switched circuit. Internet, Indent developed by
CMC in India and ATM services of bank are good
examples of WAN.
Network Topologies
The configurations of network components widely
used network topologies Bus, Star, Ring Mesh.
Types of Topologies
Bus Network Topologies:- Most simple network
topologies , All devise network connected to a
common central cable ( wire or other media ),
Inexpensive, Easily expanded, If cable fails , the
entire network will shut down Earlier Ethernet
commonly implement a bus topology.
Star Network Topologies:-Star topology is

centered around central routing device called a
switch or a hub by point-to-point links.
All network nodes connect to the hub Easy to install
and update if hub fails , network fails Disadvantage
that it require more cabling therefore, higher cost
than the bus.
Ring Network Topologies:-Each node connected

to two other nodes in a ring. Similar to the buss, but
with the ends of the
bus connected together
by
unidirectional
transmission link to
form a single closed
loop. Each station on
the network connects to the network at a repeater.
Expensive and difficult to install one example of a
ring topology is Token Ring networks.
Mesh Network Topology:- Every node connected
to every other node Fast Reliable No hub or bus to
fail if one device goes down , it is the only node
affected Expensive Every node must be wired to
every other node Difficult to add nodes. You can
see the Mesh Network topology in the picture.
3-WAN Network
bldk iwjk uke Wide Area Network gSA ;g {kS=Qy dh
n`f"V ls cMk usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g usVodZ ,d fcfYMax rd
lhfer ugh gksrk gSA gSAblesa nwljh daiuh dh ykbZu dks fdjk;s
ij fy;k tkrk gSA ;g eagxk usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g ysu usVodZ
ls feydj curk gSA blds }kjk nks vyx vyx vkWfQl dks
vkil esa tksMk tkrk blesa MkVk dks lqjf{kr Hkstk ,oa izkIr fd;k
tkrk gSA
foks"krk,W%& ;g VPN connection ds }kjk vkil esa tqMs jgrs
gSA bldk iwjk uke Virtual Private Network gksrk gSA
Network Topologies
usVodZ VksiksykWth dEI;wVj usVodZ esa dEI;wVjksa dks vkil esa
tksM+us ds rjhds dks VksIkksykWth dgrs gSA fdlh VksiksykWth ds
izR;sd dEI;wVj uksM ;k fyad LVsku dgykrs gSA ;s VksiksykWth
cl usVodZ VksiksykWth ] LVkj usVodZ VksiksykWth] fjax usVodZ
VksiksykWth ,oa esl usVodZ VksiksykWth gks ldrs gSA
Types of Topologies
Bus Topology:- Bus Topology esa ,d csdcksu dsfoy
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls LkHkh dEI;wVj ,oa usVodZ
fMokbl dks tksMk Tkkrk gSA lHkh fMokbl ,d flfj;y dze esa
twMh jgrh gSaA dsfoy ds izkjaHk ,oa var esa ,d foks"k izdkj dk
midj.k yxk jgrk gSA ftls terminator dgrs gSA ;g
flaxuy dks fu;af=r djrk gSA blesa csdcksu dsfcy ds :Ik esa
coxial Cable dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Data dks send
djus ds fy;s Half Duplex and Broadcaste
Technology dk iz;ksx djrh gSA
ykHk(Advantages)%&1&bldks LFkkfir djuk vklku gksrk gSA
2&blesa de dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3&blesa usVodZ leL;k dks vklkuh ls gVk;k tkrk gSA
4&dksbZ ,d fMokbl [kjkc gksus ij usVodZ dke djrk
jgrk gSA
gkfu(Desadvantages)%& 1&back bone cable [kjkc gksus
ij iwjk usVodZ dke djuk can dj nsrk gSA
2&blesa Broadcasting dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ftlls performance izHkkfor gksrk gSA
3&cMk usVodZ ugh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
4&blesa vf/kdre 10Mbps speed gksrh gSA tks cgqr
de gSA
Star Topology:- bl VksiksykWth esa lHkh dEI;wVj dks ,d
gksLV dEI;wVj ;k usVodZ fMokbl dh lgk;rk ls vkil esa tksMk
tkrk gSA
YkkHk%& 1&bldh ykxr de gksrh gSA
2&,d dEI;wVj (Node) [kjkc gksus ij iwjk usVodZ
[kjkc ugh gksrk gSA
3&bldh data transfer speed rst gksrh gSA
4&blesa u;s dEI;wVj dks vklkuh ls tksM ldrs gSA
5&bldk j[k[kko vklu ,oa lLrk gksrk gSA
gkfu%& 1&gksLV dEI;wVj [kjkc gksus ij iwjk usVodZ [kjkc gks
tkrk gSA
Ring Topology:- blesa lHkh dEI;wVjl dks fjax vkdkj esa
tksMk tkrk gSSA blesa tks dEI;wVj iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA blesa
nwljh vU; usVodZ fMokbl dk iz;ksx ugh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
NksVs usVodZ esa iz;ksx gksrh gSA
YkkHk%& 1&blesa MkVk lqjf{kr jgrk gSA
2&;g ,d ljy ,oa lLrh VksiksykWth gSA
gkfu%& 1&bldh xfr /kheh gksrh gSA
2&blls cMs usVodZ dks rS;kj ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3&blesa MkVk Hkstrs le; VDdj gksus dk Mj jgrk gSA
Mesh Topology:- bl VksiksykWth esa dEI;wVj ;k usVodZ
fMokbl dks vkil esa dbZ baVjdusku ls tksMk tkrk gSA blesa
,d uksM dks vU; lHkh uksM ls tksMk tkrk gSA esk VksiksykWth
dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx loZj lkbZM fd;k tkrk gSA
ykHk%&
1&blesa usVodZ dHkh Mkmu ugh gksrk gSA
gkfu%&
2&;g eagxk usVoVZ gksrk gSA
3&;g complex network gksrk gS bldks LFkkfir
djuk dfBu gksrk gSA
24
Tree Topology:-This is combination of bus and

star topology.
VIRUS
Virus stand for Vital Information Resource
under seize. Virus is the program written for
purpose. These are design in such a way that they
enter the computer without the permission and
knowledge of the user. Virus attach them self with
the programs and even that program is executed
(Run) the automatically execute.
Types of Virus
There are two Basic categorise of virus.
(1) Boot Sector Virus :- These virus attack on
the Boot sector of the Hard disk or partition
table of the Hard disk.
(2) File Infector Virus:- These virus infect the
program files / Executable files having the
extension .exe, .com, .sys.
How Virus Enter Our System:(1) When we get/Copy or transfer any data that
has virus.
(2) When we downloaded something or
anything from the internet.
(3) When we receive or open emails.
(4) When we installed pirated software.
How to protect Our Computer From Virus:(1) Isolate (vkblksysV) the computer.
(2) Do not exchange the data from suspicious or
authorized person.
2. Network ls%& dEI;wVj usVodZ esa ,d dEI;wVj esa ok;jl
vkus ls iwjs usVodZ ds iwjs dEI;wVjl esa ok;jl QSy tkrk gSA
3. CD and Pen Drive ls%& ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj
esa MkVk dkWih djus ds fy;s lhMh ;k isu drive dk iz;ksx djrs
gSA ftlls ok;jl QSyus dk Mj cuk jgrk gSA ftl dEI;wVj ls
MkVk dks dkWih fd;k tk jgk gSA vkSj ;fn mlesa ok;jl gS
nwljs dEI;wVj esa Hkh ok;jl QSy tkrk gSA
4. Internet ls%& vktdy baVjusV dks ok;jl dk eq[;
okgd ekuk tkrk gSA ok;jl fuekZrk ok;jl dks QSykus ds fy;s
baVjusV dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tks ,d ljy ,oa lLrk ek/;e gksrk
gsA
Okk;jl ds izdkj (Type of virus):Okk;jl dks muds dk;Z ,oa fl}kar ds vk/kkj ij dbZ oxksZ esa ckWVk
x;k gSA tks fuEu gSA
1-Boot Sector Virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd ds cwV lsDVj
,sfj;k esa lso jgrs gSA vkSj tc dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ fd;k tkrk
gSA rks ;g dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ gksus ls jksdrs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj
dk;Z esa ck/kk mRiUu djrs gSA ;g ogqr [krjukd ok;jl gksrs
gSA
2 Partition table virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd dh
partition table dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA blls MkVk dks dksbZ
uqdlku ugh gksrk gSA ;g jse dh {kerk dks de dj nsrs gSA
,oa buiqV ,oa vkmViqV fMokbl ess problem djrs gSA
Tree Topology :-;g ,d fefJr VksiksykWth gSA ;g nks ;k

nks ls vf/kd VksiksykWth ls feydj gksrk gSA bles ,d back
bone cable gksrh gSA ftlls lHkh usVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSA
bldk vkdkj o`{k dh rjg gksus ls bldks tree topology dgk
tkrk gSA
YkkHk%&
1. blls cMs usVodZ dks tksMk tkrk gSA
gkfu%&
1. bldks cuuk dfBu gksrk gSA
2. ;g eagxh gksrh gSA
3. bldks lq/kkjuk dfBu gksrk gSa
VIRUS
VIRUS dk iwjk uke Vital Information Resource
Under Seze gSA ok;jl dEI;wVj esa NksVs & NksVs izksxzke gksrs
gSA tks autoexecute program gksrs tks dEI;wVj esa izosk
djds dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djrs gSA ok;jl
dgykrs gSA ekuo 'kjhj esa ok;jl izosk djds ftl rjg ekuo
'kjhj dks izHkkfor djrs gSA mlh rjg dEI;wVj ok;jl dEI;wVj
esa izosk djds dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djrs gSA
ysfdu ;g ekuo 'kjhj ok;jl ls fcYdqy fHkUu gksrs gSA
bfrgkl
dEI;wVj esa ok;jl 'kCn dk iz;ksx lcls igys dsyhQksfu;k
foofo/kky; ds ,d Nk= QsM dksgsu (Fred Cochen) us
vius 'kks/k i= esa fd;k Fkk A bl 'kks/k i= esa ;g nkkZ;k x;k
FkkA dh fdl izdkj izksxzke fy[kk tk; fd tks dEI;wVj essa izosk
djds mldh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor djs A ftl izdkj ekuo
'kjhj esa ok;jl izosk djds ekuo 'kjhj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks
izHkkfor djrk gSA lu~ 1980 ds nkd esa ok;jl ds ckjs esa dksbZ
ugh turk FkkA
vk/kqfud ok;jl C Brain dks dgk tkrk gSA bldk fuek.kZ
1986 esa ikfdLrku ds nks HkkbZ;ksa ckflr ,oa vetn us fd;k FkkA
;g nksuksa dEI;wVj software dk O;kikj djrs FksA C Brain
Virus us foo es Hkkjh uqdlku fd;k FkkA blds ckn dbZ
ok;jl dk fuek.kZ fd;k x;k A tks vyx vyx izdkj ls dk;Z
djrs gSA
y{k.k%&
1. Computer dh xfr /kheh gks tkrh gSA
2. DhcksMZ dh dk dk;Z cny tkrk gSA
3. blesa QkbZy dh lkbTk de ;k T;knk gks tkrh gSA
4. Ldzhu ij csdkj dh lwpuk;sa vkus yxrh gSA
5. fMLd dks QkWesZV dj nsrk gSA
6. QkbZYk ,oa QksYMj dk fuek.kZ djrk gSA vkSj mlds 'kkVZdV
dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA
7. dEI;wVj esa vko;d lwpukvksa dks u"V dj nsrk gSA
8. dEI;wVj jhLVkVZ gksus yxrk gSA
9. dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks de dj nsrk gSA
10. izksxzke ju gksus ls jksdrk gSA
ok;jl QSyus ds dkj.k %&
1.
pksjh ;k udyh software dk iz;ksx djus ls%& tks
Software xSj dkuwuh rjhds ls izkIr gksrs gSA
Pirated Software dgykrs gSA;g software virus gks ldrs
gSA
25
3 File Virus:- ;g ok;jl fdz;kafor gksus okyh QkbZyksa ds

lkFk tqMdj dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kyh dks
izHkkfor djrs gSA
4 Stealth Virus (xqIr ok;jl ):- ;g ok;jl vius uke ds
vuqlkj viuh igpku Nqikus dh dksfkk
djrs jgrs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA
5 Polymorphic Virus:- ;g ok;jl vius vki esa ckj ckj
cnys dh {kerk j[krs gSA rkfd ;g vius vkidks dEI;wVj esa
dkQh fnuksa rd lqjf{kr j[krs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks uqdlku
igqpkrs gSA vkSj budk irk yxk ikuk dfBu gksrk gSA D;ksfa d
;g gj ckj fcYdqy u;s :Ik esa gksrs gSA
6 Macro Virus:- ;g foks"k izdkj dh QkbZyksa dks uqdlku
igqpkrs gSA ;g MS Office Files ds MkVk dks uqdlku
igqpkrs gSA vkSj ;g esdzks izksxzke ds :Ik esa fNis jgrs gSA dqN
egRoiw.kZ ok;jl dk ifjp; fuEu gSA
7 Ekkbdy ,sfa tyks ok;jl %& ;g ok;jl ekbdy ,sfa tyks ds
tUe fnol 5 March dks dEI;wVj dks
uqdlku igqpkrk gSA bl fnu nqfu;k esa vf/kdkak dEI;wVj can
jgrs gSA ;g ok;jl dsoy ,d fnu gh dk;Z
djrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks Hkkjh uqdlku igqpkrk gSA
8 Disk washer :- ;g ok;jl fMLd dks Format djds
MkVk dks gVkrk gSA vkSj ckn esa ,d eSlst
NksMrk gSA Disk washer with Love blds bl eSlst ds
vk/kkj ij bldk ;g uke iMkA
9 Bomb :- ce lkekU; izksxzke esa fNik gqvk ,d dk;Zdze
gksrk gSA ce fdlh dzksf/kr deZpkjh ds }kjk
dk;ZfUor fd;k tkrk gSA lkWQVos;j esa ce Hkh Mkyus ds
mnkgj.k feyrs gSA rkfd ;fn pksjh dh gqbZ software dk iz;ksx
fd;k tk; rks ce ml izfr dks gkMZ fMLd ls feVk nsA ;g
ok;jl rFkk Trojans dh rjg gh ;wtj ce dh mis{kk djrs gSA
10 Trojans:- ;g ,slk izksxzke gSA tks dqN mi;ksxh rFkk
ykHkdkjh dk;Z djus dk nkok djrs gSA rFkk oLrq% fdz;kfUor
fd;s tkus ij flLVe dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA dqN bl izdkj ds
ok;jl ladzfer gksrs dh viuk dk;Z ugha djrs cfYd ,d foks"k
fnukad vkus ds ckn lfdz; gksrs gSA rFkk dEI;wVj dks uqdlku
igqpkrs gSA tSls gkMZfMLd dks QkWjesV djuk A
11 Worms(okWe)%& okWe ,d izdkj ls ok;jl ls lekurk
j[krk gSA D;ksfa d ;g Hkh ok;jl dh rjg vius vki dks nqxuk
djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA ijUrq ;g fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; Qkbyksa dks
ladzfer ugha djrk gSA ;g vius dksM dks rsth ls nqgjkrs gq;s
gkMZfMLd dks Qqy djus dh dksfkk djrk gSA
12 Email Hoaxes(besy gksDl)%& ;g ok;jl bZ esy dh
lgk;rk ls Hkstk x;k ok;jl gksrk ;g ;wtj dks ok;jl gksus dh
lwpuk nsrk gSA vkSj ;g vius fe=ksa dks lwfpr djus dks dgrk
gSA tcfd okLro esa ,slk dqN Hkh ugh gksrk gSa ;g ok;jl ;wtj
dk le; u"V djrk gSA vkSj ekfuld :Ik ls ijskku djrk gSA
13 Companions:- ;g ok;jl fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; QkbZyksa ds
lkFk tqM tkrk gSA vkSj Qkbyksa ds LFkku ij vius vki dks ju
djrk gS ftlls [krjukd ifj.kke vkrs gSA
Okk;jl ls Ckpko ,oa vfHkKku (Virus Prevention and
Detection)%&
Okk;jl ls cpko djuk dksbZ dfBu dk;Z ugh gSA blds fy;s gesa
FkksM+h ls tkudkjh ,oa dqN utility softwaredk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg;sA dEI;wVj esa orginal antivirus dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg;s A ;g oftwra e vius vki fdz;kfUor gksdj ok;jl dkirk
yxkrs gSA vkSj mldks dEI;wVj ls gVk nsrs gSA le; le; ij
antivirus dks vkiMsV djrs jguk pkfg;rkfd ;g u;s ok;jl
dk Hkh irk yxk lds A
vktdy cktkj es dbZ daiuh;sa antivirus dk fuek.kZ djrh
gSA ftles ls viuh vko;rk ds vuqlkj
antivirus [kjhn dj iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s A dqN yksdfiz; ok;jl
izfrjks/kd fuEu gSa
McAfee Virus Scan, K5 Total Securirty, Nortron
Anti Virus
vyx vyx antivius esa vyx vyx foks"krk,sa gksrh gSA
26

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DCAA & PGDCA

Email Id:- sankalpsingh.apoorva@gmail.com, sanskarcomputerspbh@gmail.com

EDVAC:- It stand for Electronic Discrete Variable

EDSAC:- It stand for Electronic Delay (fMys)

Second Generation (1955-1964) f}rh; ih<+h%&

1-IBM -1620 2-IBM-1401 3-CDC-3600

1-IBM -1602 2-IBN-1401 3-CDC-3600

3-Third Generation Computers(1960):The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The

Third Generation dh foks"krk,s%a &

ON THE BASICS OF FUNCTION:-Type of

Type of Computers(dEI;wVj ds izdkj)

3. Hybrid Computer :- os dEI;wVj tks ,ukykWx ,oa

ON THE BASIS OF SIZE

I-Desktop Computer:A personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit

II-Note Books OR Laptops:A portable computer complete with an integrated

2-Mini Computer:The processor of Mini Computer is small but larger

3-MAINFRAME COMPUTER:It has larger processor and multiuser device .

4-SUPER COMPUTER:The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are

1-Desktop Computer:- Desktop Computer os

1-INPUT:this is the process of entering data and programs

dEI;wVj flLVe ds nks izdkj gksrs gSA

CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA lhih;w

PERIPHERAL DEVICES :Peripheral devices are

1-Input Devices:Input devices accept data and instructions from the

Input devices: - os fMokbl ftudh iz;ksx MkVk dks dEI;wVj

1. Function key: -;g dh dhcksMZ esa lcls ij gksrh gSaA

6-Microphone For Voice As Input:A microphone is used to

Touch Screen:- Touch Screen dk iz;ksx vktdy

LCD (Liquid Cristal Display):- ,y0lh0Mh0

LED(Light Emitting (bfefVax) Diode (Mk;ksM)

Printers:- ffVax ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gS tks dEI;wVj ls

Drum Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d Me gksrk gSA bl ij Bksl

(b)Drum Printer:-An old line printer technology

(c)Band Printer:-A line printer that uses a

Band Printer:- bl fizaVj esa ,d csM

(ii)-Non-Impact Printer:- In this technology there

(ii)-Non-Impact Printer:- uku&bEiSDV fuVj tks fd

Speakers:-Speakers are another type of output

Speaker:- Speaker dh lgk;rk ls ge Multimedia

Plotter:- Plotter ,d Output Device gS tks Charts,

1-PRIMARY MEMORY:- The primary memory

There are two types of RAM.

tSls ckbZV] fdyksckbZV ]esxkckbZV] xhxkckbZV ,oa VsjkckbZV blesa

DRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Dyanamic Ramdam Access

SRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Staic Randam Access

SDRAM:- ;g flaksul Mk;ukfed RAM gksrk gS

I-PROM (Programble Rammable Read only

Ex: DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate

PROM: - bldk iwjk uke Programble Read Only

Flash Drives:-;g ,d izdkj ls EE-PROM eseksjh gSa

2-Secondary Memory:Secondary memory is where program

CD-ROMs or floppy disks.

Optical Disk :- Optical Disk os fMLd gksrh gSaA ftlesa

Main Part of System Uni

Main Part of System Unit

I-CPU:- CPU is the most important part of a

I-CPU:- lhih;w okLrfod eq[; txg ysrk gS] tgkW ,d

III-RAM:- This is where our computer keeps the

VII-Sound Card:- ;g dkMZ /ofu vkSj laxhr [ksyus ds

in a computer. A power supply unit is typically

vko';drk gksrh gS] tcfd lcls de 5 oksYV dh vko;drk

IX-Internal Speaker:- beeps, beeping

IX-Internal Speaker:- It is a speaker on the