INTRODUCTION

Fluid
Fluid is a substance, as a liquid or gas as that is capable of flowing and change its shape.
Distinction between solid and fluid are;
Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming. Stress is proportional to strain.
Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear. Stress is proportional to strain rate.
Fluid flows can be classified according to their compressibility, regime, place, and response
for viscosity.
Classification of Fluid Flows
1) Compressible-fluid and Non-compressible fluid
Fluids are classified in two main titles according to their density: compressible-fluid
and non-compressible fluid. Compressible fluids, exhibit significant intensity changes against
temperature and pressure changes. On the other hand, the density of incompressible fluid flow
through change very little, so the density is considered is constant. Liquid flows are typically
incompressible.
2) Newtonian fluid, Non-Newtonian fluid and other fluids
Secondly, fluids can be classified depends on their viscosity. They are Newtonian
fluid, non-Newtonian fluid and other fluids. Newtonian fluid such as oil water exhibit
constant viscosity but virtually no elasticity. In non-Newtonian fluids such as polymeric
materials, viscosity is not constant or exhibits significant elasticity. And also other fluids such
as mud, toothpaste, behave essentially as solids and will not flow when subject to small shear
forces, but will flow under high shear forces. Newton developed a formula to calculate
viscosity of a fluid. If fluids conform to Newtons law, it is called Newtonian fluid.

:the coefficient of dynamic viscosity

: the velocity gradient.

3) Internal External Flow

In fluid mechanics, internal flow is a flow for which the fluid is confined by a surface.
Internal flows are dominated by the influence of viscosity throughout the flow field. For
external flows, viscous effects are limited to the boundary layer and wake.
4) Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Laminar flow is relatively low-speed flow in which the trajectories followed by fluid parcels
are very regular and smooth; furthermore, there is no indication that these trajectories might
exhibit drastic changes in direction.
Turbulent flow is a type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid undergoes irregular
fluctuations, or mixing, in contrast to laminar flow, in which the fluid moves in smooth paths
or layers. In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing
changes in both magnitude and direction.
The flow regime is calculated by the Reynolds dimensionless groups.
Re

D * V max *

D:diameter (m)

Re< 2300, flow is laminar.

2300 <Re< 4000 transitional flow
Re> 4000 the flow is turbulent. [2]

V:velocity (m/s)

: density (kg/m3)


: dynamic viscosity (kg/ms)

(a) Laminar flow

(b) Periodic way laminar
(c) Turbulent [1]

Pumps
A pump is a device that moves fluids or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Pump
selection is made on the ow rate and head required, together with other process
considerations, such as corrosion or the presence of solids in the uid.
Pumps can be classied into two general types:
1. Centrifugal pumps
2. Positive displacement pumps, (reciprocating and diaphragm pumps)
1. Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal pumps can be identified by their snail-shaped casing, called the scroll. Centrifugal
pumps are found in many areas such as clothes washers and dryers, hairdryers. The singlestage, horizontal, overhung, centrifugal pump is by far the most commonly used type in the
chemical process industry. Other types are used where a high head or other special process
considerations are specied. Fluid enters axially through the hollow middle portion of the
pump (the eye), after which it encounters the rotating blades. It acquires tangential and radial
velocity by momentum transfer with the impeller blades, and acquires additional radial

velocity by so-called centrifugal forces, which are actually a lack of sufficient centripetal
forces to sustain circular motion.

2. Positive Displacement Pumps

A positive-displacement turbine may be thought of as a positive-displacement pump running
backward as fluid pushes into a closed volume; it turns a shaft or displaces a reciprocating
rod. The closed volume of fluid is then pushed out as more fluid enters the device. There is a
net head loss through the positive-displacement turbine. Energy is extracted from the flowing
fluid and is turned into mechanical energy.
[1] J. M. McDonough. LECTURES IN ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS: Physics,
Mathematics and Applications.( 2009)
[2] [1] engel, Y. A., Cimbala, J. M. Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd
Edition, McGraw Hill, 2010