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Gettingstarted
Gettingstarted
Introductiontoseismic
exploration
XiangYangLi
YangLi
Introduction
Geophysicalexploration
Seismicexploration
Essentialprocessesofseismicexploration
Seismicdataacquisition
Seismicdataprocessing
Seismicdatainterpretation
Modernseismicmethods
Milestonesandhistoricaldevelopments
Notes
MethodstoexploretheEarthssubsurface
Geologicalexploration
Geochemicalexploration
Geochemicalexploration
Drilling
Utilizingthedifferencesintherocksphysical
propertiestounderstandthesubsurface
structureandrockformation
Geophysicalmethods
GravityRocksdensitydifference
Rocksdensitydifference
MagneticRocksmagneticproperty
Rocksmagneticproperty
ElectricRockselectricalproperty
Rockselectricalproperty
SeismicRockselasticity
Rockselasticity
BasiccharacteristicsofGeophysicalmethods
(1)Originatedfromphysics
Magneticfield,electricalfield,gravity,wavetheory,
radiation,etc
Tostudytheearthsvariationinphysicalpropertyandphysical
phenomenon
Unlikegeologicalmethods,itisanindirectmethodtostudytherock
androckformation
Canprovideinformationonboththenearsurfaceandthedeepsurface
(2)Thereexisttwotransformationsfortheuseof
geophysicalmethodstostudythesubsurfacegeology:
1)transformthegeologicalproblemintoageophysicalproblem,
andestablishthelinksbetweenthegeologicalfeaturesandthe
geophysicalanomalies
forwardmodelling
2)transformtheobservedgeophysicalanomaliesintogeological
featuresbasedontheestablishedlinks,andexpressedthe
anomaliesintermsofgeologicalmaps. inversesolution
(3)Thegeophysicalsolutionorinterpretationisnon
(3)Thegeophysicalsolutionorinterpretationisnonunique
1)differentgeologicalbodiesmayhavethesamephysicalproperties
2)thecombinationofdifferentsize,shapes,fluidtypeandgeometry
amongthegeologicalbodiesmayproducethesamephysical
phenomenon
(4)Applicabilityofthegeophysicalmethods
Everygeophysicalmethodhasitslimitationsandapplicability
ComparisonofGeophysicalmethods
Methodsforoilexploration
Seismic
Others
Radiation
Geothermal
Welllogging
E&M
Electric
Magnetic
Gravity
Percentage
10
S01:Introduction
Seismicexploration
Notes
11
Seismicexploration
Seismicprovidesthemainsourceofdataaboutthe
subsurfaceat,orapproaching,reservoirscale
Themainprincipleofseismicsistosendavibration
(elasticwave)downtoourtarget,andallowthis
energytointeractwiththattarget
Someofthisenergypropagatesbacktothesurface
andisrecorded.Unfortunatelywealsorecordmany
andisrecorded.Unfortunatelywealsorecordmany
otherinteractions.
12
Seismicexploration
Wetrytoextracttherelativelysmallpartrelatingtoour
targetinteraction.Thisisacomplextask,andhas
neitheraunique,noranobjectivesolution
Dataprocessinginvolvessubjectiveinterpretation.
Dataprocessinginvolvessubjectiveinterpretation
Seismicinterpretationestimatesgeometryand
propertiestheEarth.Again,thishasahighly
nonuniquesolution,andinterpretersshouldalwaysbe
encouragedtopresentitassuch.
encouragedtopresentitassuch.
13
Seismicreflectionsurvey
14
15
Thebasicprocessofseismicexploration
Exciteaseismicwave
Producingavibrationonthesurface
Recordofseismicwave
Recordingthewavesreflectedbackfromthesubsurface
Reconstructtheprocessofthewavepropagation
Fromtherecordedwaves,reconstructingtheprocessofthe
wavepropgation,includingitsreflectionpointandraypathes,
andthegeologicalinformationcantheninferedfromthe
andthegeologicalinformationcantheninferedfromthe
reconstructedimages
16
Basicprinciples
Waystoinfersubsurfacegeologicalstructure
1.usingheadwaves,orrefractedwaves
1.usingheadwaves,orrefractedwaves
2.usingreflectedwaves
Earlyseismicexplorationisbasedonrefractedwaves
19191921
Fromthe1930s,reflectedwavesstartedtousefor
s,reflectedwavesstartedtousefor
oilexploration.Modernseismicexplorationare
primarilybasedonthereflectedwaves
primarilybasedonthereflectedwaves
17
Basicprinciple
Source,geophonespread
spreadand terminal.
18
http://www.globalgeophysical.com/about_ggs.html
BasicprincipleMarine
19
Commonmidpoint
Thenumberoftimesthesamepointona
reflectorissampledasthefoldofcoverage.
Forexample:12differentshotgeophonelocations
Forexample:12differentshotgeophonelocations
20
Basicprinciples
Wavesexcitedonthesurfacepropagatedownwardsandreflect
backtothesurface
Surface
Sand
Interface1
Shale
Interface2
Limestone
21
Anexample
Exampleofthereflectionseismicsection.Thexaxisdenotesthehorizontaldistance,the
Exampleofthereflectionseismicsection.Thex
yaxisdenotesthetwowayrunningtimeoftheseismicwaves.Iftheseismicpropagation
wayrunningtimeoftheseismicwaves.Iftheseismicpropagation
velocityisknown,therunningtimecanbeconvertedintodepthvalues.
http://www.bgr.bund.de/cln_101/nn_335676/EN/Themen/GG__Geophysik/Mari
ne__Geophysik/Seismik/Bilder/seism__verfahren__2__reflexionsseism__sektio
22
n__p__en,templateId=neuesFenster.html
n__p__en,templateId=neuesFenster.html
Anexample
Water
sand
Uninterpretatedsection
Interpretedsections
23
Gas
sand
S01:Introduction
Seismicexploration
Notes
24
Essentialprocesses
25
Essentialprocesses
1st stageseismicdataacquisition
seismicdataacquisition
fieldworklogistics:surveylayout,source,
fieldworklogistics:surveylayout,source,
recordingequipment
26
SeismicDataacquisition
Dataacquisition
27
Seismicdataacquisitionsystems
Thefundamentalpurposeofseismicsurveysisto
accuratelyrecordgroundmotioncausedbyknown
sourcesinaknownlocation.
Therecordofgroundmotionwithtimeconstitutesa
seismogram.
Theessentialinstrumentalrequirementsareto
1.
2.
3.
generateaseismicpulsewithasuitablesource
detecttheseismicwavesinthegroundwithasuitable
transducer.
recordanddisplayseismicwaveformsonasuitable
recordanddisplayseismicwaveformsonasuitable
seismograph.
28
Seismicfieldwork
Seismicfieldwork
Detectors
Vibratortruck
Recordingtruck
29
Offshorereflectionseismicdataacquisitionusingairguns
andstreamer
Source:BGR
http://www.bgr.bund.de/cln_101/nn_335676/EN/Themen/GG__Geophysik/Marine__G
30
eophysik/Seismik/Erfassung/erfassung__inhalt__en.html
eophysik/Seismik/Erfassung/erfassung__inhalt__en.html
Essentialprocesses
31
Essentialprocesses
2nd stageindoordataprocessing
indoordataprocessing
basedwavepropagationtheory,usingcomputerto
reconstructtheprocessofwavepropagationfrom
constructtheprocessofwavepropagationfrom
therecordeddata
32
33
ProcessingFlows
Demultiplexing
Traceheadergeneration<
Traceheadergeneration<observers
data
Sphericaldivergencecorrection
Noiseattenuation
Deconvolutionbeforestack
Bandpassfilter
Tracenormalization
Staticcorrection
Processingflows(contd)
VelocityAnalysis
NormalMoveOutCorrection
Tracemute
AVOanalysis
CMPStack
Residualstaticsestimation&application
DipMoveOutCorrection
DipMoveOutCorrection
Velocityanalysis
DMOstack
Signalenhancement
Deconafterstack
TimeVariantFilter
Migration
Datadisplay
ProcessingFlows
Demultiplexing
Traceheadergeneration<
Traceheadergeneration<observers
data
Sphericaldivergencecorrection
Noiseattenuation
Bandpassfilter
Tracenormalization
Staticcorrection
SEISMICDATAPROCESSING
Softwarefromvariouscontractors
Softwarefromvariouscontractors
Essentialprocesses
39
Essentialprocesses
3rd stage:Seismicdatainterpretation
basedontheestablishedlinkesbetweenwave
anomaliesandgeologicalfeatures,interpretthe
reconstructwavefieldsintermsofsubsurface
structuresandrockformationproperties
structuresandrockformationproperties
40
Interpretationofseismicdata
41
Asforinterpretation,fromtheprocessedseismicdatathegeological
structureandthedevelopmentoftheearth'scrustarededuced.Onthe
basisoftheseismicreflectionhorizonsageologicallayermodelis
developed.Theresultsofothermarinegeoscientificexploration
methodsarealsoconsidered.
SeismicreflectionprofileandinterpretationfromtheMentawaiforearcbasin
http://www.bgr.bund.de/cln_101/nn_335676/EN/Themen/GG__Geophysik/Marine__Geophysik/Seis
42
mik/Bilder/interpretation1__p__en,templateId=neuesFenster.html
Structural interpretation
43
S01:Introduction
Seismicexploration
Notes
44
3Dseismicexploration
VerticalSeismicprofiles
Crosswellseismic
wellseismic
Multicomponentseismic
4Dseismic
Othermethods
45
3DLayout
46
OneDayofOperation
OneDayofOperation
47
3DLayoutinmarineoperations
3DLayoutinmarineoperations
48
Differencesbetween2Dand3Dseismic
Differencesbetween2Dand3Dseismic
49
50
Comparisonof2Dwith3D
2Dresults
3Dresults
51
Crosswellseismic
wellseismic
4Dseismic
Othermethods
52
VSP
ZeroOffsetVSP
Checkshotsurvey
ATLAS
WESTERN
WalkawayVSP
Wireline
3DVSP
ReverseVSP
Geophone
BA99212x
Recording
ATLAS
WESTERN
OffsetVSP
Source
ZeroOffsetVSP
Source
Recording
ATLAS
WESTERN
Wireline
ATLAS
WESTERN
spacing50ft.
Geophones
BA99212y
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Checkshotsurvey
Zerooffset
Source
Recording
ATLAS
WESTERN
Wireline
ATLAS
WESTERN
spacing500ft.
Geophones
BA99212z
55
OffsetVSP
offset
Wireline
Recording
Source
ATLAS
WESTERN
ATLAS
WESTERN
Geophone
56
Crosswell&Singlewellgeometries
Crosswell&Singlewellgeometries
BA99212ff
Fracmonitoring
Minifracmonitoring
fracmonitoringsinglewell
Hydraulicfracturingmonitoring
Hydraulicfracturingmonitoringmultiwell
Fluidflow
Fluidflow
Seismic
receiver
Minifrac
Mini
frac
survey
Packer
BA99212ii
58
Crosswellseismicsurveygeometry
Crosswellseismicsurveygeometry
59
Wavemodes
presentinashotgather
presentinashotgather
60
Crosswellreflectionsection
(with3Dsurfaceseismictracessuperimposed)
Dsurfaceseismictracessuperimposed)
61
Crosswellseismic
wellseismic
4Dseismic
Othermethods
62
63
http://www.crewes.org/ResearchLinks/ConvertedWaves/page2.php
Detectors(Geophones)
Threecomponentgeophones
64
Outlineofmarinemulticomponentacquisition
65
http://www.westerngeco.com/content/services/marine/multicomponent/index.asp?
http://www.westerngeco.com/content/services/marine/multicomponent/index.asp?
Multicomponentrecords
Xcomponent
Ycomponent
Zcomponent
66
Multicomponentrecords
Xcomponent
Ycomponent
component
Zcomponent
67
MulticomponentVSP
Xcomponent
Ycomponent
component
Zcomponent
68
Multicomponentimages
Multicomponentimages
69
Crosswellseismic
wellseismic
4Dseismic
Othermethods
70
4DSeismicTechnology
4DSeismicTechnology
Analysisof4D
differences
Repeated
3DSeismic
Time1
Time 2
2
Differencing
Residualoils
71
Anexampleof4DseismicfromtheGulfofMexico
72
73
AnexamplefromtheGulfofMexico
Left: oil (green), water (blue) and gas (red) distribution interpreted from
boreholeloggingdata
Right:residualoil(green)andgas(red)
(red)distributioninterpretedfrom4Dseismic
74
Seismicwhiledrilling(SWD)
drilling(SWD)
Onshore&offshore
TOMEXsurveys:reverseVSPprocessing
crosscorrelation
correlation
Rig
sensor
Recording
Receivers
Drillbit
BA99212ee
SpatialComputationofMicroseismicEvents
DisplayCourtesy
ESGCanadaLtd.
and
AcousticMappingConsultants
Treatment
Well
Well
ESG
Analysis
Observation
Well
FRACMAP
Model
76
S01:Introduction
Seismicexploration
Notes
77
Milestones
Seismicrecordinghasgonethroughthree
stages:
1Photorecordsrecordingthesurfacevibrationusingphoto
recordingthesurfacevibrationusingphoto
graphicequipment,andprocessedcompletelybyahumanbrain
2Analoguetaperecordingtaperecordingthesubsurface
taperecordingthesubsurface
vibration,similartovoicetaperecording,andprocessedby
analoguecomputers
3Digitalrecordingdigitallyrecordingthesubsurfacevibration
digitallyrecordingthesubsurfacevibration
andprocessedbyamainframedigitalcomputers
framedigitalcomputers
78
Thedigitalrevolution
Thedigitalrevolution
Startedinthe1960s
Threekeytechnologies
Threekeytechnologies
1)fielddigitalrecordingsystems
2)Vibroseiscontrolledsources
controlledsources
3)multiplecoverageandstacking
79
The1980s
Rapiddevelopmentofprocessingand
interpretationtechnologiesinthe1980s:
1Seismicattributesanalysis
Seismicattributesanalysis
1Amplitudeattributes(e.g.AVO
Amplitudeattributes(e.g.AVO
2Velocityrelatedattributes
relatedattributes
3Instantaneousattributes
Instantaneousattributes
2Boreholeseismictechnology
Boreholeseismictechnology
1Verticalseismicprofile(VSP
Verticalseismicprofile(VSP
2crosswellseismic
33Dseismic
4Multicomponentseismic
80
3Dseismic
Aleapforwardfrom2Dto3D
Startedinthe1980s
Moreaccurateseismicimaging
Moreaccurateseismicimaging
81
The1990s
1.Highresolutionseismic
2.4Dseismictimelapseseismic
timelapseseismic
3.Seismic3Ddepthimaging
3.Seismic3Ddepthimaging
82
The21stcentury
1Integration
Geophysicalintegration:Seismic,logging,
gravity,magnetic
Explorationandproductionintegration:
geophysicswithpetroleumengineering
2.Theeraofreservoirgeophysics
2.Theeraofreservoirgeophysics
83
Introduction
Seismicexploration
Notes
84
Notes
1. Explorationmethods
Explorationmethods
2. Geophysicalexploration
3. Essentialprocessesofseismic
exploration
4. Milestone
5. Majorbreakthroughs
Majorbreakthroughs
85

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Gettingstarted

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