IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 12 | June 2016

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Harmonic Mitigation by Grid Connected

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based
on Wind Energy Convertor System for Improving
Power Quality
Vivek G. Katara
M. Tech Student
Department of Electrical Engineering
TGPCET Nagpur, India.

Dr. Hari Kumar Naidu

Dean & Head of Dept.
Department of Electrical Engineering
TGPCET Nagpur, India.
Arun Katara
Assistant Professor
DMIETR Wardha, India

Abstract
The paper presents a method of harmonic mitigation for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) coupled wind
turbine interconnected with the infinite grid. Two voltage source inverters one at generator side is connected as Voltage Source
Inverter (VSI) to extract maximum power from fluctuating wind turbine using vector control strategy and the other inverter is
connected to the grid side Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) which feeds the generated active power to the grid in addition to
suppress harmonics at PCC point of common coupling. The grid side VSI is controlled by the Instantaneous Synchronous
Component Theory technique. Thus, with the help of both VSIs the power quality is improved and the due Sinusoidal current
signal is obtained at Unity Power Factor which is fed to the grid. The system model is developed in MATAB /SIMULINK to
verify the effectiveness of the control strategies of both the inverters and the system as a whole. The result shows the
effectiveness of harmonic mitigation in the system, while connecting the wind turbine with the grid.
Keywords: Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), Instantaneous Symmetrical Component Theory (ISCT),
Vector Control, Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), Total harmonic Distortion (THD)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I.

INTRODUCTION

The recent increase in energy consumption is due to increasing day to day demand and due to depletion of energy sources like
petroleum, fossil fuels etc., and the renewable energy is the need of the hour. Mainly two sources of nature are extensively used
such as Solar and Wind power to meet the increasing demand, worldwide. The extraction of solar energy, has few limitations
such as requirement of large area and energy storage devices. The weather variation also severely affects the performance of the
system. With the increase in the wind turbine size, the electrical power production is also increased [7]. The growth in choice for
wind turbine is also due to the recent advancement in power electronics devices. Hence it had become most suitable along with
low cost venture. In early development of wind energy fixed speed induction generator were often used [1] but with the
limitations such as low efficiency and power quality which had adversely affected the performance and its further applications.
With the emerging technology available at present the variable speed wind turbine generator such as Doubly Fed Induction
Generator (DFIG) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is the preferred technology.
The PMSG had several advantages such as possibility of extraction of the optimal energy for different wind speeds, reduction of
mechanical constraints by elimination of gearbox, which in turn improves reliability of the system and reduction in maintenance
expenses as well. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is characterized by small value inductances, which
elevates performances for generator and better controllability. Hence it makes VSI based PMSG wind turbine useful than DFIG
wind turbine.
The output of the PMSG is controlled through Generator-VSI for the extraction of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) by
providing current controlled hysteresis PWM based vector control strategy as other control strategies are based on optimum
power/torque tracking which uses wind velocity to obtain the designed shaft speed of the generator. However these are costly
and less reliable for a small turbine (2).
Hence the vector control strategy for generator side converter with output maximization of a PMSG based small turbine
system is used. The generator side Inverter is controlled to achieve maximum Power from wind. It is simple and low cost
solution for a small wind turbine system.

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Harmonic Mitigation by Grid Connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based on Wind Energy Convertor System for Improving Power Quality
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 12 / 057)
PMSG

i gen , abc ( t )

Grid
Generator VSI

Grid VSI
PCC

L s , abc

L f , abc

i dc

R f ,abc

Rs ,abc

Wind Turbine

Cdc v dc

iinv,abc(t)

DC Link

G1-G6

i s , abc ( t )
il , abc ( t )

G1-G6

Wgen

r
Control Algorithm

iinv,abc(t )

igen , abc ( t ) v dc

id*

Unbalanced
&
Non-Linear
Load

w gen w *gen

Fig. 1: Block Diagram representation of PMSG Based WECS

The generated power is first transferred to DC link through generator VSI which provides isolation from generated AC power
and eliminates the requirement of synchronization with grid. The DC power is fed to the grid through Grid side Voltage Source
Inverter (G-VSI).
The Grid Side Voltage Source Inverter (G-VSI) control strategies is based on instantaneous symmetrical component theory
(ISCT). There are number of control schemes available in the literatures for micro grid applications such as synchronous
reference theory, power balance theory and DC vector control (1). There algorithms requires complex transformations. However,
the applied control strategy of the instantaneous symmetrical component based control is simple in formulation, avoids
interpretation of instantaneous reactive power and requires simple transformations. The instantaneous symmetrical component
theory is used to control Grid side Voltage Source Inverter (G-VSI) for micro grid applications which has following
characteristics.
1) It regulates the DC link voltage.
2) It Injects generated wind power into the grid.
In addition to this ISCT control is used to improve power quality issues like.
1) Load balancing on the grid.
2) Compensation of reactive power.
3) Elimination of current harmonics generated by nonlinear loads.
4) Supply power at unity power factor (UPF).
The simulation on MATLAB is done and results are obtained to validate the active power injection as well as improvement in
power quality features simultaneously.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
The proposed system is shown in Fig.1 It consists of wind turbine coupled to PMSG which is again connected to two voltage
source inverter Generator-VSI and Grid-VSI which is coupled through a DC link. The PMSG is connected through the
AC/DC/AC system, the power generated is first transferred to DC link and then from DC link to grid. The system is composed of
unbalanced and nonlinear loads at the point of common coupling which distorts the wave form.In addition it inject harmonics
into the grid system which is used to compensate harmonics, while fulfilling the reactive power demand. By using the
nonlinear and unbalanced loads simultaneously, it enables the grid to supply only sinusoidal current at unity power factor.
The system parameters used for simulation study is given in Table -I.
System Quantities
System voltages
Linear Load
Non Linear Load
Grid VSI Parameters
Hysteresis band

Table 1
System Parameters
Values
150V peak phase to neutral, 50Hz
Zla=50+j1.57, Zlb=45+j3.14, Zlc=40+j4.71
Three phase full bridge rectifier load feeding a R-L load of 44-3mH
Cdc=660F, Vdcref=600V, Lf=20H, Rf=2
0.25A

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Harmonic Mitigation by Grid Connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based on Wind Energy Convertor System for Improving Power Quality
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 12 / 057)

Rs=0.5, Ld=0.01H, Lq=0.01H,

Vpeak L-L=150V, Pole pairs=5
12m/s

PMSG Parameters
Wind speed

III. INVERTOR CONTROL AND REFERENCE CURRENT GENERATION

Two independent voltage source inverters are used, which are connected through a common DC link. Two separate control
strategies are used for generator side VSI and grid side VSI with independent control.
Modeling of the Wind Turbine:
The Model under study employs PMSG based Variable Speed WECS as shown in Fig1. The Modelling of Wind Turbine is
described here under. The expression of the mechanical torque developed by a wind turbine T m is given by the following
equation
Tm

1
2

R t C p ,
2

(1)

Such that:

Rt

(2)

In order to simulate the wind generation system, an empirical expression Cp(,)of has been considered in
0 . 1
C p 0 . 5 0 . 00167 2 sin
0 . 00184 2 3
12 0 . 3 2

(3)

Generator Side VSI Control:

PMSG

Generator-VSI

idc , w

N
Wind Turbine

Tw

i dc
Cdc

G1-G6
Hysteresis
Controller

Wgen

vw
*
i gen
, abc( t )

MPPT &
Vector Control

*
i gen

id* 0
Wgen
Fig. 2: Block diagram of generator side control

Fig.2 shows Block diagram for the generator side. The generator side starts from Wind Turbine till DC Link. The Generator Side
VSI is responsible for control the generator speed under fluctuating wind condition and Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT). The Vector control strategy is used to extract maximum power from the wind turbine and transfer power to the load
which is shown in Fig.3.

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Harmonic Mitigation by Grid Connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based on Wind Energy Convertor System for Improving Power Quality
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 12 / 057)

vdc
PI

vd*

PI

PI

vdi

L f id

vd

id

vq

iq

vq* 0

id*

dq

L f iq

*
q

i
PI

vd

PI

abc

vqi

Hysteresis
PWM

v
*
dc

To
Generotor
Side VSI

Fig. 3: Block Diagram Representation of Vector Control

The vector control scheme used is based on a synchronously rotating reference frame. The angular velocity of the rotating axis
system is set in the controller and defines the electrical frequency at the load.
q axis

is

b axis

vd V

iq

d axis

a axis

c axis

Fig.4: abc and rotating reference analysis

The vector representation of a balanced tree phase system and their equivalent vector in a rotating frame is shown in Fig.4.
Transforming the voltage equation wind dq transform in the rotating reference frame is depicted as follows:
di d
(4)
v d v di R f i d L f
L f iq
dt
di q
v q v qi R f i q L f
L f id
(5)
dt
Where,
Lf and Rf are the filter inductance and resistance. vd, vq and id, iq are the direct and quadrature axis components respectively.
Using the dq transformation, the active power is given by
P

3
2
3

v d i d

(6)

v d i q v q i d

(7)

v q iq

In the reference axis frame vq=0 and vd=|V|.

The equation for active and reactive power will be
P

3
2

v d i d

3
2

V id

(8)

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Harmonic Mitigation by Grid Connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based on Wind Energy Convertor System for Improving Power Quality
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 12 / 057)

3
2

v d i q

3
2

(9)

V iq

Therefore active and reactive power can be controlled by direct and quadrature current component respectively.
IV. GRID SIDE VSI CONTROL
Grid VSI

i dc

L f ,abc

R f , abc

i dc , i inv

PCC

Rs ,abc

iinv,abc(t)

v dc

L s , abc

vs

i s , abc ( t )
il , abc ( t )

iw

G1-G6
Hysteresis
Controller

Unbalanced
&
Non-Linear
Load

+
iinv ,abc ,ref (t )
Modified
Instantaneous
Symmetrical
Component Theory

v dc

Pl , avg Pw

il , abc ( t )

vl ,abc(t )
Fig. 5: Block Diagram of Grid Side Control

The Grid VSI Control approach is shown in figure 5. The grid side VSI is responsible for regulating dc-link voltage so as to
maintain power balance under both fluctuating wind and grid disturbances.
The non-linear and unbalance load may consist of three component that is active, reactive and harmonic current but the purpose
of the system is to supply only the active component.
In this proposed system reference current for grid side VSI is generated employing ISCT. The main purpose of this scheme is
to generate three reference current waveform which are proportional to the wind power and reactive power compensation as
there are three phase three wire system which generates three currents equation which are as follows
Condition-1: The supply current must be balance

i sa i sb i sc 0

(10)
Condition-2: The desired power factor of the source can be set randomly to have a pre-defined power factor from the source, the

V sa1
i sa 1
relationship between the angles of
and
is given as follows

V sa1 i sa1
(11)

V
i
Where is desired phase angle between sa 1 and sa 1
Condition-3: The source should absorb the net average power

Ps Plavg Ps Ploss

i in v , a i la
*

v sa v sb v sc

i in v , c i lc
*

la vg

P s Plo ss

i in v , b i lb
*

v sc v sa v sb

la vg

(12)
v sb v sc v sa

P s Plo ss

la vg

P s Plo ss

(13)

By solving equation, the Grid VSI reference current is obtained as follows:

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Harmonic Mitigation by Grid Connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based on Wind Energy Convertor System for Improving Power Quality
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 12 / 057)

Where,

v sa Ps

i inv , a i la
*

j a ,b ,c

2
sj

j a ,b ,c

v sc Ps

j a ,b , c

2
sj

v sb

v sb Ps

i inv , b i lb

i inv , c i lc

2
sj

j a ,b ,c

v sc

v sa

v sc Q s
v sj

v sa Q s
2

j a ,b ,c

v sj

v sb Q s
2

j a ,b ,c

v sj

(14)

V. SYSTEM ANALYSIS USING SIMULATION STUDY

400

100

200

50

Current(I)

Voltage(V)

It is concluded that specified control strategy satisfactorily Extract the Wind power along with maintaining the grid voltage and
current. The corresponding results in the form of waveforms are shown in Fig. (6), (7) and (8).

0
-50

-200
-400

0.01

0.02

0.03

-100

0.04

Time(sec)

0.02

0.03

Time(sec)
Generated Current

(a)

Generated Voltage

0.01

0.04
(b)

x 10

<Rotor speed wm (rad/s)>

Power (W)

3
2

Pgen

Qgen

1
0
0

0.01

0.02

Time(sec)

0.03

Generated Power

0.04

650
600
550
500
450
0

0.03

0.04

( d)

13
Speed(m/s)

Torque(Nm)

0.02

Time(sec)

Generator Speed

-12
-14
-16

12.5
12
11.5

-18
-20
0

0.01

(c)

0.01

0.02

Time(sec)
Torque (Tm)

0.03

0.04

11

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

Time(sec)
(e)

Wind Speed

(f)

Fig. 6: Simulation Results: (a) Generated Voltage (b) Generated Current (c) Generated Active and Reactive power (d) Generator Speed (e)
Torque (f) Wind Speed

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Harmonic Mitigation by Grid Connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based on Wind Energy Convertor System for Improving Power Quality
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 12 / 057)

Currents(I)

Currents(I)

-5

0.01

0.02

0.03

-50
0

0.04

0.01

0.02

Time(sec)
Load Current(sec)

100

100

50

50

-50

-50

Voltage(V)

50

0.03

-100
0

0.04

0.01

Time(sec)

(a)

(b)

0.04

-100
0

Igrid

0.01

0.02

Time(sec)
Power Factor

(c)

Grid Voltage

40

0.03

0.04
(d)

6000
Power(Watts)

ifa

20
Current(I)

0.03

Time(sec)

Source Current(sec)

i*fa

0
-20
-40
0

0.02

Vgrid

0.01

0.02

4000
Pinv

2000
0
-2000

0.03

(e)

Time(sec)

Qinv

0.01

0.02

0.03

Time(sec)
Inverter
Power

Current
Trackinng

0.04

(f)

Fig.7 Simulation Results: (a) Load Current (b) Source Current (c) Grid Voltage (d) Power factor (e) Current tracking (f) Inverter power

We can observe and compare the grid parameters from Fig.6 (a-d). The waveform shown in the figure is the grid side
waveform i.e. before and after compensation.
Fig.8 (a &b) shows the load active and reactive power, whereas Fig.8 (c &d) depicts grid active and reactive power respectively.
600
Power (Watts)

200

Power (Watts)

400
200
0
-200
0

100
0

-100

0.01

0.02

0.03

Time(sec)
Load Active Power

-200

0.04

200

4000

100

Power (W)

Power (W)

6000

2000
0

-2000
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

Time(sec)
Load Reactive Power

(a)

0.04
(b)

0
-100

0.01

0.02

0.03

Time(sec)
Grid Active Power

0.04
(c)

-200
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

Time(sec)
Grid Reactive Power

0.04
(d)

Fig.8 Simulation Results: (a) Load active power (b) Load reactive power (c) Grid active power (d) Grid reactive power

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The simulation results of the system are already presented in section 4 and the detailed analysis of generator as well as grid side
parameters is done.
The generator side parameters obtained are shown under Fig.6 (a-f), in which generator voltage and current obtained are
sinusoidal as in Fig.7 (a) & (b) and constant generator speed of 12m/sec as in Fig.6 (f), and generated active and reactive power
are also shown in Fig.6(c). The generated active and reactive power becomes constant after half cycle and gives steady state
output.
Fig.7 (a) shows the load current which is improved after compensation as shown in Fig.7 (b) i.e. it became sinusoidal. The grid
voltages after compensation as in Fig.7 (c) represent sinusoidal voltage waveform.
The purpose of achieving unity power factor at grid is also fulfilled as can be seen in Fig.7 (d). The injected active and
reactive power is shown under Fig7 (f). The Fig. 8(a & b) shows the load active and reactive power which is found to improve at
the grid side as shown in Fig.8 (c & d). Which clearly depict that the required improvement in power quality has been
satisfactorily achieved? Fig.7 (e) shows the current tracking of hysteresis PWM by using ISCT and from the waveform it is
concluded that injected current (ifa) and the reference current (ifa*) exactly overlaps each other, which indicates the satisfactory
performance of tracking system.

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Harmonic Mitigation by Grid Connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based on Wind Energy Convertor System for Improving Power Quality
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 12 / 057)

Condition
Before
Compensation
After
Compensation

Table 2
System Performance before and after Compensation
Neutral Current
Source current (%THD)
Power Factor
(%THD)
isn
isa (A) isb (A) isc (A)
a
b
C
(A)

Terminal Voltage(%THD)
vta (V)

vtb (V)

vtc (V)

13.57

12.48

11.75

0.493

0.991

0.989

0.987

12.58

11.87

12.11

0.242

0.242

0.243

0.201

2.35

2.35

2.381

The Comparative performance improvement of the system has been shown on the basis of THD reduction before and after
compensation in source current, Neutral current, terminal voltage and power factor in the Table 2. The THD of the source
currents has reduced from 13.57%, 12.48%, 11.75% to 0.2424%, 0.2424%, 0.2433% and in source voltages has been reduced
from 12.58%, 11.87%, 12.44% to 2.35% 2.35% and 2.381% respectively in phases a, b and c. Whereas THD in neutral current is
reduced from 0.41% to 0.20%, similarly the p.f. in Phase a, b & c from 0.9913, 0.9895 and 0.9878 to unity in all phases.
VII. CONCLUSION
The power generated from the wind turbine coupled with PMSG improves the power quality of the grid voltages and currents
and provides reactive power to the grid to achieve the unity power factor .The control strategy used for Generator VSI i.e.
Vector control which provides the control over the generator speed, generated power and extracted maximum power through
MPPT.
The control strategy provides the reference current to hysteresis PWM for the gate pulse generation of the Grid VSI in order to
provide reactive power compensation, load balancing and achieving unity grid power factor and substantial reduction in the total
harmonic distortion (THD) in the source currents and terminal voltages.
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[1]
[2]
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[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
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NOMENCLATURE
Tm

Rt
V
Cp

Ps
Plavg
Ps
Ploss

Turbine Torque N-m/s)

Air density (Kg/cu.m)
Blade radius (m)
Wind velocity (m/s)
Power Coefficient
Tip speed ratio
Pitch angle (rad.)
Rotational speed (rad/s)
Source power (watt)
Load average power
Micro source generated power (watt)
Switching and ohmic loss (watt)

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