EE251 Note 2 - Sequence Impedance of Transmission Lines

Sequence Impedance of
Transmission Lines
Prof. Artemio P. Magabo
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

University of the Philippines - Diliman
Positive Sequence Impedance

For a transposed three-phase transmission line
Z1
Z2
r1
jx1
/mile/phase
r1 = resistance per unit length of one phase

conductor or bundle
x1 = reactance per unit length of one phase
x1
2.02 x 10
Dm
f ln
Ds
/mile/phase
f = power frequency (Hertz)

Dm = Geometric Mean Distance (GMD)
Ds = Geometric Mean Radius (GMR)

Geometric Mean Distance

Typical three-phase line configurations
D12
D23
D31
D12
D12
D23
D31
Dm
D12D23D31
Geometric Mean Radius

For a solid conductor with radius r
Ds
Bundle of Two
1
4
0.78r
Bundle of Four
d
d
d
Ds
Dscd
Ds
1.09 4 Dscd3
Note: Dsc=GMR of a single conductor

Aluminum Conductors
Aluminum is preferred over copper as a material
for transmission lines due to:
lower cost
lighter weight
larger diameter for the same resistance*
Note: *This results in a lower voltage gradient at
the conductor surface (less tendency for corona)
Stranded Conductors
Alternate layers of wire of a
stranded conductor are
spiraled in opposite directions
to prevent unwinding and
make the outer radius of one
layer coincide with the inner
radius of the next.
Steel
Aluminum
The number of strands depends on the number

of layers and on whether all the strands are of
the same diameter. The total number of strands
of uniform diameter in a concentrically stranded
cable is 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, etc.
Example: Each conductor of the 345 kV bundled

three-phase line shown is 1272 MCM ACSR 54/19
Pheasant. Assuming complete transposition and a
total length of 80 miles, determine the positivesequence impedance of the line. Assume d=45 cm
and D=8 meters.
d
From a table of conductor

characteristics, we get
r = 0.0821
/mile @ 50oC
Dsc = 0.0466 ft = 0.0142 m

We get
Dm
Ds
8(8)(16)
10.08 m
0.0142(0.45)
0.08 m
The total resistance per phase
R1
0.0821(80)(0.5)
3.28
The total reactance per phase
10.08
2.02 x 10 (60)(80) ln
0.08
-3
X1
46.9
The positive (or negative) sequence impedance of

the line
Z1
Z2
3.28
j46.9
/ phase
Transmission Line Inductance

The total self-inductance of a cylindrical conductor
consists of an internal inductance and an external
inductance.
Internal Inductance:
L int
Henry/meter
Note: c is the permeability of the conductor.For

a non-ferrous conductor such as copper or
aluminum,
c
4 x 10-7 Henry/meter
External Inductance:
The external inductance may be approximated by
Lext
2s
(ln
2
r
m
1)
Henry/meter
where
m
= permeability of the medium surrounding

the conductor
r = radius of the conductor
s = length of the conductor

Note: For air,
4 x 10-7 Henry/meter
Self Inductance:
2s
(ln
2
r
1)
Henry/meter
For a non-ferrous conductor in air, we get
2s
2 x 10 (ln
Ds
-7
1)
Henry/meter
where Ds is the geometric mean radius of the

conductor
Note: For a solid conductor,
Ds
1
4
0.78r
Mutual Inductance:
The mutual inductance between two conductors is
2s
2 x 10 (ln
Dm
-7
1)
Henry/meter
where Dm is the geometric mean distance

between the conductors
Note: For any unit of length,
L
M
2s
k (ln
1) Henry/unit length
Ds
2s
k (ln
1) Henry/unit length
Dm
Carsons Line
Carson examined a single overhead conductor
whose remote end is connected to earth.
za a
Local
Earth
REF
Ia
Va
-
Vd
d
Id
Remote
Earth
za d
0
zd d
Fictitious
Return
Conductor
The current returns through a fictitious earth

conductor whose GMR is assumed to be 1 foot (or
1 meter and is located a distance Dad from the
overhead conductor.
The lineis described
by the following
equations:
Va a'
Vdd'
Note: Ia
Va
Vd

Id , Vd
Va'
Vd'
za aIa
za dIa
0 and Va'
za dId
zddId
Vd'
0.
Subtracting the two equations, we get

or
Va
Va
(zaa zdd
za aIa
2zad)Ia
Note: zaa is the equivalent impedance of the

single overhead conductor.
Primitive Impedances:
za a
zdd
za d
2s
ra j L a ra j k(ln
Dsa
2s
rd j k(ln
1)
Dsd
2s
j M j k(ln
1)
Da d
1)
ra, rd = resistances of overhead conductor and

fictitious ground wire, respectively
Dsa, Dsd = GMRs of overhead conductor and
fictitious ground wire, respectively
Note: Dsd is arbitrarily set to 1 unit length

Earth Resistance:
Carson derived an empirical formula for the earth
resistance.
rd
1.588 x 10-3 f
/mile
9.869 x 10-4 f
/km
where f is the power frequency in Hz
Note : At 60 Hz,
rd
0.09528
/mile
Equivalent Impedance:
Substitute the primitive impedances into
za a
We get
za a
(ra
za a
rd )
zdd
2za d
2
ad
D
j k ln
DsaDsd
Note: 1. Dsd=1 unit length

2. Define
De
We get
za a
(ra
rd )
2
ad
D
Dsd
De
j k ln
Dsa
/unit length
The quantity De is a function of frequency and

earth resistivity.
De
2160
/f
feet
Typical values of De are tabulated below.
Return Earth
Condition
Resistivity
( -m)
De
(ft)
Sea water
0.01-1.0
27.9-279
Swampy ground
10-100
882-2790
Average Damp Earth
100
2790
Dry earth
1000
8820
Sandstone
109
8.82x106
Three-Phase Line Impedances

Extend Carsons
analysis to a three-phase line
Ia
za a
a
a
Ib
zb b
za b zca b
b
+
zb c
Ic
zcc
+
c
c
Va
Vb +
Vc
-
REF
za d
Vd
d
Id
zb d
All wires
grounded
here
zcd
0
zd d
1 unit length
The voltage equation describing the line is
Va a'
Va
Vbb'
Vb
=
Vcc'
Vc
Vdd'
Vd
za a
Va'
zba
Vb'
=
zca
Vc'
zda
Vd'
za b
za c
za d
zbb
zcb
zdb
zbc
zcc
zdc
zbd
zcd
zdd
I
a
Ib
I
c
Id
Since all conductors are grounded at the remote

end, we get from KCL
or
Ia
Id
Ib
Ic
(Ia
Id
Ib
Ic )
The voltage equation for the fictitious ground

conductor
is
Vd
Vd'
zadIa
zbdIb
zcd Ic
which can be re-written as
Vd'
za dIa
zbdIb
zcd Ic
Combining terms, we get
Vd'
(zad
zdd)Ia
(zbd
zddId
zdd(Ia
zdd)Ib
Ib
(zcd
Following a similar procedure, the voltage

equation
for
phase a can be shown to be
Va
Va'
(zaa zad)Ia (zab
(zac zad)Ic
zad)Ib
Ic )
zdd)Ic
Subtracting the the voltage equation of the ground

conductor from the equation of phase a, we get
Va
(Va'
Vd' )
(zaa
2zad
zdd)Ia
(za b
za d
zbd
(zac
zad
zcd
0 , we get
Since Va' Vd'
Va (zaa 2zad zdd)Ia
(za b za d zbd zdd)Ib
(zac zad zcd zdd)Ic
or
Va za aIa za bIb za cIc
zdd)Ib
zdd)Ic
We can also subtract the voltage equation of the

ground conductor from the equations of phases b
and c. The resulting matrix equation is
za a za b za c
Va
Vb = za b zbb zbc
za c zbc zcc
Vc
I
a
Ib
Ic
V/unit length
Self Impedances:
za a
za a
2za d
zdd
/unit length
zbb
zbb
2zbd
zdd
/unit length
zcc
zcc
2zcd
zdd
/unit length
Mutual Impedances:
za b
za b
za d
zbd
zdd
/unit length
zbc
zbc
zbd
zcd
zdd
/unit length
za c
za c
za d
zcd
zdd
/unit length
Primitive Impedances:
zx x
zx y
rx
2s
j k(ln
Dsx
2s
j k(ln
Dx y
1)
1)
/unit length
x=a,b,c,d
/unit length
xy=ab,bc,ca,ad,bd,cd
Assumptions:
1. Identical phase conductors
Ds
Dsa
Dsb
Dsc
2. Distances of the overhead conductors to the

fictitious ground conductor are the same
De
Dad
Dbd
Dcd
We get
za a
zbb
zx y
rd
zcc
De
j k ln
Ds
(ra rd )
De
/unit length
j k ln
Dx y xy=ab,bc,ca
Example: Find the equivalent impedance of the

69-kV line shown. The phase conductors are 4/0
hard-drawn copper, 19 strands which operate at
25oC. The line is 40 miles long. Assume an earth
resistivity of 100 -meter.
10
10
ra=0.278 /mile @ 25oC
a
Dsc=0.01668 ft @ 60 Hz
za a
zbb
zcc
(0.278
Za a
0.373
14.93
(ra
rd )
0.095)
j1.459
j58.38
De
j k ln
Ds
2790
j0.121 ln 0.01668
/mile
za b
Za b
zbc 0.095 j0.121 ln 2790

10
0.095 j0.683 /mile
3.81 j27.33
za c
0.095
Za c
3.81
j0.121 ln 2790
20
j23.97
We get
14.93 j58.38 3.81 j27.33 3.81 j23.97

Zabc= 3.81 j27.33 14.93 j58.38 3.81 j27.33
3.81 j23.97 3.81 j27.33 14.93 j58.38
Line Transposition
Line transposition is used to make the mutual
impedances identical.
Ia
Phase c
Pos.1
Ib
Phase a
Pos.2
Ic
Phase b
Pos.3
s1
s2
s3
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Note: Each phase conductor is made to occupy

all possible positions.
Voltage equation for Section 1
Z11 1 Z12
Va
Vb = Z21 1 Z22
Z31 1 Z32
Vc
Z13
Z23
Z33
1
1
1
Ia
Ib
Ic
volts
Ic
Ia
Ib
volts
Z11
Vc
Va = Z21
Z31
Vb
Z12
Z22
Z32
Z13
Z23
Z33
2
2
2
Z11
Vb
Vc = Z21
Z31
Va
Z12
Z22
Z32
Z13
Z23
Z33
3
3
3
Ib
Ic
Ia
volts
The total voltage drop for phase a
Va
Z11
1 Ia
Z12
1 Ib
1 Ic
Z13
Z21 2 Ic Z22 2 Ia Z23 2 Ib
Z31 3 Ib Z32 3 Ic Z33 3 Ia

Va
(Z11 1 Z22 2
(Z12 1 Z23
(Z13
Z33 3 )Ia
Z31 3 )Ib
2
Z21
Z32
3 )Ic
By a similar procedure, we get for phases b and c
Vb
Vc
(Z21 1 Z32 2
(Z22 1 Z33
(Z23
Z13 3 )Ia
Z11 3 )Ib
2
2
3 )Ic
Z12
(Z31 1 Z12 2 Z23 3 )Ia

(Z32 1 Z13 2 Z21 3 )Ib
(Z33
Z31
3 )Ic
Z11
Z22
If the line is not transposed and we only have

Section 1, the equation of the line will be
Z11 Z12 Z13

Va
Vb = Z21 Z22 Z23
Z31 Z32 Z33

Vc
Ia
Ib
Ic
where
Z11
Zx y
Z22
Z33
(ra
rds
De
j ks ln
Dx y
rd )s
S = length of the line

Volts
De
j ks ln
Ds
xy=ab,bc,ca
Define f1, f2 and f3 as as the ratios of s1, s2 and s3

to the total length s, respectively. We get
Va
Vb
Vc
(f1Z11 f2Z22 f3Z33)Ia

(f1Z12 f2Z23 f3Z31)Ib
(f1Z13 f2Z21 f3Z32)Ic
(f1Z21 f2Z32 f3Z13)Ia

(f1Z22 f2Z33 f3Z11)Ib
(f1Z23 f2Z31 f3Z12)Ic
(f1Z31 f2Z12 f3Z23)Ia

(f1Z32 f2Z13 f3Z21)Ib
(f1Z33 f2Z11 f3Z22)Ic
Define:
Zk1
f1Z12
f2Z23
f3Z13
Zk 2
f1Z13
f2Z12
f3Z23
Zk 3
f1Z23
f2Z13
f3Z12
Zs
Z11
Z22
Z33
Substitution gives
Zs Zk1 Zk 2
Va
Vb = Zk1 Zs Zk 3
Zk 2 Zk 3 Zs
Vc
I
a
Ib
Ic
Volts
It can be shown that
Zs
Zk1
Zk2
Zk3
(ra
rds
rds
rds
De
rd )s j ks ln
Ds
De
De
j ks f1ln
f2 ln
D12
D23
De
f3 ln
D31
De
j ks f1ln
D31
De
f3 ln
D23
De
j ks f1ln
D23
De
f2 ln
D12
De
f2 ln
D31
De
f3 ln
D12

69-kV line shown. The phase conductors are 4/0
hard-drawn copper, 19 strands which operate at
25oC. The line is 40 miles long. Assume s1=8
miles, s2=12 miles and s3=20 miles.
ra=0.278
/mile @
10
25oC
Dsc=0.01668 ft @ 60 Hz
10
Section 1
Assuming no transposition, we get
14.93 j58.38 3.81 j27.33 3.81 j23.97

Zabc= 3.81 j27.33 14.93 j58.38 3.81 j27.33
3.81 j23.97 3.81 j27.33 14.93 j58.38
Solving for the mutual impedances, we get
Zk1
f1Z12
f2Z23
0.2(3.81
f3Z13
j27.33) 0.3(3.81
0.5(3.81
3.81
j27.33)
j23.97)
j25.65
Similarly, we get
Zk 2
f1Z13
f2Z12
f3Z23
3.81
j26.66
Zk 3
f1Z23
f2Z13
f3Z12
3.81
j26.32
The impedance matrix of the transposed line is
14.93 j58.38 3.81 j25.65 3.81 j26.66

Zabc= 3.81 j25.65 14.93 j58.38 3.81 j26.32
3.81 j26.66 3.81 j26.32 14.93 j58.38
For comparison, the impedance matrix of the
untransposed line is
14.93 j58.38 3.81 j27.33 3.81 j23.97

Zabc= 3.81 j27.33 14.93 j58.38 3.81 j27.33
3.81 j23.97 3.81 j27.33 14.93 j58.38
Example: For the same line assume the

following transposition cycle:
s1=16 miles
s2=24 miles
s3=0
14.93 j58.38 3.81 j27.33 3.81 j25.99

Zabc= 3.81 j27.33 14.93 j58.38 3.81 j25.31
3.81 j25.99 3.81 j25.31 14.93 j58.38
Note: Even an incomplete transposition has a
significant effect in reducing the unbalance in the
mutual impedances.
Completely Transposed Line

If s1=s2=s3, the line is completely transposed. We
get
Zs Zm Zm
Va
Vb = Zm Zs Zm
Zm Zm Zs
Vc
where
Zs
Zm
(ra
1
3
rd )s
(Z12
Z23
Ia
Ib
Ic
De
j ks ln
Ds
Z13)
rds
Volts
De
j ks ln
Dm
Ds, Dm = GMR and GMD, respectively

Example: For the same line assume a complete

transposition cycle.
10
The GMD is
Dm
10(10)(20)
12.6 feet
10
We get the average of the mutual impedances.
Zm
3.81
j26.21
The impedance of the transposed line is
14.93 j58.38 3.81 j26.21 3.81 j26.21

Zabc= 3.81 j26.21 14.93 j58.38 3.81 j26.21
3.81 j26.21 3.81 j26.21 14.93 j58.38
Phase- to Sequence-Impedances
Consider a transmission line that is described by
the following voltage equation:
Za a Za b Za c
Va
Vb = Za b Zbb Zbc
Za c Zbc Zcc
Vc
or
Vabc
I
a
Ib
Ic
volts
ZabcIabc
From symmetrical components, we have
Vabc
AV012
and
Ia bc
A I012
Substitution gives
or
AV012
V012
Za bcA I012
A Za bcA I012
1
which implies that
Z012
A ZabcA
Performing the multiplication, we get
Zs0 2Zm0 Zs2 Zm2 Zs1 Zm1

Z0
Z1 = Zs1 Zm1 Zs0 Zm0 Zs2 2Zm2
Zs2 Zm2 Zs1 2Zm1 Zs0 Zm0
Z2
Note: Z012 is not symmetric.
Zs 0
1
3
(Za a
Zbb
Zcc )
Zs1
1
3
(Zaa
aZbb
a2Zcc )
Zs2
1
3
(Zaa
a2Zbb
aZcc )
Zm0
1
3
(Za b
Zbc
Zm1
1
3
(a2Zab
Zm2
1
3
(aZab
Zca )
Zbc
aZca )
Zbc
a2Zca )
If the line is completely transposed,
Zs0
Zs1
Zm0
Zs
Z s2
Zm1
Zm
Zm2
The sequence impedance matrix reduces to
Zs 2Zm
0
0
Z0
0
Zs Zm
0
Z1 =
0
0
Zs Zm
Z2
Note: The sequence impedances are completely
decoupled.
For a completely transposed line, the equation in

the sequence domain is
Z0 0 0
Va0
Va1 = 0 Z1 0
0 0 Z2
Va2
where
Z1
Z0
Z2
ras
ras
3rds
Ia0
Ia1
Ia2
Dm
j ks ln
Ds
j ks ln
De
3
2
m
DsD
Example: For the same line and assuming a

complete transposition cycle, find the sequence
impedances of the line.
10
In the previous example,

we got
Zs
14.93
Zm
3.81
10
j58.38
j26.21
The sequence impedances are
Z0
Zs
2Zm
Z1
Z2
Zs
22.55
Zm
j110.80
11.12
j32.17
Completely Transposed Line

For a three-phase transmission line that is
completely transposed:
1. The sequence impedances are completely
decoupled; that is
Va0
Z0 Ia0
Va2
Va1
Z2 Ia2
Z1Ia1
2. The application of balanced three-phase

voltages at the sending end results in
balanced three-phase line currents; that is
only positive-sequence components exist.
Incomplete Transposition
The resulting circuit unbalance due to incomplete
transposition is measured in terms of the zeroand negative-sequence line currents that arise
when positive-sequence voltages are applied at
the sending end.
For a partially-transposed transmission line,
Va
Vb =
Vc
or
zs
zk 1
zk 1
zs
zk 2
zk 3
zk 2
zk 3
zs
Vabc
Ia
Ib
Ic
zabcIabc
V/unit length
where
zs
zk1
zk2
zk3
(ra
rd )
De
j k ln
Ds
rd
De
j k f1ln
D12
De
f2 ln
D23
De
f3 ln
D31
rd
De
j k f1ln
D31
De
f2 ln
D12
De
f3 ln
D23
rd
De
j k f1ln
D23
De
f2 ln
D31
De
f3 ln
D12
Transform the phase impedances into sequence

impedances.
1
z012
A zabcA
which gives
z0
z1
zs
=
zm2
z2
where
2zm0
zm2
zm1
zs zm0
(zk1
zm1
2zm2
2zm1
zs
zm0
zk 2
zk 3 )
zm0
1
3
zm1
1
3
(a zk1
azk2
zk3 )
zm2
1
3
(azk1
a2zk2
zk3 )
The elements of z012 can be shown to be
z00
z01
z02
z10
z11
z12
zs
(zk1 zk 2
2
1
(
az
a
zk2
k1
3
2
1
(
a
zk1 azk2
3
2
3
z02
zs 13 (zk1
2z01
z20
z21
z22
zk 2
z01
2z02
z11
zk 3 )
zk3 )
zk3 )
zk 3 )
Assume that balanced voltages are applied at the

sending end;
that is
Va0
and
Va2
We can re-write the voltage equation
Va0
Va1 =
Va2
into
Va1
z00 z01 z02

z10 z11 z12
z20
z00Ia0
z10Ia0
z20Ia0
z21 z22
z01Ia1
z11Ia1
z21Ia1
Ia0
Ia1
Ia2
z02Ia2
z12Ia2
z22Ia2
The unbalanced
factor are definedas:
m0
Ia0
Ia1
and
m2
m0
z02z21
z00z22
z01z22
z20z02
m2
z20z01
z00z22
z00z21
z20z02
Ia2
Ia1
Note: For the untransposed 40-mile line,
m0
m2
1.054 72.68o %
6.624 139.14o %
Lines with Overhead Ground Wire

Ia
a
Ib
b
Ic
+
c
Va
Iw
w
+
Vb
-
Vc
REF
za a
zb b
za b zca
zcc
zb c
zww za d
Vw
Vd 0
d
Id
zb d
b
c
zcd
d
zd d
1 unit length
All wires
grounded
here
The primitive voltage equation is
Va
Vb
Vc
0
0
za a
Va'
zba
Vb'
Vc' = zca
zwa
Vw'
zda
Vd'
From KCL, we get
Ia
or
Ib
Id
za b
za c
za w
za d
zbb
zcb
zwb
zbc
zcc
zwc
zbw
zcw
zww
zbd
zcd
zwd
zdb
zdc
zdw
zdd
Ic
(Ia
Iw
Ib
Id
Ic
Iw )
I
a
Ib
Ic
Iw
Id
V/unit
length
The last equation may be written as
Vd'
or
Vd'
zdaIa
zdbIb zdcIc zdwIw
zdd(Ia Ib Ic Iw )
(zda zdd)Ia (zdb zdd)Ib
(zdc zdd)Ic (zdw zdd)Iw
Following the same procedure, the equation for

phase a can be expressed as
Va
Va'
(zaa
(zac
zad)Ia
zad)Ic
(zab
(zaw
zad)Ib
zad)Iw
Subtracting the last equation from the first, we get
Va
(Va'
Since Va'
to
Vd' )
Vd'
Va
(zaa
zad
zdd)Ia
zda
(zab
zad
zdb
(zac
zad
zdc
(zaw
zad
zdd)Ib
zdd)Ic
zdw
zdd)Iw
0, the equation can be simplified
zaaIa
zabIb
zacIc
zawIw
Note: The same procedure can be applied to the

equations describing phases b and c, and the
overhead ground wire w.
We get
Va
Vb
Vc
Vw
where Vw
zaa zab zac zaw

zba zbb zbc zbw
=
zca zcb zcc zcw
zwa zwb zwc zww
Ia
Ib
Ic
Iw
0 and
zx x
(rx
zx y
rd
De
x=a,b,c,w
rd ) j k ln
Dsx
De
xy=ab,ac,aw,
j k ln
Dx y
bc,bw,cw
Krons Reduction
Consider the matrix equation
V1
Z1 Z2
=
Z3 Z4
0
I1
I2
where Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are also matrices. Suppose

we want to eliminate the current vector I2.
Expanding, we get
V1
Z1I1
Z2I2
(1)
Z3I1
Z4I2
(2)
From eq. 2, we get

1
I2
Z4 Z3I1
which is substituted in eq. 1 to get

or
V1
Z1I1
V1
(Z1
Z2( Z4 Z3I1)
1
Z2Z4 Z3 )I1
Go back to the voltage equation of the line.
Va
Vb
Vc
0
zaa zab
zba zbb
zac
zbc
zaw
zbw
zca zcb
zwa zwb
zcc
zwc
zcw
zww
Ia
Ib
I
c
Iw

We wish to eliminate Iw , where
za a za b za c
za w
T
Z2 = zb w = Z3
Z1 = zba zbb zbc
z cw
zca zcb zcc
Z4
We get
za a
z a bc = zba
zca
za wzwa
zww
zbwzwa
zww
zcwzwa
zww
za b
zbb
zcb
za wzwb
zww
zbwzwb
zww
zcwzwb
zww
za c
zbc
zcc
zww
za wzwc
zww
zbwzwc
zww
zcwzwc
zww

69-kV line shown. The phase conductors are the
same as in the previous examples. The overhead
ground wires have the following characteristics:
w
rw=4.0 /mile @ 25oC
Dsw=0.001 ft @ 60 Hz
For the ground wire, we get
z ww
(rw
(4.0
Zww
rd )
De
j k ln
Dsw
0.095)
4.095 j1.8
163.8 j72
15
a
10
2790
j0.121 ln 0.001
/mile
10
rd
De
j k ln
Da w
za w
zcw
/mile
Za w
2790
0.095 j0.121 ln 18.03
Zcw 3.81 j24.47
zbw
0.095
/mile
Zbw
3.81
j0.121 ln 2790
15
j25.36
From a previous example, we got
14.93 j58.38 3.81 j27.33 3.81 j23.97

Z1= 3.81 j27.33 14.93 j58.38 3.81 j27.33
3.81 j23.97 3.81 j27.33 14.93 j58.38
Using the ground wire impedances, we also get
3.81
Z2 = 3.81
3.81
j24.47
j25.36 = Z3 T
j24.47
Z4
163.8
j72
Performing the Kron reduction, we get
17.5 j56.11 6.48 j25.0 6.38

Zabc = 6.48 j25.0 17.71 j55.97 6.48
6.38 j21.7
6.48 j25.0 17.5
j21.7
j25.0
j56.1
Note: The self impedances are no longer equal.

Current Division
How much current is flowing in the overhead
ground wire? Under zero-sequence condition,
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ia0
The primitive voltage equation reduces to
Va
Vb
Vc
0
0
za a
Va'
zba
Vb'
Vc' = zca
zwa
Vw'
zda
Vd'
za b
za c
za w
za d
zbb
zcb
zwb
zbc
zcc
zwc
zbw
zcw
zww
zbd
zcd
zwd
zdb
zdc
zdw
zdd
Ia0
Ia0
V/unit
Ia0
length
Iw
Id
From KCL, we get
Id
Iw
3Ia0
The last equation may be written as
Vd'
(zda
zdb
zdc )Ia0
zdwIw
Similarly, for the overhead ground wire
Vw'
(zwa
zwb
zwc )Ia0
zww Iw
Subtracting the two equations, we get
[(zwa
zwb
(zww
zwc ) (zda zdb
zdw)Iw (zwd
zddId
zwd Id
zdc )]Ia0
zdd)Id

Since Id
(3Ia0
Iw ) , we get
0 [(zwa zwb zwc ) (zda zdb zdc )]Ia0
(zww zdw)Iw (zwd zdd)(3Ia0 Iw )
Combine
common terms and get the ratio of Iw to
3Ia0 . We get
Iw (zwa zwb zwc ) (zda zdb zdc) 3(zdd zwd )
3(zww zwd zdw zdd)

3Ia0
Recall that
zwx
zwx
zwd
zdx
zdd
x=a,b,c,w
Substitution gives
(a)
From Id
Iw
3Ia0
Iw
Id
3Ia0
zwa
zwb zwc
3zww
3Ia0 , we get
Iw
1
3Ia0
Substitute eq. (a) to get

(b)
Id
3Ia0
zwa
zwb zwc
3zww
Take the ratio of eq. (a) to eq. (b). We get
Iw
Id
Define:
zag
Dag
We get
Iw
Id
where
zag
zwa zwb zwc

3zww (zwa zwb zwc )
1
3
3
(zwa
zwb
DwaDwbDwc
zag
zww
rd
zag
De
j k ln
Dag
zwc )
Line Transposition
Consider a transmission line with one overhead
ground wire. Assume that the line is transposed.
Pos.
Pos.
Pos.
Ground wire
Ia
Ib
Ic
Phase c
Phase a
Phase b
s1
s2
s3
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
The impedance matrix for each section can be

found using Krons reduction.
For Sections 1 and 2, we get

z wz w
z wz w
z
z
zww
zww
z wz w
z wz w
z
z f1 = z
zww
zww
z wz w
z wz w
z
z
zww
zww
z wz w
z wz w
z
z
zww
zww
z wz w
z wz w
z
zf 2 = z
z
z
ww
z wz w
zww
z
z
z
z
z
ww
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
Similarly, for Sections 3, we get
zf 3 = z
z
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
z
z
z
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
Va
Vb
Vc
s(f1Zf1
f2Zf 2
z
z
z
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
z wz w
zww
Ia
f3Zf 3 ) I
b
Ic
If the line is completely transposed, the impedance

matrix becomes symmetric.
zs
z a bc = zm
zm
zs
zm
zm
zm
zm
zs
/unit length
where the diagonal elements are
zs
1
3
(z
1
3
z
z wzw
zww
z )
z wzw
z w zw
zww
zww
The off-diagonal elements are
zm
1
3
(z
1
3
z )
z wzw
z wzw
z w zw
zww
zww
zww
The sequence impedance matrix will be diagonal.
z00 0
z012 = 0 z11
where
z00
zs
0
0
/unit length
z22
2zm and z11
z22
zs
zm
Solving for the positive-sequence impedance,
z11
1
3
(z
z
1
3
1
3
z )
1
3
(z
z wzw
zww
z wzw
z w zw
zww
zww
z wzw
z wzw
z w zw
zww
zww
zww
Simplifying the first two terms, we get

1
3
(z
z )
(ra
1
3
(z
z )
rd
z )
De
rd ) j k ln
Ds
De
j k ln
Dm
The last two terms can be shown to be equal to
where
2
(
k
)
M
1
3
zww
De 2
De 2
De 2
(ln
) (ln
) (ln
)
Dw
Dw
Dw
De
De
De
De
(ln
)(ln
) (ln
)(ln
)
Dw
Dw
Dw
Dw
De
De
(ln
)(ln
)
Dw
Dw
Likewise,
zww
(rw
rd )
De
j k ln
Dww
For most transmission line configurations,
De
This means M
z11
ra
D w , D w or D w
0. Under this assumption,

Dm
j k ln
Ds
/unit length
Note: This is the formula for the positive sequence

impedance of a transposed line without ground
wires.
The zero-sequence impedance can be shown to be
z00
z0(a)
2
0(m)
/unit length
z0(g)
where
z0(a)
(ra
z0(m)
3rd
z0(g)
3zww
3rd )
j k ln
j3 k ln
De
3
2
m
DsD
De
D wD wD w
Example: For the previous example, assume that

the line is completely transposed. Find the phase
and sequence impedances.
From the previous example, we got
17.5 j56.11 6.48

Zf1 = 6.48 j25.0 17.71
6.38 j21.7
6.48
j25.0 6.38
j55.97 6.48
j25.0 17.5
j21.7
j25.0
j56.1
Assuming a complete transposition cycle, we get
Zs
1
3
[2(17.5
17.57
j56.11) 17.71
j56.06
j55.97]
Zm
1
3
[2(6.48
6.45
j25.0)
6.38
j21.7]
j23.9
17.57 j56.06 6.45 j23.9

6.45 j23.9
Zabc= 6.45 j23.9 17.57 j56.06 6.45 j23.9
6.45 j23.9
6.45 j23.9 17.57 j56.06
For comparison, Zabc below is for a completely
transposed line without the overhead ground wire.
14.93 j58.38 3.81 j26.21 3.81 j26.21

Zabc= 3.81 j26.21 14.93 j58.38 3.81 j26.21
3.81 j26.21 3.81 j26.21 14.93 j58.38
The sequence impedances are
Z00
Zs
2Zm
30.47
Z11
Z22
Zs
11.12
j103.86
Zm
j32.17
Note: When the effect of the ground wire was not

taken into account, we got
Z0
22.55
j110.8
Z1
11.12
j32.17
Grade E.B.B. 7 Strands

3/8 inch Diameter
-3
15
10
10-5
13
10-7
11
10-9
GMR
10-11
10-13
10-15
10-17
Resistance
3
1
10-19
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Amperes per Cable
Resistance ( /mile)
The overhead
ground wires are
usually highstrength steel or
some alloy of
steel. This poses a
problem since the
resistance and
GMR of these
conductors vary
with current.
Geometric Mean Radius (ft)
Steel Ground Wires
Example: For the previous example, assume that

the line is completely transposed. Find the phase
and sequence impedances. The overhead ground
wire is 3/8 inch E.B.B.
The zero-sequence impedance of the phase wire
z0(a)
(ra
3rd )
0.278
or
j k ln
3(0.095)
0.564 j2.77
Z0(a)
22.55
De
3
2
m
DsD
27903
j0.121 ln
(0.017)(12.6)2
/mile
j110.8
The zero-sequence impedance of the ground wire
z0(g)
3zww
3(rw
rd )
De
j3 k ln
Dww
The resistance and GMR of the ground wire is a

function of the current. For 1A, 30A and 60A, we
get for E.B.B.
rw= 3.5 /mile at 1A
= 7.8 /mile at 30A
= 6.0
/mile at 60A
Dsw= 10-3 ft at 1A
= 5 x 10-12 ft at 30A
= 1.5 x 10-10 ft at 60A
For 1A, we get
z0(g)
or
Z0(g)
3(3.5
0.095)
10.79
j5.4
431.4
j216
2790
j3(0.121) ln
10 3
/mile at 1A
at 1A
For 30A and 60A, we get
Z0(g)
Z0(g)
947.4
731.4
j494 at 30A
j410.8 at 60A
The GMD between the phase wires and the ground

wire is
Da g
(18.03)2 (15)
16.96 ft
The zero-sequence mutual impedance is
z0(m)
3rd
De
j3 k ln
Dag
2790
3(0.095) j3(0.121) ln
16.96
0.29 j1.86 /mile
Z0(m)
11.43
j74.28
The zero-sequence impedance is found from
Z00
Z0(a)
2
0(m)
Z0(g)
Substitution gives
Z00
31.0
j102.65
Z00
18.86
j107.06
at 30A
Z00
27.21
j105.89
at 60A
at 1A
Note: For comparison, we got the following zerosequence impedances from previous examples:
No overhead ground wire:
Z00
22.55
j110.8
Non-ferrous overhead ground wire:
Z00
30.47
j103.86
Parallel Multicircuit Lines

Consider the double-circuit transmission line
shown. One circuit is designated abc and the
other abc. Each circuit may be untransposed or
partially transposed.
m
Ia b c
Ia'b'c'
Za b c
Za'b'c'
Let us determine the unbalance factors for this

transmission line configuration.
The voltage equation that describes the line is
Va
Za a
Vb
Zba
Vc
Zca
=
Za'a
Va'
Zb'a
Vb'
Zc ' a
Vc'
Za b Za c Za a'
Zbb Zbc Zba'
Zcb Zcc Zca'
Za'b Za'c Za'a'
Zb'b Zb'c Zb'a'
Zc'b Zc'c Zc'a'
Za b'
Zbb'
Zcb'
Za'b'
Zb'b'
Zc'b'
Za c'
Zbc'
Zcc'
Za'c'
Zb'c'
Zc' c'
Ia
Ib
Ic
Ia'
Ib'
Ic'
Note: The effect of earth and any overhead

ground wire has already been incorporated in the
equation.
Using matrix notation, we get
Za a Za a' Ia bc
Vabc
=
Za'a Za'a' Ia'b'c'
Va'b'c'
The unbalance factors are expressed in terms of
the ratio of sequence currents. Thus, the above
equation must be inverted. Doing so, we get
Ya a
Ia bc
=
Ya'a
Ia'b'c'
Ya a'
Ya'a'
Vabc
Va'b'c'
Yaa
Ya'a
Zaa
Yaa'
KL K
Yaa'
Ya'a'
KL 1
L1
where
Zaa Zaa'
L
Za'a'
Za'a Zaa
Za'a Zaa Zaa'
From symmetrical components, we get
A 0
Ia bc
=
0 A
Ia'b'c'
I012
I0'1'2'
Performing the transformation, we get
A 1 Ya aA
I012
=
I0'1'2'
A 1 Ya'aA
A Ya a' A
A 1 Ya'a' A
V012
V0'1'2'
Assume that the voltages at both ends of the line

contain positive sequence components only. We
get
V012
=
V0'1'2'
Va1
0
0
=
0
0
1
Va'1
0
0
Va1

Note that Va1
Va'1 since the lines are bused at
both
ends. Substitution gives
Ia0
Y00 Y01 Y02 Y00' Y01' Y02'
Ia1
Y10 Y11 Y12 Y10' Y11' Y12'
I
Y
Y21 Y22 Y20' Y21' Y22'
a2 = 20
Y0'0 Y0'1 Y0'2 Y0'0' Y0'1' Y0'2'
Ia'0
Y1'0 Y1'1 Y1'2 Y1'0' Y1'1' Y1'2'

Ia'1
Y2'0 Y2'1 Y2'2 Y2'0' Y2'1' Z2'2'

Ia'2
0
1
0
0
Va1
1
0
Solving for the sequence currents, we get
Ia0
Ia1
(Y01
(Y11
Y01' )( Va1 )
Y11' )( Va1 )
Ia2
(Y21
Y21' )( Va1 )

Ia'0
Ia'1
(Y0'1
(Y1'1
Y0'1' )( Va1 )
Ia'2
Y1'1' )( Va1 )
(Y2'1
Y2'1' )( Va1 )
Define the net through unbalance factors as
m0t
m2t
Ia0
Ia1
Ia2
Ia1
Ia'0
Ia'1
Ia'2
Ia'1
per unit
per unit
Define the net circulating current unbalance factors
as
Ia0 Ia'0
per unit
m0c
Ia1
Ia'1
m2c
Ia2
Ia1
Ia'2
Ia'1
per unit
Solving for the unbalance factors, we get
m0t
(Y01
Y01'
Y0'1
Y0'1' ) / Y1
m2t
(Y21
Y21'
Y2'1
Y2'1' ) / Y1
m0c
(Y01
Y01'
Y0'1
Y0'1' ) / Y1
m2c
(Y21
Y21'
Y2'1
Y2'1' ) / Y1
where
Y1
Y11
Y11'
Y1'1
Y1'1'

EE251 Note 2 - Sequence Impedance of Transmission Lines

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EE251 Note 2 - Sequence Impedance of Transmission Lines

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Sequence Impedance of

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Positive Sequence Impedance

r1 = resistance per unit length of one phase

f = power frequency (Hertz)

Ds = Geometric Mean Radius (GMR)

Geometric Mean Distance

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Geometric Mean Radius

Note: Dsc=GMR of a single conductor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

The number of strands depends on the number

Example: Each conductor of the 345 kV bundled

From a table of conductor

Dsc = 0.0466 ft = 0.0142 m

The total resistance per phase

The total reactance per phase

The positive (or negative) sequence impedance of

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Transmission Line Inductance

Note: c is the permeability of the conductor.For

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

= permeability of the medium surrounding

r = radius of the conductor

s = length of the conductor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

For a non-ferrous conductor in air, we get

where Ds is the geometric mean radius of the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

where Dm is the geometric mean distance

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

The current returns through a fictitious earth

The lineis described

Subtracting the two equations, we get

Note: zaa is the equivalent impedance of the

ra, rd = resistances of overhead conductor and

Note: Dsd is arbitrarily set to 1 unit length

where f is the power frequency in Hz

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Note: 1. Dsd=1 unit length

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

The quantity De is a function of frequency and

Typical values of De are tabulated below.

Average Damp Earth

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Three-Phase Line Impedances

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

The voltage equation describing the line is

Since all conductors are grounded at the remote

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

The voltage equation for the fictitious ground

which can be re-written as

Combining terms, we get

Following a similar procedure, the voltage

(zaa zad)Ia (zab

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Subtracting the the voltage equation of the ground

Va (zaa 2zad zdd)Ia

(za b za d zbd zdd)Ib

(zac zad zcd zdd)Ic

We can also subtract the voltage equation of the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering