Paris Agreement

This an agreement within the framework of the UNFCCC dealing with the
greenhouse gases emissions, mitigations, adaptations and financial starting in the
year 2020.
UNFCC- United Nations framework convention on climate change
The paris agreement is open for signature by states and regional economic
integration organizations that are parties to the UNFCC the convention from 22
april 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN headquarters, newyork.
April -22 Earth day.
It will enter into force only if 55 countries that produce atleast 55% of the worlds
greenhouse gas emissions ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.
A total of 60 countries so far have deposited their instruments of ratification for the
agreement, representing more than 47.5 per cent of global greenhouse gas
emissions.
The USA and CHINA together represent 38% of global emission signed the pact
on paris climate agreement on September 3, 2016.
India, which along with the U.S. and China is among the worlds top greenhouse
gas emitters, has maintained that the burden of fighting climate change cannot be
put on the shoulders of the poor after decades of industrial development by the rich
nations.
It has announced plans to quadruple its renewable power capacity to 175 gigawatts
by 2022 as part of the governments plan to supply electricity to every household.
India seeks to add 100 gigawatts of photo-voltaic capacity, 60 gigawatts of wind
power, 10 gigawatts of biomass and five gigawatts of hydro projects.

1. Significant rise in domestic demand for gold Imports as has led to

depreciation of rupee due to increasing Current account deficit as India has
to pay sell its Forex reserves for gold imports.
2. Fiscal deficit in the Central budget is increasing at an alarming rate and at
present it is at 4.5% of GDP.
Both government and RBI to step in and prevent the further depreciation of
rupee. Following are the measures that should be taken by RBI and government:1. Government should increase the limit of FDI in the existing sectors as well
as encouraging in other sectors such as aviation, retail, telecommunication,
radio & broadcasting etc.
2. Government should create a stable political and economic environment in
order to make India an attractive destination for foreign investments.
3. Government should raise import duty on gold in order to decrease the
domestic demand for gold import.
4. Government and both RBI should take measures to bring down high
inflation rates.
5. Government should take steps boost export-intensive sectors and develop
import-substituting industries in order to make India less dependent on
imports.
6. RBI should sell Forex reserves and buy rupees in an immediate action in
order to arrest the further decline in the value of rupees.( Foreign exchange
reserves are central bank funds used to make sure there's enough foreign currency )
7. RBI should hike the interest rates in order to reduce the money supply in
the economy.

industrializtion vs poverty eradication

Manufacturing was identified as the main engine of economic growth, economic development,
social progress and Poverty reduction. Poverty reduction can be achieved either through
economic growth or an improvement in income distribution.

It is evident that the best sector for poverty reduction must satisfy the following two
conditions:
1. The sector must involve the poor widely and the growth of the sector must create
opportunities of income generation by the poor effectively;
2. Development of the sector must be sustainable, meaning that the sector needs to be
competitive at least in the long term.

Poverty reduction through labour-intensive industrialization

A majority of people living in low-income countries live in rural areas. Since the
average per capita income is generally lower in rural areas, the incidence
of poverty is naturally higher. Poor households have their own strategies to
stabilize their per capita consumption.
Industrialization is often essential for economic growth, and for long-run
poverty reduction. The pattern of industrialization, however, impacts remarkably
on how the poor benefit from growth.
Use of capital-intensive methods instead of labour-intensive ones
tends to increase income disparities, as does the employment of skillbiased technologies, especially where the level of education is low and
human capital concentrated.
Also, the location of industrial facilities has an impact on overall
poverty reduction and inequality. As enterprises are often concentrated in
urban areas because of ready access to skilled labour force, better
infrastructure, larger markets and technological spillovers (e.g. Lanjouw and
Lanjouw, 2001 Industrialization may increase inequality between urban and rural
areas.
Promoting development of rural non-agricultural activities, like
production in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), may decrease
this disparity.
The degree of economic openness of a country can have an important
influence on its pattern of specialization and industrialization. If countries are open
to trade they should.
In labour-abundant countries, trade liberalization would tend to shift
production from capital-intensive import substitutes towards labor
intensive exportables. Due to this change, domestic inequality in those countries
is expected to decline because of the increased demand for labour, whereas
inequality would increase in countries with an abundant endowment of capital.
Liberalization of foreign direct investment can also decrease inequality in
capital-importing countries, but that depends in part on the degree of skill-bias of
technologies employed by foreign invested firms.

In several countries, trade and investment liberalization has, indeed,

decreased absolute poverty and sometimes also inequality. The impact of trade
liberalization is likely to vary between countries, depending for instance on factor
endowments, and liberalization creates both winners and losers.

Causes of Corruption|10 Main Reasons in India

Corruption is one of the biggest threat to the well-being of a society.
Corruption degrades the quality of the services and also ruins the life of the
common man. Many countries in the world are affected by this problem called
corruption.
Corruption is primarily seen in instances like jobs, businesses, promotions,
election campaigns, sports etc. Below is the list of
1. Low Pay scales/ Wages: Most of the employees in government sector are
paid low wages and salaries. Hence some employees revert to corruption for
more financial benefits
2. Low Job opportunities. Due to lack of job opportunities at will, there are
many people who like to go for corruption mode to get the job offer
3. Lack of Strict and fast punishments: Even if someone is found guilty or
even caught red-handed by the anti-corruption officials or media, the
convicts get less punishment. First they will be suspended for few months or
weeks and then re-posted to another location with same Job grade and pay
4. Lack of Unity in public: Public openly criticize corruption but interestingly
there is no unity among the public to stop corruption.
During election, politicians try to lure the people by offering money
and other things. If these politicians win and get power, they try to regain 10
to 100 times the amount spent for their elections.

5. Lack of transparency in affairs and deals: Many seat selection processes

like in education, contracts for job, employee income reports (wealth
possession), etc lack of transparency. RTI is also not up to the mark.
6. Lack of Independent detective agency: India has no independent detective
agency which can investigate with full power and freedom to expose the
corrupt individuals.
7. Lack of enough powers to the judicial system and other independent
organization. Like the election commission cannot ban a politician from
contesting in case they make a mistake or do not comply with the rules
during election campaign (like distributing money to people etc). Similarly,
the judicial system has low options to punish some one who is found to be
8. Lack of accountability: In government there is a big trend of corruption.
This is because of lack of accountability. The employees on government
offices do not perform to their par excellence.
11. Encouragement of unhealthy competition: Competition in business is a
good sign for quality of service to be delivered. But in India there is
encouragement of unhealthy competition.
When there is a tender, you can notice that only few companies bid for it.
This is because the companies having political relations have higher chances of
winning while others do not. So, companies with no political influence will not bid
for the tender in-spite of being a good company. That is here the number of bidders
for a tender will be low due to political interference.

Problems in India that is making India

undeveloped till now
Poverty:
It is really pitiable that India stands third place in world poverty list, India is
struggling with problem in poverty since the end of Mughals rule on wards. It is
said that richer is becoming rich and poor is poorer. There are people who earn
billions and also they are who cannot have money for bread and butter.

Corruption:
Corruption is a big evil to society in India. The greed of political leaders and
government officer has resulted in word corruption.
Black money:They are rich people in India who earn money by illegal practices and this
money is not paid tax and it is called as black money. It is real that if we can trace out the black
money in India and used for public welfare every Indian can be provided with comfortable lives.

Injustice:
In India is judiciary development is highest priority. None of us can question the judiciary, even
legislative and exclusive department also can't question the judiciary. It is that it is full freedom
by Indian constitution. But in India the major problem vest in duration of justice, it takes so many
years to give judgment by that time the victim can change the evidence and be proven as
innocent. "Justice delayed is justice denied." the punishments are not severe as if they give
severe punishments it makes the people to fear for punishment and stop them from committing
mistake. Our great country has the problem, even a criminal who committed 100 sins also can
excuse by approaching president.

Dowry:
. It is very harmful practice as the desires are never endings. The boy's parents keep harassing
the girl to get more and more from their family every now and then saying some reasons or
other.
Killing of female child
Child marriage

 Child labor.

Unemployment:
This is a major problem in India that many of our scholars are migrating to foreign countries due
to some region or other. It is quite difficult to find job in India. Unemployment can be divided into
three parts that is completely not working or doing undesired job for your qualification and last
thing is doing part time job in online or offline.
In western country students work part time for their pocket money but it unlike western countries
here we feel so great studying it seems. If students take up part time jobs and help their parents
apart from studying this add a lot in development of the country. India being so big country every
Indian should think of working at some place or other.

Illiteracy:
It is very bad, India has almost half of its population as illiterates and it is highly problematic as
many don't know how to sign and read document. This is a big problem because people without
studied can be cheated very easily and exploited to great extent. So government should take up
responsibilities to see that each and every child goes to school. If at all it is possible educate the
people by telling the value of studies and conduct night school for people of middle age so that if
haven't been educated at the time of their childhood they will get a chance to be educated now.
This is how we can bring a change for better tomorrow.

Political parties:Political parties are a big hazard for the development of country. They
exploit weakens of public and make money. In modern times we find that political parties do not
consist of member who has intention to serve people but come to make money. This is affecting
our country economy so badly. Abraham Lincoln defined the ruling party must have strong
opposition to question on behalf of public.

Conclusion:
India is been a developing country for past so many year, it is not easy to become a developed
country in overnight. It is really important that every Indian should contribute for the

development of country and it is advisable to do something for the country without asking for
what country did for me. Let us take an oath we will not take bribe never give bribe. Government
should take responsibility to make children educated. We must enjoy fundamental right being
Indian and also be responsible to share fundamental duties in order to contribute for better
tomorrow and for the development of country.

The Advantages of GST

1. It removes multiple taxation
2. It creates India as a single market
3. It taxes goods and services at the same rates so many disputes are eliminated on tax
matter.
4. It reduces taxes on manufactueres. hence it increases their business and make them more
competitive at national and international level.
5. A seamless flow of Credit is available throughout the country. Hence evasion is
minimised.
Possible reduction in prices
Increase in Government Revenues
Less compliance and procedural cost
The Disadvanteges of GST
1. The Tax on services would go up substantially from 14% to 20%
2. Tax on retails would be almost double.
3. Imported goods would be taxed at higher rate by around 6%
4. There will be dual control on every business by Central and State Government. So
compliance cost will go up.
5. All credit will be available on from online conenctivity with GST Network. Hence, small
businesses may find it difficult to use the system
1. Easier tax compliance - instead of having to deal with many different
taxation laws and spending a lot of time in legal advise and compliance,
businesses will now need to pay GST only. This is a big relief and it creates
simplicity and predictability in business.
2. Less corruption - since the GST bill will reduce the compliance burden, a lot
of procedures will be streamlined. As a result of this, unnecessary interactions
with the tax officers will be avoided. This would result into a relief from
harassment and corruption which is rampant throughout the country.
3. Reduced tax evasion - the difference between present system and GST is that
the present system gave an incentive to evade taxes (because excise duty was a
cost for traders, thereby making it attractive for them to purchase without
invoice). With GST, this incentive will vanish. Therefore, tax evasion will fall.
4. More money to poor states - present taxation system was origin based, so
tax collection used to go to manufacturing heavy states (Tamil Nadu, Gujarat
etc.) Now, the tax collection of poor states (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh etc) will also
rise. This gives an opportunity for all the poor states to develop.

5. Tax bias for location will go - many businesses create depots and godowns
in different states simply because there is a difference in tax rates. Now that GST
will come, this difference between states will vanish. It would help to remove the
tax difference as a bias, thereby helping businesses.

Material handling Robots should be able to give maximum efficiency,

economy, and risk free solutions to human life in automotive industry,
nuclear environments, in the field of bomb diffusing and many other
material handling applications. Project aim is to Design and control the
robot by using DTMF Technology and give the solution to challenges
faced in programming an industrial robot.

Need of the present day is for the equipments to handle heavyloads with fast speed,
reliability, safety and economy. In order to meet the variety of requirements,
equipments of different types andsizes have been developed and are being
manufactured. Application of material handling devices is a prime consideration in
designing new plants and for modifying existing plants. These devices increase output,
improve quality, speed up the deliveries and therefore,decrease the cost of production.
Utility of these devices have further been increased due to increase in labour costs and
problems related to labor management.
Materials handling equipment are mechanically, electrically, hydraulically or
pneumatically operated or uses their combination. Materials handling equipment are not
production machinery. Theseare auxiliary equipments which improve the flow of
materials whichin turn reduce stoppages in production machines and thus increasetheir
production.

1. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Fundamental Rights ?

Answer: America (USA)

2. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Supreme Court ?

Answer: America (USA)

3. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Preamble ?

Answer: America (USA)

4. From Which country India Borrowed Written Constitution ?

Answer: America (USA)

5. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Fundamental Duties ?

Answer: Russia (USSR)

6. From Which country India Borrowed Five year Plan ?

Answer: Russia (USSR)

7. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Speaker in Lok Sabha ?

Answer: Britain (UK)

8. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Parliamentary Election ?

Answer: Britain (UK)

9. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Election Commission ?

Answer: Britain (UK)

10. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed 'Suspension of Fundamental

Rights during the Emergency' ?
Answer: Germany

11. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Concurrent list ?

Answer: Australia

12. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Federal System ?

Answer: Canada

13. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Union - State List ?
Answer: Canada

14. From Which country Indian Constitution Borrowed Amendment of the

Constitution ?
Answer: South Africa

15. Which amendment is known as Mini constitution ?

Answer: 42 nd amendment (1976)

16. In which amendment did the Preamble amended ?

Answer: 42 nd amendment

17. In which amendment did Right to property is removed from the Fundamental
Rights ?
Answer: 44 th amendment (1978)

18. In which amendment did the voting age is lowered form 21 to 18 ?

Answer: 61 st amendment (1989)

19.which amendment created the National Capital Territory of Delhi ?

Answer: 69 st amendment (1991)

20. Which amendment lead to the creation of Panchayat Raj ?

Answer: 73 st amendment (1992)

21. Fundamental Right are granted to citizens under which Article ?

Answer: Article 12 to 35

22. 'Right to Equality' is guaranteed to the citizens of India under Article ?

Answer: Article 14

23. Article 17 of the Indian Constitution provides for ?

Answer: Abolition of Untouchability

24. Which article deals with Right to elementary Education ?

Answer: Article 21 A

25. Which article is known as Necessary Evil ?