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DR.ZAHIRANIZAMUSTAFFA
zahiraniza@petronas.com.my
Building130327
CivilEngineeringDepartment
May2014SEMESTER
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OFFSHOREPIPELINES
Boyun Guo
Shanhong Song
JacobChacko
AliGhalambor

2005Elsevier

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INTRODUCTIONTOOFFSHOREPIPELINES
1. PIPELINESYSTEM
2. PIPELINEINSTALLATION
3. DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
4. PIPELINEHAZARDS
CORROSIONSINPIPELINE
1.

INTRODUCTION
y Whatispipeline?
y Acommonstructureusedtotransporthydrocarbon(oil
and/orgas)products.
y Offshorepipelinescanbeclassified asfollows:
y Flowlines transportinghydrocarbonfromsatellitesubsea
wellstosubseamanifolds
y Flowlines transportinghydrocarbonfromsubseamanifolds
toproductionfacilityplatforms
y Infieldflowlines transportinghydrocarbonbetween
productionfacilityplatformstoshore
y Flowlines transportingwaterorchemicalsfromproduction
facilityplatforms,throughsubseainjectionsmanifolds,to
injectionwellhead.
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PIPELINESYSTEM

PIPELINEINSTALLATION
y Thereareseveralmethodsforpipelineinstallation
including:
y Slay
y Jlay
y Reelbarge
y Towinmethods
y
y
y
y

Surfacetowmethod
Offbottomtowmethod
Middepthtowmethod
Bottomtowmethod
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PIPELINEINSTALLATION(cont.)

PIPELINEINSTALLATION
SLayMethod
y TheSlaymethodisusedinarangeofwaterdepths

fromshallowto deep.
y Requiresalayingbargeequippedwithseveralwelding
stations.
y Asthebargemovesforwards,thepipeiseasedoffthe
stern,curvingdownwardthroughthewaterasitleaves
untilitreachesthetouchdownpointi.e.Sshape!
y Astinger isusedtosupportthepipeasitleavesthe
barge,byreducingthebendingstress.
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PIPELINEINSTALLATION
SLayMethod(cont.)

PIPELINEINSTALLATION(cont.)
JLayMethod
y TheJlaymethodavoiddifficultiesofSlaying

approach.
y Canbeusedindeeper waterthantheSlaymethod.
y Thebargehasatalltoweronthesterntoweldandslip
preweldedpipesections.
y Itsbargedropsthepipedownalmostverticallyuntilit
reachesdowntowni.e.Jshape!

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PIPELINEINSTALLATION(cont.)
JLayMethod(cont.)

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PIPELINEINSTALLATION(cont.)
TowinMethods
y Foralltowinmethods,thepipehastohavea
uniformlowweightduringthetow.
y Musthaveanabrasionresistantcoatingthatcan
standuptobeingdragged acrosstheseabed.

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PIPELINEINSTALLATION(cont.)
SurfaceTowMethod

Buoyancyareaddedtothepipelinesothatitfloatsatthe
surface.Oncethepipelineistowedonsitebythetwotowboats,
thebuoyancymodulesareremovedorflooded,andthepipeline
settlestotheseafloor.

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PIPELINEINSTALLATION(cont.)
MidDepthTowMethod

Requiresfewerbuoyancymodules.Thepipelinesettlestothe
bottomonitsownwhentheforwardprogressionceases.
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PIPELINEINSTALLATION(cont.)
OffBottomTowMethod

Involvesbothbuoyancymodulesandaddedweightintheform
ofchains.Onceonlocation,thebuoyancyisremovedand
pipelinesettlestotheseafloor.

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PIPELINEINSTALLATION(cont.)
BottomTowMethod

Theroutehastobesurveyedcarefully.Pipelineisallowedtosink
tothebottomandthentowedalongtheseafloor.
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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignProcedures
y Belowaretheprocedures requiredinthedesignof

offshorepipelines:
1.
DiameterandWallThickness
2. HydrodynamicStabilityofPipelines
3.
PipelineSpan
4. OperatingStresses
5. PipelineRiserDesign
6. PipelineExternalCorrosionProtection
7. PipelineInsulation
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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignFailures OperatingStresses

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignFailures HydrodynamicStability

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SolutionsforPipeline
HydrodynamicStability

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignFailures PipelineSpan

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignFailures ExternalCorrosions

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignData
y Belowarethedata(parameters)requiredinthedesign

ofoffshorepipeline:
y Reservoirperformance
y Fluidandwatercomposition
y FluidPressureVolumetemperature(PVT)properties
y Sandconcentration
y Sandparticledistribution
y Geotechnicalsurveydata
y Meteorologicalandoceanographicdata

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignData:ReservoirPerformance

PLATFORM

RESERVOIR
WELLS

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignData:ReservoirPerformance
y Productionprofilesdefine howtheoil,water,andgas

flowrateswillchangewithtimeforthewholefiledlife.

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignData:FluidandWaterComposition
y Seawatermaycontaindifferentfluidcompositions,

whichmaycausecorrosionstothepipelines.
y Sweetcorrosionhappensinthepresenceofwater

(H2O).
y Sourcorrosionhappensinthepresenceofhydrogen

sulphide(H2S).

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignData:FluidPVTProperties
y FluidPressureVolumeTemperature(PVT)properties

willgreatlyaffectpipelinesizing.
y Thepressuredrop isnormallydeterminedbetween

pipelineoutletpressureandpipelineinletpressure.

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
SandConcentration
SandParticleDistribution
y Sandsarenormallyextractedfromthewells.
y Sandproductionaffectsthepipelinedesignand

operationsmainlyinthree areas:
Sandsinthepipelineincreasepipelineerosion.
2. Fluidvelocity wouldhavetobehigh enoughtocarry
thesandsoutofthepipeline.
3. Sanddepositioninsidethepipelinecanprevent
inhibitionchemicals(corrosioninhibitor)from
touchingthepipewall,thusreducingtheeffectiveness
ofchemicals.
1.

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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignData:GeotechnicalSurveyData
y Geotechnicalsurveydataprovideimportant

informationonseafloorconditionsthatcanaffectboth
pipelinemechanicaldesignandoperations.
y Seafloorbathymetrywouldaffectpipelinerouting,

alignment,andspanning.
y Pipelineshouldberoutedawayfromanyseafloor

obstructionsandhazards.
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DESIGNOFOFFSHOREPIPELINES
DesignData:Meteorological&
OceanographicData
y Oceancurrentsandwavesgreatlyaffectthestabilityof

offshorepipelines.
y Pipelineinstallationandtowingcanalsobeaffectedby

theoceanconditions.

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PIPELINEHAZARDS
HazardsinOffshorePipelines
Extremeweather

OFFSHOREPLATFORM

Collisionswithvessels
WATER
LEVEL
Corrosions

Trawlimpact
SEABED

TOONSHORE

PIPELINE
Spanning
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PIPELINEHAZARDS
Statistics

Other
25%
Corrosion
49%
Natural
forces
12%

Maritime
activities
14%

PipelinefailuresascompiledbytheCommittee
ontheSafetyofMarinePipelines(1994)
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Oilspilldisasters
(a) ExtinguishedeffortstocontrolaDeepwaterHorizonrigthat
caughtfireandfinallysankinApril2010intheUSA
(b)Concernedresearchersandscientistsinvestigatingthe2010
oilspillsintheGulfofMexico
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CORROSIONSINPIPELINE
Introduction
y Corrosionisdefinedasthe

chemical orelectrochemical
reactionbetweenamaterial,
usuallyametal,andits
environment thatproduces
deterioration ofthematerial
ofthematerialandits
properties.

y Corrosions canbeobservedeitherattheinternal or

external sideofthepipelinewall.
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CORROSIONSINPIPELINE (cont.)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)&(b)Examplesofpipelinefailuresduetointernalcorrosions.
(c)Sketchonirregularlength,width,anddepthofatypicalcorrosion
defect.
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CORROSIONSINPIPELINE
InspectionandMaintenance
y Pigging inthemaintenanceofpipelinesreferstothe

practiceofusingpipelineinspectiongaugesorpigs to
performvariousoperationswithoutstoppingtheflow
oftheproductinthepipeline.
y Thenamepigwasoriginallyappliedtoscrapers which

weredevicesdriventhroughthepipelinebythe
flowingfluidtrailingspringloadedrakestoscrape
waxofftheinternalwalls.Therakesmadea
characteristicloudsquealingnoise.
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CORROSIONSINPIPELINE
InspectionandMaintenance
y Anintelligentpigging isanimportanttoolused
to:
y removedepositswhichcouldobstructorretard

flowthroughapipeline.
y reportconditionsofthepipelinewall.
y controlcorrosiondevelopment.

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CORROSIONSINPIPELINE
PigsPhilosophy
Pipe
wall

Pig

Brushesofthe
pigcleanpipe
wall

Debrisremoved
dueto
turbulence

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CORROSIONSINPIPELINE
PigSystem(LauncherandReceiver)
y Pipelinepigsareinserted

intothepiglauncher and
travelthroughoutthelength
ofapipelinedrivenbya
productflow,andcollected
atthepigreceiver.

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CORROSIONSINPIPELINE
InspectionandMaintenance
y Corrosioninhibitoristhechemicalinjectionusedto

controlcorrosiondevelopmentinthepipeline.
y Itisreleasedintothepipelineatcertaintimeintervals.

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DrZahira,CivilEng.
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