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Chapter n - An Introduction To Higher Dimensional Geometry
WARNING - This chapter has technical information. You may wish to
skip this chapter.
CONTENT
(1) Higher Dimensional Shapes
(2) Tn Points On An n-Sphere.
(3) Ovoids
(4) Dark Numbers
(5) My Truth
--------------------------------------------------------------------(1) Higher Dimensional Shapes
Abstract
This chapter looks at four geometric shapes: The simplex, cross
polytope, measure and n-sphere which are triangle, diamond, square
and circle, respectively in two dimensional space and tetrahedron,
octahedron, cube and sphere, respectively in three dimensional
space. This chapter aims to explain mathematical concepts from a
familiar base of two and three dimensions and then with inductive
reasoning follow on into higher dimensions and finally to generalize
into any n value dimension. where n is a positive integer.
i, The Right Simplex
The Right Simplex Two Dimensional Space
Using the cartesian coordinate system with two axes x1 and x2, if we
have a line line x2=a-x1 (x2 equals a minus x1) then we get a two
dimensional right simplex, a right angle triangle where the length
of the adjacent and opposite sides are equal in length to the value
of n and both meet at the origin and at a right angle. The
coordinates are on this line where the two coordinates are equal to
n and where both coordinates are positive.
E.g.
If 'a' equals twelve and when the two coordinates x1 and x2 equal
twelve then that point (x1,x2) is on the line x2=12-x1 (x2 equals 12
minus x1). So every point (x1,x2) where x1+x2=12 is a point on the
line: x2=12-x1 (x2 equals 12 minus x1).
i.e.
(12, 0), (1, 11), (1/2, 23/2), (12-pi, pi), (5.2, 6.8) are all
points on the line: x2=12-x1 (x2 equals 12 minus x1). The set of
these points is infinitly large where x1 and x2 are positive real
numbers.
The Right Simplex Three Dimensional Space
Using the cartesian coordinate system with three axes x1, x2 and x3,
if we have a plane x3=a-x2-x1 (x3 equals n minus x2 minus x1) then
x2)=(+ve,
x2)=(-ve,
x2)=(-ve,
x2)=(+ve,
+ve)=1st
+ve)=2nd
-ve)=3rd
-ve)=4th
quadrant
quadrant
quadrant
quadrant
x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,
x3)=(+ve,
x3)=(-ve,
x3)=(-ve,
x3)=(+ve,
x3)=(+ve,
x3)=(-ve,
x3)=(-ve,
x3)=(+ve,
+ve,
+ve,
-ve,
-ve,
+ve,
+ve,
-ve,
-ve,
+ve)=1st
+ve)=2nd
+ve)=3rd
+ve)=4th
-ve)=5th
-ve)=6th
-ve)=7th
-ve)=8th
octant
octant
octant
octant
octant
octant
octant
octant
+
+
+
+
+
((4/4)^(1/2))^2
((3/4)^(1/2))^2
((2/4)^(1/2))^2
((1/4)^(1/2))^2
((0/4)^(1/2))^2
=
=
=
=
=
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((3/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
((3/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p6((0/3)^(1/2),
p7((1/3)^(1/2),
p8((2/3)^(1/2),
p9((1/3)^(1/2),
p10((2/3)^(1/2),
(2/3)^(1/2),
(0/3)^(1/2),
(0/3)^(1/2),
(2/3)^(1/2),
(1/3)^(1/2),
(1/3)^(1/2))
(2/3)^(1/2))
(1/3)^(1/2))
(0/3)^(1/2))
(0/3)^(1/2))
The points p1, p2, p3, are on the z, y and x axes respectively. The
other points are in the octant where x, y, and z are positive. All
the points p1 to p10 are on the surface of the unit 2 sphere.
The Total number of points T2, on the surface of a unit 2 sphere,
if we include both negative and positive coordinates on the
surface we get 62 points.
T2 = (2^(n+1))((1/n)((d+1)^n + (d+1)^(n-1) )-n+1)+2(n+1)
62 = (2^(2+1))((1/2)((3+1)^2 + (3+1)^(2-1) )-2+1)+2(2+1)
Tn:
d
T1
T2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
6
30
62
102
150
206
270
342
422
510
T3
T3:
d=2,
n=3,
d=3,
n=3,
d=4,
n=3,
0002
0020
0200
2000
0003
0030
0300
3000
0004
0040
0400
4000
0011
0101
0110
1001
1010
1100
0012
0021
0102
0120
0201
0210
1002
1020
1200
2001
2010
2100
1111
0022
0202
0220
2002
2020
2200
0013
0031
0103
0130
0301
0310
1003
1030
1300
3001
3010
3100
Checking the combinations where d=4 and n=3. There are 23
combinations and so this is the T3 answer that we are looking for.
m=n+1. r is the number of non zero digits in the row of 4 digits.
First we have to find all the partitions where 4 or less digits add
up to the value of 4. We get the following results:
1111
22
13
4
Each of the above rows of numbers have 4 or less digits and add up
to 4. So by using the combinations formula below, we get:
c(m,r) = (m!)/(r!(m-r)!)
1111
c(4,4) = (4!)/(4!(4-4)!) = 4x3x2x1/4x3x2x1 = 1
22
c(4,2) = (4!)/(2!(4-2)!) = 4x3x2x1/(2x1)(2x1) = 24/4 = 6
13, because we have 2 different digits we multiply the answer by 2.
c(4,2) = (4!)/(2!(4-2)!) = 2x6 = 12
4
c(4,1) = (4!)/(1!(4-1)!) = 4x3x2x1/3x2x1 = 24/6 = 4
Adding up the results we get the required T3 answer 23:
1 + 6 + 12 + 4 = 23
--------------------------------------------------------------------(3) Ovoids
Ovals or ovoids are a generic term for any shape that is similar to
an egg shape. This includes; ellipses, super ellipses, cassini ovals
to name just a few.
Dark Numbers And The Ovaloids.
| H tet x3
|
| /
| /
| /
H tet 0 |/
-------------------------------------> H tet x2
/|
/ |
/ |
|
/
|
/
|
/
H tet x1
Above is a three dimensional coordinate system using h tet numbers.
H tet numbers are numbers based on hexadecimal ten tetral to an
integer:
H
H
H
H
H
tet
tet
tet
tet
tet
0
1
2
3
n
=
=
=
=
=
0
16
16^16 = 18446744073709551616 dec or 1000000000000000 H
16^16^16 = dark number
16^16^ ... ^16 n times.
The Ovaloid:
(x1/y1)^z1 + (x2/y2)^z2 + (x3/y3)^z3 + ... + (xn/yn)^zn = A
The unit ovaloid in three dimensional space.
(x1/y1)^z1 + (x2/y2)^z2 + (x3/y3)^z3 = 1
The unit ovaloid is an ellipsoid where z1, z2 and z3 are each equal
to 2 and a super ellipse is where z1, z2 and z3 are each greater
than 2.
The Cassini Oval:
[(x-a)^2 + y^2][(x + a)^2 + y^2] = b^4
=
=
=
=
=
null
2
2^2 = 4
2^2^2 = 16
2^2^2^2 = 256
=
=
=
=
null
8
8^8 = 16777216
8^8^8 = 627710173538668076383578942320766641610235544446403
Base 9
9 tet 0 = null
9 tet 1 = 9
9 tet 2 = 9^9 = 387420489
9 tet 2 = 9^9^9 = 196627050475552913618075908526912116283103450944214
766927315415537966391196809
9 tet 2 = 9^9^9^9 = dark number
Base 10
10 tet 0 = null
10 tet 1 = 10
10 tet 2 = 10^10 = 10000000000 = 10^10
10 tet 3 = 10^10^10 = 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 = 10^100
10 tet 4 = 10^10^10^10 = 10^1000
n tet n
0 tet 0 = null
1 tet 1 = 1
2 tet 2 = 2^2 = 4 = 100 base 2
3 tet 3 = 3^3^3 = 19683 = 100000000 base 3
4 tet 4 = 4^4^4^4 = 340282366920938463463374607431768211456 = 1 with
4294967295 zeros in base 4
5 tet 5 = 5^5^5^5^5 = dark number in base 10 and which equals a 1
with 298023223876953124 zeros after it in base 5.
--------------------------------------------------------------------(5) My Truth
Pure mathematics is where I like to be, although there is a debate
as to what is pure mathematics. Pure mathematics as opposed to the
applied mathematics of physics with its applications in the real
world. It is pure mathematics that takes me through my imagination
into a surreal and metaphysical space/place.
Mathematics with deductive logic is so grounded in its proofs which
lends itself so well to number theory, but I have always wanted to
fly off with inductive logic. I leave the grounding of objective
proof and that collective consciousness to fly off with the
inductive logic that help me to reveal my own subjective conscious
truth.
I play with number theory and geometry with which number theory
underlies. It is through geometry that I have found my merkaba. I
have found a way to travel through the astral. Through meditation
and my dreams I reach out to a metaphysical space/place that is
mysteriously symbolic in its language as I sort this intranet of
mathematical pattern and structure it gives way to a fluidity and a
language that is somewhere deep within me. It is my truth and it is
my truth that I wish to share with you.