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Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences

Vol. 15, December 2008, pp. 452-458

Effect of fibre orientation on stress concentration factor in a laminate with central


circular hole under transverse static loading
N D Mittal* & N K Jain
Department of Applied Mechanics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462 007, India
Received 12 April 2007; revised received 17 June 2008
The effect of fibre orientation () on stress concentration factor (SCF) in a rectangular composite laminate with central
circular hole under transverse static loading has been studied by using finite element method. The percent variations in
deflection with fibre orientation are also compared with deflection in laminate without hole. Studies are carried out for three
D/A ratios (where D is hole diameter and A is plate width). The results are obtained for four different boundary conditions.
Three different types of materials are used for whole analysis to find the sensitivity of stress concentration with elastic
constants. A finite element study is made for whole analysis of laminate with a central hole under transverse static loading.
Keywords: Finite element method, Stress concentration factor, Composite, Laminate, material properties, Fibre orientation,
Transverse loading

A laminated composite plate with central circular hole


have found widespread applications in various fields
of engineering such as aerospace, marine, automobile
and mechanical. Stress concentration arises from any
abrupt change in geometry of plate under loading. As
a result, stress distribution is not uniform throughout
the cross-section. Failures such as fatigue cracking
and plastic deformation frequently occur at points of
stress concentration. Hence, for the design of a
laminated composite plate with central circular hole,
stress concentration factor plays an important role and
accurate knowledge of stresses and stress
concentration factor at the edges of hole under in
plane or transverse loading are required. Analytical
solutions are available in the literature for prediction
of SCF in different types of abrupt changes in shape.
Shastry and Raj1 have analysed the effect of fibre
orientation for a unidirectional composite laminate
with finite element method by assuming a plane stress
problem under in plane static loading. Paul and Rao2,3
presented a theory for evaluation of stress
concentration factor of thick and FRP laminated plate
with the help of Lo-Christensen-Wu higher order
bending theory under transverse loading. Xiwu
et al.4,5 evaluated stress concentration of finite
composite laminates with elliptical hole and multiple
elliptical holes based on classical laminated plate
theory. Iwaki6 worked on stress concentrations in a
plate with two unequal circular holes. Ukadgaonker
__________
*For correspondence (E-mail: ndmittal@yahoo.com)

and Rao7 proposed a general solution for stresses


around holes in symmetric laminates by introducing a
general form of mapping function and an arbitrary
biaxial loading condition into the boundary
conditions. Ting et al.8 presented a theory for stress
analysis by using rhombic array of alternating method
for multiple circular holes. Chaudhuri9 worked on
stress concentration around a part through hole
weakening a laminated plate by finite element
method. Mahiou and Bekaou10 studied for local stress
concentration and for the prediction of tensile failure
in unidirectional composites. Toubal et al.11 studied
experimentally for stress concentration in a circular
hole in composite plate. Younis12 investigated by
reflected photoelasticity method that the assembly
stress are the result of contact and bearing stresses
between the bolts and member, contributes to
reducing stresses around the circular holes in a plate
under uniaxial tension. Peterson18 has developed good
theory and charts on the basis of mathematical
analysis and presented excellent mythology in
graphical form for evaluation of stress concentration
factors in isotropic plates with different types of
abrupt change, but no results are presented for
orthotropic and laminated plate.
In this paper, a study of rectangular laminated
composite plate with central circular hole for the
effect of fibre orientation on stress concentration
factor under transverse static loading is made. The
analytical treatment for such type of problem is very
difficult and hence the finite element method is

MITTAL & JAIN: STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR IN A LAMINATE

adopted for whole analysis. The purpose of this


research work is to investigate the effect of fibre
orientations on SCF for normal stress in X, Y
directions (x, y), shear stress in XY plane (xy) and
von mises (equivalent) stress (eqv) in a single layer
laminate plate with central circular hole. Three types
of different composite materials of different material
properties are used for analysis to find out the
sensitivity of SCF with respect to elastic constants.
The work also illustrates the variation of SCF versus
D/A ratio in a lamina at different fibre orientations.
The deflections in transverse direction (Uz) for
different cases are also calculated.
Description of Problem
To study the influence of fibre orientation upon
deflection and SCF for different stresses, a laminated
composite plate of dimension 200 mm 100 mm 1
mm with a central circular hole of diameter D
subjected to a total transverse static load of P Newton
(which is uniformly distributed on whole plate) for all
cases is analysed by finite element method. The
analysis is carried out for three different D/A ratios.
Figure 1a shows the basic model of the problem.
Finite Element Analysis
An eight nodded linear layered structural 3-D shell
element with six degrees of freedom at each node
(specified as Shell99 in ANSYS package) was
selected based on convergence test and used through
out the study. Each node has six degrees of freedom,
making a total 48 degrees of freedom per element. In
order to construct the graphical image of the
geometries of the three different models for different
D/A ratios, a laminated plate examined using the
ANSYS (Advanced Engineering Simulation). It was
necessary to input the basic geometric elements such
as points, lines and arcs. Mapped meshing are used
for all models so that more elements are employed

Fig. 1a Details of model analysed in study (A laminated plate


with central hole under uniformly distributed static loading of P
Newton in transverse direction)

453

near the hole boundary. Due to the un-symmetric


nature of different models investigated, it was
necessary to discretize the full laminated plate for
finite element analysis. Main task in finite element
analysis is selection of suitable element type.
Numbers of checks and convergence test are made for
selection of suitable element type from different
available elements and to decide the element length.
Results were then displayed by using post processor
of ANSYS programme. For some simple problems of
plates, the finite elements results are also assessed
with available theoretical and experimental results in
literature and it in concluded that the finite elements
results are acceptable. Figure 1b provides the example
of the discretized models for D/A =0.2, used in study.
Results and Discussion
Numerical results are presented for three different
D/A ratio as 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5. Three different
orthotropic composite materials are used for analysis.
The material properties are given in Table 1.
Where; E, G and represent modulus of elasticity,
modulus of rigidity and poissons ratio respectively.
Four types of plates (a)-(d) are analysed. In plate (a)
all edges are simply supported, in plate (b) one edge is
Table 1The material properties
Materials

Boron/
aluminium

Silicon carbide/ Woven glass/


ceramic
epoxy

Properties
Ex
Ey
Ez
Gxy
Gyz
Gzx
xy
yz
zx

235 GPa
137 GPa
137 GPa
47 GPa
47 GPa
47 GPa
0.3
0.3
0.3

121 GPa
112 GPa
112 GPa
44 GPa
44 GPa
44 GPa
0.2
0.2
0.2

29.7 GPa
29.7 GPa
29.7 GPa
5.3 GPa
5.3 GPa
5.3 GPa
0.17
0.17
0.17

Fig. 1b Typical example of finite element mesh for D/A=0.2

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INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., DECEMBER 2008

fixed, in plate (c) two edges are simply supported and


two edges are fixed, in plate (d) all edges are fixed.
Figure 2 provides the boundary conditions at all edges
of plates (a), (b), (c) and (d).
The variation of SCF for different stresses and
percent variation in Uz with different fibre
orientations are presented in Figs 3-11. It has been
noted that these are the maximum values in the plates.
In case of plates (a) and (c), the maximum stress
concentration for all stresses is always occurred on
boundary of hole, i.e., values of SCF for different
stresses are plotted for boundary of hole, where, in
case of plates (b) and (d), the maximum stress
concentration is occurred on supports, i.e., values of
SCF for different stresses are plotted for supports.

Maximum Uz is always occurred at boundary of hole,


hence, the percent variation in Uz is plotted for
boundary of hole in all the cases.
Variations of SCF for x, y, xy for different D/A
ratios with respect to fibre orientations in plates (a),
(b), (c), and (d) made of different composite materials
are shown in Figs 3-5. Following observation can be

Fig. 2 Boundary conditions at all edges of plates (a), (b), (c)


and (d)

Fig. 4 Variation of SCF (for x, y, xy) versus fibre


orientations in plates (a), (b), (c) and (d) of silicon
carbide/ceramic material

Fig. 3 Variation of SCF (for x, y, xy) versus fibre


orientations in plates (a), (b), (c) and (d) of boron/aluminum
material

Fig. 5 Variation of SCF (for x, y, xy) versus fibre


orientations in plates (a), (b), (c) and (d) of woven glass/epoxy
material

MITTAL & JAIN: STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR IN A LAMINATE

455

made from Figs 3-5. In case of plate (a); for D/A=0.1


and 0.2, maximum SCF is obtained for x for almost
all the values of and attaining maximum at =90,
but for D/A=0.5 maximum SCF is obtained for xy for
almost all the values of and attaining maximum at
=90 for all materials. Figures illustrate that at any
fibre orientation, SCF for x, y, xy decrease with
increase of D/A ratio for all materials. It is also
clear from figures that SCF for x, y, xy obtained

maximum when =90 for all D/A ratios and


materials. For all D/A ratios and materials, it has been
seen that SCF for y is always lesser then SCF for x
at almost all the values of . Maximum value of SCF
is coming as 3.5 in case of woven glass/epoxy
composite material at =90 for D/A=0.1 for x. In
case of plate (b); maximum SCF is obtained for xy for
almost all the values of and attaining maximum
value at =90 for all D/A ratios and materials. For all

Fig. 6 Variation of SCF (for eqv) versus fibre orientations in


plates (a), (b), (c) and (d) of boron/aluminum material

Fig. 8 Variation of SCF (for eqv) versus fibre orientations in


plates (a), (b), (c) and (d) of woven glass/epoxy material

Fig. 7 Variation of SCF (for eqv) versus fibre orientations in


plates (a), (b), (c) and (d) of silicon carbide/ceramic material

Fig. 9 Percent variation in Uz versus fibre orientations in plates


(a), (b), (c) and (d) of boron/aluminum material

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INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., DECEMBER 2008

Fig. 10 Percent variation in Uz versus fibre orientations in


plates (a), (b), (c) and (d) of silicon carbide/ceramic material

Fig. 11 Percent variation in Uz versus fibre orientations in


plates (a), (b), (c) and (d) of woven glass/epoxy material

materials, it has been seen that SCF for x is not


varied with D/A ratio for all values of , SCF for y is
not varied with D/A ratio when changes from 0 to
75 and 105 to 180 but SCF for y is slightly varied
with D/A ratio when changes from 75 to 105 and
SCF for xy increases with increase of D/A ratio for all
values of . Figures illustrate that the variation of SCF
for x is much small with respect to and fluctuated
near about 1.0 for all materials, in case of woven
glass/epoxy material, it become exactly 1.0 for all
values of and D/A ratios. Maximum SCF is coming
as 4.7 in woven glass/epoxy composite material at
=90 for D/A=0.5 for xy. In case of plate (c); for
boron/aluminium and woven glass/epoxy materials,
maximum SCF is obtained for xy for almost all the
values of and attaining maximum at =90 for all
D/A ratios. For silicon carbide/ceramic material,
maximum SCF is obtained for y for all values of
but variation is much small with respect to for all
D/A ratios. For all materials, SCF for x increases with
increase of D/A ratio and SCF for y decreases with
increase of D/A ratio for almost all the values of .
Maximum SCF is coming as 3.8 in woven
glass/epoxy composite material at =90 for D/A=0.5
for xy. In case of plate (d); maximum SCF is obtained
for xy for all values of and attaining maximum at
=90 for all D/A ratios and materials. It has been
seen that SCF for xy and y decrease with increase of
D/A ratio and SCF for x increases with increase of
D/A ratio for all values of and materials. Figures 3-5

show that variation of SCF for y is much small with


respect to for all materials and in case of woven
glass/epoxy, variation is negligible. Maximum SCF is
coming as 3.9 in woven glass/epoxy composite
material for D/A=0.2 for xy. Figures 3-5 illustrate that
in case of plate (a), stress concentration for x played
an important role where stress concentration for y
played a significant role for all materials at any fibre
orientations. For plates (b), (c) and (d), stress
concentration for x and y played significant role and
SCF for these stresses varied from 1.0 to 2.0 for all
D/A ratios, materials and all values of . It has been
seen also, that sometimes SCF obtained less then 1.0.
In case of plate (d), the effect of stress concentration
for x and y is almost negligible. For plates (b), (c)
and (d), stress concentration for xy played an
important role and has significant value for all cases
and sometimes it obtained more then 4.0. It is
observed that the SCF follows a symmetric trend with
respect to 90 in all cases. For woven glass/epoxy
laminate, SCF follows a symmetric trend with respect
to 45 when orientation changes from 0 to 90 and
to135 when orientation changes from 90 to 180
due to same value of Ex and Ey.
Variations of SCF for eqv for different D/A ratios
with respect to in plates (a), (b), (c), and (d) made of
different composite materials are shown in Figs 6-8. It
has been observed that, for all plates of different
materials, SCF decreases with increase of D/A ratio.
In case of plate (a); following observation can be

MITTAL & JAIN: STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR IN A LAMINATE

made from figures. In case of boron/aluminium


material, SCF increases continuously when changes
from 0 to 15, decreases when changes from 15 to
30, again increases when changes from 30 to 75,
attaining a maximum value when orientation is at 75
and then decreases when changes from 75 to 90
for all D/A ratios. In case of silicon carbide/ceramic
material, SCF decreases continuously when changes
from 0 to 45, attaining a minimum value when
orientation is at 45 and then again increases when
changes from 45 to 90, attaining a maximum value
when orientation is at 90 for all D/A ratios. In case of
woven glass/epoxy, SCF increases continuously when
changes from 0 to 15, decreases when changes
from 15 to 45, again increases when changes from
45 to 75, attaining a maximum value when
orientation is at 75 and then decreases when
changes from 75 to 90 for all D/A ratios. Maximum
SCF are coming as 2.2 at =75, 1.9 at =90 and 2.1
at =75 for D/A=0.1 in boron/aluminium, silicon
carbide/ceramic and woven glass/epoxy composite
materials respectively. It is observed that the SCF for
eqv also follows a symmetric trend with respect to
90 in all cases. For woven glass/epoxy laminate, SCF
follows a symmetric trend with respect to 45 when
orientation changes from 0 to 90 and to135 when
orientation changes from 90 to 180. It is clear from
figures that, for all materials and D/A ratios,
maximum stress concentration occurred in case of
plate (a) for all values of and for plate (a) SCF
varied from 1.3 to 2.3 for different cases. It is also
observed that, in case of plate (c), some significant
stress concentration occurred. But in case of plates (b)
and (c), the effect of stress concentration is much
small, and in case of plate (d), it is almost negligible
for all cases. For plate (d), the variation of SCF with
respect to is also negligible for all D/A ratios and
materials; SCF is fluctuated near about 1 for all cases.
In case of plate (b); it has been seen that the effect of
D/A ratio on SCF is negligible for all values of and
materials. In case of all plates, the trend of variation
of SCF with respect to is different for different
material, i.e., variation of SCF depends up on elastic
constants. In case of plate (a); SCF obtained always
greater then 1.0 for all values of , D/A ratios and
materials but in case of plates (b), (c), and (d), SCF
obtained less then 1.0 in some cases.
The variation of percent variation in Uz for
different D/A ratios with respect to in plates (a), (b),
(c), and (d) made of different composite materials are

457

shown in Figs 9-11. The percent variation in UZ has


been calculated with respect to laminate without hole
for same case. Following observation can be made
from Figs 9-11. In case of plates (a), (b) and (c), Uz
increases with increase in D/A ratio, but in case of
plate (d) Uz increases when D/A ratio increase from
0.1 to 0.2 and then decreases when D/A ratio increase
from 0.2 to 0.5 for all values of and materials. For
boron/aluminium and silicon carbide/ceramic plates
(a), (c) and (d), the maximum and minimum
deflection occurred at =90 and =0 respectively,
but in case of plate (b) maximum deflection occurred
when =0 and minimum occurred when =90. In
case of woven glass/epoxy material; percent variation
in Uz is almost constant with respect to for all D/A
ratios and plates (maximum variation is obtained up
to 5%). It has been observed that maximum percent
variation occurred for plate (a) and minimum
occurred for plate (d). It has been also seen that, per
cent variation in Uz is obtained less then 0% at some
values of for all D/A ratios, plates and materials.
Conclusions
In general; for plates (a) and (c), the maximum
stress concentration is always occurred on hole
boundary and in case of plates (b) and (d), the
maximum stress concentration is occurred on
supports. The SCF for x, y, eqv play an important
role in plate (a), a significant role in plate (c) and
negligible role in plates (b) and (d). The SCF for xy
plays, an important role in plates (b), (c), (d) and a
significant role in plate (a). It has been observed that
SCF for all stresses decrease with increase in D/A
ratio, where deflection increases with increase in D/A
ratio for almost all values of , materials and plates.
For plates (a), (c) and (d), maximum Uz always
occurred at =90 and for plate (b), maximum Uz
always occurred at =0 for all D/A ratios. Maximum
SCF for xy always occurred at =90 for all cases. It
is also observed that SCF for all stresses and
deflection follow a symmetric trend with respect to
90 fibre orientation. In case of composite materials
those have same modulus of elasticity in X and Y
directions SCF for all stresses and deflection follow a
symmetric trend with respect to 45 when orientation
changes from 0 or 90 and to135 when orientation
changes from 90 or 180. In case of all plates, the
trend of variation of SCF with respect to is different
for different material, i.e., variation of SCF depends
up on elastic constants. It has been also seen that the

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INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., DECEMBER 2008

SCF is most sensitive to material properties and


directly depend on the ratio of Ex/Ey and Ex/Gxy. The
results obtained, show that for higher values of these
ratios, SCF for all stresses may also be higher.
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