IRNSS satellite navigation system

Main article: IRNSS

IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is
designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the
region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. IRNSS
will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and
Restricted Service (RS) and is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in
the primary service area.[54] It is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system being
developed by Indian Space Research Organisation which would be under total control of
Indian government. The requirement of such a navigation system is driven by the fact that
access to Global Navigation Satellite Systems like GPS is not guaranteed in hostile situations.
ISRO initially planned to launch the constellation of satellites between 2012 and 2014 but the
project got delayed by nearly 2 years.
ISRO on 1 July 2013, at 23:41 IST launched from Sriharikota the First Indian Navigation
Satellite the IRNSS-1A. The IRNSS-1A was launched aboard PSLV-C22. The constellation
would be comprising 7 satellites of I-1K bus each weighing around 1450 Kilogrammes, with
three satellites in the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) and 4 in Geosynchronous Earth
Orbit(GSO). The constellation would be completed around April 2016.[55]
On 4 April 2014, at 17:14 IST ISRO has launched IRNSS-1B from Sriharikota, its second of
seven IRNSS series. 19 minutes after launch PSLV-C24 was successfully injected into its
orbit.IRNSS-1C was launched on 16 October 2014, and IRNSS-1D on 28 March 2015.[56]
On 20 January 2016, 9:31 hrs IST IRNSS-1E was launched successfully aboard PSLV-C31
from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. On 10 March 2016, 4:31 hrs
IST IRNSS-1F was launched successfully aboard PSLV-C32 from Satish Dhawan Space
Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. On 28 April 2016, 12:50 hrs IST IRNSS-1G was
launched successfully aboard PSLV-XL-C33 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)
SHAR, Sriharikota. This Satellite is the seven and the last in the IRNSS system and
completes India's own navigation system
As of January 2016, ISRO was in the process of developing 4 back-up satellites to the
constellation of existing IRNSS satellites.[57]

Human spaceflight programme

Main article: Indian human spaceflight programme
The Indian Space Research Organisation has proposed a budget of 124 billion
(US$1.8 billion) for its human spaceflight programme.[58] According to the Space
Commission which recommended the budget, an unmanned flight will be launched after 7
years of final approval[59] and a manned mission will be launched after 7 years of
funding.[60][61] If realised in the stated time-frame, India will become the fourth nation, after
the USSR, USA and China, to successfully carry out manned missions indigenously. The
government of India has not yet approved the mission as of August 2016.

Technology demonstration
The Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SCRE or more commonly SRE or SRE-1)[62] is an
experimental Indian spacecraft which was launched using the PSLV C7 rocket, along with
three other satellites. It remained in orbit for 12 days before re-entering the Earth's
atmosphere and splashing down into the Bay of Bengal.[63] The SRE-1 was designed to
demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule, and the technology for
performing experiments in the microgravity conditions of an orbiting platform. It was also
intended to test thermal protection, navigation, guidance, control, deceleration and flotation
systems, as well as study hypersonic aero-thermodynamics, management of communication
blackouts, and recovery operations. ISRO also plans to launch SRE-2 and SRE-3 in the near
future to test advanced re-entry technology for future manned missions.[64]

Astronaut training and other facilities

ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bangalore to prepare personnel for flights on
board the crewed vehicle. The centre will use simulation facilities to train the selected
astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival in zero gravity, and will undertake
studies of the radiation environment of space. ISRO will build centrifuges to prepare
astronauts for the acceleration phase of the mission. It also plans to build a new Launch pad
to meet the target of launching a manned space mission in 7 years of funding clearance. This
would be the third launchpad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.

Development of crew vehicle

Main article: ISRO Orbital Vehicle
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working towards a maiden manned Indian
space mission vehicle that can carry three astronauts for seven days in a near earth orbit. The
Indian manned spacecraft temporarily named as Orbital Vehicle intends to be the basis of
indigenous Indian human spaceflight programme. The capsule will be designed to carry three
people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking
capability. In its maiden manned mission, ISRO's largely autonomous 3-ton capsule will orbit
the Earth at 400 km in altitude for up to seven days with a two-person crew on board. The
crew vehicle would launch atop of ISRO's GSLV Mk II, currently under development. The
GSLV Mk II features an indigenously developed cryogenic upper-stage engine.[65] The first
test of the cryogenic engine, held on 15 April 2010, failed as the cryogenic phase did not
perform as expected and rocket deviated from the planned trajectory.[66] However the second
test of the indigenous cryogenic engine was successful on 5 January 2014 and on 27 August
2015.[67]