Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
RESEARCH ARTICLE
ISSN 1679-9216
Pub. 1190
ABSTRACT
Background: Milk can be considered a source of macro- and micronutrients, together with bioactive substances, and also
contains a number of active compounds that play a significant role in both nutrition and health protection. Data on milk
chemical composition provide information on milk quality alterations and cow health status but is also useful in planning
feeding and breeding. Animals living use changes in the photoperiod to adapt to seasonal changes in the environment. The
composition of milk is of great importance for the dairy industry and there is great interest in changing the composition of
milk. Dairy cow breeding in China has always been restricted by species, management, nutrient supply, seasonal variation
and other factors, which cause the quality of raw milk is unsteady. The transition element cations have concentrations in
blood, tissues and milk that are largely independent of the intake, as they relate to regulation of gut absorption and changing metabolic demands. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate the possible effects of nature month and
physiological variables on chemical composition in milk and trace element levels in Chinese Holstein Friesian cows.
Materials, Methods & Results: In this paper, cow milk samples were collected from 180 consecutive milkings during 6
month. For the first time, Pearson phenotypic correlations and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used for analyzing
milk chemical composition and trace elements levels in milk and serum. Linear regression was used to predict the value
of the continuous dependent variable based on the value of the independent variable. The results showed milk chemical
composition and trace elements vary considerably throughout the test period. HCA classified samples into three main groups
on the basis of the measured parameters. The first group was composed of fat, total solids, Mn, Fe, and Zn; the second
cluster included solids non fat, freezing point, total protein, density, lactose, and acidity; and the last cluster consisted of
Cu alone. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that milk Mn was significantly correlated with serum Mn (r = 0.388,
P = 0.008 < 0.05), but milk Cu, Fe and Zn levels were not positively associated with serum (r = 0.013, P = 0.933 > 0.05;
r = 0.235, P = 0.087 > 0.05; r = 0.217, P = 0.081 > 0.05, respectively).
Discussion: These observations suggest that the concentration of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in serum and milk did not remain
stable during lactation period. Nature month variations have to be taken into consideration for the correct interpretation
of milk chemical composition and trace elements status in cow. HCA is an effective way to comprehensively evaluate the
characterization of milk, which not only could avoid the bias and the instability of single factor analysis, but also reflect the
relationship between different chemical composition and trace elements related characterization and quality in milk better.
The newborn infant is dependent on an adequate supply of trace elements for optimal nutrition and health. The mammary
gland has a remarkable capacity to adapt to maternal deficiency or excess of trace elements and to homeostatically control
milk concentrations of these essential nutrients such as Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn. However, the content of milk Cu, Fe, and Zn
is not suitable for reflect the states of the corresponding nutrients in serum.
Keywords: milk, chemical composition, trace elements, relationship, serum.
Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Key Lab of New Animal Drug Protection
of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutics
Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China. 2Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China. CORRESPONDENCE: H. Wang [wanghui01@caas.cn - Tel.: +86 (931) 211-5263].
Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutics Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. No 335, Qilihe, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
INTRODUCTION
Serum sampling
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) is a statistical technique used to group cases (individuals
or objects) into homogeneous sub-groups based on
Ward method by using of Euclidean distance criterion was performed for grouping of varieties. HCA
calculates the distances (or correlation) between all
samples, and was applied to the standardized data
to investigate similarities between different samples
and sample types [4]. Chemical composition and
trace elements states of milk were analyzed by HCA
of SPSS.
elements has been described previously [1]. Optimization of the instrument was done for higher sensitivity
and lower detection limits. Multi-element calibration
standards were prepared by appropriate dilution of
1000 g/mL single-element standard solutions.
Statistical analyses
RESULTS
Table 1. Composition of Chinese Holstein Friesian cow milk over 6 months of lactation.
Composition
March
April
May
June
July
August
MPP (%)
MFP (%)
TSP (%)
SNF (%)
MLP (%)
MD (g/L)
FP (C)
Means within a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05). MPP, milk protein percentage; MFP, milk fat percentage; TSP, total
solids percentage; SNF, solids non fat; MLP, milk lactose percentage; MD, milk density; FP, freezing point.
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
Figure 1. Changes in gross composition of Chinese Holstein Friesian cow milk during the lactation period. Milk was collected from 180 Chinese Holstein
Friesian cows during the period from March 2012 to August 2012. The data were expressed as the mean standard deviation (SD). MPP, milk protein
percentage; MFP, milk fat percentage; TSP, total solids percentage; SNF, solids non fat; MLP, milk lactose percentage; MD, milk density; FP, freezing point.
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
Figure 2. Amount of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in cow milk at different stages of lactation. The content of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in cow milk was detected
using AAS. The data were expressed as the mean standard deviation (SD) and statistically analyzed by ANOVA; **Significant at 0.01 probability
level, *Significant at 0.05 probability level.
Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Copper
The mean concentration of Cu in cow serum was 0.365 0.089 g/mL at March, 0.421
0.103 g/mL at April, 0.432 0.126 g/mL at May,
0.429 0.147 g/mL at June, 0.740 0.175 g/
mL at July, and 0.680 0.107 g/mL at August.
The results indicated a significant increase in the
mean concentration of copper during the lactation
period of July and August in cow serum (Figure
3, P < 0.01).
Iron
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
Figure 3. Amount of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in cow serum at different stages of lactation. The serum Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn levels in cow were measured
using AAS. The data were expressed as the mean standard deviation (SD) and statistically analyzed by ANOVA; **Significant at 0.01 probability
level, *Significant at 0.05 probability level.
Manganese
Zinc
Iron
To investigate the relationships among chemical composition and four trace element contents in
milk, Pearson correlation analyses were performed
for the accessions (Table 2). Among the chemical
composition and trace elements, closely positive associations were recognized between the contents of
MPP and SNF or MD or FP or Acidity or Cu; between
the contents of MFP and TSP or Zn; between the
contents of TSP and FP; between the contents of SNF
and MLP or MD or FP or Acidity or Cu; between the
contents of MLP and MD or FP or Acidity; between
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
Table 2. Pearson phenotypic correlations among milk chemical composition and milk trace elements.
MFP
MPP
TSP
0.432** 0.328**
SNF
MLP
MD
FP
Acidity
Cu
Mn
Fe
Zn
0.820**
0.057
0.551**
0.604**
0.856**
0.419**
0.123
0.037
0.123
0.094
0.516**
0.122
0.229
0.399*
0.422**
MFP
TSP
0.045
0.455**
0.225
0.219
0.285
0.119
SNF
0.525**
0.823**
0.796**
0.795**
0.390**
0.052
0.171
0.175
0.631**
0.476**
0.349**
0.027
0.086
0.329*
0.107
0.695**
0.319*
0.126
0.384*
0.231
0.544**
0.363*
0.028
0.060
0.180
0.347*
0.195
0.419**
0.244
0.284
0.070
0.003
0.308
0.048
MLP
MD
0.422**
FP
Acidity
Cu
Mn
Fe
0.309*
**Significant at 0.01 probability level. *Significant at 0.05 probability level. MPP, milk protein percentage; MFP, milk fat percentage;
TSP, total solids percentage; SNF, solids non fat; MLP, milk lactose percentage; MD, milk density; FP, freezing point.
With the hierarchical cluster analysis three clusters have been distinguished for the well data. The result of
cluster analysis as a tree diagram was shown in Figure 4,
in which three well-defined clusters were visible. Samples
were grouped in clusters in terms of their nearness or
similarity. Cluster analysis (CA) used less information
(distances only). It was interesting to observe what kind of
classification can be made on the basis of distances only.
The first group of samples (A) was clearly discernible
which was composed of MFP, TSP, Mn, Fe, and Zn. The
second cluster (B) included SNF, FP, MLP, MD, MPP,
and Acidity, and the last cluster (C) consisted of Cu alone.
The tendencies to form natural sample groupings arising
from common analytical characteristics were clear in this
data analysis procedure.
Serum trace elements status in relation to milk trace elements status
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
Figure 4. Dendrogram of hierarchical cluster analysis of milk chemical composition and milk
trace elements.
Figure 5. Relationship between serum trace elements and milk trace elements. (A) Correlation between serum Cu
and milk Cu (r = 0.013, P = 0.933). (B) Correlation between serum Mn and milk Mn (r = 0.388, P = 0.008). (C)
Correlation between serum Fe and milk Fe (r = 0.235, P = 0.087). (D) Correlation between serum Zn and milk Zn
(r = 0.217, P = 0.081).
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
velopment, employment and slowing down the migration of the rural population. The milk composition has
changed during the past decades because of changes
in the feeding regimen and breeding practices or other
changes in dairy husbandry. The main objective of this
study was to investigate the possible effects of nature
month and physiological variables on composition of
milk and trace element levels in cow, and the relationship between trace element contents and chemical
composition in milk.
Characterization of chemical composition and trace elements in milk based on genetic and herd parameters
Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) is an exploratory tool designed to reveal natural groupings (or
clusters) within a data set that would otherwise not be
apparent, and it is a method for placing objects into
more or less homogeneous groups so that the relation
between the groups is revealed [13]. It is most useful
when you want to cluster a small number (less than
a few hundred) of objects. In HCA, samples were
grouped on the basis of similarities, without taking into
account the information about the class membership.
Cluster analysis is a powerful exploratory technique,
its results must be considered within the context of
the selected input variables and the requirement of an
adequate ratio between the sample size and the number
of variables to be modeled [24].
However, thus far, there have been no reports
using cluster analysis to comprehensively analyze
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
Figure 6. Model structure for trace elements transfer into milk. Trace elements (TE) present either as free (TEf) or bound (TEb) in the body. The letter
B represents TE-binding capacity in the tissue. TE in diet were digested and absorbed in small intestine, and were inhaled into lung, respiratory nose
and olfactory nose, then entered mammary gland, bone, liver, etc, through the circulation. Milk synthesis starts in the epithelial cells of the mammary
gland at the end of pregnancy to support the nutrition and promote the health of the off-spring. Cu was transferred by copper transporters-1 (Ctr1), ATP7A,
and ATP7B, Mn was transferred by transmmlganin (Tm), Fe was transferred by transferrin receptor (TR), divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1), and
ferroportin (Fp), and Zn was transferred by zinc import protein (Zip3) and zinc transporters (ZnT-1, ZnT-2, and ZnT-4) from mammary gland to milk
[6,20,21,23,42]. In our research, the correlation of copper, manganese, iron and zinc between serum and milk was 0.013 (CuSr), 0.388 (MnSr), 0.235
(FeSr) and 0.217 (ZnSr), respectively. With the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) 3 clusters have been distinguished the trace elements contents and
chemical composition in milk, and (A) was composed of MFP, TSP, Mn, Fe, and Zn, (B) included SNF, FP, MLP, MD, MPP, and Acidity, and the last
cluster (C) consisted of Cu alone, respectively.
ments status
against hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion involved in pathogens of cardiovascular disorders by
SOD as antioxidant enzymes [10,15]. Previous studies
have shown that Cu plays an important role in lactation performance in dairy cows [37]. Mammary gland
copper metabolism is regulated by copper transporter
1 (Ctr1), ATP7A, and ATP7B [23] (Figure 6). Kelleher and Lnnerdal used the rat as a model to study
mechanisms regulating milk Cu levels during lactation [17]. The possible mechanisms that the decrease
The newborn infant is dependent on an adequate supply of trace elements for optimal nutrition
and health. The mammary gland is capable of regulating concentrations of essential elements such as Cu,
Mn, Fe and Zn in milk to protect the newborn infant
against deficiency and excess of these elements [23].
Cu is an essential trace element that participates in the pathogenesis of numerous heart diseases
[19]. Cu has a protective impact on cell membranes
10
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
CONCLUSION
11
H. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, et al. 2014. Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents
and Chemical Composition in Milk.
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 42: 1190.
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