EE 2224

Solid Mechanics
Stress and Strain

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Chapter Outline

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Stress

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= average normal stress

P = resultant normal force
A = cross sectional area of bar

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 The average shear stress distributed

over each sectioned area that develops a
shear force.
avg

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= average shear stress

V = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section

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The inclined member is

subjected to a compressive
force of 3000 N. Determine
the average compressive
stress along the smooth
areas of contact defined by
AB and BC, and the
average shear stress along
the horizontal plane defined
by EDB.
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The compressive
forces acting on the
areas of contact are
Fx 0;
Fy 0;

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FAB 3000 53 0 FAB 1800 N

FBC 3000 54 0 FBC 2400 N

The shear force acting

on the sectioned
horizontal plane EDB is

Fx 0;

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V 1800 N

Average compressive stresses

along the AB and BC planes are

AB
BC

1800

1.80 N/mm 2 (Ans)

2540
2400

1.20 N/mm 2 (Ans)

5040

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Average shear stress

acting on the BD
plane is

avg

1800

0.60 N/mm 2 (Ans)

7540

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Allowable Stress
Many unknown factors that influence the
actual stress in a member.
A factor of safety is needed to obtained
allowable load.
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the
failure load divided by the allowable load
F .S

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F fail
Fallow

fail
F .S
allow

fail
F .S
allow

The 50-kg flowerpot is

suspended from wires AB
and BC which have
diameters of 1.5 mm and
2 mm, respectively. If the
wires have a normal
failure stress of
fail = 350 MPa,
determine the factor of
safety of each wire.
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The normal force in cables AB and

BC considering the equilibrium of
joint B

Solving

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Average Normal Stress: The cross-sectional area of wires

AB and BC

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We obtain,

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Strain

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The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and

CE. If the load P on the beam causes the end C to be displaced
10 mm downward, determine the normal strain developed in
wires CE and BD.

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3mm

4mm
LBD

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LCE=10mm

Stress-Strain Relationship

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Hookes Law

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An aluminium rod, has a circular cross section and is subjected to

an axial load of 10 kN. If a portion of the stressstrain diagram is
shown in Figure below , determine the approximate elongation of
the rod when the load is applied. Take Eal = 70 GPa, Y = 40 MPa

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In order to find the elongation of the rod, we must first obtain

the strain. This is done by calculating the stress, then using the
stressstrain diagram. The normal stress within each segment is

From the stressstrain diagram, the material in segment AB is

strained elastically since AB < Y = 40 MPa.
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Using Hookes law

The material within segment BC is strained plastically, since

BC > Y = 40 MPa. From the graph, for BC = 56.59 MPa, BC
0.045 mm/mm . The approximate elongation of the rod is
therefore

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Poissons Ratio

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6
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown below. If
an axial force of P = 80 kN is applied to the bar, determine the
change in its length and the change in the dimensions of its
cross section after applying the load. The material behaves
elastically. Est = 200 GPa, st = 0.32

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6
The normal stress in the bar is

Est = 200 GPa, and so the strain in the z direction is

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6
The axial elongation of the bar is therefore

st = 0.32. Then the lateral contraction strains in both the x and

y directions are

Thus the changes in the dimensions of the cross section are

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Shear Stress-Strain Diagram

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For most engineering

materials the elastic
behaviour is linear, so
Hookes Law for shear applies.

G
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G = shear modulus of elasticity (Pa)

= shear strain (radian)

3 material constants, E, and G are actually related by

the equation

E
G
21 v

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7
An aluminium specimen shown has
a diameter of d0 = 25 mm and a
gauge length of L0 = 250 mm. If a
force of 165 kN elongates the
gauge length 1.20 mm, determine
the modulus of elasticity. Also,
determine by how much the force
causes the diameter of the specimen
to contract. Take Gal = 26 GPa and
Y = 440 MPa.

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7
Modulus of Elasticity.
The average normal stress in the specimen is

and the average normal strain is

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Since < Y = 440 MPa, the material behaves elastically.

The modulus of elasticity is therefore

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7
Contraction of Diameter.
First we will determine Poissons ratio for the material using

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7
Since long = 0.00480 mm/mm,
then

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The contraction of the

diameter is therefore

8
The rigid beam rests in the horizontal position on two 2014-T6
aluminium cylinders having the unloaded lengths shown. If each
cylinder has a diameter of 30 mm. determine the placement x of
the applied 80-kN load so that the beam remains horizontal.
What is the new diameter of cylinder A after the load is applied?
Take al = 0.35, Eal = 73.1GPa

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