UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

UEBA 2813 BUILDING SCIENCE II

TRIMESTER JAN 2016

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT REPORT

NAME: CHANG HUI YI

STUDENT ID: 13UEB03218
YEAR OF STUDY: YEAR 2 TRIMESTER 3
STUDIO: 4
LECTURES NAME: MR. WONG YEE CHOONG

CONTENTS
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ................................................................................................. 3
1.0

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION ...................................... 3

1.1

RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS ................................................................ 5

1.2

1.1.1

Solar photovoltaic energy (PVs)......................................................................... 5

1.1.2

Solar water heating system .................................................................................. 7

1.1.3

Wind turbines ....................................................................................................... 8

1.1.4

Bioenergy ............................................................................................................. 9

DAYLIGHTING DESIGN .......................................................................................... 11

GREEN BUILDING POLICY .................................................................................... 13

2.0

GREEN BUILDING INDEX ...................................................................................... 13

2.1

GREEN ROOFS AND GREEN WALLS ................................................................... 17

2.1.1

Green Roofs ....................................................................................................... 17

2.1.2

Green Wall ......................................................................................................... 21

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 25

2|UEBA2813 BUILDING SCIENCE II

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
1.0 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Energy consumption is the use of power and energy. We use energy everywhere, from our
dwelling, commercial and business area and for transportation as well. We do not notice that
the energy we used in buildings every day is causing dangerous and negative impacts to the
environment and due to unsustainable use of energy and natural resources.

The management of air circulation is essential as it is to minimize the energy consume, to

control the humidity of a space and ensure the wellbeing and comfort of dwellers or users. By
controlling the air movement in a building, it can save the energy consumption. Air escaping
out from building should restore with the external air which need energy to control it. There
is roughly 30 percent to 50 percent of space conditioning energy usage in many properly
insulated buildings because of air leakage moving in one side and out of the other side of the
building compound. (Straube, 2007) Both of the convective circulation and wind washing
able to minimize the efficacy of thermal insulation and therefore can enhance movement of
air across the building and save energy.

Load is the number of heating or cooling system which a building requires. We are in hot and
humid country throughout the year, thus, we usually use more cooling devices to cool down
the buildings to meet the comfort level in a space. The quantities of energy we consume for
cooling is causing high charging in our electricity bill and bring harm to the environment. To
minimize the cooling loads and remain the heat outside the building is one of the ways to cut
down the energy usage for cooling purpose. For instance, improve the insulation for walls or
ceilings in the building. A building can reduce energy needed to cool down a house or a
commercial place if the insulation for a building is fully applied. By increasing the R-value,
which is the maximum amount of an insulating material to withstand the heat circulation in a
building, can provide a larger ability of insulation. Apart from that, windows have a great
impact on cooling system of a building. We wish to make the best use of day lighting at the
same time we want to minimize or remove the heat gain to enter a building. Apply glazing or
shading to the window can help to solve the issue and lessen utilize of artificial lighting and
cooling equipment. (Avonda, 2015)

3|UEBA2813 BUILDING SCIENCE II

The current new buildings are 40 percent or much more efficient than those buildings
constructed in the 1980s. This is because over current technology and building energy codes
have heighten the probable energy efficiency of new buildings. (Integrity Homes, 2016) In
conclusion, energy efficient design is essential in our design as it is one of a great methods to
reduce energy wastage and to construct sustainable architecture; it is to consume less energy
and at the same time able to supply identical building services.

4|UEBA2813 BUILDING SCIENCE II

1.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS

There are few approaches we can take into consideration in order to equilibrate use of energy
in a building. For instance, utilize the renewable energy and systems in building.

Renewable energy is energy that can be obtained and collected from the natural resources
which can be recharged. Renewable energy can supply electricity and heat energy for a
building which is essential for us in our daily life. Photovoltaic panels, solar water heating
systems, wind turbines and bioenergy are some of the examples of renewable energy
applications that we can apply.

1.1.1 Solar photovoltaic energy (PVs)

Solar photovoltaic energy (PVs) is a device which uses electronic devices that happen
inherently in semiconductors to produce electricity. Solar energy releases electrons in these
materials and causing the electrons transport directly to electric power, electrical circuit or
send convey the electricity to the grid.
For buildings, there are two categories of PVs which commonly used, which are
polycrystalline solar cell and monocrystalline solar cell. The following is the table to
differentiate some of the characteristics between polycrystalline solar cell and
monocrystalline solar cell.

Figure 1
Figure 1 is showing the image of polycrystalline solar cell and monocrystalline solar cell.
Source: http://yorksolar.ca/monocrystalline-or-polycrystalline-solar-panels.html

5|UEBA2813 BUILDING SCIENCE II

Type

of Polycrystalline solar cell

Monocrystalline solar cell

photovoltaic energy
(PVs)
Cost

Less

expensive

compare

monocrystalline solar cell.

Efficiency

Less

efficiency

with More costly compare with

the same size.

compare

monocrystalline solar cell.

with Higher

efficiency

and

performance as the structure

of the cell is made from one
crystal which is big in size as
against to the small ones.

In

high

ambient

temperatures,
monocrystalline

solar

cell

able to perform well than

polycrystalline solar cell up
to 10 percent.
Size

Larger in size compare with same Smaller in size compare with

wattage of monocrystalline solar cell. same

wattage

of

polycrystalline solar cell.

Longevity

Maximum

has

25

years

assurances.

6|UEBA2813 BUILDING SCIENCE II

of Has the ability that can last

up to 50 years.

Figure 2
Figure

shows

the

basic

operating

principle

of

solar

cell.

Source:

http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/06/how-to-make-a-solar-cell-photovoltaiccell.html

. The individual cell is designed with positive layer and negative layer to construct an
electric field just like what we usually see in a battery. The energy causes the electrons to
enable the electrons to move randomly and freely towards the bottom of the cell and exit
through the connecting wire. This flow of electron is call electricity by combining solar cells
and photovoltaic panels. Based on this, we able to construct the right amount of electricity to
perform a specific job require.

1.1.2 Solar water heating system

Solar water heating system is a renewable energy which able to capture and keep the heat
from sunlight and transforms sunlight into energy by applying a solar thermal collector to
heat up water.

7|UEBA2813 BUILDING SCIENCE II

Figure 3
Figure 3 shows that direct system (also known as open loop system) and indirect system
(closed loop system) are the two categories of approach which available for solar water
heating

system.

Source:

http://www.slideshare.net/aquathermsolar/solar-pool-heating-

openloop-vs-closedloop

For direct system, the water flow, distributed and heat up straightly by the collector panels
which located on the roof. However, for indirect system, the water does not flow through the
control panels.

1.1.3 Wind turbines

Wind turbine is a tool that transforms the kinetic energy obtained from the current of air into
electric power. Wind turbines have huge blades to grab the wind. It is use to produce
electrical energy from the kinetic and strong movement of wind. Wind turbines are applied in
producing huge quantity of electricity in wind farms. The electricity produced is depending
on the wind blow, the stronger the wind, energy generated is significant high.

8|UEBA2813 BUILDING SCIENCE II

Figure 4
Source:

http://inhabitat.com/john-dabiri-uses-biomimicry-to-design-cheaper-and-more-

efficient-wind-farms/

Figure 5
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show there are variety design of wind turbines. Source:
http://www.fws.gov/ecological-services/energy-development/wind.html

1.1.4 Bioenergy
Bioenergy is a kind of renewable energy which obtained from the origin of biological living
materials. This include the example such as wood, plants, living organism, waste and other
secondary products which made in production of other materials. All these materials are able
to keep the form of chemical energy from the daylight and be consume directly, for example,
electricity, heat or liquid fuel. Biofuels and biomass are the examples of bioenergy.

The table shows that bioenergy can be transform through the activities below:
Process

Further explanation

Combustion

Burning the biomass.

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Gasification

Transform biomass to gaseous fuel.

Pyrolysis

Decaying biomass at high temperatures in the

absence of air.

Anaerobic digestion

Utilize
biomass,

microorganisms
creating

gas

to

decompose

contain

mostly

methane and carbon dioxide

Apart from using the renewable energy and new technologies in building, there are many
other ways to attain energy efficiency; one of it is through the design of the building and the
environment. For instance, trees or other vegetation that planted at the surrounding of
building can act as a shading device to avoid direct sunlight heating into the building and
cause hot and humid inside. Moreover, design suitable openings of a building for natural
ventilation to meet and retain the human comfortable level in a space.

Energy efficient design is not only bringing advantages to us or to the economic, but the most
important is to the environment. A sustainable and energy efficient design of building can
help in reduce the unhealthy emissions and strengthen the energy efficiency. Pollutants that
discharge when burning the fossil fuel for electricity are actually leading to climate change
issue, resulting problems to air quality. For instance, acid precipitation and haze, this will
cause dangerous to the well-being of human. Besides that, although some are the energy
efficient appliances are much more expensive initially, but it will actually help in saving
money in long term. In a nutshell, managing the use of energy is essential and this should be
a culture for everyone in daily life to bring up the habit of energy saving.

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1.2 DAYLIGHTING DESIGN

A green design should be able to concern and manage the transportation of natural light into
the building. Day lighting is the basis to fine performance of energy, fulfillment of dweller,
efficiency, and wellness. There are two types of strategies of day lighting, which are top
lighting and side lighting.

Figure 6
Figure 6 show the top lighting and side lighting through a section of a building. Source:
https://www.mge.com/saving-energy/business/bea/article_detail.htm?nid=1807

Top lighting is a design of which applying opening that position at the roof surface as an area
for surrounding day lighting to access into the building, for instance, skylights, roof monitor
system.

Lighting penetrates from the top of the building enable for the constant lead-in of daylight
into the interior spaces. At the same time, top lighting also able to moderate the management
of direct glare penetrates in.

Side lighting is a design of which applying opening that position in the wall surface as an
area for surrounding day lighting to access into the building, such as through upright
openings and windows at the circumference of the building.

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To minimize the amount of energy wasted and resources consumption, buildings must be able
to plan and construct in a way to fulfill the need of occupants for the comfort in a building.
There are several ways or action can be taken to enhance the entry of daylight. For instance,
place the window at a higher position to expand the depth of daylight and use broad windows
to enhance the distribution of daylight to enter into the space of a building.

In conclusion, a proper and good day lighting design can bring many benefits to us as well as
to the building; it will show direct consequences to the human health, working efficiency, and
other sense of satisfaction. It able to minimize the energy needed and energy consume for a
building, avoid fatigue of the eyes in our study, working places or any other activity places.
Besides that, in psychology point of view, an appropriate of natural lighting also can assist us
to be more focusing when doing with a task. There is a study shows that the progress of
student is comparatively higher on their test when they are in a classroom with sufficient day
light. (Heschong Mahone Grou, 2012) Therefore, a good design to allow day lighting
penetrates into a room or even a building is essential.

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GREEN BUILDING POLICY

2.0 GREEN BUILDING INDEX
Green Building Index, also known as GBI is a tool to measure the green environment
standard implement for buildings. It is acknowledged by the Malaysias field, which are
PAM (Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia) and ACEM (The Association of Consulting Engineers
Malaysia), to advocate sustainability in the way of how we shape our surroundings and
increase the consciousness among developers, consultant team, design team, engineers,
builders, and public about natural environment and the consequences of human activity on its
condition and our liability to the forthcoming age group of people. (Green Building Index,
2016)

This rating tool gives possibilities for developers and house holders to plan, design and build
sustainable and environmental friendly buildings which able to reduce the energy
consumption, keep and store up water, create a well and fine interior environment, good
connectivity to access public transport and the reuse recycling materials to minimize the
harmful consequences to the surrounding environment.

GBI is created and designed specifically for the tropical climate and site context in Malaysia.
The necessary conditions under the GBI standard rating framework to examine the building
capabilities with built environment for commercial and residential buildings are primarily
based on 6 major key of criteria. (Green Building Index, 2013)

Energy Efficiency (EE)

Indoor Environment Quality (EQ)

Sustainable Site Planning and Management (SM)

Material and Resources (MR)

Water Efficiency (WE)

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Innovation (IN)

1. Energy Efficiency (EE)

-

In this aspect, a building must able to enhance the use of energy. There are several
ways such as reduce the solar heat obtain over the exterior of a building, collecting
and make use of natural lighting, use effectively of the placement of building. Besides
that, take up the excellent implementation in building services such as wisely utilize
the renewable energy, make sure that has appropriate assessment and undertaking
systematic process of preserving and maintaining the services of building.

2. Indoor Environment Quality (EQ)

-

This is to attain a fine a condition of air quality in inner spaces, good acoustics and
visual and comfortable temperature in an area. All these are require the application of
the minor volatile biological compound substances, implementation of standard air
filtration, adequate management of temperature of the air, motion of air and air
dampness.

3. Sustainable Site Planning and Management (SM)

-

A building should be built in the suitable chosen area with planned obtain to mass
transit, government- provided services, opening areas and topography and scenery.
Apart from that, applying appropriate method of construction and managing the rain
water and minimize the stress of the volume of existing infrastructure. At the same
time, protect the environmentally conserving zones through the re-improvement of
existence areas and brownfields is essential.

4. Material and Resources (MR)

-

Encourage to fully utilize those eco-friendly substances from sustainable provenance

and reuse them. An appropriate method to organize the construction squander should
be implemented with storage, assemblage and re-use of those construction materials
which can be recycled.

14 | U E B A 2 8 1 3 B U I L D I N G S C I E N C E I I

5. Water Efficiency (WE)

-

A building must have the function to collect rainwater, able reuse the water obtained
from the rain, and water-saving equipment.

6. Innovation (IN)
-

Fulfill the purpose and goal of GBI by designing the building with new and fresh
ideas and initiatives.

By gaining points in the focused areas above, this show that the features and design of a
building apparently is more green and nature-friendly compare with those buildings that do
not meet the criteria.

The GBI rating system has a tool for both residential and non-residential building as shown
as the table below.
Non-Residential
The

GBI

building

measure
is

to

for
access

Residential

non-residential The GBI measure for residential building is

sustainable to

access

sustainable

characteristics

of

characteristics of building such as business building such as bungalows, semi-detached

buildings, factories, marketplaces, schools, houses,
hotels and working places.

townhouses,

condominiums,

apartments and houses.

The prominence of this tool is focus on This measure is comparatively focusing more
energy

efficiency

(EE)

and

indoor on

the

sustainable

site

planning

and

environmental quality (EQ). This is due to management (SM), and next is the energy
the two criteria are bringing large effect in efficiency (EE).
the scope of consuming energy and health of
the dwellers of the building.

This help in persuading the developers and

house holder to think and review the

Through the action of enhancing the energy environmental standard of housing together
efficiency and combine with suitable passive with the occupants through a good and
design strategies and sustainable preservation healthier choosing of site, the supply of
arrangement, it able to minimize the use of public transport to approach, expand the
energy in our daily life as well as it can social welfare and connectivity, as well as

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diminish carbon footprint and saving money enhance

physical

and

organizational

and energy for the house holder in a long structures and facilities for the society.
period of time.
All the performances can assist in minimize
the harmful consequences to the surrounding
and construct a healthier space for users and
the society.

In conclusion, every green design is able to give benefits to the social. Energy efficient
design of building can provide a better way of life by conserve and protect the natural
environment. Can able to assist us in energy consumption for a building and apply energy
efficient methods in a building.

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2.1 GREEN ROOFS AND GREEN WALLS

Green roof is a sustainable roofing method which applies vegetation or plant life either
entirely or partly overlaying on the roof. Green wall, also known as vertical greening system,
is made up of growing medium, usually plants that cultivate in upright support method which
mainly cover to the exterior wall of the building.

2.1.1 Green Roofs

There are three fundamental categories of green roofs which are extensive, semi-intensive
and intensive. Extensive green roofs are green roofs that comparatively shallow layer of
soil that encounter the engineering and insulation aspect. Semi-intensive green roof, also
known as hybrid roof system is appointing the features of both intensive and extensive green
roof. For intensive green roofs, it has a higher profile, which is a system that created for
serviceable and aesthetic aspect, as well as the basis performance requires. Following is a
table for the particular characteristics between extensive green roof, semi-intensive roof and
intensive green roof which are commonly used.

Types of roof

Extensive green roof

Semi-intensive green Intensive green roof

roof

About 3 to 6 inches

Build-up height

About 4.7 to 10 inches

From 6 to 20 inches or
more

15 to 25 lbs per ft

Weight

25 to 40 lbs per ft

38 to 80 lbs per ft

Example of plants

Mosses

Sedums

Yard

and

vegetation

Sedums

Herbs

Bushes

which suitable for

Herbs

Ornamental

Trees

grasses

Rooftop farming

the particular roof

-

type

Function

of

the As living machine.

Little shrubs

Habitation space.

Park area or garden.

roof
Irrigation activity

Not recommended, thus, Partially irrigation as Yes, frequent irrigation.

there is no irrigation.

needed.

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Maintenance

Require less maintenance Periodic maintenance Require

maintenance

require

and minimal care as the is needed.

frequently

plant can adapt to dry or

period.

in

long

arid conditions, which

also

known

as

the

drought tolerance.
Cost require

Lower

cost

needed Medium cost required.

More

expensive

as

among all the types of

require certain structural

roof.

support.

During sunshiny day and hot weather, roof surface of traditional and standard roof
temperatures overreach 50C in the ambient air at midday. Therefore, the hot air will be
transport inside the internal building area and caused the spaces feel very warm and humid.
However, green roofs able to decrease the energy required for cooling system inside the
building by up to 50 percent and the temperature is much fresh and cold compare with
ambient air around. The vegetation and other growing elements on the roof offer shading,
thermal mass, physical change cooling which able to minimize the temperature on surface of
roof.

Extensive Green Roof

Figure 7
Source: http://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/swarthmore-cited-one-americas-greenestschools
Figure 7 is Swarthmore College David Kemp Hall and is one of the examples of extensive
green roof. The green roof is very attractive and well sustained. It constructed with the
characteristic of 1 inches of drainage level and 3 inches of vegetation and growing medium at
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the surface of roof, such as sedum, herbs, and small colony of cacti. (Green Roof Technology
Form and Function)

Semi-intensive Green Roof

Figure 8
Soruce: https://www.cmu.edu/environment/campus-green-design/green-roofs/hamerschlaghall.html
In Figure 8 is Carnegie Mellon Hamerschlag Hall, it has the characteristic of 2.5 inches of
drainage level and 2.5 inches of vegetation and other growing medium at the surface of roof.
There are more than 28 distinct types of plant and flora, for instance, tall grasses, small
shrubs, sedums and herbaceous plants. (Green Roof Technology Form and Function)

Intensive Green Roof

Figure 9
Source: http://hivechicago.org/september-2014-meetup/
Figure 9 is The Peggy Notebeart Museum which has serial of green roof. For the area
intensive green roof, it has a characteristic of 10 inches of drainage level. The example of

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plants and vegetation which suitable for the roof can be variety from swamp plants to small
trees and it can be ranging from 2.5 to 8 inches of growing media layer.

In general, green roofs able to preserve energy, minimize the temperature of an area, and
shield human health. Green roofs are able to minimize the energy required for refresh and
cool down the inner volumes of the building and lower down the negative impact of urban
heat island. This is due to green roofs have a good function on controlling the temperature of
the spaces underlying surface of roof to the interior spaces of building.

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2.1.2 Green Wall

The following are the types of green wall and their particular characteristics which we
commonly seen in the public:

Green wall panels

Green wall cables

Living wall

Figure 10
Figure 10 is the example of green wall panels. Source: http://greensulate.com/green-roofswalls/green-walls/green-wall-types/

1. Green wall panels

-

Green wall panel system also known as the modular panel system. It is the system that
prefabricated planting panels are joined to the frame. The framework can be
freestanding and act as privacy fencing. This type of green wall has the high
possibilities in modifying and customizing the faade of the building. Therefore, it
actually shielding the surfaces of the building.

21 | U E B A 2 8 1 3 B U I L D I N G S C I E N C E I I

Figure 11
Figure 11 is one of the examples of green wall cables. Source:
http://greensulate.com/green-roofs-walls/green-walls/green-wall-types/

2. Green wall cables

-

Wire-rope and cable net system is more flexible and natural in the design aspect. The
cables latticework which constructed on wall is to assist and support for the growth of
plants and other vegetation to shelter the entire wall. This method is easy to water the
plants and more affordable in contrast with green wall panels system. However, the
only disadvantage is take times to construct a green wall compare with the modular
panel system.

Figure 12
In Figure 12, it shows that the example of living wall. Source: http://greensulate.com/greenroofs-walls/green-walls/green-wall-types/
3. Living wall

22 | U E B A 2 8 1 3 B U I L D I N G S C I E N C E I I

This category of vertical green system has the options to be used in either interior or
exterior of the building. The design of the wall can act like a palette with variety kinds
of vegetation and growing medium as a green wall can be defined in another option
and not only must be in green color. It able to combine into ventilation and HVAC
system. However, this system requires maintenance frequently.

A green facade is bringing advantages not only to the society but also environment. The
following are some of the benefits of vertical greening system.

1. Control the temperature of building and minimize carbon footprint

-

Green wall system is a system which able to conserve energy for heating and cooling
for interior areas of a building. Therefore, number of heating system and airconditioning be installed can be reduce for a building. Green wall able to provide
additional layer of stagnant air which has the effect of heat insulation and keep down
the energy require for cooling system up to 40 to 60 percent.

2. Enhance air quality

-

Plant and the growing medium on the wall able to enhance the air condition through
dust filtration and cut off other contaminant, absorb carbon dioxide in the air and
release oxygen.

3. Minimize the sound pollution

-

Apart from that, vertical green system produces good acoustic insulation for the
building by attaching insulation to the wall to absorb the noise. Hence, this brings a
beneficial consequence to the environment and the dwellers.

4. Keep safe of the building faade

-

Green wall system able can enhance the durability and performance of the exterior
building. Vegetation and other growing medium can help to protect the faade of
building and expand the building lifetime by react as a protection to rain and shield
from the harmful consequences ultraviolet light.

In a long run, green walls might not only use for exterior but also can be construct and design
for interior of a building. It can act like a coating with plantation or vegetation either partly or
23 | U E B A 2 8 1 3 B U I L D I N G S C I E N C E I I

entirely on the surface of the wall. It brings advantages not only to the society but also to the
environment and also one of the examples to address the climate change issue.

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REFERENCES
Heschong Mahone Grou. (2012). Retrieved March 10, 2016, from Daylighting and
Productivity - Cec Pier: http://h-m-g.com/projects/daylighting/projects-pier.htm
Green Building Index. (2013). Retrieved February 17, 2016, from GBI Rating System:
http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/how-GBI-works2.html
Greensulate. (2015). Retrieved February 20, 2016, from Green Wall Types:
http://greensulate.com/green-roofs-walls/green-walls/green-wall-types/
Green Building Africa. (2016). Retrieved February 16, 2016, from Solar Water Heating:
http://greenbuildingafrica.com/solar-water-heating/
Green Building Index. (2016). Retrieved March 10, 2016, from
http://new.greenbuildingindex.org/
Integrity Homes. (2016). Retrieved February 16, 2016, from Energy Efficiency:
http://integrityhomebuilders.com/energy-efficiency/
Alison G.Kwok, W. T. (2011). The Green Studio Handbook: Environmental Strategies for
Schematic Design Second Edition. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Avonda, B. (2015, May 1). Avonda Air System. Retrieved March 18, 2016, from HVAC Tips:
http://www.avondaair.com/3-ways-to-reduce-your-buildings-cooling-load-thissummer/
Green Roof Technology Form and Function. (n.d.). Retrieved February 18, 2016, from Green
Roof Types: http://www.greenrooftechnology.com/green-roof-types
Hall, K. (2008). The Green Building Bible Volume 2. Llandysul: Green Building Press.
Straube, J. (2007, October 15). Building Science Corporation. Retrieved March 20, 2016,
from BSD-014: Air Flow Control in Buildings:
http://buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-014-air-flow-control-in-buildings
Systems, M. A. (n.d.). Green Wall Systems. Retrieved February 20, 2016, from Green Wall
Benefits: http://www.green-walls.co.uk/green-wall-benefits.html

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