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ABSTRACT
Nu = aRe
INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer is an important phenomenon in both the
intake and exhaust system of an internal combustion
engine. On the intake side, heat transfer affects the
breathing of the engine reducing the volumetric
efficiency. On the exhaust side, heat transfer robs the
flow of available energy.
With stricter emission
regulations, the ability to get the aftertreatment system to
the proper temperature during cold starts is crucial.
Losing energy will cause this system to take longer to
reach its maximum effectiveness and result in more
tailpipe emissions. Therefore, the ability to calculate
heat transfer as accurately as possible is necessary.
While researching correlations for use in modeling the
quasi-steady heat transfer in the piping of an internal
combustion engine, the authors noticed a number of
different types present in the literature for a sparkignition engine ([1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10],
and [11]). Of these correlations, the same fundamental
form exists but different coefficients are used:
LITERATURE SEARCH
A number of Nusselt number correlations have been
developed to describe the gas-side heat transfer in
turbulent pipe flow ([1] - [11]). These correlations are
usually of the form:
b
(1)
Nu = aRe Pr c
45
(2)
Pr 0 .4
45
(3)
Pr 1 3
45
Pr 1 / 3
s
0 .14
(4)
Nu =
Nu =
(5a)
1.07 + 12 .7 (f 8 ) Pr 2 / 3 1
for Re < 104
(5b)
0 .3164
Re
1/ 4
for Re 105
(6)
0 .875
Pr 1 3
(7)
(8)
The coefficients in the above equation are then curvefitted with experimental data. Such data for the intake
and exhaust side and the correlations based on them
are presented in the following sections.
INTAKE CORRELATIONS
In this section, a number of intake correlations detailed
in the literature are presented. These correlations were
created to capture the experimental data that were
acquired by various researchers and are shown in
Figure 1.
Martins and Finlay [9] found that steady flow heat
transfer in the inlet port could be correlated as:
Nu = 0 .0675 Re
0.713
(9)
Nu = 0 .135 Re
0 .713
(10)
10
10
Nusselt Number
Nusselt Number
10
Bauer Straight 98
Shayler
Bauer Curved 98
EDE
Martins
Bauer 97
10
10
10
Experimental
Martins & Finlay
Shayler
Bauer Straight
Bauer Curved
Bauer 97
10
10
10
10
10
Nu = 0 .14Re
0. 73
0. 66
straight
(11)
curved
(12)
0 .561
(14)
(15)
0. 68
Nu = 0 .027 Re
45
Pr
1/ 3
(16)
0.14
C entr
(17)
EXHAUST CORRELATIONS
0.783
(13)
Nu = 0 .0774 Re
10
Reynolds Number
Reynolds Number
Nu = 0 .062Re
2.02
L d
(18)
45
Pr
1/ 3
0.14
C entr
(19)
Nusselt Number
Nusselt Number
10
10
Sachdev
Wendland (takedown)
Konstantinidis
Caton
Shayler
Kandylas (2.0 - manifold)
Kandylas (1.1 - manifold)
10
10
10
10
Experimental
Dittus-Boelter
Colburn
Seider-Tate
Meisner-Sorenson
Malchow
Shayler
Gnielinski
Wendland
10
3
10
10
Reynolds Number
Where:
Nu actual
Nu ideal
(20)
The values for the CAF range from two [5] to three [24].
There are a number of other correlations presented in
the literature ([25] and [26] for example) that try to
describe the Nusselt-Reynolds/Prandtl relationship.
These correlations were placed on the same graph as
the experimental data (Figure 4), once again showing
the wide discrepancy between theoretical and actual
values.
The reason the experimental data, as well as the quasisteady correlations, vary significantly is that the effects
of turbulence are somewhat neglected. Turbulence is a
large factor when it comes to heat transfer in the piping
of an internal combustion engine because it greatly
multiplies the amount of heat transfer to the walls.
Of the correlations mentioned above, only Wendland
realized the importance of turbulence and added an
augmentation factor to consider the effects of
turbulence. However, all this factor does is multiply the
heat transfer by a constant without involving any
turbulent flow physics. Shayler, et al. [13] also realized
the inaccuracy of the quasi-steady model and
characterized the heat transfer by:
t
t
Nu t = Nu i exp + Nu ss 1 exp
10
Reynolds Number
10
CAF =
10
f =
(21)
w
~
1 2
1 2
u
u
2
2
(22)
(23)
34
Pr 1 3
(31)
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENTS
1
l
f ~ Re 1 4 1 +
2
u
3 4
(24)
l
Nu ~
(25)
~ F(, Pr )
(26)
~ Pr 1 3
34
(32)
(27)
10
l
Nu ~ Re 3 4 1 +
34
F ( )Pr 1 3
(28)
34
Pr 1 3
Ul
102
Experimental
Martins & Finlay
Shayler
Bauer Straight
Bauer Curved
Bauer 97
Authors
101
103
(29)
Nusselt Number
(30)
104
105
Reynolds Number
EXHAUST COEFFICIENT
Similar to the intake side, we find from a least squares
curve-fit of experimental data (Figure 3) that:
Nu = 0.0718Re
34
(33)
10
34
(34)
Nusselt Number
101
10
10
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a universal, quasi-steady heat transfer
correlation for the intake and exhaust flow of an internal
combustion engine is presented:
Nu = 0 .07Re
34
(34)
10
Reynolds Number
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge Professor Vedat
Arpaci for introducing them to the physics of the
microscales of turbulence which form the theoretical
foundation for this study.
REFERENCES
1. Dittus, F.W. and L.M.K. Boelter, University of
California Berkeley Publications on Engineering, p.
443, 1930.
2. Seider, E.N. and E. Tate, "Heat Transfer and
Pressure Drop of Liquids in Tubes," Industrial
Engineering Chemistry, 28: p. 1429, 1936.
3. Gnielinski, V., "New Equations for Heat and Mass
Transfer in Turbulent Pipe and Channel Flow,"
International Chemical Engineering, 16: p. 359-368,
1976.
4. Meisner, S. and S.C. Sorenson, "Computer
Simulation of Intake and Exhaust Manifold Flow and
Heat Transfer," SAE Paper 860242, SAE Trans.,
1986.
5. Malchow, G.L., S.C. Sorenson, and R.O. Buckius,
"Heat Transfer in the Straight Section of an Exhaust
Port of a Spark Ignition Engine," SAE paper 790309,
SAE Trans., 1979.
6. Shayler, P.J., C.M. Harb, and T. Ma., "TimeDependent Behaviour of Heat Transfer Coefficients
for Exhaust Systems," IMechE Paper C496/046/95,
VTMS 2 Conf. Proc., 1995.
7. Wendland, D.W., "Automobile Exhaust-System
Steady-State Heat Transfer," SAE paper 931085
SAE Trans., 1993.
8. Bauer, W.D., J. Wenisch, and J.B. Heywood,
"Averaged and time-resolved heat transfer of steady
and pulsating entry flow in intake manifold of a
spark-ignition engine," International Journal of Heat
and Fluid Flow, 19: p. 1-9, 1998.
9. Martins, J.J.G. and I.C. Finlay, "Heat Transfer to AirEthanol and Air-Methanol Sprays Flowing in Heated
Ducts and Across Heated Intake Valves," SAE
Paper No. 900583, 1990.
10. Shayler, P.J., M.J.F. Colechin, and A. Scarisbrick,
"Heat Transfer Measurements in the Intake Port of a
Spark Ignition Engine," SAE Paper No. 960273,
1996.
11. Bauer, W., P. Balun, and J.B. Heywood, "Heat
Transfer and Mixture Vaporization in Intake Port of
Spark-Ignition Engine," SAE Paper No. 972983,
1997.