BEP R2 0 Blueprint 02 Link Planning and Design v08

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Vodafone Technology Networks

BEP R2.0 Blueprint Part 2
Link Planning and Design
VERSION 1.0
Reference:
BEP R2.0 Blueprint 02 Link Planning and Design.doc
Version:
1.0
Date:
19/08/2009
Author(s):
Access and Mobile+ Product Unit: Paolo Agabio, Gabriele

Ferrari.
Department(s):
Access Competence Center / Access and Mobile+

Product Unit
Filed As:
APU teamroom
Status:
Draft / First Version (0.8)
Approved By:
Eva Rossi (Access / APU)
Signature / Date:
.......................................................... /......................
Vodafone Group Plc

BEP R2 0 Blueprint - 02 Link Planning and Design v08

Version: 1.0 draft
19/08/2009
Page 1 of 36

Document History
BEP R2.0 Blueprint History
Version
Date
Reason
0.5
31 July 09
Draft Version 0.5 (VTN internal draft)
0.8
19th August 09
Version 0.8 (first draft for OpCos feedbacks)
Document Distribution
Internal: VTN-Access, VTN-Core and All VF Majority Owned Operating Companies.
Vodafone Group 2008.
Other than as permitted by law, no part of this document may be reproduced, adapted, or
distributed, in any form or by any means, without the prior written consent of Vodafone Group Plc.

Version: 1.0 draft
19/08/2009
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Contents
1
Introduction................................................................................................................... 5
DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................... 6
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.4
3.4.1
Adaptive modulation & link capacity dimensioning ........................................................ 7

Adaptive Modulation ..................................................................................................... 7
Scenario ....................................................................................................................... 7
Adaptive Modulation functionality.................................................................................. 8
Reference and Nominal Physical Mode ........................................................................ 9
Dimensioning of Link capacity..................................................................................... 11
Dimensioning of Reference and Nominal Mode .......................................................... 11
Example of Reference and Nominal Mode Dimensioning ........................................... 12
Adaptive Modulation Applicability................................................................................ 13
AM Tail applicability .................................................................................................... 16
AM Feeder applicability............................................................................................... 17
Outage and Non-affecting service Outage .................................................................. 19
Outage targets examples............................................................................................ 21
4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
Link design ................................................................................................................. 24

Introduction................................................................................................................. 24
Causes and targets for Outage and Non-Affecting service Outage ............................. 24
Outage target.............................................................................................................. 25
Non-affecting service Outage targets.......................................................................... 25
Link design ................................................................................................................. 27
Design process ........................................................................................................... 27
Interference ................................................................................................................ 31
Source of interference................................................................................................. 31
Threshold degradation ................................................................................................ 32
Protection against Interference ................................................................................... 33
A.1
References ................................................................................................................. 34
B.1
Abbreviations.............................................................................................................. 35
Figures
Figure 3.1: Adaptive Modulation...................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3.2: Adaptive Modulation switchover. ................................................................................... 9
Figure 3.3: Reference and Nominal Mode..................................................................................... 10
Figure 3.4: Reference and Nominal Mode traffic dimensioning. .................................................... 12
Figure 3.5: Examples of Cmax for K=2 ......................................................................................... 15
Figure 3.6: Examples of Cmax for K=3.......................................................................................... 15
Figure 3.7: Tail applicability........................................................................................................... 16

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Figure 3.8: Feeder applicability. .................................................................................................... 17

Figure 3.9: Outage probability for different modulation schemes at 18GHz. .................................. 20
Figure 3.10: Working time for each modulation schemes and Outage at 18GHz........................... 20
Figure 3.11: Outage probability for different modulation schemes at 38GHz. ................................ 21
Figure 3.12: Working time for each modulation schemes and Outage at 38GHz........................... 21
Figure 3.13: 18 GHz example. ...................................................................................................... 22
Figure 4.1: Outage and Non-Affecting service Outage. ................................................................. 24
Figure 4.2: Chain of 4 links with non-affecting service outage targets. .......................................... 26
Figure 4.3: Design process flow charts. ........................................................................................ 28
Figure 4.4: Examples of Modulation Spectrums. ........................................................................... 32
Figure 4.5: Interference................................................................................................................. 33

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VODAFONE TECHNOLOGY - NETWORKS
INTRODUCTION
This migration towards a Packet based mobile backhaul with the introduction of
Backhaul Evolution Programme (BEP) equipment (BEP 1.0 and new generation of
Microwave (MW) Ethernet links BEP 2.0) implies a redefinition of the rules for the
design and dimension of the MW network.
The redefinition is driven by new capabilities for data traffic transport of BEP 2.0
equipment :
adaptive modulation (AM)
service QoS awareness
At the same time, the constrains of already deployed legacy MW network as well as
the supporting of all legacy (TDM and ATM) services have to be taken into account.
This document aims to cover high level rules of MW link dimensioning, design and
planning where BEP 2.0 equipment shall be introduced.
This document is part of a set of BEP 2.0 Blueprint documents that have been
organized according the following structure:
Part 1: Architectures and Applications
Part 2: Link Planning and Design
Part 3: Product Description and usage
Part 4: Standard Configurations

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DEFINITIONS
[To be finalized in the first release]
ATM Node B: Node B based on ATM technology in the Iub interface
Full IP Node B: Node B where real time and no real time traffic is native IP
and enables an IP based Iub
Hybrid Node B: Node B with two available protocol stacks: ATM real time
traffic and IP native not real time traffic. It provides an Ethernet interface to
support HSDPA traffic.
IMA (Inverse Multiplexing over ATM) group: this is a virtual mechanism to

implement an ATM link based on the aggregation of several physical
interfaces (generally E1 physical interfaces or VC12 for physical channelised
STM1). This mechanism permits to provision ATM PVP/PVCs with a higher
bandwidth than the allowed bandwidth of each separate physical link in the
IMA group.
Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge (PWE3): a mechanism that emulates

the essential attributes of a service (such as a E1 leased line or Frame Relay)
over a PSN.
Radio Site or Cell Site is any location with at least one Node B or BTS

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ADAPTIVE MODULATION & LINK CAPACITY

DIMENSIONING
This chapter provides the basic concepts regarding the possibilities to use adaptive
modulations in order to cope with capacity requirements for 3G evolutions (HSPA+)
and LTE roll-out.
3.1
Adaptive Modulation
This section provides basic concepts and wording on adaptive modulations that are
used in this document.
3.1.1
Scenario
The new MW defined in the Backhauling Evolution Programme (BEP 2.0) tries to be
the answer to the big constraints that each OpCos are experiencing in the
deployment of their network:
Spectrum resources are poor and higher modulation orders are needed:
the amount (thousands) of microwave links deployed by each mobile operator
in many European countries, especially in frequency bands between 15 and
38 GHz, reduces the frequency channels available and some frequency
bands are starting to be congested.
Capital expenditure shall be reduced; link upgrade shall be done without

modifying infrastructures, in particular antennas cannot be changed in order
to improve the system gain.
Quality of high revenue real time applications: it is not possible to accept

a lower availability for real time services.
The Radio Access Network (RAN) is evolving towards IP based

technology: IP/Ethernet based technology will help operators to cope with
the explosion in capacity requirements by offering greater price to
performance ratio.
The implementation of Adaptive Modulation over BEP 2.0 equipment solves some of
mentioned problems giving the opportunity to:
Increase the spectrum efficiency by the use of higher modulation

schemes over used channel spacing (up to 256 QAM over 7/14/28
and 56 MHz channels)
Maintaining site infrastructure (no bigger antennas requested)
Assuring constant performance transport in terms of outage probability

for high revenue applications such as video and voice, managing QoS
and guarantying less that 1 day per year of reduced capacity
performances for low revenue non-real-time data applications, such as
email or web browsing.

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3.1.2
Adaptive Modulation functionality
As mentioned before Adaptive Modulation functionality and QoS awareness change

the rules of planning the MW network.
Adaptive Modulation is an automatic modulation adjustment that can make to prevent
weather-related fading from causing communication on the link to be disrupted.
When heavy weather conditions, such as a storm, affect the transmission the radio
system automatically changes modulation so that low priority traffic (non-real-time
data-based) applications may be affected by reduction of total amount of available
bandwidth, but high priority (real-time) applications will continue to run.
The example in Figure 3.1 shows as on a clear sky conditions the equipment can
work with maximum available throughput of 200 Mbps (e.g. 200 Mbps with 28 Mhz
channel at 256 QAM). As weather condition becomes worse, the AM functionality
changes the modulation to a lower scheme (16 QAM) reducing the total amount of
available bandwidth but without limiting the high priority traffic.
28 Mhz
LP traffic
HP traffic
IDU
IDU
200 Mbps @ 256 QAM
28 Mhz
LP traffic
HP traffic
IDU
60 Mbps @ 16 QAM
IDU
Figure 3.1: Adaptive Modulation.
The AM implementation on BEP 2.0 guarantees the switchover between different

modulation schemes without any interruptions and errors (hitless).

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Generally the modem decreases the modulation only when MSE (mean-squared
error) cross a threshold of x dB (2-3 dB) above the 10-8 (10-9) BER. This guarantees
that the change of modulation occurs before making errors.
The AM can manage several switchovers per seconds with a speed of 50-100 dB/sec
(according to the solution proposed by each Vendor). This guarantees that flat fast
fading fluctuations do not affect AM performances and that the MW link can operate
at the highest possible modulation scheme in any moment.
The Figure 3.2 shows how BEP 2.0 changes dynamically the modulations schemes:
in clear sky the link uses the highest possible modulation scheme (256 QAM)
changing scheme by scheme (128, 64, 16 to 4QAM) as the weather conditions
becomes worse.
256 QAM
256 QAM
128 QAM
64 QAM
16 QAM 4 QAM
IDU
IDU
Figure 3.2: Adaptive Modulation switchover.

Considering as an example a MW link at 23 GHz, with antennas of 60 cm, rain rate of
40 mm/h and distance of 8 km, the link will work for 99,956% (230 of not working) of
the time with 256 QAM, for 0,020% (105) of the time with 128 QAM etc. as shown in
Table 3.1.
The real outage of the link will be 15, which is around 0.003% of the time.
Schemes Link Outage

Min
15
%
0,003
4QAM
15
0,003
Working time for each Modulation

16QAM
64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
33
62
105
525370
0,006
0,012
0,020
99,956
Unavailability of 256QAM
230
0,044
Table 3.1: Adaptive Modulation working time example.
3.1.3
Reference and Nominal Physical Mode
As mentioned before the concepts of High Priority traffic and Low Priority traffic are
closely related to the dimension of Minimum and Maximum Modulation on BEP 2.0.

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According to ESTI EN 302 217 the concept of Physical Mode, Nominal Mode and
Reference Mode have to be introduced.
The Physical Mode is the combination between a Modulation Scheme and a
Foreword Error Correction (FEC) code; this means that:
two different Physical Modes exist for the same Modulation Scheme if two
different FEC are implemented
two different Physical Modes exist with the same FEC associated to two
different Modulation Schemes.
The Minimum and Maximum Physical Mode for a BEP 2.0 equipment are the Modes
that define the lowest and highest capacity available for each Channel Spacing.
The Reference Mode as specified in ESTI EN 302 217 is the Physical Mode that
defines the reference spectral efficiency class for frequency coordination purposes.
The concept of Reference Mode as well as Nominal Mode refers to Physical Modes
used on a specific radio link:
the Nominal Mode is the Physical Mode (selected) that defines the maximum
available capacity in a radio link
the Reference Mode is the Physical Mode (selected) that defines the
minimum available capacity in a radio link.
Maximum Physical Mode

Physical Mode 5
Physical Mode 5
Nominal Mode
Physical Mode 4
Physical Mode 4
Physical Mode 3
Physical Mode 3
Reference Mode
Physical Mode 2
Physical Mode 2
Minimum Physical Mode

Physical Mode 1
Physical Mode 1
Minimum Physical Mode
Figure 3.3: Reference and Nominal Mode.
Reference and Nominal Mode in a radio link could be different from Minimum and
Maximum Physical Mode of the BEP 2.0 equipment used. Depicted in the Figure 3.3
two generic situations, where

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Nominal and Reference Mode correspond with Maximum and

Minimum Physical Mode; in this case all the possible PMs (from 1 to
6) are used by the link.
Nominal and Reference Mode correspond with intermediate PMs (e.g.

PM 4 and PM 2); in this case only three PMs can be used (from 2 to
4).
A possible third situation could be when Nominal coincides with Reference Mode;
this is the case of use of static Modulation Scheme like in Legacy MW PDH.
3.2
Dimensioning of Link capacity
This section provide basic rules for link capacity dimensioning for transporting voice
and data traffic, taking advantage of adaptive modulation feature.
3.2.1
Dimensioning of Reference and Nominal Mode
The equipment's built-in Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism provides priority

support for different classes of service.
The synergy between Adaptive Modulation and QoS mechanism (with the definition
of priorities) make the system capable to discard only low priority packets as weather
conditions deteriorate.
The planning of a new MW link shall start with the evaluation of traffic that have to be
transported.
With Adaptive Modulation functionality two different amount of traffic
defined:
shall be
Guaranteed traffic including:

o
the traffic of high priority services that can not be affected by delay,
services that can be guaranteed by a certain amount of bandwidth and
availability (examples can be: real time services, SLA guaranteed
traffic, O&M traffic and signalling)
a minimum amount of traffic to be guaranteed for low priority services

that can be affected by delay without experienced unacceptable
quality degradation and dont required a certain amount of guaranteed
bandwidth and availability (examples can be audio/video streaming,
interactive traffic or best effort traffic)
Peak traffic: the whole traffic of High priority services and all other Low priority
services
Guaranteed traffic shall define the minimum available capacity over a Radio link that
corresponds to lowest (strongest) physical mode capable to transport that capacity.

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Peak traffic shall define maximum available capacity over a Radio link that
corresponds to highest physical mode needed to transport that capacity.
Following previous considerations and taking into account the previous definition of
physical Mode:
the Reference Mode is the PM that is capable to transport the Guaranteed

traffic
the Nominal Mode is the PM that is capable to transport the Peak traffic
as depicted schematically depicted in Figure 3.3
2G
Reference Mode
(e.g. 16 QAM)
3G ATM
Nominal Mode
(e.g. 256 QAM)
IDU
IDU
3G IP
Nominal Mode
Reference Mode
2G
2G
3G ATM
Peak 3G ATM
Reference Mode
(e.g. 16 QAM)
Nominal Mode
(e.g. 256 QAM)
3G IP
Peak 3G IP
Figure 3.4: Reference and Nominal Mode traffic dimensioning.
3.2.2
Example of Reference and Nominal Mode Dimensioning
This paragraph will present a generic example of how Reference Mode and Nominal
Mode can be dimensioned. The Architectures and Applications document [9]
presents with more details these rules for different architecture scenario of BEP 2.0
(paragraphs 4.1.2 and 5.2.3).
Considering a generic scenario where 2G sites and 3G (IP and ATM) are presents,
giving for examples some numbers for traffic in terms of equivalent E1 and
supposing that no aggregation is performed, the Guaranteed traffic (2G&3G) can be
calculated as the sum of:
2G traffic (GSM traffic) (e.g. 1E1)
high priority 3G ATM traffic (Rel 99 CS voice and video conference, O&M
traffic and signalling) (e.g. 1E1)

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high priority 3G IP traffic (voice and video conference, O&M traffic and
signalling) (e.g. 1E1)
a minimum amount (e.g. 1E1) for low priority 3G Rel 99 PS and 3G HSPA
traffic
The Reference Mode is the Minimum PM capable to transport the sum of above
listed traffics (e.g. 4E1)
While the Peak traffic (2G&3G) can be calculated as the sum of:
All 2G traffic (e.g. 1E1)
All 3G ATM traffic (Peak traffic) (e.g. 4E1) for supporting 7.2 HSDPA
All 3G IP traffic (Peak traffic) (e.g. 8E1) for supporting 14.4 HSDPA
The Nominal Mode is the Minimum PM capable to transport the sum of above listed
traffic (e.g. 13E1)
The previous example can be supported by a link designed to work in a 7MHz
channel, with Reference Mode set to 4QAM (agnostic capacity is around 5E1
equivalent) and with Nominal Mode set to 64QAM (agnostic capacity around 15E1
equivalent).
3.3
Adaptive Modulation Applicability
As mentioned in 3.1.1 one of the main advantages of BEP 2.0 is the possibility to
increase the spectral efficiency with the use of AM.
Below some data related to minimum capacities that all the solution for BEP 2.0
equipment can manage.
Capacity
7MHz
14MHz
28MHz
56MHz
4 QAM
16 QAM 64 QAM 128 QAM 256 QAM
40
10
20
30
35
20
40
60
70
80
160
40
80
120
140
80
160
240
280
320
Table 3.2: Minimum capacities [Mbps] that all the solution presented by
Vendors can manage.
As shown in the Table 3.2 BEP 2.0 can reach the efficiency of 8 Bit/s/Hz with 256
QAM and capacities from 40 to 320 Mbps for 7 to 56 MHz of channel spacing.
Highlighted in red, the maximum capacities that can be supported with 256QAM.

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The use of AM carries advantages when the ratio between Peak traffic and
Guaranteed traffic is greater than 1, e.g. when Nominal and Reference Mode are
different.
In the following paragraphs 3.3.1and 3.3.2 the results of AM applicability analysis in
the Tail and Feeder part of the network are presented.
The studied scenario is based on a network where 2G and 3G sites are deployed, so
that TDM and IP traffic has to be transported, and where the main assumptions and
hypotheses are:
2G and 3G sites collocated in the same location
1 E1 of GSM (TDM) traffic per site
12 equivalent E1 of guaranteed traffic for 3G sites
3G sites with different peak traffic corresponding to 7.2 HSPA (4E1

equivalent), 14.4 HSPA+ (8E1 equivalent) and 28.8 HSPA+ (16E1
equivalent)
While the Tail link collects the traffic of a single location (one 2G and one 3G site),
the Feeder link collects traffic of more locations (from 2 to 5 in this study), in this case
the concepts of aggregation and overbooking have to be introduced.
The dimensioning of Nominal Mode of the Feeder shall consider the trade off
between how many peaks of capacities (coming from all the Node Bs collected by
the link) have to be transported (aggregated) and the sum of Guaranteed traffic
(coming from all the sites 2G and 3G).
A simple formula used for the dimensioning of the Nominal mode in this analysis is:
C max = 2G + MAX ( MAX ( 3GGuaranteed ,3GPeak ),
3GPeak )
K
Where:
Cmax is the maximum capacity of the link that defines the Nominal Mode
3G Guaranteed is the sum of all guaranteed traffic of all 3G sites collected
2G is the sum of all 2G traffic of all 2G sites collected by tails and

collocated to feeder
by tails and collocated to feeder
3GPeak is the peak traffic of the 3G site
K is the overbooking factor that takes into consideration the number of Paek
traffic that can be transported of all 3G sites collected

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This formula is only an example of possible dimensioning of the Nominal Mode for
the Feeder link and the effectiveness is limited by:
Maximum number of 5-6 locations collected (different and more complex

criteria to calculate the aggregation are needed for more locations);
Type and characteristics of the traffic: i.e. ratio between peak and guaranteed
of each Node B, type of customer SLA defined etc.
In Figure 3.5 and in Figure 3.6 some examples of Cmax calculated for K=2 and K=3,
using the same hypotheses of the analyses and assuming one equivalent E1 of High
priority traffic for 3G sites.
Cmax
E1 equivalent
50
40
7.2 HSPA
14.4 HSPA+
30
28.8 HSPA+
20
10
0
1
3
Sites
Figure 3.5: Examples of Cmax for K=2 .

Cmax
E1 equivalent
35
30
7.2 HSPA
25
14.4 HSPA+
20
28.8 HSPA+
15
10
5
0
1
Sites
Figure 3.6: Examples of Cmax for K=3.

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3.3.1
AM Tail applicability
The Figure 3.7 shows the studied scenario of applicability for the Tail link, where a
single location (2G and 3G sites collocated) is collected by the MW.
BEP 2.0 Tail Link
2G
3G
IDU
IDU
Feeder
Figure 3.7: Tail applicability.
The analyses takes into consideration to have 7 MHz channel spacing as reference
channel spacing to maximize the spectral efficiency.
The analyses shows that Reference Mode of 4QAM can transport (10 Mbps) the
Guaranteed traffic (1E1 for GSM plus 1-2E1 for UMTS) while maintaining some (4-6
Mbps) spare capacity for traffic growth. Table 3.3 shows the results for the Nominal
mode in terms of modulation to be used for carrying peak traffic.
Peak 3G (E1s)
7.2 HSPA
14.4 HSPA +
28.8 HSPA Mimo
4
8
16
Nominal Mode
Guaranted 3G => 1E1
Guaranted 3G => 2E1
16 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
256 QAM
256 QAM
256 QAM
256 QAM
Table 3.3: Tail analyses results.
The use of AM is recommended for all the cases analyzed, in particular using 7 MHz
channel spacing:
AM with Reference Mode 4QAM and Nominal Mode 16QAM can cope with
traffic demand of 7.2 HSPA and 14.4 HSPA Sites
with traffic demand related to HSPA MIMO (16 E1s) the Nominal Mode has to
be planned to 256QAM.

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3.3.2
AM Feeder applicability
The Figure 3.8 shows a generic Feeder link that collects the traffic from tail and from
sites collocated.
2G
3G IP
Tail
2G
3G ATM
BEP 2.0 Feeder Link

IDU
IDU
Tail
IDU
IDU
IDU
Backhaul
IDU
2G
3G IP
Figure 3.8: Feeder applicability.
The analyses starts with the same hypotheses of tail scenario, but uses formula
defined in 3.3 to design the Nominal in the dimensioning of the link.
In the analyses an overbooking factor of 2 has been considered (k=2 means to
transport with Nominal Mode half of the Peaks, but guaranteeing at least the
transport of 1 peak).
The analyses uses also the assumption of maximize the efficiency of radio channel
used, i.e. to use the smallest channel spacing that can transport Guaranteed and
Peak traffic.
Table 3.4 presents the results in terms of:
channel spacing that guarantees the transport of Peak and Guaranteed traffic
(first table)
Reference Mode that guarantees the transport of Guaranteed traffic with

channel spacing selected (second table)
Nominal Mode that guarantees the transport of Peak traffic with channel
spacing selected (third table)

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Guaranted 3G => 1E1

3
4
# of sites
Peak 3G (E1s)
7.2 HSPA
14.4 HSPA +
28.8 HSPA Mimo
7 MHz
7 MHz
7 MHz
7 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
7 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
7.2 HSPA
14.4 HSPA +
28.8 HSPA Mimo
4 QAM
4 QAM
4 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
4 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
4 QAM
7.2 HSPA
14.4 HSPA +
28.8 HSPA Mimo
16 QAM
16 QAM
256 QAM
16 QAM
64 QAM
64 QAM
64 QAM
256 QAM
256 QAM
5
2
Channel spacing
7 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
7 MHz
28 MHz
7 MHz
Reference M ode
16 QAM 16 QAM
4 QAM
16 QAM
4 QAM
16 QAM
Nominal Mode
64 QAM 16 QAM
64 QAM 16 QAM
64 QAM 256 QAM
Guaranted 3G => 2E1

3
4
7 MHz
7 MHz
14 MHz
14 MHz
14 MHz
14 MHz
14 MHz
14 MHz
28 MHz
16 QAM
4 QAM
4 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
4 QAM
16 QAM
64 QAM
64 QAM
16 QAM
16 QAM
256 QAM
16 QAM
64 QAM
64 QAM
Table 3.4: Feeder analyses results.
The green cells indicate that AM is needed to cope with the transport of Peak and
Guaranteed traffic, the yellow ones indicate that the use of static modulation can be
enough.
The Table 3.4 shows clearly that:
In case is 1 E1 of High Priority traffic for 3G site, the use of AM is always

needed
In case is 2 E1 of High Priority traffic for 3G site, the use of AM starts to be

necessary with 14.4 HSPA.
The previous analyses is based on the assumption that only half of the Peak traffic of
all 3G sites collected shall be transported by the Feeder link.
Assuming to avoid the previous limitation in the dimensioning of the feeder it is
interesting to evaluate the maximum number of Peaks that using AM up to 256 QAM
can transport with 7, 14 and 28 MHz channel spacing, Results in Table 3.5 show
that:
with 7 MHz channel and 256 QAM the sum of the peaks can only be
achieved up to HSPA 7.2
with 14 MHz channel and 256 QAM can always transport the sum of the
peaks up to 14.4 HSPA and it is limited to 2 peaks in case of HSPA 28.8
with 28 MHz channel and 256 QAM can almost always transport the sum of
the Peaks even for HSPA 28.8.

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# of sites
Peak 3G (E1s)
7.2 HSPA
14.4 HSPA +
28.8 HSPA Mimo
All
All
1
7.2 HSPA
14.4 HSPA +
28.8 HSPA Mimo
All
All
All
7.2 HSPA
14.4 HSPA +
28.8 HSPA Mimo
All
All
All
Legend
All
2
na
Number of Peaks that AM can manage

Guaranted 3G => 1E1
Guaranted 3G => 2E1
3
4
5
2
3
4
7 MHz
All
All
3
All
All
All
2
1
1
All
1
1
na
na
na
1
na
na
14 MHz
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
4
All
All
All
2
2
2
All
2
2
28 MHz
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
4
All
All
All
5
2
na
na
All
4
1
All
All
4
All the Peaks can be transported

"2" peaks can be transported
Peak capacity can't be transported
Table 3.5: Number of Peaks transported for different Channel spacing.
Results presented in Table 3.5 show that exploiting the usage of adaptive
modulations, we can build a tail & feeder network capable of transporting the sum of
peak NodeB traffic, still using 7, 14 and 28 MHz channel spacing. This fact clearly
shows the potential of BEP 2.0 to remove IuB bottleneck very easily.
3.4
Outage and Non-affecting service Outage
With AM the system selects the Physical Mode dynamically based on propagation
condition, in clear sky condition using the Nominal Mode and lower Physical Mode as
weather conditions becomes worse.
The calculation of outage probability is influenced by the switching among Physical
Mode that changes the system gain of several dB.
Two different concepts have to be introduced to design a MW link that uses AM:
Outage: as for the legacy equipment (PDH) the outage is the unavailability of
a link i.e. all the services (high and low priority) experience an interruption in
the transmission
Non-affecting service Outage: this new concept is strictly correlated with

the use of AM; the Non-affecting service (NAS) Outage means that not all the
maximum capacity of a link (defined by the Nominal Mode) is available to
transport the traffic, this because the system experiences a downshift from
the Nominal Mode to a lower Physical Mode. The reduction of capacity
doesnt imply an interruption of services, but only less bandwidth to transport
low priority traffic.

Page 19 of 36
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The design of a link has to consider the evaluation of the outage probability and
Non-affecting service Outage probability. The following example can clarify the
difference.
18 GHz - Outage @ 60 mm/h
4QAM
16QAM
128QAM
256QAM
64QAM
100
90
80
52 min.
70
Min
60
50
15 min.
40
30
20
10
3 min.
0
1
Distance
Figure 3.9: Outage probability for different modulation schemes at 18GHz.
The Figure 3.9 shows the outage probability of different modulation schemes for a
link at 18GHz using 30cm antennas with rain rate of 60mm/h.
Considering a distance of 5.5 km and setting the Nominal Mode to 256QAM and the
Reference Mode to 4QAM, the availability of whole capacity of Nominal Mode is
99.99%, so that the Non-affecting service Outage is of 52 minutes, while the real
Outage of the link is only 3 minutes a year as in Figure 3.10.
1000000
Working time [min]
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
256 QAM
128 QAM
64 QAM
16 QAM
4 QAM
Outage
Figure 3.10: Working time for each modulation schemes and Outage at 18GHz.
Page 20 of 36
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The Figure 3.11 and Figure 3.12 show the case of a link design to work with an
Outage of 52 minutes per year (availability of 99.99%). It has been considered a link
at 38 GHz, with 30 cm antennas, 4,5 Km of length with rain rate of 60 mm/h.
Setting as Nominal Mode to 256QAM and Reference Mode to 4QAM, the Outage will
be of 52 min a year, while the Non-affecting service Outage of whole capacity is
around 8,6 hours.
4QAM
16QAM
128QAM
256QAM
64QAM
500
450
400
360 min.
350
Min
300
150 min.
250
200
150
100
50
52 min.
0
1
Distance
Figure 3.11: Outage probability for different modulation schemes at 38GHz.
1000000
Working time [min]
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
256 QAM
128 QAM
64 QAM
16 QAM
4 QAM
Outage
Figure 3.12: Working time for each modulation schemes and Outage at 38GHz.
3.4.1
Outage targets examples
Below some examples of possible unavailability for different PMs considering:

Page 21 of 36
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Links at 18, 23 and 38 GHz of frequency bands
60 cm antennas
30 and 60 mm/h rain rate
From 4 to 256 QAM modulation schemes
Targeting 4 hours of Non-affecting service Outage for 256 QAM
Using agnostic values for System Gain
Figure 3.13, Figure 3.14 and Figure 3.15 show that designing links with of 4 hours of
Non-affecting service Outage the maximum length that can be reached is:
At 18 GHz of 12,5 and 8 km with 30 and 60 mm/h of rain rate
At 23 GHz of 9.7 and 6.3 km with 30 and 60 mm/h of rain rate
At 18 GHz of 5 and 3.3 km with 30 and 60 mm/h of rain rate
Table 3.6 shows the minutes of outage for each single modulation scheme, at the
maximum hop length calculated.
4QAM
16QAM
128QAM
256QAM
64QAM
4QAM
16QAM
128QAM
256QAM
64QAM
500
350
4h
300
450
4h
400
350
200
300
Min
Min
250
7 min.
150
250
200
100
15 min.
150
100
50
50
10
11
12
13
Distance
Distance
Figure 3.13: 18 GHz example.

Page 22 of 36
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10

23 GHz - Outage @30 mm/h
4QAM
16QAM
128QAM
256QAM
64QAM
23 GHz - Outage @60 mm/h
500
4QAM
16QAM
128QAM
256QAM
64QAM
600
450
4h
500
400
4h
350
400
Min
Min
300
250
300
200
27 min.
200
18 min.
150
100
100
50
0
1
10
11
12
Distance
Distance
16QAM
128QAM
256QAM
64QAM
450
450
400
400
4h
350
300
300
250
250
200
13 min.
150
16QAM
128QAM
256QAM
64QAM
200
21 min.
150
100
100
50
50
4QAM
4h
350
Min
Min
4QAM
0
1
Distance
Distance
Band
18
23
38
Rain rate
30 mm/h
60 mm/h
30 mm/h
60 mm/h
30 mm/h
60 mm/h
Minutes of unavailability for Modulations scheme

4QAM
16QAM
64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
7
17
42
103
240
15
30
63
128
240
13
26
57
121
240
21
40
77
141
240
18
38
74
138
240
27
50
90
152
240
Table 3.6: Summary table: modulations unavailability at maximum hop length.

Page 23 of 36
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LINK DESIGN
This chapter provides guidelines for link design in terms of fade margins, outages
and interference evaluation, based on the concepts described in Chapter 3.
4.1
Introduction
The scope of this chapter is the presentation of the aspects that have to be
considered to design in a link with BEP 2.0 technology:
Outage of a link
Capacity planning as a consequence of downshift of Physical Mode
Interference calculation in a microwave network that uses adaptive

modulations.
4.2
Causes and targets for Outage and Non-Affecting

service Outage
The outage is related to the unavailability of the Reference Mode and the causes are
propagation;
equipment failure;
infrastructural unavailability;
human activities.
The Non-affecting service Outage is related to the Physical Mode downshift during
bad weather conditions; therefore, it is only related to propagation.
Equipment failure
Human activities
Propagation
Infrastructural unav
Figure 4.1: Outage and Non-Affecting service Outage.

Page 24 of 36
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4.2.1
Outage target
Its possible to calculate the outage and related target due to propagation once
evaluated all other causes.
Equipment failure
The outage due to equipment failure can be calculated using the MTTR and MTBF
and the following formula:
U eq =
MTTR
MTTR
MTBF + MTTR MTBF
Note that this values change significantly when a link is in 1+0 or 1+1 configuration.
Human activities and Infrastructure unavailability
All the human activities (like as maintenance or upgrade) and possible unavailability
causes has to be evaluated case by case for a particular environment scenario in
order to reserve a certain amount of time the cover their effects.
Propagation
The causes of Outage for the propagation are mainly two: rain and multipath. Rain is
the most important cause of outage for frequency bands greater the 18 GHz with link
length shorter 15 km; while for frequency bands lower than 18 GHz and longer than
15 km its necessary to evaluate the effects of the multipath.
The definition of targets for Outage can be done as for the Legacy PDH. The Outage
is the unavailability of a link i.e. interruption in the transmission of all the services
(high and low priority) experienced with the unavailability of the Reference Mode.
The definition of targets and their evaluation has to be done referring to the
availability / unavailability of the Reference Mode.
4.2.2
Non-affecting service Outage targets
There arent in the literature any recommendations about the definition of targets for
Non-affecting service Outage.
The Non-affecting service Outage is experienced with a reduction of capacity of a link
but without any interruption of services.
A suggested target for the Access part of the Network could be a value between 8
and 16 hours for Non-affecting service Outage (816 hours of reduction of capacity
for lowest priority services for the chain of MW links connecting Radio sites to
Backhaul Network).

Page 25 of 36
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Figure 4.2 show a chain of four MW links connecting Radio sites to Backhaul
Network. 8 and 16 hours of Non-affecting service Outage means 2-4 hours for any
single link.
816 hours
Backhaul
24 hours
24 hours
24 hours
24 hours
Figure 4.2: Chain of 4 links with non-affecting service outage targets.
The evaluation of Non-affecting service Outage has to be done referring to the

Nominal Mode.
The definition of a target for Non-affecting service Outage for a single link, for
example of 4 hours, doesnt mean that the capacity of the link is reduced to the
capacity supported by the Reference mode for all the 4 hours, but the available
capacity for low priority services is defined by the switchover trough intermediate
physical modes as shown by examples in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 reports some examples of Non-affecting service Outage (related to
different PMs using from 4QAM to 256 QAM) for different bands and rain rate when
the target is set to 4 hours for Nominal Mode using 256 QAM as modulation scheme
(availability of whole capacity for 99,954 % of the time). Table 4.2 represents working
time of each Physical modes. Considering for example the case of a 8 km link at
18GHz with rain rate of 60 mm/h:
the link will work for 99,954 % (4 hours) of the time with 256 QAM (Nominal
Mode)
link will work for 15, 33, 65 and 112 minutes with respectively 4, 16, 64 and
128 QAM
the outage due to propagation is 15 minutes
Band
18
23
38
Rain rate
30 mm/h
60 mm/h
30 mm/h
60 mm/h
30 mm/h
60 mm/h
Minutes of unavailability for different PM

4QAM
16QAM
64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
7
17
42
103
240
15
30
63
128
240
13
26
57
121
240
21
40
77
141
240
18
38
74
138
240
27
50
90
152
240
Table 4.1: Examples of Non-affecting service Outage.

Page 26 of 36
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Band
18
23
38
Rain rate
30 mm/h
60 mm/h
30 mm/h
60 mm/h
30 mm/h
60 mm/h
Working Minutes for for different PM

Outage
4QAM
16QAM
64QAM 128QAM
7
10
25
61
137
15
15
33
65
112
13
13
31
64
119
21
19
37
64
99
18
20
36
64
102
27
23
40
62
88
Table 4.2: Examples working time.
4.3
Link design
This paragraph will present the basic concepts and steps to design of a link.
Starting from a flow chart of the design process, the evaluation of capacities to define
Reference and Nominal mode, the evaluation of targets for Outage and NonAffecting are presented with the introduction of a new concept of Clear Sky Margin
and finally its evaluation.
4.3.1
Design process
The design of a link shall evaluate different conditions on capacities (selection of

Reference and Nominal Mode) and outage targets. The suggested sequence of
decision steps is summarized in the Flow Chart presented in
Figure 4.3.
1st Step Selection of Channel Spacing, Reference and Nominal mode

The first step is the selection of the channel spacing. This is driven by transporting
the guaranteed traffic and maximizing the spectral efficiency. To cope with these
conditions the highest Reference Mode in the smallest channel spacing has to be
chosen.
For example if the Guaranteed traffic is 15 Mbps to maximize the spectral efficiency
is suggested to use a channel spacing of 7 MHz and a modulation scheme of 16
QAM instead of a channel spacing of 14 MHz with 4 QAM.
The second condition to verify is that the Peak traffic can be transported by a higher
Modulation scheme (Nominal Mode).
If no Modulation scheme can cope with Peak traffic it is needed enlarge the channel
spacing.

Page 27 of 36
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Design process
Selection of channel spacing,

Reference and Nominal mode
Capacity evaluation
no
yes
no
Change of antennas
Freq. band
no
Outage evaluation
yes
yes
Clear Sky Margin
evaluation
Change of antennas
yes
Freq. band
no
yes
yes
Link configuration
Figure 4.3: Design process flow charts.
2nd Step Evaluation of Outage and Non-affecting service Outage

The second step is the evaluation if targets for Outage and Non-affecting service
Outage are respected.
As for PDH link planning, the evaluation of Outage is strictly related to Fade Margin
for Reference mode.
The Fade Margin (M1) @ BER=10-10 is defined as:
M 1 = Pr1 Ps ( REF ) [dB]

where

Page 28 of 36
19/08/2009

Pr1 is the reference Received Power [dBm] calculated using transmitter output
power corresponding to Reference mode;
Ps (REF) is the Reference Mode receiver sensitivity @ BER=10-10 [dBm].
It is suggested to always use sensitivities at 10-10 because for all BEP 2.0 products
(hybrid and packet) the transmission of Ethernet frames without errors is guaranteed
only when the radio channel BER is below 10-9.
For the evaluation of Non-affecting service Outage it is necessary to consider
another fade margin (M2):
M 2 = Pr 2 Ps ( NOM )
[dB]
where
Pr2 is the nominal Received Power [dBm] calculated using transmitter output
power corresponding to Nominal mode;
Ps (NOM) is the Nominal Mode receiver sensitivity @ BER=10-10 [dBm].
If one (or both) of Outage targets arent respected, before enlarging channel spacing,
its suggested to improve the system gain by increasing antennas size.
3rd Step Clear Sky Margin evaluation

Once evaluated Fade Margin for Outage targets, the third condition to verify is that
the system will work with Nominal Mode in clear sky condition with a reasonable
safety margin.
For this purpose, it is useful to define the concept of Clear Sky Margin ( M CS ) as:
M CS = Pr 2 Ps ( NOM ) = M 2
where:
Pr2 is the nominal Received Power [dBm] calculated using transmitter output
power corresponding to Nominal mode;
Ps (NOM) is the Nominal Mode receiver sensitivity @ BER=10-10 [dBm].
The main causes that can reduce the margin from the theoretical value calculated
can be:
Variations in the transmitting power, tolerances in the measurement system,

variation in the received power, discrepancy between design and actual
implementation

Page 29 of 36
19/08/2009

ATPC due to transmitter output power reduction
1+1 link configuration during a fault situation (when traffic is carried on

protection branch).
Variations and tolerances

The evaluation of possible variations in the transmitted output power (estimated of
2dB) and in the received (estimated of 2-4 dB) power due to antenna pointing, as
well as all the discrepancy in the planning (estimated of 2dB) have to be considered.
A suggested value (as sum of every single estimated variations or tolerances) can be
6-8 dB. This means that clear sky margin (MCS) shall always be grater than 6-8 dB in
order to ensure a safe and stable behavior of nominal mode.
Considering that clear sky margin is the same margin (M2) used for calculating Nonaffecting service Outage, considering the small margin required (6-8 dB), it is
(almost) always enough to verify compliance to Non-affecting service Outage target
(2-4 hours).
ATPC
In cases where the Operator uses ATPC (for better frequency coordination, for
Authority rules, etc) the clear sky margin is to be evaluated because BEP 2.0
equipment behaves as follows:
when fading occurs it first acts on increasing transmitted power (according to

ATPC algorithm)
then, after having reached maximum output power, it starts downshifting

modulations according to AM feature.
Therefore, the use of ATPC basically reduces the clear sky margin ( M CS ) by the
amount of ATPC range (ATPCvalue) set by the Operator.
As a consequence, Clear Sky Margin shall satisfy the following condition:
M CS 6 8dB + ATPCvalue
Considering that ATPCvalue is typically around 10 dB, the above condition requires a
clear sky margin higher than 15 dB. This is not anymore ensured for all links that
meet Non-affecting service Outage target. In such a case, clear sky margin
calculation is mandatory.
If the condition on Clear Sky Margin is not respected, before to redefine channel
spacing, its suggested to improve the system gain as suggested for Outage.
Page 30 of 36
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1+1 link configuration during fault situation

Another cause of the reduction of M CS is the failure of equipment (IDU or ODU) in
1+1 HSBY configuration. When the transmitting or receiving working branch
experiences a failure, the equipment enables the protection branch. The additional
attenuation introduced by the splitter can be as maximum value of 7 dB (case of
asymmetric splitter at 38 GHz).
If the Operator whish to guarantee the link to work with Nominal mode during the
faulty situation described before, this additional attenuation (7 dB) has to be
considered in the evaluation of Clear Sky Margin.
M CS 6 8dB + 7 dB
The above condition requires a clear sky margin of about 15 dB. This is not anymore
ensured for all links that meet Non-affecting service Outage target. In such a case,
clear sky margin calculation is mandatory. Note that if failures on both transmitting
and receiving branch occur, the Operator whishing to guarantee the usage of
Nominal mode shall ensure a clear sky margin of about 22 dB.
4.4
Interference
This paragraph will present how interference impairments have to be evaluated with
AM functionality.
4.4.1
Source of interference
The functionality of AM allows the system to use different PM (different modulation

schemes) following the evolution of weather conditions. This means that the link will
use different transmitted power and consequently different spectrum shapes (as
described in Figure 4.4 ) corresponding to different modulation schemes.
Low modulation schemes can work with higher transmission power than higher
modulation orders, but the consequence is having a wider spectrum due to higher
inter-modulation distortion created by power amplifier. This implies that lower
modulations are the main sources of interference. Figure 4.4 (taken from ETSI
standard [14]) shows the example of 4QAM, 16QAM and higher modulation scheme
spectrum: 4 QAM has the greatest transmission power as well as wider spectrum.
For these reasons when AM functionality is enabled it is mandatory the use the
Reference Mode in the link interference analyses as source of interference.

Page 31 of 36
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Figure 4.4: Examples of Modulation Spectrums.
4.4.2
Threshold degradation
The link that is affected by interference experiences a degradation of threshold signal

for each of the PM (modulation schemes) used.
As usually assumed in the microwave planning the interference is considered to be
not correlated with useful signal. If the incoming interference signal is not correlated
the degradation of threshold is the same for all modulation schemes as
explained in the following.
As depicted in Figure 4.5 if the incoming interference is not correlated it can be seen
as further white noise contribution, this means an increase () of the total level of
white noise (N+I). As a consequence, the threshold signal (receiver sensitivity) has
to grow by the same value () to maintain the same level of BER (ensured by a
certain C/N ratio, specific for each modulation scheme).

Page 32 of 36
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Signal (C) 64 QAM

Signal (C) 4QAM
C/N 4QAM
C/N 64QAM
Noise (N) + Interference (I)

Noise (N)
Interference (I)
Figure 4.5: Interference.
Since interference affects the different modulations with the same degradation of
threshold signal; this means that the analyses can be done for the Reference Mode
only.
4.4.3
Protection against Interference
The Adaptive Modulation guarantees a sort of protection by unexpected interference

signal (e.g. interference generated by other Operators)
In fact, the modem decreases the modulation when MSE (mean-squared error) cross
a threshold of x dB (2-3 dB) above the 10-8 (10-9) BER.
The modulation changes when signal degradation (also due to interference) occurs,
but the change of modulation occurs before making errors.
The Adaptive Modulation guarantees protection from all interference sources that
cant be evaluated during link design phase.
Furthermore AM is unidirectional, this implies that the switchover to lower modulation
schemes occurs in only on the direction (receiver) affected by interference.

Page 33 of 36
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APPENDIX A REFERENCES
A.1
References
[1]
VTN-C and VTN-A; BEP R1.0 Blueprint; July 2008
[2]
VTN-C; BEP R1.0 Implementation Guidelines; August 2008
[3]
IEEE802.3; LAN/MAN CSMA/CD Access Method; Part 802.3ad: Link

aggregation for parallel links; 2000
[4]
IETF RFC5086; Structure-Aware Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)

Circuit Emulation. Service over Packet Switched Network (CESoPSN);
[5]
IETF RFC 4717; Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Asynchronous

Transfer Mode (ATM) over MPLS Networks; December 2006
[6]
IEEE 802.1; Higher Layer LAN Protocols; Part 802.1ad: Provider

Bridges; 2006
[7]
IEEE 802.1D Higher Layer LAN Protocols; Part 802.1D-2004 Spanning

Tree
[8]
IEEE 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols; Part 802.1w: Rapid

Configuration of Spanning Tree
[9]
VTN-A; BEP R2.0 Blueprint Part 1: Architectures and Applications,

June 2009
[10]
VTN-A; BEP R2.0 Blueprint - Part 3: Implementation guidelines, June

2009
[11]
VTN-A; BEP R2.0 Blueprint - Part 4: Standard Configurations, June

2009
[12]
VTN-C and VTN-A; BEP R1.0 Blueprint; July 2008
[13]
VTN-C; BEP R1.0 Implementation Guidelines; August 2008
[14]
ETSI EN 302-217, Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics

requirements for point-to-point equipment and antennas,

Page 34 of 36
and
19/08/2009

APPENDIX B GLOSSARY
To be finalized
B.1
Abbreviations
AM
Adaptive Modulation
APU
Access Product Unit
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATPC
Automatic Transmitter Power Control
BEP
Backhaul Evolution Programme
BER
Bit Error Rate
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
CEPT
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications

Administrations
CESoPSN
Circuit Emulation Service over Packed Switching Network
CoS
Class of Service
CPU
Central Processing Unit
CS
Circuit Switched
DCN
Data Communication Network
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standard Institute
FE
Fast Ethernet
FEC
Forward Error Correction
GE
Gigabit Ethernet
HSBY
Hot StandBY
HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
IDU
Indoor Unit
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IMA
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM
ITU-T
International Telecommunication Unit

Telecommunication Standardization Bureau

Page 35 of 36
19/08/2009

MPLS
Multi Protocol Label Switching
MSE
Mean Squared Error
MTBF
Mean Time Between Failures
NFD
Net Filter Discrimination
NMS
Network Manager System
O&M
Operation & Maintenance
ODU
Outdoor Unit
PS
Packet Switched
PW
Pseudo-wire
PWE3
PseudoWire Emulation Edge-to-Edge
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS
Quality of Service
RSL
Receiver Signal Level
SD
Space Diversity
SP
Strict Priority
STM
Synchronous Transfer Mode
S/W
Software
TDM
Time Division Multiplex
VF
Vodafone

Page 36 of 36
19/08/2009

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Vodafone Technology Networks

BEP R2.0 Blueprint 02 Link Planning and Design.doc

Access and Mobile+ Product Unit: Paolo Agabio, Gabriele

Access Competence Center / Access and Mobile+

Draft / First Version (0.8)

Eva Rossi (Access / APU)

Vodafone Group Plc