Book

BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
2
Beginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatly
benefit from a clear understanding of English grammar
basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts
program whether your students are native English speakers or
beginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessons
make it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcement
or intervention.
Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar
More than 80 practice exercises are included for ready
reinforcement
A wealth of examples are provided on every topic
Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar
tips and useful language notes

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 2

Book

BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR

Book

Howard Sargeant

Three Watson
Irvine, CA 92618-2767
Web site: www.sdlback.com

First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine,
CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore
Copyright 2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the
publisher.
ISBN 1-59905-203-2
Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 08 07

Note to the Student

from the Publisher
Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that
the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by
Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That
was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all
over the world have found it worthwhile to study the
structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in
speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated
people.
Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction
in the eight parts of speechnouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and
interjectionsas well as the standard patterns of English
sentences.
All students of English, be they native speakers or those
who are studying English as a second language, will
profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout
the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills
and call attention to common problem areas.
We wish you every success in your pursuit of English
proficiency.

What youll find in this book

Nouns
Common Nouns
Proper Nouns
Singular Nouns
Plural Nouns
Collective Nouns
Masculine and Feminine Nouns
The Possessive Form of Nouns

Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns

Adjectives
Kinds of Adjectives
The Order of Adjectives
Adjective Endings
Describing What Something Is Made of
The Comparison of Adjectives
Adjective Phrases

Determiners
The Articles
Using Nouns without Articles
Demonstrative Determiners
Quantifying Determiners
Interrogative Determiners
Possessive Determiners
Numbers
Using Determiners Together

723
7
8
11
11
17
20
22
2431
24
26
27
27
28
28
3243
32
33
35
37
39
42
4451
44
45
46
47
49
49
50
50

Verbs and Tenses

Subject and Verb Agreement
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
The Simple Present Tense
am, is and are
there is and there are
The Present Progressive Tense
The Simple Past Tense
was and were
Irregular Verbs
The Past Progressive Tense
have, has and had
The Present Perfect Tense
Irregular Past Participles
The Future Tense
do, does and did
The Infinitive
The Imperative Form of Verbs
Gerunds

Auxiliary Verbs
can and could
will and would
shall and should
ought to
must
may and might
Verb Phrases

Adverbs and Adverb Phrases

Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Duration
Adverbs of Emphasis

Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

Preposition or Adverb?
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of Time
Prepositions of Direction
Prepositions with Special Uses
Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or Nouns

5287
52
55
58
59
60
63
65
66
67
70
71
73
73
77
80
83
84
85
8894
88
89
89
90
90
90
91
95100
95
96
96
97
97
98
101108
101
102
102
103
103
105


Conjunctions
and, but and or
Conjunctions Linking Phrases
Conjunctions with Lists
Conjunctions That Join Sentences
Other Words for and
Other Words for but
Other Words for or
Conjunctions of Time
Conjunctions of Place
Conjunctions of Reason
Conjunctions of Purpose

10 Sentences

Four Kinds of Sentence

Sentences with Objects
Verbs with Two Objects
Verbs with No Object
Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
Conditional Sentences
Positive and Negative Sentences
Questions
Question Tags

11 Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Indirect Commands
Indirect Questions

12 Punctuation

Punctuation Marks: period, comma, question mark,

exclamation point, apostrophe, quotation marks, colon
Capital Letter

A List of Irregular Verbs

109117
109
110
110
111
111
112
112
113
113
114
114
118133
118
119
120
120
123
123
124
124
128
130
134139
134
134
135
136
140148
140
144

149152

1 Nouns
There are two main types of nouns: common nouns and proper nouns.

Common Nouns
Words for people, places and things are called common nouns.

These common nouns are words for things.

ruler
pen
crayons
pencil
book
dictionary
courage

chair
table
sofa
loyalty
lamp
carpet
telephone

hammer
saw
axe
drill
ladder
lawnmower
spade

bicycle
ship
truck
ferry
train
bus
laziness

truth
calculator
television
fridge
cooker
computer
printer

These common nouns are words for animals. Notice that special names for
young animals are included.

animal

its young

animal

its young

dog
cat
cow
horse
sheep
goat
frog

puppy
kitten
calf
foal
lamb
kid
tadpole

fox
elephant
kangaroo
bear
lion
tiger
whale

cub
calf
joey
cub
cub
cub
calf

These common nouns are words for places.

bank
hotel
library
museum
mall
theater
hospital

airport
gas station
park
farm
zoo
factory
nursery

school
university
office
mosque
temple
shop
gym

post office
police station
restaurant
supermarket
stadium
synagogue
church

Nouns: Proper Nouns

These common nouns are words for people who do certain things.

singer
dancer
artist
photographer
magician
athlete

manager
secretary
teacher
doctor
dentist
lawyer

sailor
pilot
driver
writer
friend
brother

gardener
police officer
plumber
farmer
clerk
technician

Proper Nouns
The names of particular people, places and things are proper nouns. They
always begin with a capital letter.
These peoples names are proper nouns.

Robin Hood
Aladdin
Frankenstein
Harry Potter
Santa Claus
Mahatma Gandhi
Confucius

Florence Nightingale
Muhammad Ali
George Washington
David Beckham
Julia Roberts
Nelson Mandela
Alex Rodriguez

Mom
Dad
Granny
Grandad
Uncle David
Aunt Diana
Ms. Hall

Miss Park
Mrs. Taylor
Mr. Young
Dr. Lee
Professor Raj
Jose
Yang Ming

The names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper
nouns.

days of the week

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

months

ST
AUGU 4 11

18 25
19 26

2
5 1
y

Sunda
20 27

y
6 13

Monda
21 28


4
y
7 1

Tuesda
22 29
sday
8 15
1
Wedne
23 30


6
1
a y
9
31
2
Thursd

24
10 17

3
Friday

a y
Saturd

January
February
March
April
May
June

July
August
September
October
November
December

Nouns: Proper Nouns

The names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns.

New Years Day

Veterans' Day

Mothers Day

Thanksgiving

Independence Day

Memorial Day

Valentines Day

Halloween

Labor Day

Christmas

Ramadan

Yom Kippur

The names of famous places, buildings and monuments are proper nouns.

Big Ben

the Empire State Building

the Sphinx

the Taj Mahal

Graceland

the Eiffel Tower

the Grand Canyon

the Golden Gate Bridge

the Sydney Opera House

the Great Wall of China

Buckingham Palace

Chaco Canyon Pueblo

the Leaning Tower of Pisa

the Statue of Liberty

The names of people who live in a particular country are also proper
nouns.

country

people

country

people

Afghanistan
Australia
Britain
China
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Korea
Malaysia

Afghans
Australians
the British
the Chinese
the French
Germans
Indians
Indonesians
Italians
the Japanese
Koreans
Malaysians

Samoa
New Zealand
Pakistan
the Philippines
Russia
Nicaragua
South Africa
Spain
Switzerland
Thailand
USA
Vietnam

Samoans
New Zealanders
Pakistanis
Filipinos
Russians
Nicaraguans
South Africans
Spaniards
the Swiss
Thais
Americans
the Vietnamese