Herbarium

Outline
Herbaria
Herbaria
What are they?
What are they?
Why make them?
Why make them?
HHerbariumerbarium
a collection of preserveda plant specimens
-These specimens may be whole plants or plant
parts
and these will usually be in a dried form, mounted
on a sheet
Herbaria: what are they?
Organized collections of
carefully preserved and
documented plant
specimens
It were organized by major group, then
alphabetically by family, genus, species, and if
there are slews of specimens by state or even
county within state.

The project aim

Agronomy/Forestry - locate wild plants that
have potential as new crops; document plants used
as
crops and forage; locate and identify relatives of
cultivated species for use in breeding programs;
identify and document the spread of weeds
Anthropology/Archeology - identify seed, wood
and other plant remains from archeological sites;
document plants used by people
Ecology - locate and document plant
communities or individual species; identify and
document
invasive species
Entomology - locate food plants and habitats for
insects; document pollination ecology
Environmental Regulation - identify plants in
an area in order to define the habitat and
designate an
environmentally and legally appropriate use for the
site
Forensics - identify plant fragments that might
yield evidence in legal cases; in some cases plant
fragments may be used to determine if a person
was in a certain place
History - retrace itineraries of early naturalists;
track down early place names; determine historic
plant ranges

 Horticulture - identify native and cultivated

plants; find plant locations; document cultivars
Pharmaceutical Research - locate wild plants
as possible
source of medicines
Poison Control and Medical Care - identify
plants in cases of
ingestion
Veterinary Science - identify forage and
poisonous plants
Zoology - identify animal food plants; locate
animal habitats
Specimens
The Herbarium
contains mostly
vascular plants,
but the fungal
and bryophyte
collections are
becoming more
active.
Specimens have two parts
The plant material
And.
and the label
The label is critical.

The identity of the plant

specimen can be checked.
Some useful cabinets to know
Range Class
Accessible 8-5, M-F
Identification is not easy
Every taxonomist has found mistakes of their
own to correct
Every taxonomist has had others correct their
mistakes
New species are not new; they are species
that have not yet been recognized not even
by experienced taxonomists.
Identification is not always easy; compare
with specimens, not pictures.
Citing authorities
Adds little information.
State which reference you used for identification
How to make a Herbarium?
1) Collecting the plants
2) Pressing and Drying
3) Mounting
1) Collecting the plants
Choose good representatives of the plants species
Be careful that these plants must include root, stem,

flower and fruit

Take notes and record by taking photos in the field at the
time of collection,
Note these factors below:
Date, collection number, location, habitat, habit,
special characteristics
Collect specimens in dry conditions, a good
time being mid-morning, after the dew has
dried but before the heat of the day causes
plants to wilt.
If specimens are at all wet or you need to
wash soil off the roots then dry them carefully
before pressing.
Use a pencil for these notes rather than a pen
because any damp/wetness can cause ink to
smudge and be unreadable
Making specimens
Other tools needed
Field notebook
Clippers and digger
Pencil
Tags
Bags
Gps, altimeter.
Field press
The equipment for collecting are
PRESSING AND DRYING
PRESSING & DRYING

- Plants must be clean before pressing

- They must also be put in a plastic bag or nylon
bag, if it is hot they must be watered to be fresh
must be watered to be fresh
- Place your plant between folded-out sheets of
newspaper, although
flimsy or greaseproof paper is preferable for
delicate material
- Arrange the plant carefully, trying to avoid
overlapping.
- When you have finished arranging the specimens
within the
flimsy or greaseproof paper is preferable for
delicate material
- Arrange the plant carefully, trying to avoid
overlapping.
- When you have finished arranging the specimens
within the
newspaper sheets
newspaper sheets
- Finally place everything in your press and tighten
well.
- Finally place everything in your press and tighten
well.
For the first two to four days you will need to
check daily and
change the blotting paper and/or other surrounding
papers,
and retighten the press, but as the plants dry these
checks can

become less frequent.

Warmth may be used to improve the drying rate,
An oven set
at 50C may be used but the heat must be no
higher, otherwise
the specimen will become very brittle and
damaged.
Materials for pressing
Plant press
Plant press
Newspaper
Newspaper
Greaseproof or flimsy paper for delicate
structures
Greaseproof or flimsy paper for delicate
structures
Blotting paper
Blotting paper
Corrugated card
Corrugated card
Processing plants
MountingMounting
Fertile and Sterile speciment
t is very important to collect fertile material if
at all possible.
t is very important to collect fertile material if
at all possible.
Collect flowers and if possible fruits for each
specimen.
Collect flowers and if possible fruits for each

specimen.
Get mature and immature twigs, especially in
vines, etc.
Get mature and immature twigs, especially in
vines, etc.
Mounting
How to fold
Mounting
Mosses, cones, fruits, Cuscuta flowers, cacti,
and some other succulents, can be put in
small paper bags, each numbered on the
front, and dried unpressed. If stored in plastic
bags, they rapidly mold, even after drying
Mosses, cones, fruits, Cuscuta flowers, cacti,
and some other succulents, can be put in
small paper bags, each numbered on the
front, and dried unpressed. If stored in plastic
bags, they rapidly mold, even after drying
Labeling
A herbarium label should contain the
following:
A herbarium label should contain the
following:
Institution with which the collector is affiliated
Institution with which the collector is affiliated
Genus, species, author names
Genus, species, author names
Family name
Family name
Date of determination of name

Date of determination of name

Locality
Locality
Vegetation and habitat
Vegetation and habitat
Plant description
Plant description
Collector's name
Collector's name
Collecting date
Collecting date
Example
The New York Botanical Garden
Plants of Bolivia
The New York Botanical Garden
Plants of Bolivia
Poulsenia armata
Poulsenia armata
Depto. Sta. Cruz, Prov. Ichilo, Parque Nacional Amboro, Rio
Saguayo
near mouth of Quebrada Yapohe. Secondary tropcal evergreen
forest
enar camp around abandoned slash and burn plot.
Depto. Sta. Cruz, Prov. Ichilo, Parque Nacional Amboro, Rio
Saguayo
near mouth of Quebrada Yapohe. Secondary tropcal evergreen
forest
enar camp around abandoned slash and burn plot.
Young tree, 2 m. tall; sap milky
Young tree, 2 m. tall; sap milky
Coll: M. Nee 40910

June 11, 1991

Coll: M. Nee 40910
June 11, 1991
Specimen data
Core information is from herbarium specimens
Collections data:
Collections data:
Scientific name
Scientific name
Collection date
Collection date
Collector name & number
Collector name & number
Location
Location
Soils
Soils
Habitat
Habitat
Vegetation community
Vegetation community
Associated species
Associated species
Plant features, e.g. colour
Plant features, e.g. colour
Collection and determination

Tujuan proyek
Agronomi / Kehutanan - mencari tanaman liar yang memiliki potensi sebagai
tanaman baru; tanaman dokumen yang digunakan sebagai
tanaman dan hijauan; mencari dan mengidentifikasi kerabat spesies dibudidayakan
untuk digunakan dalam program pemuliaan;
mengidentifikasi dan mendokumentasikan penyebaran gulma
Antropologi / Arkeologi - mengidentifikasi benih, kayu dan tanaman lainnya
masih dari situs arkeologi;
tanaman dokumen yang digunakan oleh orang-orang
Ekologi - mencari dan komunitas tumbuhan dokumen atau spesies individu;
mengidentifikasi dan dokumen
spesies invasif
Entomologi - menemukan tanaman pangan dan habitat bagi serangga; Dokumen
penyerbukan ekologi
Peraturan Lingkungan - mengidentifikasi tanaman di daerah untuk menentukan
habitat dan menunjuk
penggunaan lingkungan dan hukum yang tepat untuk situs
Forensik - mengidentifikasi fragmen tanaman yang mungkin menghasilkan bukti
dalam kasus hukum; dalam beberapa kasus pabrik
fragmen dapat digunakan untuk menentukan apakah seseorang berada di tempat
tertentu
Sejarah - menelusuri perjalanan naturalis awal; melacak nama tempat awal;
menentukan bersejarah
rentang tanaman
Hortikultura - mengidentifikasi tanaman asli dan dibudidayakan; menemukan
lokasi pabrik; kultivar dokumen
Farmasi Penelitian - mencari tanaman liar mungkin
sumber obat-obatan
Poison Control dan Perawatan Medis - mengidentifikasi tanaman dalam kasus
menelan

 Ilmu Hewan - mengidentifikasi hijauan dan beracun tanaman

Zoologi - tanaman pangan hewani mengidentifikasi; menemukan habitat hewan

1)Mengumpulkan tanaman
Perwakilan Choose baik dari spesies tanaman
Be hati bahwa tanaman ini harus mencakup akar,
batang,
bunga dan buah
Catatan Take dan merekam dengan mengambil foto
di lapangan di
saat pengumpulan,
Note faktor di bawah ini:
"Tanggal, nomor koleksi, lokasi, habitat, kebiasaan,
karakteristik khusus "
Kumpulkan spesimen dalam kondisi kering, waktu
yang baik menjadi pertengahan pagi, setelah embun
kering tapi sebelum panas penyebab hari
tanaman layu.
Jika spesimen yang sama sekali basah atau Anda
perlu
mencuci tanah dari akar kemudian mengeringkannya
dengan hati-hati
sebelum menekan.
Gunakan pensil untuk catatan ini bukan pena
karena setiap basah / basah dapat menyebabkan
tinta untuk
noda dan bisa dibaca

Peralatan untuk mengumpulkan adalah

Menekan dan pengeringan
Menekan & PENGERINGAN
- Tanaman harus bersih sebelum menekan
- Mereka juga harus dimasukkan ke dalam kantong
plastik atau nilon tas, jika panas mereka harus
disiram untuk menjadi segar
- Tempatkan tanaman Anda antara dilipat-out
lembaran koran, meskipun
kertas tipis atau tahan lemak adalah lebih untuk
bahan halus
- Susun tanaman dengan hati-hati, berusaha untuk
menghindari tumpang tindih.
- Bila Anda telah selesai mengatur spesimen dalam
lembaran koran (atau kombinasi apapun dari kertas
yang telah Anda pilih), maka Anda perlu untuk
menyelingi mereka antara lembar kartu
bergelombang untuk membantu ventilasi.
- Akhirnya menempatkan segala sesuatu di tekan
dan kencangkan dengan baik.
Selama dua sampai empat hari pertama Anda akan
perlu memeriksa setiap hari dan
mengubah kertas blotting dan / atau kertas lain
sekitarnya,
dan retighten pers, tetapi sebagai tanaman kering
pemeriksaan ini dapat
menjadi kurang sering.
Kehangatan dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan
laju pengeringan, Sebuah set oven
pada 50 C dapat digunakan tapi panas harus tidak

lebih tinggi, jika tidak

spesimen akan menjadi sangat rapuh dan rusak.