FCSE C Programming Introduction

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Introduction
part 3 (C programming language)
Structured Programming
Prof. Dejan Gjorgjevikj, PhD

FCSE 2016
C programming language
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Characteristics
C (/si/, as in the letter C) is a general-purpose

programming language
It enables for the programmer to communicate
with the computer in an efficient way
Basic C characteristics:
language of relatively low level
FAST
appropriate for system programming
very portable
can be cryptic
STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
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Widespread C
C is one of the most widely used programming

languages of all time, and C compilers are available
for the majority of available computer
architectures and operating systems
Many later languages have borrowed directly or
indirectly from C, including C#, D, Go, Rust, Java,
JavaScript, Limbo, LPC, Objective-C, Perl, PHP,
Python, Verilog (hardware description language)
and Unix's C shell. C++ and Objective-C started as
preprocessors for C; C++ is currently nearly a
superset of C, while Objective-C is a strict superset
of C
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What is C used for?
IEEE Spectrums Top Ten Languages for 2016
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Why C?
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The Most Popular Programming

Languages of 2015
What will get me a great job?
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C history
Dennis Ritchie
Brian Kernighan
Created by Dennis Ritchie

(1941-2011) and Brian
Kernighan of (AT&T Bell Labs)
1972.
Its predecessor is the
programming language B,
developed by Ken Thompson
in 1970.
ALGOL 60
CPL
BCPL
B
C
Ken Thompson
7
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Elements of the language (1)
Alphabet of the language: lowercase and

uppercase letters of the English alphabet,
digits, special symbols and interpunction
signs
Letters: az,
AZ, _
Digits: 09
Punctuation: ~
! @ # % ^ & * ( ) - + = :
; " ' < > , . ? | / \ { } [ ]
Whitespace characters: space, horizontal tab,
vertical tab, form feed, newline
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Reserved words of the language: 32 (very

small number)
element with strictly defined meaning and usage
can not be used differently than defined
can not be redefined
Reserved word (aka reserved identifier,

keyword) is a word that cannot be used as
an identifier, such as a name of a variable or
function or a label.
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C is exceptionally small language
C keywords according to the ANSI standard:

auto
double
int
struct
break
else
long
switch
case
enum
register
typedef
char
extern
return
union
float
short
unsigned
continue
for
signed
default
goto
sizeof
volatile *
do
if
static
while
const
void
* appear for the first time in the ANSI standard

10
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Names of programming elements identifiers

each name can contain only letters, digits and the _
(underscore) character
each name must begin with a letter
the name can not contain white spaces and
interpunction symbols
the name can not be equal to a keyword (reserved
word)
identifier length
case sensitive
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C standardization history
K&R C (1978)
ANSI ISO C (1989 / 1990 aka C89 or C90)
C99 (5 new keywords)
inline, _Imaginary, _Complex, _Bool, restrict
C11 (+ concurrency, security, optimization,

)
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In C++
Recall from high scholl...
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello!";
return (0);
}
13
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A structure of a C program
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
/* header Program name, author, version */

/* INCLUDE section holds #include directives */
/* definition of constants and data types definition of types and #define directives */
/* GLOBAL variables */
/* function declarations / definitions */
int main()
{
/* variable declarations */
/* executable expressions */
return 0;
}
/* possibly some more function definitions */
14
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
/* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

A first program in C */
#include <stdio.h>
Typical C program
int main()
{
printf( "Hello to everyone!\n" );
return 0;
}
Hello to everyone!
Comments
the text embedded in /* and */ is being ignored by the compiler
used to explain the program to the human reader
#include <stdio.h>
preprocessor directive tells the compiler to insert the content of a certain file at
the specified place
<stdio.h> contains the library functions for input/output operations
every preprocessor directive must appear alone in a separate line
does not end with ;

15
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Structure of typical C program (1)

int main()
every C program can have one or more functions, but
exactly one can be named main

the main function is the first to start execution when the C
program is executed
the parentheses behind main () represent a function
empty () means that this function does not require additional parameters
int denotes that the function returns an integer result

the curly braces represent the body of the function
every statement ends with semicolon ;
no strict rules for source code formatting (newlines have no
meaning to the compiler)
16
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Structure of typical C program (2)
printf("Hello to everyone!\n" );
Issues instruction to the computer to perform some action, to present

the string between the quotes on the computer screen
The whole line is called an expression
Expressions in C end with ;
\ - special character (escape character)
Represents that printf()should perform something different
than usual
\n represents new line
return 0;
By convention return 0, represents that the program has finished

regularly without errors
17
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To take home
The Development of the C Language

http://cm.bell-
labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html
http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_unix_c.htm
The C Language keywords

http://tigcc.ticalc.org/doc/keywords.html
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FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Prof. Dejan Gjorgjevikj, PhD

C (/si/, as in the letter C) is a general-purpose

C is one of the most widely used programming

What is C used for?

IEEE Spectrums Top Ten Languages for 2016

The Most Popular Programming

What will get me a great job?

Created by Dennis Ritchie

Elements of the language (1)

Alphabet of the language: lowercase and

Elements of the language (1)

Reserved words of the language: 32 (very

Reserved word (aka reserved identifier,

C is exceptionally small language

C keywords according to the ANSI standard:

* appear for the first time in the ANSI standard

Elements of the language (2)

Names of programming elements identifiers

inline, _Imaginary, _Complex, _Bool, restrict

C11 (+ concurrency, security, optimization,

/* header Program name, author, version */

/* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c

the text embedded in /* and */ is being ignored by the compiler

used to explain the program to the human reader

<stdio.h> contains the library functions for input/output operations

every preprocessor directive must appear alone in a separate line

does not end with ;

Structure of typical C program (1)

exactly one can be named main

int denotes that the function returns an integer result

meaning to the compiler)

Structure of typical C program (2)

Issues instruction to the computer to perform some action, to present

By convention return 0, represents that the program has finished

The Development of the C Language

The C Language keywords

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