Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TOURISM AN OVERALLVIEW
3.1INTRODUCTION
Tourism In this chapter an attempt has been made to study the scenario of
tourism activity at all India level, at state level namely Tamil Nadu and also at the
District level, from where the area of the study namely Dindigul district has been
selected. In the first part of this chapter namely Tourism in India, the progress of the
tourism in the five year plans, the receipts from tourism in India comparing with the
tourism receipts all over the world, tourists arrivals in India from all over the world, have
been described briefly.
In the second part namely Tourism in Tamil Nadu, the important tourist centers
and tourist arrivals including both domestic and foreign at various tourist centers in the
state Tamil Nadu have been discussed.
3.2 TOURISM IN INDIA
Since Indian culture is one of the ancient cultures in the world in which the
culture elements of the remotest past continue to live in the present. So tourism in India is
primarily a cultural tourism. Even now religious tourism contribute more to the
development of humanism, than to the way of life. Because of this type of tourism
existing at present could be a religious tourism too. In the field of tourism, India occupies
an enviable position, with five thousand years of history, geographical diversity, heritage
and culture and has now reached a stage where she can recognized as a leading tourist
destination. The traditional stereotype image of India as a cultural destination is being
replaced with a more vibrant image of diversified tourism product. India offers an
incredibly wide range of tourist attractions like snow-capped mountains, beautiful
beaches, wild life sanctuaries, adventure spots and above all, a rich cultural heritage.
There has been a growing awareness among the people and in the country about the
1
importance of tourism and this amply manifested to the increasing plan allocations year
after year.
India is rich in tourist resources in terms of diverse religions and customs,
traditional folk dances, native arts and crafts and scenic beauty centers.
A land with a long and deep historical past, and accordingly, a wide variety of
customs, communities, religions, and ideologies, India is a favourite choice of many
travelers. Several foreign invasions and influences have resulted in various artistic and
structural depictions, suggestive of the respective influences. These depictions comprises
the various tourist places in India, which are, in turn, some of the prime reasons for the
advent of thousands of tourists to this country of universal appeal.
Owing to the variety that the country of India exudes in terms of climate, culture,
topography, cuisine, art and architecture, you will have at your disposal a number of
tourist places in India deserving a visit or tour.
India is one of the amazing destinations for vacations that offer different blends
that praise each one of us favour. The history of India goes back no less than 5000 years,
making it one of the most cultured and fascinating tourist destinations throughout the
world. The scenic hills stations, ladakhs old deserts, the valleys of Himachal, north-easts
rain forecasts, the most cultured and inviting regions of Rajasthan, the exclusive beaches
of Goa, and last but not the least, the royal wildlife sanctuaries in India and its vibrant
uniqueness in the Ayurveda, Yoga and Natural traits making this dream land as the
discoverable destination among all tourist. Near about all cities and places of India have
some or the other attractions to invite tourist.
In the rapidly changing economic era of globalization and industrialization,
tourism sector has emerged as one of the worlds largest industries. The concern on
Tourism and development has assumed phenomenal significance at global, national and
local levels. Tourism is the economic activity which provides services to the tourists
including a whole gamut of activities like transport& hospitality; guide and travel
services; travel publication and writers; arts and crafts, etc. In the present era of
2
knowledge and innovations, the whole world has shrunk in size and all has happened
because of spectacular advancement in the fields of travel and tele-communication.
Consequently the globalized economic order, there is now free exchange of trade
and culture among the countries of world. In fact, tourism is an emerging pertinent
industry and it is considered a major engine of economic growth in various parts of the
globe especially in the Asia- Pacific region including certain countries of Europe and
South- East Asia. Several countries of the world have transformed their economies
particularly, certain small countries of Europe like Switzerland followed by some of the
South-East Asian Countries mainly Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Mauritius, SouthKorea, Japan and Sri Lanka using their tourism potential the fullest. Its output is very
fruitful because tourism possesses a vast employment opportunities of diverse kinds from
the most specialized to the unskilled lion share population of human society. Actually, the
word Tourism is derived from the word Tour which implies a journey in which one
returns to the starting point. In simple terms, it may be defined as the sum of phenomena
and relationship arising from the travel and stay of tourists at a particular place for
duration of at least 24 hours. In case of study area, tourism possesses a huge potential and
requires greater public attention. Throughout the entire state, in the last couple of years, it
has been observed that the tourism is emerging as one of the fastest growing industries.
Travel and tourism is the largest service sector in India. This industry provides
heritage, culture, medical, business, sports and tourism.It is expected that the tourism
sectors contribution to the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will grow at the rate
of 7.8 percent from the period 2013-2023. The Indian tourism sector has been flourishing
in recent years due to the improved connectivity to and from the country. Also, a better
boarding and lodging facilities at the tourist destinations has been a factor which has
contributed to increase Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA).
The policies and changes implemented by the government of India has also been
instrumental in providing the necessary boost to the Indian tourism and hospitality
industry and attracting more and more foreign tourists every year.
Indias travel and tourism industry is set to grow by about 7.3% in 2014, better
than last year, but average spending by foreigners travelling to the country could decline
sharply, according to the World Travel& Tourism council. This year, revenue from
domestic tourism is expected to grow 8.2% compared with 5.1% a year ago, that
increasing domestic travel growth of low- cost airlines and upgrading of airport
infrastructure will be the growth drivers.
However, the growth in the amount international visitors spend in the country
could slow to 2.9% from 6.2% in 2013. The picture in India in general terms is goods.
But in terms of the global forecast, it is much lower than other countries, like China,
which grew at 9.2% in 2013 (and is anticipated to grow at 8.3% in 2014),in 2013. India
generated Rs 1.100 billion from foreign visitor. The figure is likely to grow by 2.9% in
2014. International tourist arrivals are expected touch 7.36 million in 2014 and 13.43
million by 2024. Expenditure by foreign tourists in India is expected to grow 4.3% every
year to Rs 1,740 billion in 2024.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 ranks India 65th out of 144
countries overall. The report ranks the price competitiveness of India's tourism sector
20th out of 144 countries. It mentions that India has quite good air transport (ranked
39th), particularly given the countrys stage of development, and reasonable ground
transport infrastructure (ranked 42nd). Some other aspects of its tourism infrastructure
remain somewhat underdeveloped however. The nation has very few hotel rooms per
capita by international comparison and low ATM penetration. The World Tourism
Organization reported that India's receipts from tourism during 2012 ranked 16th in the
world, and 7th among Asian and Pacific countries.
The Ministry of Tourism designs national policies for the development and
promotion of tourism. In the process, the Ministry consults and collaborates with other
stakeholders in the sector including various Central Ministries/agencies, state
governments, Union Territories and the representatives of the private sector. Concerted
efforts are being made to promote new forms of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and
eco-tourism. The Ministry also maintains the Incredible India campaign.
4
India's rich history and its cultural and geographical diversity make its
international tourism appeal large and diverse. It presents heritage and cultural tourism
along with medical, business, educational and sports tourism.
Contribution of Travel and Tourism Sector in India
2011
S.No
Particulars
2021
INR.B
%of
Growt
INR.B
total
%of
tota
Growth
8.1
Direct contribution to
1,570.5
1.9
8.7
3,414.8
l
2.0
GDP
Total
to
3,680.4
4.5
8.1
8,523.1
4.9
8.8
GDP
Direct contribution to
24,931
5.0
2.4
30,439
5.2
2.0
employment
Total contribution
37,655
7.5
2.4
47,480
8.1
2.3
3.8
4.3
3.7
1.5
5.7
9.1
7.5
11.1
1,344.7
7,758.3
6,332.8
2,791.8
2.1
4.4
3.6
1.6
7.1
8.3
7.7
8.8
contribution
to
employment
5
Visitors exports
678.6
6
Domestic spending
3,509.6
7
Leisure spending
3,003.0
8
Business spending
1,196.6
Source: World Travel and Tourism Council
The above table clearly shows that the Indian travel and tourism sector
contributed 1.9% to GDP during 2011-2012. In the year 2021-2022, it will grow 2.0% but
it is inadequate. Indian travel and tourism contributes to GDP, employment and foreign
exchange through foreign tourist arrivals. So, Government of India should play an active
role in sustainable tourism in India through its initiatives.
The foregoing analysis of the growth of tourism in India Shows that although the
industry has registered an all-round substantial development in the country during the last
two-three decades, most of the potential, for its growth has not yet been exploited and
much more is left to be desired. The limited, and rather unsatisfactory, growth of this
industry in our country has been due to a number of problems it is beset with and various
difficulties it has been facing. The important factors, which have limited the growth of
tourism in India, are mentioned below:
Inadequate airline capacity particularly during the peak tourist season, bad
conditions of our airports, delays in getting the bookings, flight cancellations and
delays render air travel in India nightmarish for foreign tourists.
Due to appalling conditions of traveling by trains, in India tourists prefer to avoid
unless unavoidable.
Lack of hygienic and comfortable accommodation for the tourists, in general, but
reasonable good accommodation for low spending middle class tourists in
particular, render tourism unattractive. Absence of motel hampers the smoothness,
of long distance travels.
There is absence of an up to date information systems with quick retrieval
facilities causes inconvenience to tourists.
Another major factor inhibiting the growth of tourism is the seasonality of the
industry with the busy season being limited to six months from October to March
and heavy rush in November and December.
Lack of an integrated tourism promotion programme during the five-year plan
periods has hindered the growth of tourism.
Indifference of many states and union territories to tourism, which has not yet
been accorded industry status by them, is another factor limiting its growth.
Next factor is the failure of the mandarins of tourism to quickly adopt to the
changing environment, for example the temporary closure of Jammu and Kashmir
to tourists and socio-political and religious agitations in other northern states of
the country rendering them unattractive to tourists, by developing and promoting
alternative tourists destinations in South India.
A lukewarm attitude towards the domestic tourism due to the emphasis placed by
the authoritieson foreign tourism has been another limiting factor. We should not
6
forget that domestic tourists have its own importance and its development
provides a sound basis for the growth of international tourism.
3.4 PROSPECTS IN TOURISM
Tourism industry is one of the worlds fastest growing economic sectors and
largest employer of manpower helps in earning multi-billion dollar annually by attracting
a billion of people from one destination to another. This is evident from the fact that
international tourist arrivals has doubled from the year 1995(565.4 million) to the year
2010(1006.4 million). It is expected to reach to 1.56 billion by 2020, with the largest rate
of increase in developing countries including India. According to UN World Tourism
Organization, 6-7% of the worlds total jobs directly and millions more indirectly comes
through the multiplier effect of this sector. In India, tourism has made significant
contribution to the Indian economy by providing an increase in foreign exchange
earnings, creating more employment opportunities and infrastructure development. It is
clear from the tourism statistics that international tourist arrival has increased from 5.11
million 2009 to 5.58 million with a growth rate of 8.1% in 2010 and foreign exchange
earning has increased from US$11394 million in 2009 to 648.89 billion in 2010.
Approximately 705 million domestic tourist have visited different states/UTs of India in
2010. It is also expected that tourism demand will grow at an annual growth rate of 8.8%
over the next ten years. It serves as a tool to financial protection of natural areas and
increases theireconomic importance and raise awareness regarding environmental values.
Social interaction between tourist and host community enhances the mutual appreciation,
tolerance, understanding, awareness, family bonding, learning, respect and likings.
Tourism is driven by natural urge of every human being for new experiences, and the
desire to both educated and entertained. By 2020, Tourism in India could contribute Rs.8,
50,000crores to the GDP. Source: World Travel and Tourism Council-WTTC
3.5 NEWTOURISM PRODUCTS/SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIAN TOURISM
3.5.1 Rural Tourism
The scheme of Rural Tourism was started by the Ministry of Tourism in 2002-03
with the objective of showcasing rural life, art, culture and heritage at rural locations and
in villages. The villages which had core competence in art & craft, handloom, and textiles
as also an asset base in the natural environment were selected. The scheme also aims to
benefit the local community economically and socially as well as enable interaction
between tourists and local population for a mutually enriching experience.
The promotion of village tourism is also aimed at generation of revenue for the
rural communities through tourist visitations. Under this scheme, funds up to R50 lakh
for infrastructure (hardware, or HW) development and up to Rs20 lakh for capacity
building (software, or SW) activities, are provided to State Government for each
identified rural tourism site. A total of 203 rural tourism projects in 29 States/Union
Territories sanctioned up to 31st December, 2013.
3.5.2 Adventure Tourism
Adventure tourism involves exploration or travel to remote, exotic areas.
Adventure development of Tourism including Cruise Tourism. The Ministry of Tourism
has also formulated a set of guidelines on Safety and Quality Norms on Adventure
Tourism as basic minimum standards for adventure tourism activities. Indias varied
geographical and climatic conditions offer excellent opportunities for adventure activities
like Air and Water based activities which include mountaineering, trekking, hang gliding,
paragliding, bungee jumping and river rafting. The Trans Himalayan region, the
Garhwaliandkumaon mountains, the Western Ghats, the deserts of Rajasthan, Andaman
and Lakshadweep islands are some of the most popular destinations for adventure
tourism. During the year 2013-14, the Ministry of Tourism has sanctioned an amount of
R149.10 lakh to the Institute for conduct of Adventure Courses.
Medical Tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare)
is a term used to describe the rapidly-growing practice of travelling across international
borders to obtain health care. This is one of the fastest growing segments in India. The
country has been able to leverage certain advantages over other countries like highly
skilled doctors, cost-effective treatment and improved quality of private healthcare.
Services typically sought by travelers include elective procedures as well as complex
specialized surgeries such as joint replacement (knee/hip), cardiac surgery, dental surgery,
and cosmetic surgeries. However, virtually every type of healthcare, including psychiatry,
alternative treatments, and convalescent care is available in India. Medical and health
tourism have been specifically promoted at various international platforms such as World
Travel Mart, London, ITB, Berlin, Arabian Travel Mart etc. Medical Visa has been
introduced, which can be given for specific purpose to foreign tourists coming to India
for medical treatment. The Ministry of Tourism also supported the National Conference
Health Tourism in India, organized by PHD Chamber of Commerce, held at New Delhi
on 26th July, 2013.
3.5.4Eco Tourism
This is a relatively new segment in India. It involves visiting natural places of
beauty or those teeming with wildlife without disturbing the fragile ecosystem. Eco
tourism generates wealth for the local people, who, in turn, take measures to conserve
and protect the environment and natural resources. The Himalayan region, Kerala, the
north-East, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep islands, as well as the
Western and Eastern Ghats are some of the hot spots for eco-tourism in India. India has
some of the best wildlife reserves in the world that are rich in flora and fauna.
3.5.5 Wellness Tourism
Wellness Tourism is about travelling for the primary purpose of achieving,
promoting or maintaining maximum health and a sense of well-being. It is about being
proactive in discovering new ways to promote a healthier, less stressful lifestyle or
finding balance in ones life. Health Tourism holds immense potential for India. The
11
TABLE 3.1
No. of Approved
Approval Issued
ServiceProviders as on
duringApril 2013 to
31 March, 2013
March 2014
539
93
Travel Agents
348
62
174
31
94
26
31
1186
219
Category
Total
12
Foreign tourist
Percentage Of
Arrivals(million)
change
2000
2.65
06.7
2001
2.54
04.2
2002
2.38
06.0
2003
2.73
14.3
2004
3.46
26.8
2005
3.92
13.3
2006
4.45
13.5
2007
5.08
14.3
2008
5.28
04.0
2009
5.17
02.2
2010
5.78
11.8
2011
6.31
09.2
2012
6.58
04.3
2013
6.97
05.9
2014
7.68
10.2
Year
Average
08.1
Std dev
08.4
13
AGR
59.7
CGR
07.2
TABLE 3.3
Foreign Exchange Earnings from the Indian Tourism Industry during the Year
Year
Values(US
Percentage of
million)
change
14
2000
3460
15.0
2001
3198
07.6
2002
3103
03.0
2003
4463
43.8
2004
6170
38.2
2005
7493
21.4
2006
8634
15.2
2007
10,729
24.3
2008
11,832
10.3
2009
11,136
05.9
2010
14,193
27.5
2011
16,564
16.7
2012
17,737
07.1
2013#2
18,445
04.0
2014#2
18,445
04.0
Average
14.1
Std dev
15.2
AGR
49.4
CGR
13.0
(ii) Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India, for 2011, 2012, 2013 & 2014
Foreign Exchange Earnings from tourism in India during 2014, Jan-June is $ 18445
million. Foreign Exchange Earnings from tourism in India during 2013 were $18,445 million as
compared to $17,737million in 2012, showing a growth of 4 per cent. A significant feature of
tourism industry is that it employs a large number of educated men and women. Women, in fact
outnumber men in hotels, airlines, travel agencies, handicrafts and cultural related activities.
Tourism activities contribute a large portion of the total foreign exchange earnings of India.
Travel and tourism is one of the most profitable industries in the country, and several reasons
are cited for its growth and prosperity. The growth in India tourism sector has been supported
by the development of industries like transport, medical tourism, and hotels. Tourism industry
in India is substantial and vibrant,and the country is fast becoming a major global destination.
Economic growth has added millions to the ranks of Indias middle class a group that is driving
domestic tourism growth.Foreign Exchange Earnings from the Indian Tourism Industry is
calculated as average is 14.06, standard deviation is 15.21, annual growth rate is 49.44 and
compound growth rate is 13.
16
TABLE 3.4
Top 10 source countries for Foreign Tourist Arrivals Arriving in India during the Year 2002 2014
S.No
Source
country
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
USA
348182
410803
526120
611165
696739
796739
827866
885428
931292
980688
1039947
1085309
1118983
Bangladesh
435867
454611
477446
456371
484401
480240
540090
564398
431962
463543
487397
524923
942562
United
Kingdom
387846
430917
555907
651083
734240
796191
787197
794312
759494
798249
788170
809444
838860
Sri Lanka
108008
109098
128711
157643
154813
204084
228548
263245
266515
305853
296983
262345
301601
Russian
Fed
18643
26948
47077
56446
62203
75543
91423
95321
122048
144312
177526
259120
269832
Canada
93598
107671
135884
157643
176567
208214
223587
238745
242372
259017
256021
255222
268485
Malaysia
63748
70750
84390
96276
107286
112741
119040
147654
179077
208196
195853
242649
262026
France
78194
97654
131824
152258
175345
204827
217816
227645
225232
231423
240674
248379
246101
Australia
50743
58730
81608
96258
109867
135925
148055
159865
169647
192592
202105
218967
239762
17
10
Germany
64891
76868
116679
120243
156808
184195
18
209252
223487
227720
240235
254783
252003
239762
19
TABLE 3.5
Share of Top 10 States / UTs of India in number of Domestic tourist during the year
S.no
State/UT
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Tamil Nadu
39873160
40213060
42279838
43213128
58340008
70254972
98285121
106554287
119188187
137512991
184136840
244232487
327555233
Uttar Pradesh
71490000
8002000
88360000
95440947
105549478
116244008
124843242
137458736
144754977
155430364
168381276
226531091
182820108
Karnataka
8678670
11175292
27194178
30470316
36195907
37825953
12797937
35468734
38202077
84107390
94052729
98010140
118283220
Maharashtra
9802527
11272906
13392212
14276097
16880348
19226716
20553360
43874536
48465492
55333467
66330229
82700556
94127124
Andrapradesh
60487370
74138729
89440272
93529554
111715376
127933333
132684906
137634258
155789584
153119816
206817895
152102150
93306974
Madyapradesh
4903242
5968719
8619486
7090952
11062640
13894500
22088927
35468236
38079595
44119820
53197209
63110709
63614525
West Bengal
8844232
11300763
12380389
13566911
15808371
18580669
19314440
19347628
21072324
22256968
22730205
25547300
49029590
Jharkhand
313134
398346
461486
2042723
2091188
4906394
6030028
6428642
6885273
10796286
20421016
20511160
33427144
Rajasthan
8300190
12545135
16033896
18787298
23483287
25920529
28358918
23653825
25543877
27137323
28611831
30298150
33076491
10
Kerala
5568256
5871228
5972182
5946423
6271724
6642941
7591250
8642369
9034562
9281455
10076854
10857811
11695411
20
21
TABLE 3.6
Share of Top 10 states / UTs of India in Number of Foreign Tourist during the year
S.N
o
States/UT
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
131950
1
132897
4
175310
3
149315
7
202941
0
161008
9
259865
4
158766
5
280450
4
173270
7
337387
0
188709
5
356174
0
199449
5
399049
0
205442
0
2014
Tamil Nadu
804041
901504
105801
2
1179316
Uttar Pradesh
710000
817000
974000
1174597
Karnataka
59545
249908
530225
545225
505524
534563
174040
356754
380995
574005
595359
636378
561870
Maharashtra
768935
986544
121838
2
144865
6
171230
2
192805
2
205691
3
458745
3
508312
6
481542
1
512028
7
415634
3
4389098
210310
479318
501019
560024
669617
769724
789180
198765
205632
264563
292845
223518
66333
67319
92278
145335
160832
186587
234204
251733
218754
226532
269559
275930
280333
316195
5
6
Andra
Pradesh
Madyaprades
h
4657630
2909735
West Bengal
529366
705457
775694
895639
998029
1154770
1133671
106534
7
1192187
121327
0
121961
0
124523
0
1375740
Jharkhand
2244
3223
4375
6035
4368
4004
5803
62874
67542
72467
31909
45995
154731
Rajasthan
428437
628560
971772
1131164
122016
4
140104
2
147764
6
108765
4
127852
3
135197
4
145137
0
143716
2
1525574
10
Kerala
232564
294621
345546
346499
428534
515808
598929
626534
659265
732985
793696
858143
923366
22
Table 3.7
Share of India in International Tourist Arrivals in World during the year
International Tourist
million)
of India in World
2000
683.3
2.65
0.39
2001
683.4
2.54
0.37
2002
703.2
2.38
0.34
2003
691.0
2.73
0.39
2004
762.0
3.46
0.45
Year
23
2005
803.4
3.92
0.49
2006
846.0
4.45
0.53
2007
894.0
5.08
0.57
2008
917.0
5.28
0.58
2009
883.0
5.17
0.59
2010
948.0
5.78
0.61
2011
995.0
6.31
0.63
2012
1035.0
6.58
0.64
2013
1087.0
6.97
0.64
2014
1135.0
7.68
0.68
Average
0.53
Std dev
0.11
AGR
0.28
CGR
-0.46
P: Provisional, - NA
Source: -(i) UNWTO Tourism Market Trends 2007 Edition, for the yearsup to 2005.
(ii) UNWTO Barometer June 2010 for 2006 and January 2011 for 2007
(iii) UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2011 Edition for 2008 and 2012 Edition for
2009. (iv) UNWTO Barometer April 2015 for 2010, 2013@2014
Tourism in India is the largest service industry. Tourism industry in India is
substantial and vibrant, and the country is fast becoming a major global destination.
There has been a tremendous growth in tourism in India because of the government
policies and support from all levels. In the year 2012 International tourist arrival in India
is 1035.0$ million and foreign tourists arrival in India is 6.58 $ million. In the year 2013
24
International tourist arrival in India is 1087$ million and foreign tourists arrival in India
is 6.97$ million. While comparing these two factors percentage share of touristarrival of
India in world is 0.64%. In the year 2014 International tourists arrival in India is 1135.0
$ million and foreign tourists arrival in India is 7.68$ million. From the above table it is
clear that the percentage share of tourist arrival in 2012 and 2013 are same.While
comparing these two factors percentage share of tourist arrivals of India in world is
0.64%.Share of India in International Tourist Arrivals in World 2000-2014 is calculated
as average is 0.55, standard deviation is 0.11, annual growth rate is 0.28 and compound
growth rate is -0.46.
TABLE 3.8
Share of India in International Tourism Receipts in World during the year
Year
FEE in India
25
(In US$
million)
2000
475.3
3460
0.73
2001
463.8
3198
0.69
2002
481.9
3103
0.64
2003
529.3
4463
0.84
2004
633.2
6170
0.97
2005
679.6
7493
1.10
2006
744.0
8634
1.16
2007
857.0
10729
1.25
2008
939.0
11832
1.26
2009
853.0
11136
1.31
2010
931.0
14193
1.52
2011
1042.0
16564
1.59
2012
1078.0
17737
1.65
2013
1197.0
18445
1.54
2014
1245.0
20236
1.58
Average
1.18
Std dev
0.35
AGR
1.17
CGR
0.22
Source:(i) UNWTO Tourism Market Trends 2007 Edition, for the years up to 2005
(ii) UNWTO Barometer June 2009 for 2006 & 2007
26
(iii) UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2011 Edition for 2008 and 2012 Edition for 2009.
(iv) UNWTO Barometer April 2014 for 2010, 2011, 2012 & 2013
Over the past six decades, tourism has experienced continuedexpansion and
diversification, becoming one of the largest andfastest-growing economic sectors in the
world.There is number of unique factors due to which India has attracted the maximum
tourist from all over the world. The Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India has launched
various he number of tourist coming to India for instance Incredible India. The Govt. of
India particularly the Tourism ministry has spent approximately. 275 crores on the
campaign Incredible India. In the year 2013 International tourism receipt is 1197.0 $
billion and foreign exchange earnings in India is 18445 $ million. While comparing these
two factors percentage share of tourism receipts of India in world is 1.54%. In the year
2014 International tourism receipt is 1245.0$ billion and foreign exchange earnings in
India is 20236 $ million. While comparing these two factors percentage share of tourism
receipts of India in world is 1.58%. So percentage share of tourism receipt is increased
from 1.54% to 1.58% in the year 2014. Share of India in International Tourism Receipts
in World2000-2014 is measured as average is 1.18, standard deviation is 0.35, annual
growth rate is 1.17 and compound growth rate is 0.22.
3.8 TOURISM INTAMIL NADU
Tamil Nadu is a state in the south-eastern part of the Indian Peninsula. One of the
four Dravidian states of India, it has more than 4,000 years of continuous cultural history.
Tamil Nadu has some of the most remarkable temple architecture in the country, and a
living tradition of music, dance, folk arts and fine arts. Tamil Nadu is well renowned for
its temple towns and heritage sites, hill stations, waterfalls, national parks, local cuisine
and the fabulous wildlife and scenic beauty. The state boosts the largest tourism industry
in India with an annual growth rate of 16%. In 2013, the number of domestic arrivals was
at 244.5 million making the state the most popular tourist destination in the country, and
foreign arrivals amounted to 3.99 million, the second-highest in the country, and the
combined aggregate gives it the most popular state for tourism in the country.
27
Tamil Nadu is one of the most fascinating tourist destinations of not only in India
but all over the world. It is known for its exceptional scenic beauty and unique and rich
cultural heritage. The state has always been synonymous with Tamil peoples and Tamil
culture. It is famous for being the home to variety of social groups of India. The people of
state are unique in their simple and peaceful life styles and have beautifully retained their
own culture and tradition for centuries. The tourism has flourished in this region due to
its ancient heritage. In fact, Tamil Nadu state is one of the oldest states of India and also
known as the heart of rich Dravidian culture which has its glorious and distinctive
history. Moreover, the state is also renowned for its traditional, classical arts such as
Carnatic Music and Bharat Nat yam Dance. The people of the state by and large lead
a very relaxed and peaceful lifestyle with great wisdom and tolerance. They have deep
interest in music, dance, literature, dress, and food. They are great lovers of festivals,
food and nature. The unique and common characteristic of the people is their touristsfriendly behavior and attitude as a result throughout the year predominantly during the
months of December and January; tourist places of the state are always remained
overcrowded with foreign and domestic tourists. In addition to its unique culture and
traditions, coupled with its varied topography, has also made the state as one of the
popular tourist destinations in India.
The ancient temples, beautiful coastal beaches, fascinating falls,picturesque hills,
natural scenic beauty, historical and heritage places, spectacular monuments, and diverse
type of ethnic groups& existing unity among them, festivals, rituals, art and culture of the
state attract travelers not only from India but from all over the world. Undoubtedly, the
state and its various tourists centers are most important destinations including its coastal
region have a great potential for tourism development. Tourism Development
Corporation (TTDC) has been operating Hotels, Youth Hostels, Restaurants, Tours, Boat
houses, Telescope houses as a forerunner for the private sector to follow as new area of
business proposition. Tamil Nadu's tourism industry is the second largest in India, with an
annual growth rate of 16%. Tamil Nadu Vision 2023 envisages an investment of US$
2.1billion for the tourism sector and aims to increase foreign tourist inflow from 3.6
million in 2012 to 15 million by 2023. In 2011, Tamil Nadu was ranked third in India in
28
the number of domestic tourist arrivals and second in the number of foreign tourist
arrivals in India (IBEF, 2013).
3.9TOP 10 PLACES TO VISIT IN TAMIL NADU
The words Tamil Naduliterally means The Land of The Tamils or Tamil
Country. The State of Tamil Nadu is the 11th largest State out of the 29 states of India.
But what Tamil Nadu lacks in size, it gains in its abundance of natural resources. The
western, north-western and the southern parts are abundant in vegetation since theyre the
meeting points of the Western and Eastern Ghats with the Nilgiris Hills. This makes the
state an ecological niche which gives the State of Tamil Nadu abundance in flora and
fauna. Tamil Nadu has also been home to the oldest of civilizations, and has seen the rule
of various ancient dynasties like the Chera, Chola and Pandya which ruled the region
between 300 BC 300 AD. The state of Tamil Nadu is thus rich in both the aspects of
Cultural and Natural making it a tourist haven. In this article we shall discuss about the
10 popular places you must Visit in Tamil Nadu.
3.9.1 Chennai
Formerly known by the name Madras, Chennai is the Capital City of Tamil Nadu.
The city has been surrounded by the South Indian Kingdoms since ages, thus it has
always been the forefront of all cultural, economic, social, commercial and industrial
development in the south of India. Chennai is the short form of the actual name
Chennapatnam. Its often nicknamed as the Detroit of India, due to Chennai housing the
majority of Indias Automobile industries. Not only industries, the city is famous for its
distinctive culture and heritage as well and you might need to take around 2-3 days to
properly explore this city alone.
The city houses more than 20 heritage structures including railway stations,
Museums, Book Shops, Cinema halls and many more. Chennai is also famous for its
clean sandy beaches, parks, temples and cultural centers. There are various shopping
29
attractions here and most sorts for Modern Day Activities one can name. With a big list of
tourist attractions, Chennai is aptly the 3rd most visited City by tourists after Delhi and
Mumbai.
3.9.2 Mahabalipuram
Also known as Mamallapuram, the city ofMahabalipuram is famous for its
ancient and cultural heritage. The city of Mahabalipuram was a prominent sea port dating
back to 7th century AD and was ruled by the Pallava Dynasty. The place is famous for its
monuments and is classified among the UNESCO world heritage sites. Almost all of the
monuments are carved out of Granite and display the brilliance of Dravidian style
architecture.
The town is otherwise a small one and the best way to get around it either by foot
or bike rental. The attractions in the whole town can be covered in a day or two. The city
is bustling with tourists most times of the year except monsoons. The amazing location of
this place adds to the charm of the monuments and the intricate carvings. The temples
here are a marvel to behold and with the aid of a knowledgeable tour guide one can
totally get lost in the ancient stories behind each of the monuments. Image Credits bubble
boy
3.9.3 Kanyakumari
The southernmost tip of mainland India, Kanyakumari was formerly known by
the name Cape Comorin. The ancient town of Kanyakumari was an important site during
the Reign of the Chola, Chera and Pandya dynasty. The town is famous for its beautiful
beaches, temples, monuments and cultural centers. The town is also famous for its
distinctive culture and hospitable people.
The place due to its unique location witnesses a marvel like only a few places in
the world has seen i.e. the sunrise and the sunset can be viewed at the same beach. The
30
town lays at the confluence of three bodies of water namely the Indian Ocean, the
Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal and is thus considered an important pilgrimage site in
the south of India. The temples here are built in Dravidian style of architecture. The
various south Indian delicacies served here are great and light on the stomach and include
some of the south Indian classics like Sambhar, Idli and Dosa etc. a trip to this town is
sure to refresh your senses. Image Credits svenkadesh
3.9.4 Madurai
The 3rd largest city in Tamil Nadu, Madurai is also one of the oldest inhabited
cities in the world. The place has been mentioned by many such as Kautilya and
Megasthenes. The city has been ruled by both the Pandya and the Chola dynasties. The
city houses a number of important and magnificent temples that it is built around.
Geographically the city of Madurai lies on the fertile plains near the river Vaigai which
divides the city in two parts. The land is thus mainly used for agriculture and the major
supplier for paddy crops such as rice in India.
The majority of tourists who come to Madurai come to visit the various temples
that enshrine this ancient city. The MeenakshiAmmam Temple is of prime importance
here as it has been mentioned in almost all the ancient texts and is considered as the
prime pilgrim spot for the Tamil people. The Temple complex consists of 27 different
temples and the highest tower with the height of 51.9 meters high crowns the place.
Many different monuments and temples are also a must visit along with the various
festivals celebrated here. The town of Madurai is a spiritual experience in itself.
3.9.5 Kodaikanal
The town is also referred to as the Princess of the Hill stations with its name
meaning the Gift of the Forest. It is a small hill station with an average elevation of
2,331 meters above sea level. The place is surrounded by thick forests and is located at
the top of the Palani Hills. The establishment of the hill station dates back to 1845 which
was founded as a refuge from the heat and the diseases of the tropical plains. The town is
a major tourist attraction and tourism industry is the source of the majority of the towns
31
economy.Kodaikanal is famous for its scenic beauty and has a number of natural
attractions that is the reason for its high tourist population. The lakes, parks and different
waterfalls along with the rich abundance of flora and fauna, the town, is indeed the gift of
the forests. The place is a home to many natural marvels and phenomena such as the
blooming of the rare Kurinji Flower which only blooms once in 12 years and is said to
cover the entire valley in blue. With its various flora and natural and manmade attractions
to enjoy, Kodaikanal will make you want to stay. Image Credits Noushad Bangalore.
3.9.6 Vellore
Also known as, the Fort city, Vellore is located at the banks of Palar River at the
North-eastern part of Tamil Nadu. The city came under the reign of various kingdoms and
monarchies such as the Pallava, the Chola, the Carnatic Kingdom and the British. The
places name comes from the Monolithic fort of Vellore which was built in the 16th
century by the Vijaynagar Kings and is constructed out of granite. The fort complex has a
Christian church courtesy the British, a Mosque and an old Hindu Temple which has
some of the most magnificent carvings.
The place has a lot of historic relevance as well, as the fort of Vellore is said to
have housed Tipu sultans family during the British Rule. Apart from the fort there are
several other attractions that have made it an important tourist destination. The various
temples with a brilliant display of carvings and Dravidian Style architecture, the
picturesque hill station of Yelagiri, the churches and mosques and various shopping
hotspots has made it a must visit place in Tamil Nadu. Image Credits PonrajKrish.
Tourism jobs are quite commonly seasonal and insecure with no extra benefits,
such as pensions, sick pay, or health care. Some areas can be inundated with visitors
during busy times, and then virtually deserted for many months.
3.9.7 Ooty
The Capital of the Nilgiris District, Ooty or Ootacamund is one of the top visited hill
stations in India. The place lies in the heart of the Nilgiries Mountains with an average
32
elevation of 2,240 meters above sea level. The place is characterized by the blue smoky
mist from the thick eucalyptus forests and is also known to house the rare Kurinji flower.
The towns major source of economy, like most hill stations is tourism. Many officials of
the British government described the likeliness of this place to resemble Switzerland.
Despite of being located in the tropical region of India, Ooty enjoys a pleasant and
mild climate throughout the year, with chilly nights. The best time to visit is between the
months of December till February and is frequented by tourists all round. The various
lakes, mountains, gardens and valleys are amazing places to visit. The different peaks are
great spots for trekking and the lakes make amazing camping and picnic spots. A visit to
Ooty and you will experience a surrounding which is unique to almost any place in India.
3.9.8 Kanchipuram
The city of Kanchipuram is located on the shores of the Vegavathy River. The city
has seen a number of ruling dynasties and monarchies such as Pandya, Cholas, the
Vijaynagar Empire, the Carnatic Kingdom and the British monarchy. Kanchipuram since
medieval times has been significant as the educational center and was known as the place
for learning. The city is also famous for its various temples that are built in the Dravidian
style of architecture and display amazing stone carvings. Kanchipuramhas been an
important city and has been mentioned in texts dating back to the Maurya period and has
been constantly mentioned as a city like no other in the Dravidian Kingdom.
Kanchipuram apart from its various temples is also known for its medicinal herbs, this
fact has been vouched for by the ancient texts as well. One of the major products of
Kanchipuram is its specialized silk and more than 5000 families residing here are
involved in silk weaving and famous for the Kanchipuram silk saris. The place is rich
in both natural and manmade attractions and has a distinct culture that one must
experience. With its various Temples, bird sanctuary, beaches, back waters etc. makes the
city a must visit.
3.9.9 Coimbatore
33
years of cultural history. Apart from the places mentioned above, the hill stations of
Coonoor and Yelagiri are also popular amongst the tourists. Also, Rameswaram and
Tiruchirappalli are also popular tourist destinations of Tamil Nadu. Most of the sites and
monuments from the ancient era have been well preserved along with the natural
resources which make it a definitive tourist attraction.
35
4. The TNTDC operates hotels for the benefit of tourists. It established Hotel
TamilNadu in important cities and tourist centres.
5. The TNTDC is a pioneer in providing inexpensive clean and comfortable
dormitory accommodation for the tourist. It maintains youth hostel and
Travellers bungalows at many places. It also provides boating facilities at Ooty,
yercaud and pichavaram.
6. Apart from these activities every year the TNTDC celebrates the trade fair at
Chennai, the summer festival at courtalam, flower show at Ooty and
Kodaikanal, pongal festival at Tanjore and tourist week throughout the state.
These festivals attract lacks of people far and near.
7. The TNTDC also brings out every years broachers, guides, posters pictures,
post cards, pamplets, magazines and films of outstating quality. It has opened
information centers at Malaysia and Mauritius. It intends opening similar
centers at simla, Singapore and African countries.
8. As the TNTDC treats tourism as an industry, for all practical purposes,
tourism has flourished beyond measure in Tamil Nadu.
9. SmokelessIndustry Tourism is in fact a smokeless industry. It earns over
Rs.3300 crores annually for India.
Special Pa3.10.1Special Package Tours
3.10.1.1
36
37
38
TTDC is at present operating 25 Hotels. TTDC has already upgraded 506 Rooms out
of 777 Rooms in these 25 Hotels. Action is taken to upgrade the remaining Rooms in a
phased manner. TTDC has taken initiatives for booking of rooms in TTDC Hotels and
Tours by the Tourists through their Mobiles. This will be launched shortly. Action is taken
to outsource the House-Keeping activities in all TTDC Hotels.
3.10.1.6 E-Governance initiative in TTDC
TTDC has earned the distinction of being the first State Tourism Corporation to introduce
on-line booking of Tours and Hotels. TTDC has earned a sum of Rs 280 lakhs through
on-line bookings during 2011-12 compared to Rs215 lakhs during the previous year.
3.10.1.7 Boat Houses
TTDC is having Boat Houses at Muttukadu, Mudaliarkuppam, Pichavaram, Yercaud,
Kodaikanal, Courtallam, Ooty and Pykara. TTDC had launched a 32-seater Cruiser at
Boat House, Mudaliarkuppam on 12.1.2012. Action is being taken to replace old Boats
with new Boats. To ensure safely of the passengers, wearing of Life Jackets has been
made mandatory during Boat rides in all the Boat Houses of TTDC.
3.10.1.8 Transport Division
TTDC is at present having a fleet of 23 Coaches and is operating Tours ranging from
half-a-day to 15 days. More than 30 Tours are organized for the benefit of Tourists.
TTDC is also organizing LTC Tours for the benefit of Government employees availing
LTC facility. Action is being taken by TTDC to introduce new Coaches with all facilities.
39
24
23
85
247
11
21
Board:
38436
3
12
(2636 mtrs)
1
6
3941 kms.
7
55
9
25
3
23
18. Tiruvannamalai
42
State
Karnataka
2. Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh
3. Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala
4. Ahmedabad
Gujarat
5. Bhubaneswar
Orissa
6. Lucknow
Uttar Pradesh
43
more than 15 lakhs Tourists visiting every year.There is a felt need for
landscaping and providing other improvements at Boat House Ooty. A Master for
improvement of Boat House, Ooty, has been drawn up for providing landscaping and
other improvement works at Boat House, Ooty, in a holistic manner in consultation with
professional architects. The landscaping and improvement works at Boat House, Ooty,
will be taken up during the year 2013-14 at an estimated cost ofRs. 5.30 crores. HADP
would provide funds to the tune of Rs.3.30 crores, TTDC would provide rest of the funds
to the tune ofRs. 2 crores.
2. The financial powers of Hotel Managers are being enhanced to facilitate speedy
execution of the urgent repairs at the Hotels and thereby improve the maintenance
standards in these Hotels.
3. Additional construction of 21 Rooms at an estimated cost ofRs. 2 crores will be taken
up at Hotel Tamil Nadu, Rameswaram.
4. New Tourist Home with 15 Rooms will be constructed at Tirukadaiyur at a cost ofRs.
120 lakhs.
5. 326 Teakwood Costs will be purchased to replace old Costs in all major Hotels at an
estimated cost ofRs. 52 lakhs.
6. 534 Foam Mattresses and 858 Foam Pillows will be purchased at an estimated cost
ofRs. 99 lakhs to replace old and worn-out Mattresses and Pillows in all major Hotels.
7. Modern furniture will be provided in major Hotels at a cost of Rs.26 lakhs.
8. 3 Generators of 250 KVA, 1 Generator of 125 KVA and 1 Generator of 62.5 KVA will
be installed in 5 major Hotels at an estimated cost ofRs. 98 lakhs.
9. Passenger Lift will be installed at Hotel Tamil Nadu, Tiruchy and Tiruchendur at an
estimated cost ofRs. 40 lakhs.
44
10. Modern Kitchen equipments will be purchased at an estimated cost ofRs. 77 lakhs
for five major Hotels.
11. Six Hi- tech Coaches will be purchased at an estimated cost ofRs. 245 lakhs to
replace the existing old Coaches.
3.14.2 Oceanarium at Mamallapuram
In this years budget, 2013-2014, it has been announced that a world class
oceanarium will be set up at Mamallapuram with technical guidance from the Fisheries
Department.Rs.250 crores has been provided for it. The oceanarium is proposed on land
belonging to TTDC. Tamil Nadu History- Maritime Heritage Museum and a Submarine
Museum a Tamil Nadu History- Maritime Heritage Museum and a Submarine museum is
also proposed at Mamallapuram. The submarine ex-INS vagli was handed over to the
Government of Tamil Nadu represented by the Hon. Minister for Finance,
Thiru.O.Pannerselvam and the Hon.Minister for Tourism Thiru.P,ChendurPandian by the
Navy at Chennai port on 10.04.2013.
3.15 THREATS
There appear not too many threats to tourism in Tamil Nadu. Yet, these are outlined
as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
tourists/people.
5. Health and rejuvenation facilities in Kerala that is already much developed in
Tourism industry and offers rejuvenation (ayurvedic massage etc) is a threat. At
times, it can become advantage for the common boundary between the two
states and close location of destinations such as Kanyakumari and Ooty.
6. Language problem for the local people.
7. Understanding the local language for the tourists.
3.16 MAJOR INITIATIVES PLANNED FOR THE YEAR 2014-15(TTDC)
45
46
S.No
Amt sanctioned by
MOT,GOI(Rs.in
lakhs)
1.
Development of Madurai as
pilgrimage heritage circuit(Mega
project)
1255.45
607.99
2.
Development of Rameswaram as
pilgrimage heritage circuit(Mega
project)
1000.75
607.99
3.
Development of Kanniyakumari as
pilgrimage heritage circuit(Mega
project)
1375.50
607.99
4.
1475.00
737.50
5106.70
2561.47
Total
Amt released by
MOT,GOI(Rs.in
lakhs)
These Mega Tourism projects will becompleted during the current year.
3.18 Master Plan
The continuous increase of touristArrivals is having a direct bearing on
theInfrastructural requirements, civicamenities, and waste management andcapacity
building training to meet thechallenging situations.The religious events, festivals
andauspicious functions, generate heavytraffic at a particular destination which isbeyond
the carrying capacity of the place.Further, the eco-sensitive destinations inthe hill areas,
forest areas, beaches, backwaters, etc. also require a long termperspective plan to
withstand theincreasing flow of the tourist traffic. This has necessitated a futuristic plan
forimplementation over a period forsustainable development.The task of preparing
TourismMaster Plan for Tamil Nadu was entrustedto M/s. HUDCO, Chennai.
Accordingly,the Tourism Master Plan has beenprepared after studying all the districtsand
47
taking the views of the District Collectors and stake-holders. The Masterplan envisages a
total outlay of Rs.1, 611crores and a major private sector role inareas of commercial
infrastructure. TheState Government will formulate schemeswith reference to this
Tourism MasterPlan to promote Tourism in the State.
3.19 Financial Performance
The financial performance of TTDC has been very good during the past SIX years
as detailed below: (Rupees in Crores)
Year
Turnover
Net Profit
2008-09
70.25
02.25
2009-10
78.13
03.66
2010-11
92.72
02.64
2011-12
102.34
13.50
2012-13
106.59
16.26
2013-14(provisional)
108.76
11.95
Average
08.37
Std dev
06.23
AGR
22.86
CGR
08.60
48
3.22.3State Schemes-2013-14
Tourist arrivals to Tamil Nadu are increasing every year. In 2013, Tamil Nadu is
ranked first in Domestic and Second in Foreign Tourists arrivals. For the benefit of
50
Tourists, tourist infrastructure facilities like Rest Shed, Drinking water, Approach road,
Dress changing rooms, Toilets, Lighting, Parking facilities etc., are being provided
through State funds. During 2013-14, sixteen schemes in important tourist places were
sanctioned for 1631.83 lakhs and they are under implementation.
TABLE 3.10
Table showing schemes proposed for 2014-15
S.No.
1.
Amount(in lakhs)
117.70
2.
Development works
Construction of 5th floor in Tourism Complex-Chennai-2.
Implementation of e-governance, purchase of computers
102.00
3.
14.00
Tourism Offices.
Total
Source: Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation
233.70
major tourist hub of not only India but almost all foreign tourists. Hence, it has become
the first choice for millions of tourists over the years being well connected to air, train,
and road including ports to all the major cities of the country as well as important cities
of world that is why maximum tourists are choosing Tamil Nadu as their best choice of
tourist destination. Secondly, the whole state has the distinction to consist of the vast
coastline and possessing large number of tourist centres particularly pilgrims oriented
tourist centres in India. Thirdly, the whole of the shoreline of at least 1074 km in length is
dotted with lot of beautiful and peaceful beaches which psychologically attracts
maximum number of tourists from all part of the globe. The best features of the entire
coastal region is that here the tourist can find the beaches ranging from isolated ones to
crowded ones.
3.24Tourism 2020 Vision
Tourism 2020 Vision is the World Tourism Organization's long-term forecast and
assessment of the development of tourism up to the first 20 years of the new millennium.
An essential outcome of the Tourism 2020 Vision are quantitative forecasts covering a 25
years period, with 1995 as the base year and forecasts for 2010 and 2020.
Although the evolution of tourism in the last few years has been irregular,
UNWTO maintains its long-term forecast for the moment. The underlying structural
trends of the forecast are believed not to have significantly changed. Experience shows
that in the short term, periods of faster growth (1995, 1996, and 2000) alternate with
periods of slow growth (2001 to 2003). While the pace of growth till 2000 actually
exceeded the Tourism 2020 Vision forecast, it is generally expected that the current
slowdown will be compensated in the medium to long term.
52
Source: UNWTO
UNWTO's Tourism 2020 Vision forecasts that international arrivals are expected
to reach nearly 1.6 billion by the year 2020. Of these worldwide arrivals in 2020, 1.2
billion will be intraregional and 378 million will be long-haul travellers.
The total tourist arrivals by region shows that by 2020 the top three receiving
regions will be Europe (717 million tourists), East Asia and the Pacific (397 million) and
the Americas (282 million), followed by Africa, the Middle East and South Asia.
East Asia and the Pacific, Asia, the Middle East and Africa are forecasted to
record growth at rates of over 5% year, compared to the world average of 4.1%. The
more mature regions Europe and Americas are anticipated to show lower than average
growth rates. Europe will maintain the highest share of world arrivals, although there will
be a decline from 60 per cent in 1995 to 46 per cent in 2020.
53
Table 3.11
GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU PROJECTION ON TOURISM OF THE
STATE
PROJECTIONS
2011
2020
6.56
6.37
5.80
9.82
450.32
820.63
56140
125412
54
along hill slopes once lost distracts the tourist. A greater runoff may even harm the roads
and the foundations of buildings in the tourist area.
The litter of non-degradable materials like plastics, tins or chemical pollutants are
found scattered all over the sites, even on the seasonally important camping grounds. The
general tourists and the trekkers need to be told to keep their routes and destinations
clean. An unmanageable rush of tourists to any open space in the wilderness kills the
grasses. Hardier and less desirable species start replacing the original plant cover. A
declining biodiversity as a result of all sorts of human activity is decried in the latest
United Nations Report on assessment of ecosystems. The wild animals and the birds
always move away to avoid human contact. If it is not possible for them to keep away,
they may even die. The loss of ground shelter, bad quality of water, frequent dredging of
silt from wetlands, silting of wetlands and an excessive noise disturb the wild life. In
JawaharLal Nehrus words, Man continues to be not only wild but more dangerous than
any of the so-called wild animalsin spite of our culture and civilization.
Many of our ancient monuments are not looked after properly to retain their age
old attractions. Heavy rush of tourists day in and day out in Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta
caves is reported to be creating an excessive amount of humidity. It checks free
circulation of air inside them. It has led to the deterioration of wall paintings and the rock
frescoes. The choked sewers close to the popular tourist destination of Jaisalmers fort
town is a dirty sight. The temples and the statues of Hampi show a number of scars as a
result of badly applied techniques of restoration. The vibrations caused by the taking off
and the landing of aero planes at a runway too close to the Khajuraho temples are
harming the sculptures. This air route was opened mostly for carrying the hordes of
hurrying tourists. Even JantarMantar at Delhi is no longer functioning astronomically
because the unchecked construction of sky scrapers around does not admit the required
sunlight to its structures.
B. Effect on Local Economy
55
An irregulated rush of visitors to areas of tourist interest also puts a great pressure
on local resources. The first effect of tourism is in the transfer of money from one region
to another through the travel of tourists. In itself, it is a welcome development. However,
flow of money into relatively less developed region raises new issues. There is a hike in
the price of land because of the greater demand for construction of hotels for the tourists.
The prices of daily needs especially of perishable goods like milk, eggs, vegetables and
fruits shoot up in the upcoming tourist place. A rise in the wages of labour occupied in the
service of tourists takes place the generation and rise in income are happy signs. This
situation soon after leads to the increase of a large number of working people
Fromneighboring areas of stagnant economy. If they are constantly coming into a
few already popular tourist destinations unemployment problem may cease to stop
despite the creation of new jobs in initial stages. This situation goes on changing if the
growth of new tourist sites or tourist industry in the existing one keeps pace with it. Even
a modest rush of tourists during the short peak season to mountain resorts puts a great
strain on local supply of water and electricity. The provision of package tours by a
separate fleet of buses fails to meet the increasing demands of the visitors in a developing
country like India. The sharing of many of these amenities by the local people and the
tourists leads to the suffering of the former by short supplies and higher costs. The gains
in employment may result in loss of social welfare for the local residents in such a
situation. Rising prices of land may force out small lands owners. The farming population
may start declining
Slowly by the shifting of manpower to popular tourist spots to pick up jobs
there.The productivity of agricultural land is likely to get lowered in the affected region.
These and many others are essentially problems of transitional nature. The matching of
massive numbers of tourists with the carrying capacity of major tourist resorts in terms of
growth of facilities needs prior planning. The tourist resources,
Even unused ones, are perishable if the pressure of tourist traffic on local
economy is not kept within its limits.
56
Even a modest but unregulated rush of tourists raises the wages of labour, prices
of land and of articles of daily use in the tourist region.
More demand and less supply of water and power, shared by both the tourists and
the local residents, creates shortagesthe worse sufferers are always the
indigenous people.
Tourist carrying capacity of a resort needs to be matched to the growing tourist
traffic and the increase in the number of incoming job seekers to check these
problems
C. Effect on Local Cultures
Economic benefits of tourism are always welcomed in less developed countries
like India. But its social effects are not easy to digest. They arouse reaction among the
people living in the tourist regions. It is the result of the clash of two different sets of
values. It was said by no less a person than Gandhiji that nations live neither on
democracy alone nor on economic growth. They must retain a sense of their own identity
by keeping alive the pride in their heritage. Needless to say that since Independence of
India, a greater care has been taken by our people to revive their arts and cultures in a bid
to sharpen the identities of different regions of the country. But there was an attempt to
hurt the pride in our heritage and culture. It crossed its limits when there was once a talk
to take over the popular beach town of Mahabalipuram near Chennai for converting it
into a wholesale tourist place.
It has been historically more famous for its ethnic art and sculpture. The
international intervention would have virtually led to the moving out of local people,
dedicated for long to express their legends into stones through sculpture. It would have
paved the way giving full freedom to foreigners including their females to lie freely on its
beaches. A fashion craze which does not fit in with Indian custom. By accepting it as an
international tourist town, the expected clash of cultures between the visitors and the
locals could have been avoided in one stroke.
3.26 TOURISM IN TAMILNADU
57
(TA) program to enhance the capacities of tourism department and other associated
implementing agencies in Tamil Nadu. The project will strengthen the tourism sector in
the state which will be measured by the increase in arrivals, length of stay of tourists in
the destinations and increased spending of tourists. All these are expected to result in
additional employment, economic development and improved living conditions for the
local population, including the poor. Total outlay of ADB assisted project is US$ 100
million (500 Crores approximately) for the period of five years. The project will be
funded through the assistance of ADB to an extent of 70% (350 Crores) and balance
30%(150Crores) through States funds.
HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
58
59
Tourism. Performance of the Tourist Security Organization has been well appreciated by
the visiting tourists and local public and it has been published in print media.
60
GrowthRat
2002
22981882
8.73
786165
8.82
23768047
8.73
2003
23812043
3.61
773073
-1.67
24585116
3.44
2004
24661754
3.57
804641
4.08
25466395
3.58
2005
27059002
9.72
901504
12.04
27960506
9.79
2006
30076832
11.15
1058012
17.36
31134844
11.35
2007
32339478
7.52
1179319
11.47
33518787
7.66
2008
39214721
21.26
1335661
13.26
40550382
20.98
2009
50647188
29.15
1753103
31.25
52400291
29.22
2010
62618252
23.64
2040419
16.39
64658671
23.39
2011
78037607
24.62
2369050
16.11
80406657
24.36
2012
103010435
32.00
2804504
18.38
105814939
31.60
2013
136750750
32.75
3308438
17.97
140059188
32.36
2014
184136840
34.65
3561740
7.66
187698580
34.01
61
rate (%)
Total
Growthper
Domestic
e (%)
Foreign
Growth
Year
centage
Average
16.46133
12.50933
16.35467
Std dev
12.21884
8.069493
12.02611
AGR
34.65
7.66
34.01
CGR
16.56571
12.33143
16.45143
The above table shows the year wise growth rate of domestic and foreign tourist
who arrived in to Tamil Nadu state.Tamilnadu is now ranked third in attracting both
domestic and foreign tourists. The best time to visit Tamilnadu is between Octobers to
February, when the weather condition is remain pleasant and enchanting. The length of
stay of average tourists in Tamilnadu is four to five days in case of domestic tourist and
seven days in case of foreign tourist.Number of domestic tourist arrival is increased to
34.65% in the year 2012 from 32.75% in 2011.Number of foreign tourist arrival is
decreased to 7.66% in the year 2012 from 17.97% in 2011. A negative growth was found
in the year 2001(-1.67%). Because of economic recession, frequent hikes in the passenger
fare in the transport of accommodation, weather condition and natural disaster are the
reason for the negative growth rate.Tourist arrivals growth rate in Tamil Nadu -20012012 for domestic tourist is calculated as average is 16.46, standard deviation is 12.21,
annual growth rate is 34.65 and compound growth rate is 16.56. Tourist arrivals growth
rate in Tamil Nadu -2001-2012is measured as average is 16.35, standard deviation is
12.02, annual growth rate is 34.01 and compound growth rate is 16.45.
3.12 CONCLUSION
India is one of the few countries with a long history of uninterrupted civilization
spread over 5000 years, has provided a strong ground for tourism promotion.The tourist
arrivals in TamilNadu showed an increasing trend. The tourist arrivals in Tamilnadu are
increased in the year 2007. The dominating centres for tourist attraction are Chennai,
Madurai, Kodaikanal. Udhagamandalam, Rameswaram, kanniyakumari etc., among the
26 tourist centres recognized in Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Limited.
Taking into account the purposewise tourist arrivals to TamilNadu, business and
62
industrial purpose tour came first position followed by pilgrim purpose tour, hill station
tour, historical places tour, natural and sightseeing purpose tour etc.,
The arrivals of tourist to particular tourist center depend upon the tourism
products available in the tourist center. Tourism products comprise of tourism-oriented
products, resident oriented product and background-tourism elements. Among the
tourism products the basic and important product, which lures the tourists is background
tourism elements. Hence this study has taken into account the number of tourist arrivals
in the tourist centers at the Dindigul district. Accommodation is another basic need to
tourists, which makes the tourists, stay at a particular tourists center provided it is well
furnished and hygienic this will increase the duration of stay on the part of tourists,
ultimately the tourism activity in this district.
63