ANLISE E PROJECTO DE

VIGAS SUJEITAS A FLEXO

Introduction
Objective - Analysis and design of beams
Beams - structural members supporting loads at
various points along the member
Transverse loadings of beams are classified as
concentrated loads or distributed loads
Applied loads result in internal forces consisting
of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending couple (from the
normal stress distribution)
Normal stress is often the critical design criteria
x

My
I

Mc M

I
S

Requires determination of the location and

magnitude of largest bending moment
5-2

Introduction
Classification of Beam Supports

5-3

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

Determination of maximum normal and
shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and bending
couple.
Shear force and bending couple at a point are
determined by passing a section through the
beam and applying an equilibrium analysis on
the beam portions on either side of the section.
Sign conventions for shear forces V and V
and bending couples M and M

5-4

Sign Conventions

Sign conventions (convenes de sinal)

The main disadvantage of the above conventions is that they rely on such adjectives as
downward, clockwise, and so on. To eliminate this obstacle, a convention based upon a
Cartesian coordinate system is sometimes used.
6

Sample 1
Solution
Note that the support reactions at A
and D have been computed

Determinate of the expressions for V

and M for each of the three beam
segments (AB, BC, and CD)
The simply supported beam carries two
concentrated loads. Derive the expressions for
the shear force and the bending moment for
each segment of the beam. Draw the shear
force and bending moment diagrams. Neglect
the weight of the beam.

Continue
Segment AB (0 < x < 2 m) Figure below shows the FBDs for the two parts of the beam
that are separated by section , located within segment AB. Note that we show
V and M acting in their positive directions according to the sign conventions. Because V and
M
are
equal
in
magnitude
and
oppositely
directed
on
the
two FBDs, they can be computed using either FBD. The analysis of the FBD of the
part to the left of section yields

Continue
Segment BC (2 m < x < 5 m) Figure shows the FBDs for the two parts of the beam that are
separated by section , an arbitrary section within segment BC. Once again, V and M are
assumed to be positive according to the sign conventions. The analysis of the part to the left
of section gives

Continue
Segment CD (5 m< x<7 m) Section is used to find the shear force and bending moment in
segment CD. The FBDs in Fig. (d) again show V and M acting in their positive directions.
Analyzing the portion of the beam to the left of section , we obtain

10

Continue

11

Sample 2
SOLUTION:
Treating the entire beam as a rigid
body, determine the reaction forces

For the timber beam and loading

shown, draw the shear and bendmoment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to
bending.

Section the beam at points near

supports and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
internal shear forces and bending
couples
Identify the maximum shear and
bending-moment from plots of their
distributions.
Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.

5 - 12

Continue
SOLUTION:
Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine
the reaction forces
fromFy 0 MB : RB 46kN RD 14kN
Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses
on resulting free-bodies
Fy 0

20 kN V1 0

V1 20 kN

M1 0

20 kN 0 m M1 0

M1 0

Fy 0

20 kN V2 0

V2 20 kN

M2 0

20 kN 2.5 m M 2 0

M 2 50 kN m

V3 26 kN

M 3 50 kN m

V4 26 kN M 4 28 kN m
V5 14 kN

M 5 28 kN m

V6 14 kN M 6 0
5 - 13

Continue
Identify the maximum shear and bendingmoment from plots of their distributions.
Vm 26 kN M m M B 50 kN m

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
S 16 b h 2 16 0.080 m 0.250 m 2
833.33 10 6 m3
MB
50 103 N m
m

S
833.33 10 6 m3

m 60.0 106 Pa
5 - 14

Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

Relationship between load and shear:
Fy 0 : V V V w x 0
V w x

dV
w
dx
xD

VD VC w dx
xC

Relationship between shear and bending

moment:
M C 0 :

M M M V x wx x 0
2

M V x 12 w x
dM
0
dx
xD

M D M C V dx
xC
5 - 15

Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

16

Sample 3
SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
Apply the relationship between shear and
load to develop the shear diagram.
Draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown.

5 - 17

Apply the relationship between bending

moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.

continue
SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the
reactions at A and D.
MA 0
0 D24 ft 20 kips 6 ft 12 kips 14 ft 12 kips 28 ft
D 26 kips
Fy 0
0 Ay 20 kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips
Ay 18 kips

Apply the relationship between shear and load to

develop the shear diagram.
dV
w
dx

dV w dx

- zero slope between concentrated loads

- linear variation over uniform load segment
5 - 18

continue
Apply the relationship between bending
moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.
dM
V
dx

dM V dx

- bending moment at A and E is zero

- bending moment variation between A, B,
C and D is linear
- bending moment variation between D
and E is quadratic
- net change in bending moment is equal to
areas under shear distribution segments
- total of all bending moment changes across
the beam should be zero
5 - 19

Sample 4
SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.
Apply the relationship between shear
and load to develop the shear diagram.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading
shown.

5 - 20

Apply the relationship between

bending moment and shear to develop
the bending moment diagram.

Continue
SOLUTION:
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.
Fy 0 12 w0 a RC
a

M C 0 12 w0 a L M C
3

RC 12 w0 a
a

M C 12 w0 a L
3

Results from integration of the load and shear

distributions should be equivalent.
Apply the relationship between shear and load
to develop the shear diagram.
a

2

x
x
VB V A w0 1 dx w0 x

a
2a

0
0
a

VB 12 w0 a area under load curve

- No change in shear between B and C.

- Compatible with free body analysis
5 - 21

Continue
Apply the relationship between bending moment
and shear to develop the bending moment diagram.
a

x 2 x3
x

M B M A w0 x dx w0

2 6a

2a

0
a

M B 13 w0 a 2
L

M B M C 12 w0 a dx 12 w0 aL a
a

a w0
a
M C 16 w0 a3L a
L
2
3

Results at C are compatible with free-body

analysis

5 - 22

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max
m

I
S

A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be

less than the allowable stress for the material used. This
criteria leads to the determination of the minimum
acceptable section modulus.
m all
Smin

M max

all

Among beam section choices which have an acceptable

section modulus, the one with the smallest weight per unit
length or cross sectional area will be the least expensive
and the best choice.
5 - 23

Sample 6
SOLUTION:
Considering the entire beam as a freebody, determine the reactions at A and
D.
A simply supported steel beam is to
carry the distributed and concentrated
loads shown. Knowing that the
allowable normal stress for the grade
of steel to be used is 160 MPa, select
the wide-flange shape that should be
used.

5 - 24

Develop the shear diagram for the

beam and load distribution. From the
diagram, determine the maximum
bending moment.
Determine the minimum acceptable
beam section modulus. Choose the
best standard section which meets this
criteria.

Continue
Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
M A 0 D5 m 60 kN 1.5 m 50 kN 4 m
D 58.0 kN
Fy 0 Ay 58.0 kN 60 kN 50 kN
Ay 52.0 kN

Develop the shear diagram and determine the

maximum bending moment.
V A Ay 52.0 kN
VB V A area under load curve 60 kN
VB 8 kN

Maximum bending moment occurs at

V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max area under shear curve, A to E
67.6 kN
5 - 25

Continue
Determine the minimum acceptable beam
section modulus.
M max 67.6 kN m
Smin

all
160 MPa
422.5 10 6 m3 422.5 103 mm3

Choose the best standard section which meets

this criteria.

5 - 26

Shape

S , mm3

W410 38.8

637

W360 32.9

474

W310 38.7

549

W250 44.8

535

W200 46.1

448

W 360 32.9