CVG 2141- Civil Engineering Materials

Submitted to: Dr. Leandro F. M. Sanchez

Submitted by: Gregory Loncaric (student number 8261365)
Deadline: 26 September 2016
Quiz 1
1. The structure of a material is how the internal materials parts are arranged. The structure
can be considered on many different levels but the one that is needed mostly in civil
engineering is the macroscopic level because it can be used for testing of the material.
2. The mains types of primary chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and metallic. The main
types of secondary bonds are Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. The main
differences between these bonds is that metallic bonds and ionic bonds have a crystalline
structure while pure covalent bonds have an amorphous structure. Although, it is rare to
have a purely ionic or purely covalent bond. The secondary bonds differ because they are
much weaker than primary bonds. These bonds structures have different properties that
influence the properties of materials. A crystalline structure is harder, stiffer, stronger, less
reactive, and more durable than an amorphous one.
3. It is important to understand the different properties and characteristics of different
materials because when it comes to finding the perfect material for a job, it is essential to
understand the behaviour of each material to obtain the desired outcome.
4. D) A material that recovers its deformation imposed when the load is released.
5. In the laboratory, we test different mechanical properties of materials by applying
different types of stresses (normal or shear) and see how the material strains. The stressstrain curve is used instead of the load-displacement curve because the forcedisplacement data will vary if the materials dimensions change. The stress-strain curve is
much more generalized and accounts for how much material the force is being applied
over. Also, the stress-strain curve accounts for the creep of a material.
6. Poissons coefficient is a measure of how much of the strain is in the lateral direction
versus how much strain is in the axial direction. A ratio of 0.5 would mean that the
material was strained in both directions equally.
7. B) A material having a residual deformation when the load is released.

8.

9. In civil engineering materials, it is preferable to have an elastic response because the

deformation is reversible. However, in design, materials are made with a combination of
both elastic and plastic behaviours, also known as elastoplastic materials.
10. Hooks law states that the strain or deformation of an elastic material is proportional to
the stress applied to it.
11. The ductility of an object to undergo permanent deformation before breaking. An object
can either be brittle or ductile. The modulus of resilience is the materials ability to
absorb energy without permanent damage. It is found by taking the area under the stressstrain curve before the yield point. The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb
energy before a fracture happens. It is calculated by taking the area under the whole
stress-strain curve.
12.
13.
14. a) Creep is the increased deformation over time. It is dependant on factors such as
temperature and load duration (stress).
b) Relaxation is the dissipation of stress over time under a constant stress. Initially the
stress is high then slowly relaxes and decreases.
c) Fatigue is the increasing strength reduction due to repeated load cycles. The more
cycles a material goes through, the more fatigued it will get, causing the risk of failure to
increase compared to the same stress point in an earlier cycle.
15. A) c) 3

B) a) 1
C) d) 4
D) a) 1