Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
M.I. Lorentzou,
Abstract
In this paper, the response of windturbine grounding
systems is calculated under fault conditions or when they
are hit by lightning. The objective is their effective design
in terms of dispersion of imposed currents and
minimization of raised potentials. Locally raised potentials
are calculated in terms of steady state GPR. Transferred
potentials to neighboring windturbines are also computed.
Measures taken to reduce potentials are presented and
commented. For the purposes of this paper the well-known
software packages EMTP (Electro Magnetic Transients
Program) and CYMGRD (CYMes GRounDing) have been
used.
Index terms: wind turbines, windfarms, grounding,
lightning strikes, EMTP-modeling, effective length.
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
SAFETY CRITERIA
s=400 m
4.
s=600 m
0.02 sec
3885 V
5273 V
0.03 sec
3172 V
4305 V
0.10 sec
1737 V
2358 V
Touch potentials safety limits are used to determine the
area where a man in contact with the grounded structure
can safely stand. Practically, it is very rare for a working
person close to a WT grounding to experience high touch
voltages because the area surrounding WT tower is usually
safe. It is also suggested to place a fence surrounding the
safe area.
3.
Case 1
soil=400 -m
R=13.0538
Case 2
soil=600 -m
R=19.5806
Figure 2.a
Case 1
soil=400 -m
R=8.8966
Case 2
soil=600 -m
R=13.3449
Figure 2.b
Case 1
soil=400 -m
R=12.8046
Case 2
soil=600 -m
R=19.2068
Figure 2.c
Figure 1
Case 1
soil=400 -m
R=8.6485
5.
Case 2
soil=600 -m
R=12.9726
Figure 3.a
Case 1
soil=400 -m
R=3.9851
Case 2
soil=600 -m
R=5.9776
Figure 3.b
3.5E+4
Figure 5.a
3.0E+4
(a)
2.5E+4
Step Voltage(Volts)
2.0E+4
(b)
1.5E+4
(c)
1.0E+4
3.5E+4
(d)
5.0E+3
3.0E+4
0.0E+0
-40
-30
-20
-10
2.5E+4
0
10
20
-5.0E+3
coordinate (m )
600m / 16kA
600m / 7kA
400m / 16kA
400m / 7kA
Figure 4.a: Step Voltage along the y-axis for injection of i) (a),(c)
16 kA or ii) (b),(d) 7 kA
Step Voltage(Volts)
-50
2.0E+4
1.5E+4
1.0E+4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
5.0E+3
3.5E+4
0.0E+0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
3.0E+4
10
20
-5.0E+3
coordinate (m)
Step Voltage(Volts)
2.5E+4
2.0E+4
(a)
(b)
5.0E+3
0.0E+0
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
600m/ 7kA
400m/ 16kA
400m/ 7kA
400m /100msec
400m /30msec
400m /20msec
600m /100msec
600m /30msec
600m /20msec
Figure 5.b: Step Voltage along the y-axis for injection of i) (a),(c)
16 kA or ii) (b),(d) 7 kA
1.5E+4
1.0E+4
600m/ 16kA
(c)
(d)
20
30
-5.0E+3
coordinate (m)
600m/ 16kA
600m/ 7kA
400m/ 16kA
400m/ 7kA
400m /100msec
400m /30msec
400m /20msec
600m /100msec
600m /30msec
600m /20msec
Figure 4.b: Step Voltage along the y-axis for injection of i) (a),(c)
16 kA or ii) (b),(d) 7 kA
6.
7.
8.0E+5
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
7.0E+5
6.0E+5
Voltage/V
5.0E+5
4.0E+5
Lightning Response
3.0E+5
50 Hz Response
2.0E+5
1.0E+5
0.0E+0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Conductor Length/m
WT3
2.5E+05
Voltage (V)
2.0E+05
SS
1.5E+05
WT4
1.0E+05
WT1
5.0E+04
WT5
0.0E+00
-48
52
102
152
202
252
-5.0E+04
Time (s)
Figure 8