The American Medical Womens Association is hosting

its 3rd annual Pre-Health Symposium, which features:

Keynote speaker:
Dr. Nwando Olayiwola, MD, MPH, FAAFP,
a renowned physician and policy activist
Speaker panels with healthcare professionals
Exhibition fair featuring campus and
community organizations
Lunch will be provided!

Reserve FREE tickets at

tinyurl.com/amwa-berkeley

Announcements
Exam 2 Review TODAY 5-7pm, 159 Mulford
The GSIs will hand out a practice exam and then go over the answers at
the review (practice exam and audio recording will be posted on bCourses)

Exam 2 covers lectures 8-15 (not lecture 16)

Exam information
- Mostly multiple choice questions that are 2 points each
- A few short answer (matching, labeling, fill in the blank, lists, etc)
You wont have to write more than a few sentences
You will get about 1 hour and 15 minutes. PLEASE ARRIVE EARLY!
We will collect exams at 1:30-1:35 and 1:55 only to minimize
distractions. Please follow these rules and quietly pack up only at these
times.
Bring a pencil for the scantron (we provide scantron forms)
You will need to fill out your student ID number, GSIs name and section
number
Add two zeroes to the end of your SID if you are a returning student (if ID
number starts with 2)

How to fill out scantron form

2
1
3
4
5
5
7
6
0
0

Your name
GSI: Name, section number

What should we do if someone fills out their ID number incorrectly?

A) Dr. Ball should erase it, look up their ID and fill it in for them
B) The person who grades the exams for us (for free!) should fix all of the
mistakes in the ID numbers
C) The ID number should be fixed, but the student should lose one point
for wasting our time
D) Burn their exam

The honor code

On my honor, I have neither given nor received assistance in the taking
of this exam.
Cheating is disrespectful to your instructors, your fellow students and
yourself. Please do not cheat on your exam.
To discourage wandering eyes, there will be 4 different versions of the
exam. There is no point in looking at your neighbors answers.

Suggestions for studying

1) Start now!
2) Review the lecture notes and slides.
If you have time, rewrite the notes, pulling out the most important points
Redraw all the diagrams from class from memory.
3) Study with other people
Try to explain concepts to other people. Teaching is the best way to learn.
4) Go over all the extra practice problems we have given you:
- At the ends of the slides
- Clicker questions
- Homework questions
- Quizzes
- Worksheets from discussion sections (posted on bCourses)
- Practice exam

Opportunities for more help

Day

Office hours, study sessions and reviews

Tues
Oct 18

Study session
2:30-3:30pm
Blue Door Cafe

Faculty discussion
4-5pm
4051 VLSB

GSI review
5-7pm
159 Mulford

Wed
Oct 19

Robin OH
11am-12:30pm
134 LSA

Study session
4:15-5:15
Free Speech Cafe

Thurs
Oct 20

Study Session
3-4pm
Free Speech Cafe

Fri
Oct 21

Danielle OH
10-11am
105 GPB

Robin extra OH
2-3pm
134 LSA

Mon
Oct 24

Jessica OH
2:10-3:10pm
238 Univ. Hall

Milena OH
4-5pm
1st floor LKS

Study session
7-8pm
2038 VLSB

MCB 32 Lecture 15: Reflexes and motor control

Review muscle contraction
Muscle fiber types
Spinal reflexes
Patellar stretch reflex
Voluntary control of muscle movement
Descending pyramidal tract
Ascending pathway from proprioceptors

* Bonus 0.5 pts for answering Clicker question correctly *

Review question
The receptors in skeletal muscle are:
A) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that cause a
hyperpolarizing or depolarizing graded potential
B) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors that cause a
depolarizing graded potential
C) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors that activate a Gprotein that opens Na+ channels
D) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are cationselective ion channels

Review of muscle
contraction

Watch the videos

posted in the last
lecture folder

Ca+2 makes tropomyosin

move out of the way, so
myosin can bind actin

Review question
Which of the following does NOT influence the force
generated by an individual muscle fiber?
A) frequency of stimulation
B) fiber diameter
C) fiber length
D) recruitment
E) summation

Recruitment of multiple muscle fibers

Review of muscle contraction

Summation in a single muscle fiber

(high frequency of stimulation)

Clicker question
There are three main types of muscle fibers, which have different
physical and functional properties.
Which of the following muscle fibers would be most likely to fatigue
quickly?
Fatigue = muscle cannot maintain a long-term constant force
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Muscle fibers with a lot of nuclei

Muscle fibers that do anaerobic respiration most of the time
Muscle fibers without a lot of creatine
Muscle fibers with a low concentration of mitochondria
Muscle fibers that have a large diameter

Properties of skeletal muscle fibers

Type IIB
Type I

Type IIA

Oxidative = use aerobic respiration to make ATP

Glycolytic = rely only on anaerobic respiration to make ATP
Myoglobin is a protein in oxidative muscles that binds O2
Myoglobin is red

Cross section through muscle and stained for mitochondria (blue) and
capillaries (black)

Clicker question
Which fiber type would be most prominent in a
marathon runners leg muscles?
A) Slow oxidative
B) Fast oxidative
C)Fast glycolytic

Introduction to reflexes

Patellar stretch reflex

Stimulus

Withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflex

1. Look at the synapses labeled 1
and 2. Are they excitatory or
inhibitory?
2. What is neuron #5 doing? Why is
it going to the thalamus?
3. You immediately react to stepping
on the nail, by withdrawing your
foot. After a brief time you realize
that your foot hurts. Explain why
there is a timing difference
between removing your foot and
feeling the pain.

Clicker question
During this reflex, which
muscles in the right leg are
contracting?
A) Only quads contract
B) Only hamstrings
contract
C)Quads and hamstrings
contract
D)Neither muscle contracts

Descending and ascending pathways for motor control

Descending
pyramidal
tract

Synapse onto
interneurons or
motor neurons

Body map in
motor cortex

Proprioceptors are sensory neurons in the muscles

Muscle spindle senses muscle length (in patellar
stretch reflex)
Golgi tendon organ senses muscle tension
Proprioceptors travel next to touch pathway to
somatosensory cortex

Muscle spindle measures muscle length

Muscle
spindle

Golgi tendon organ measures muscle tension

Proprioceptor ascending pathway

Spinal cord injury, part 2

A hemisection is an injury to only one side of
the spinal cord.
If a patient has damage to the spinal cord only
on the right side, about halfway down the spine,
what kind of defects would there be in voluntary
movement and proprioception? What side(s)
would be affected?

Would the patellar stretch reflex still work for

both sides? Briefly explain.

Clicker question
If a patient has a right hemisection of their spinal cord about
halfway down, they will be paralyzed in their ____________
and proprioception will be impaired in their _____________.
A) Right leg; right leg
B) Right leg; left leg
C)Left leg, right leg
D)Left leg; left leg

Practice questions
1) Label the patellar stretch reflex pathway and answer these questions
a) What structure is A
pointing to?
b) B is pointing to a neuron
that is entering the spinal
cord via what structure?
c) What kind of neuron is
letter C pointing to?

d) What type of neuron is D pointing to (going to the quads)?

e) What will happen to the muscle labeled with letter E?
f) Is this stretch reflex an example of positive or negative feedback?

Practice questions
2) Tetanus toxin is produced by bacteria and when this toxin gets into humans
it specifically disables the inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord. What
effects might you see in someone who is infected with this bacteria?

3) Muscles of the legs and back that help us maintain posture tend to
have a high proportion of what fiber type?
A) fast oxidative
B) slow glycolytic
C) slow oxidative
D) fast glycolytic
E) fast and slow glycolytic