Pressure

Specific Volume
Density

Pressure in Piston/Cylinder
Polytropic process

INTERNAL ENERGY AND ETHALPY AND ENTROPY

Internal Energy
Enthalpy
Entropy

P=P +

PV = C

P =P

Absolute Temperature T[K] = T[ C] +273.15

Quality
x=

Ideal Gas Law

+ x

u = u + xu

x=

PV = mRT P = RT

Ideal Gas, Const. Mass, any process

Ideal Gas, Steady State Single Flow

Ideal Gas, Const. Mass, Const. V process

Ideal Gas, Const. Mass, Const. P process

x=

P =P

V =V
T =T

h = h + xh

s = s + xs

=P

=V

u )

U = m(u

H = U + PV
T s=

u = C (T

Ideal Gas Model

s2

h = C (T

s1 = C ln

h=h

Solid or compressed liquid

Linear Interpolation

=P

h=C

S2
sT1

H = mC
=

y
x

(T

y
x

h=h +xh

H = mC (T

s2

(T
(

s1 = C ln

T)

T)

T)

T)

+ R ln

S1 = mC ln

R ln

h )

S = m(s

U = mC (T

R ln

s1 = sT2

H = m(h

u=u +xu

T)

mR ln

s=s

T)

S1 = mC ln

(Using Table A.7 or A.8) s2

Polytropic with n = k = C /C

s2
S2

+ mR ln
s1 = C ln

S1 = mC ln

x )+y

SOLUTION METHOD

=T

Ideal Gas Model?

Most accurate Method: Use Figure D-1 and then use Ideal Gas if Z~1 (Use P =

and T =

Quicker method: Use ideal gas if

P and
2T
Even Easier Method (for exams in this course only)
H2O/Steam, Ammonia, R12, R22, R410, R134a, USE Tables (unless specifically stated to decide or to
assume Ideal Gas)
All others (ie: N2, O2, CO2, air), use Ideal Gas (unless specifically stated to decide or to use tables)
Dont use Tables A.6 through A.11 in this course (unless specifically told)

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T s= u+P

Model, tables Look up u , u , h , h etc in tables

Ideal Gas, Reversible and Adiabatic (Isentropic) Process

Ideal Gas, Polytropic process

n=

h = u+P

S2

V =V

u=u

Sketch a schematic of the system and process

Closed System (Control mass) OR Open System (Control Volume)
What do you know about state 1, state 2 OR inlet, exit etc? (T, x, P, v, u, h)
What model should you use? Solid/Compressed Liquid or Ideal Gas or tables
What do you know about the process?
Can you draw process on a P-v and/or T-v diagram?
Write the 1st Law and simplify the equation
Write the 2nd Law and simplify the equation

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s )
s= s +xs

CLOSED SYSTEM, CONTROL MASS

OPEN SYSTEM, CONTROL VOLUME

1ST LAW FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM, CONTROL VOLUME

WORK FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM, CONTROL MASS

Work, Linear Process
Work, Const. P Process

W = (P + P )(V

Work, Const. V Process

Work, Polytropic Process

W = P(V

V)

W =0
W =

Work, ideal Gas, Const. T Process

Work, ideal Gas, Const. P Process

Work, ideal Gas, Polytropic Process

dE
= Q +
dt

V)

(P V

W = P V ln

W = mR(T

Q =

(T

T ) if

Q
m

w=

2nd LAW FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM, CONTROL MASS

S1 =

S2
m s

Q
+S
T

m s =

Reversible and Adiabatic Process (isentropic) S2

Reversible and Const. T Process Q = T(S2

Irreversible (Real) Process

(S

S )

Irreversible (Real) and Adiabatic Process

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v ) + mg(Z

1
h ) + (v
2

v ) + g(Z

q = Q/m

Boiler/Condenser/Heater

w = W/m

(v

Pump/Compressor/Turbine

1
u + v
2

+ gZ

q = (u

u )+ w

W
m

+ gZ

(h

v ) = (h

h )=0

w = (h

q = (h

or

Z )+ W

Z )+ w

h )

h =h

h ) or

W = m(h

h ) or

Q = m(h

h )

h)

+ W

Q +

1
m h + v
2
m (h

Heat Exchanger
nd

S1 = 0

S )

1
h + v
2

h ) = m (h

h ) =

ms =

Q
+S
T

2 LAW FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM, CONTROL VOLUME

m s

se

Q
+S
T

+ gZ

+ gZ

+ W
Q

Control Volume, Open System, 1st Law, steady state and one inlet and one exit

S1 ) = mT(s2
(S

1
h ) + m(v
2

Throttle/Capillary Tube

E + W

+ gZ

q=

1
h + v
2

Control Volume, Open System, 1st Law, steady state and multiple inlets and exits

Q =E

u )+ W

q = (h

Nozzle and Diffuser

T)

Control Mass, Closed System, 1st Law, common case, single mass, stationary center of mass
Q = m(u

st

Q = m(h

if n = 1

W = P V ln

1ST LAW FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM, CONTROL MASS

1
u + v
2

+ gZ

Control Volume, Open System, 1 Law, steady state and one inlet and one exit

P V ) if

W =

1
m h + v
2

0
S

s1 )
= S

si =

+s

reversible and adiabatic process (isentropic) se

reversible and isothermal process

Irreversible (Real) Process

q = T(se

= m(se

Irreversible (Real) and Adiabatic Process

+ S

= S
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si

si = 0

si )

se = si + sgen

Q = mT(se

si )

EFFICIENCY FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM, CONTROL VOLUME

TRANSIENT PROCESS

Actual Processes: Use actual inlet (i) conditions and actual outlet (e) conditions
Ideal Process: Use actual inlet (i) conditions but define a best possible outlet state (es)
To find hes or ves use the actual output pressure (Pes=Pe) and ses=si
=

1 LAW FOR A Transient Process

m

if kinetic energy can be ignored

ST

ideal work output

h
=
=
h
actual work output

actual kinetic energy increase h

=
=
ideal kinetic energy increase h

SHAFT WORK FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM, CONTROL VOLUME

h
h

) + g(Z

Z )

P + (v

and incompressible fluid (liquid pump)

reversible

) + g(Z

rev. and no KE or PE (pumps, compressors, turbines)

and polytropic

and ideal gas and isothermal w

(P

P ln

P
P

ln

n=1

m s

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Av =

Steady State Flow

1
h + v
2

+ gZ

Q
T

m s =

t+

ms

m s + S

Adiabatic, Single inlet, single outlet and single substance, no significant change in KE or PE

Z )

(P

P)

RT ln

m s

m s =ms

CONTINUITY EQUATION FOR A Transient Process

P

Single inlet, single outlet, single substance

RT ln

CONTINUITY EQUATION
m

= Q +

1
u + v + gZ
2
1
m h + v + gZ
2
m

2nd LAW FOR A Transient Process

Control Volume, Open System, 1 Law, steady state and one inlet and one exit
1
P + (v
2

+ gZ

Single inlet, single outlet and single substance, no significant change in KE or PE,
m u
m u = Q +m h m h
W

h
v
=
h
v

st

w=

1
u + v
2

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m =

m s + S

m =m

PVT-DIAGRAMS

CYCLES
ST

nd

1 LAW FOR A CYCLE

2 LAW FOR A CYCLE

+Q =Q

S
or

Heat Engine
Fridge/AC
Heat Pump

Refrigerator/AC/Heat Pump

=1
=

Saturated vapor line

Saturated liquid line

Equality, rev Inequality, real

P>100 kPa
Critical Point

Want
Cost

P= 100 kPa
Comp.
Liquid

=1

P< 100 kPa

Superheated
Vapor

Saturated region

s/ V
v/V

Heat Engine

P
Superheated
Vapor

Comp.
Liquid

T > 100 oC

Saturated region

T= 100 oC
T < 100 oC

s/ V
v/V

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