Introduction | ME RELIABILITY ASSURANCE *Relabiliy is an important consideration in the planning, design, and “operation of stern Pople have alway expected tains tbe on ime” kets power ao ola ad wo on Before the Second Wacl Was ae fonecy of rlablity had ben ely intne subject, and guage The concept of quateave realy appease have had epee dri the Second World War, and coutracrwlay etd by Boop Ie cecil ote ua The moder dcpln of ray is distinguished rom th tence by cuantane eration ves te or guaatvecralsuon, Wis relay is eined quantiave, specie, ante, and ented And becomes parame of dena ha can bs waded off exotic Fannie rch mac nd pctecanes iy 4 The modern sisipine of reliability had it origins in the military and ace icnokay. hs tftsoe tas been Healy spcadog i Ta Other applications. This agin duct the powing compen of tens tompatvesen in th muieland an terictane conpetios fe Sade and resoure Nel can uneabty be ted so fe ont digas peril nods matt The cs lls m nose poor, Stems and urban trsporaon sem gis tack Beyond he tof "Theingomvenienee < ad dere esac ec 12. PLANNING AND DESIGN ‘Quantitative reliability can play an impertani roe in the planing. design, ‘and operation of any system. As an example, consider transit facies being planned fora city. The reliability characteristics of the vehicles and ‘ther equipment shouldbe considered at an early stage [2 The number of ‘Vehicles on scheduled maintenance and the numberof vehicles that require Service by failures shouldbe alowed for while esttating the fet size. A ‘Quantitative and consistent appronch would be frst to decide the level of Service reliability with which the demand should be met and thea develop4 system reibilty model wtlizing allure rate data (2} to estimate the ‘numberof sare vehicks. ‘Another approuch considers reliability both asa constituent cost and a8 an effectiveness constraint in attesting the total cost of system acquisition tnd ownership, that i, life cycle costing There is a financial penalty associated with vehicle failures since they must be repired and other Secs month val nee oii te eyed eri eve ‘lao ifthe system reliability s not adequate t can lead to los of revenve besause of reduced ridership. On the other fand, it generally costs more ‘money to ball higher reliability ito che syrcm. Therefore = wade off can, ‘be made bes rd eliabii Bleed a | Sin Ani Fin Bon Roe ere Raby drag ste di, Reason Reese) ‘The inherent level of reliability is built ito a system during its de and direction ¢ a 13 TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS. “The body of knowledge regarding the theory and practice of reliability has ‘been steadily growing. Not only has the basic reliability theory [3] become ‘move sophisticated, but relatively new techniques have been developed and the areas of application considerably expanded. Techniques lke faut tees ‘have found applications across variow dscplines, The topic of three-state devices is of great interest to reality engineers in various disciplines. Software elibiity, mechanical reliability, and human reliability may have borrowed some concepts from traditional hardware reliability but have Aistinguishing characteristics and concepts oftheir own. The concept of an ferro or a bag. for example, in eifferent from the hardware failures and mechanical reliability is uniguely based on inerference models. The areas ‘of application like computers, power systems, and transit systems have eveloped their own definitions, concepts, and techniques. There is 4 ‘exrain commonality of concepts but great diversity in definitions, models, fand methods. The forced outage rate, for example, when applied 10 {eneraling units means the unavalabiliy of the unit The degree of growth ‘of Knowledge in particular areas can be sen by the fact that there are at ‘resent three books in English slone on power system reliability 14 SCOPE Engineers today dealing with large and diverse projects requteinforma- tion on reliaiity as it alfecs diferng systems. These topics are discussed either in various tehsical papers of in specialized books and ate presently fot treated within the framework of a single book. An engincer needing Information in these areas generally faces a great dea of dificuty. Thi book isan atempt to full this need by treating these diverse topics in a Single volune. Previous knowledge is not necessary to understand the Contents, since two chapters on basi relabiliy theory are provide to give ‘nough background. This book will find application ia many disciples And will be especially useful fo reiabiity engineers, system engineers, and Students of rehab1 Sing C nd M.D, Kank, “Faitee Dat Amie or Tat Velie ‘ihe 199 Aa! Rliy ant Mowat rps, HEE, New Yer, 2. Sap Cand M.D Kanha, "Renbty Dat and Anas for Tras Veen” ‘Ronare Report No RAI, Research ané Deapmer Dn, Mi Tang ‘Sion an Commuters Omari, Caaca, Jn 17 2. Sap), Cand R.Blince, Som Rey Madeling and Estain, Hehinca ‘oteona, London 97