What is System A system is a

Management
Skills
another skill a business analyst should
possess is the ability to manage
projects. Planning the project scope,
directing staff members, handling
change requests, forecasting budgets
and keeping everyone on the project
within allotted time constraints are just
some of the management skills a
business analyst should possess.
Supervising projects of all sizes, from
inception to implementation and
usually concurrently can take a high
degree of managerial skill.

collection of elements or components

Analytical Skills
Analytical skills require you
to think critically and logically analysis
consist of breaking down a problem into
smaller pieces and evaluating the
component to decide correct plan of
action. No project is without problem. In
fact, the entire project is a solution to a
problem. At the highest level. While the
ability to create workable solutions to
business problems is not unique to
business analysts, it is a necessary skill
for performing the job successfully. As
with most IT roles, the business
analysts career may be spent dealing
with frequent and random changes.
When these professionals are working
to
developing
custom
business
solutions, nothing is 100% predictable
so finding ways to quickly resolve
problems and move toward a projects
successful completion is important in
the business analysts role. It is the
ability to visualize and solve both
complex and uncomplicated problems
and make decision that are based on
available information.
Interpersonal skills

that run in the computer.

Similar to the conceptual

interpersonal skills is communicating
various levels of detail appropriate to
the audience. This can be especially
difficult

when

you

have

various

stakeholder needs on the team or in the

meeting, and many times multiple
views is needed to ensure the right
message

is

communicated

to

all

audience needs. Where I see the gap

today is details are not organized to be
digestible and understandable to many

that are organized for a common

purpose.

The

word

sometimes

describes the organization or plan itself

(and is similar in meaning to method, as
in "I have my own little system") and
sometimes describes the parts in the
system (as in "computer system"). A
computer system consists of hardware
components that have been carefully
chosen so that they work well together
and software components or programs

Elements of System
Input is anything we wish to embed in
a system for some type of use. A
variety of sources are used to input:
keyboard, scanner, microphone,
mouse, even another computer. What
we input has a purpose - but until it is
processed and generated in some form
of output, it doesn't do us much good.
Processing takes place in the internal
parts of the computer. It is the act of
taking inputted data and converting it to
something usable. What we typically
see on the screen in today's computer
world

(known

as what you see is

what you get or WYSIWYG)

is

the

result of our input being processed by

some program so we can have usable
output: an English paper, an edited
photograph, this video you're watching.

the details. Without the concept and

context information, the details - even
when well organized - may not be
understood or thought of in with the
frame of mind that the BA needs from
the stakeholders. Rethink requirements
packaging, does the same document
need to go out to everyone? Or, can
each audience be given a guide as to
which

pages/sections

are

most

pertinent to them? Just a few ideas to

help stakeholders consume what is
important to them.

Licensing Authority: The DVLA has a

computerised database about every
driver and vehicle in the UK. This
database

can

be

used

to

find

Output, or processed information in a

information about a vehicle or driver

usable format, comes in many different

even if the data is incomplete.

forms: monitor or printer for visual work,

SIMS School

a speaker for audio. Sometimes our

Information

output is short-term, such as printing a

System: The

photo, and sometimes what we work on

something like it) is used in most

needs to be kept around for a while.

schools in the UK.It can be used to

That's where storage comes in.

perform a large number of different

Management
SIMS

system

(or

tasks using the data stored within its

audiences and there may be a lack of

conceptual and context to accompany

Manual
Information
System:
We are all used to using manual
information systems.
An example of a manual
information system is a telephone directory.
All we need to know to find a
persons telephone number in the telephone
book is their name and address. (INPUT)
We look up the name and the
address (PROCESS), and we find their
telephone number. (OUTPUT)
Have the name and address.
(INPUT)
Look up the name and address.
(PROCESS)
Find the telephone number.
(OUTPUT)
However, if the name is a
common one or the address is incomplete,
the process of finding the telephone number
becomes more difficult.
This is because the telephone
directory is organised alphabetically by
surname, first name, and address.
If you have just the name and
telephone number, can the telephone
directory be used to find someones
address?
If you have just a telephone
number, can the telephone directory be used
to find someones name and address?
Manual information systems
do have disadvantages.
Computerized Information System:
Computerized information
systems have several advantages over
manual information systems.
These include:
Greater flexibility
Speed
examples:
DVLA Driver
Vehicle

Feedback
In information systems, feedback is
output that is used to make changes to
input or processing activities. For
example, errors or problems might
make it necessary to correct input data
or change a process. Consider a
payroll example. Perhaps the number
of hours an employee worked was
entered into a computer as 400 hours
instead of 40hours. Most information
systems check to make sure that data
falls within certain predetermined
ranges. It is unlikely that an employee
would work more than 100 hours for
any given week. In this case, the
information system would determine
that 400hours a week is out of range
and provide feedback such as an error

databases. These tasks include:

Recording
individual pupil attendance
Storing a pupils
personal

details

(including

home

address and telephone number, date of

birth,

emergency

contact

numbers,

medical conditions)
Producing class
and group lists for teachersCollating a
pupils annual school report.

report.
Control: In order to get the desired
results it is essential to monitor and
control the input, Processing and the
output of the system. This job is done
by the control.
Feedback: The Output is checked with
the desired standards of the output set
and the necessary steps are taken for
achieving the output as per the
standards, this process is called as
Feedback. It helps to achieve a much
better control in the system.
Boundaries: The
boundaries
are
nothing but the limit of the system.
Setting up boundaries helps for better
concentration of the actives carried in
the system.
Environment: The things outside the
boundary of the system are known as
environment.
Change
in
the
environment affects the working of the
system.
Open System/closed System: All living
organisms are open system while all nonliving systems are closed systems. All
systems have boundaries, a fact that is
immediately apparent in mechanical
systems such as the watch, but much less
apparent in social systems such as
organizations. The boundaries of open
systems, because they relate with other
systems or environments, are more flexible
than those of closed systems, which are
rigid and largely impenetrable. A closedsystem perspective views organizations as
relatively independent of environmental
influences. The closed-system approach
conceives of the organization as a system
of management, technology, personnel,
equipment, and materials, butt ends to
exclude competitors, suppliers, distributors,
and governmental regulators. This
approach
allows
managers
and
organizational theorists to analyze
problems by examining the internal
structure of a business with little
consideration of the external environment.
The closed-system perspective basically
views an organization much as a
thermostat; limited environmental input
outside of changes in temperature is
required for effective operation. Once set,
thermostats require little maintenance in
their ongoing, self-reinforcing function.
While the closed-system perspective was
dominant through the organization
scholarship and research subsequently
emphasized the role of the environment.
Up through the it was not that managers
ignored the outside environment such as
other organizations, markets, government
regulations and the like, but that their
strategies and other decision-making

A closed

Transaction
processing
system:is
a
style
of computing that divides work
into
individual,
indivisible
operations, called transactions. In
transaction processing there is no
delay and the results of each
transaction
are
immediately
available
A transaction process system and

Example

system is

one

where

quantity or series of quantities cannot

enter or leave the system. For example,
a system might be closed to energy,
meaning energy might not be able to
enter or leave the system. A vacuum
thermos flask does a really good job of
stopping

energy

from

leaving

the

system to keep your drink warm. So it

might make sense to treat it as a closed
system - but no system in the real world
is ever perfectly closed, so it will only
be an approximation.

Open system is one where a quantity

or series of quantities can enter or
leave

the system to a significant

degree. If you pour your hot drink into a

mug instead of a vacuum thermos flask,
the heat will escape relatively quickly
into its surroundings. So a mug is most
certainly

an

open

system!

open

systems are a lot more complicated to

understand than closed systems and
so scientists prefer to work with closed
systems when possible. It makes things
much simpler to explain and can be a
good starting point before trying to
explain open systems, too.

One of the places where you see

scientists analyze closed systems the
most

is

when

working

on

thermodynamics, or the study of the

movement of heat energy. One of the
laws of thermodynamics says that heat

FLEXIBILITY:- In order to be effective,

an information system (IS) needs to be
flexible, that is, it must be able to
accommodate a certain amount of
variation regarding the requirements of
the supported business process.
Despite many previous studies on the
flexibility of organizations, processes,
and
various
organizational
technologies,
the
economics
of
flexibility are not yet well understood.
The current paper contributes to IS
theory building with a focus on the
impact of IS flexibility on the cost
efficiency of a given business process.
We present a theoretical model that
details the economics of two generic
strategies of IS flexibility (i.e., flexibilityto-use regarding the IS features that
are provided at the time of
implementation,
and
flexibility-tochange regarding the IS features that
constitute an option for later system
upgrade), and that also includes the
possibility of process performance
outside of the IS (manual operations).
Based on an analysis of the model, we
conclude that IS flexibility-to-change is
cost efficiently deployed to support a
business process characterized by a
high
level
of
structural
and
environmental uncertainty, whereas a
low level of process uncertainty
corresponds efficiently with IS flexibilityto-use.
Reliability: reliability is quantifiable
measure useful in the control and
management of information system. It
provides an early warning about the
quality o the IS, and identifies the areas
where trouble lies. Reliability can be
used to compare various information
system and the numerical example in
this article demonstrates, this measure
could
be
used
extensively
in
cons/benefit analyses of completing IS
investment project.

transaction processing are often

contrasted with a batch process
system and batch processing,
where
many
requests
are
executed all at one time. The
former requires the interaction of
a user, whereas batch processing
does not require a user to be
present. Also, in batch processing
the results of each transaction are
not
immediately
available.
Additionally, there is a delay while
the many requests are being
organized, stored and eventually
executed.
In
transaction
processing there is no delay and
the results of each transaction are
immediately available. During the
delay time for batch processing,
errors can occur. Although errors
can
occur
in
transaction
processing, they are infrequent
and tolerated, but do not warrant
shutting down the entire system.

can only travel from hot places to cold

places unless you do some kind of
'work' to stop it. So, if you put a hot
object in contact with a cold one, heat
will transfer from the hot one to the cold
one
Open loop System: a system in which the
output has no effect on the control action is
known as an open loop system. For a given
input the system produces output. If there
are any disturbances, the output changes
and there is no adjustment of the input to
bring back the output to the original value.
A perfect calibration is required to bet good
accuracy and the system should be free
from any external disturbances. No
measurements are made at the output. A
traffic control system is a good example of
an open loop system the signals change
according to a present time and are not
affected by the density of traffic on any
road. A washing machine is another
example of an open loop system. The
quality of wash is not measure; every cycle
like wash, rinse and dry cycle goes
according to a present timing.
Closed Loop System: these are also known
as feedback control systems. A system
which maintains a prescribed relationship
between the controlled variable and the
reference input, and uses the difference
between them a single to activate the
control, is known as a feedback control
system. The output or the controlled
variable is measured and compared with the
reference input and an error signal is
generated. This is the activating signal to
the controller which, by its action, tries to
reduce the errors. Thus the controlled
variable is continuously feedback and
compared with the input signal. If the error
is reduced to zero, the output is the desired
output and is equal to the reference input
signal.

Batch Processing system

Batch Processing is where the
information is collected as a batch
and then processed later on. An
example of batch processing is
paying by cheque. Used to be
necessary
because
of
synchronization problems

Executive Support System (ESS) is

software that allows users to transform
enterprise data into quickly accessible
and executive-level reports, such as
those used by billing, accounting and
staffing
departments.
An
ESS
enhances
decision
making
for executives. ESS is also known
as Executive Information System (EIS
Executive Support System (ESS) is a
reporting tool (software) that allows you
to turn your organization's data into
useful summarized reports. These
reports are generally used by executive
level managers for quick access to
reports coming from all company levels

HEURISTIC REASONING
H um a n ex p e r t s us e a t y pe o f
p ro b l em - s o l v i n g
te c h n i qu e
c a l le d he u r i s t i c re a - s o n i n g .
Commonly called rules of
thumb
or
expert
heuristics, it allows the
expert to arrive at a good solution
quickly and efciently. Expert
systems base their reasoning
process on symbolic manipulation
and
heuristic
inference
procedures that closely mat
ch the human thinking pr
ocess. Conventional prog r a m s c a n o nl y rec o gn i z e
n u me r i c
or
a l p ha be t i c
s t r i n g s a n d ma n i pu l a te t h em
o nl y i n a pre pro gr a m me d
m a n n er.

and departments such as billing, cost

accounting , staffing, scheduling, and
more.
In addition to providing quick access to
organized data from departments,
some Executive Support System tools
also provide analysis tools that predicts
a series of performance outcomes over
time using the input data. This type of
ESS is useful to executives as it
provides possible outcomes and quick
reference to statistics and numbers
needed for decision-making.

Intranet:
An intranet is a private computer
network that uses Internet Protocol
technologies to securely share any part
of an organization's information or
operational
systems
within
that
organization.
Extranet:
An extranet is a private network that
uses Internet protocols, network
connectivity. An extranet can be viewed
as part of a company's intranet that is
extended to users outside the company,
usually via the Internet.
Internet:
The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks that
use the standard Internet Protocol Suite
(TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide.

Decision Support System is an

information system that was
created to support organization
decision-making activities. It help
the users to make decision by
enable
them
to
utilize
communication
technologies,
data, documents and knowledge.
In most situation, it may be aimed
at
business
executives
or
knowledge
worker.
Decision
Support Systems (DSS) are a class
of
computerized
information
system that support decisionmaking
activities.
DSS
are
interactive
computer-based
systems and subsystems intended
to help decision makers use
communications
technologies,
data,
documents,
knowledge
and/or
models
to
complete
decision process tasks. A decision
support system may present
information graphically and may
include an expert system or
articial intelligence (AI). It may
be aimed at business executives
or some other group of knowledge
workers.

Type
of
System:-

Decision

support

Data-driven
DSS
Most
data-driven
DSSs
are
targeted at managers, staff and
also product/service suppliers. It is
used to query a database or data
warehouse
to
seek
specic
answers for specic purposes. It is
deployed via a main frame
system, client/server link, or via
the web. Examples: computerbased databases that have a
query system to check (including
the incorporation of data to add
value to existing databases.

Explicit Knowledge:- The most

common
forms
of
explicit
knowledge
are
manuals,
documents, procedures, and howto videos. Knowledge also can be
audio-visual.
Works
of
art
and product design can be seen as
other forms of explicit knowledge
where human skills, motives and
knowledge are externalized. Most
forms of explicit knowledge can
be stored in certain media. The
information
contained
in encyclopedias and textbooks ar
e good examples of explicit
knowledge.

Tacit knowledge is knowledge that's

difficult to write down, visualize or transfer
from one person to another. Tacit
knowledge is a particular challenge
for knowledge management. Firms would
like to prevent knowledge loss due to
employee
turnover.
However,
tacit
knowledge almost always goes with the
employee. Tacit knowledge is essential
to competitive
advantage because
it's
difficult for competitors to copy. It's the
reason some firms pump out innovation
after innovation while other firms struggle.

Type of Knowledge support

system

Office Automation:- Office automation

helps in optimizing or automating
existing office procedures. The backbone
of office automation is a LAN, which
allows users to transfer data, mail and
even voice across the network. All office
functions, including dictation, typing,
ling, copying, fax, Telex, microlm and
records
management, telephone and
telephone switchboard operations. An
OAS make office work more efficient and
increases
productivity.
Economy
improvement; automation may improve
in economy of enterprises, society or
most of humanity for example when an
enterprise
invests
in
automation,
technology recovers its investment of
when a state of country increases its
income due to automation like Germany
or japan in the 20th century.

Neural network: The human

brain is composed of 100 billion
nerve cells called neurons. They
are connected to other thousand
cells by Axons. Incentives from
external environment or inputs
from
sensory
organs
are
accepted by dendrites. These
inputs create electric impulses,
which quickly travel through the
neural network. A neuron can
then send the message to other
neuron to handle the issue or
does not send it forward.

Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of

reasoning that resembles human
reasoning. The approach of Fuzzy
Logic imitates the way of decision
making in humans that involves
all
intermediate
possibilities
between digital values YES and
NO. The conventional logic block

Model-drivenDSS
Model-driven DSSs are complex
systems
that
help
analyse
decisions or choose between
different options. These are used
by managers and staff members
of a business, or people who
interact with the organization, for
a number of purposes depending
on how the model is set up scheduling, decision analyses etc.
These DSSs can be deployed via
software/hardware in stand-alone
PCs, client/server systems, or the
web.

Artificial Intelligence is a way

of making
a
computer,
a
computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in the
similar manner the intelligent
humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying
how human brain thinks, and
how humans learn, decide, and
work while trying to solve a
problem, and then using the
outcomes of this study as a basis
of developing intelligent software
and systems.
Expert System: T h e k n o w l e d g e
base
constitutes
the
problemsolving rules, facts, or intuit i o n
that a human expert might
use in solving problems in a
given
problem
domain. The
knowledge base is usu ally stored in
terms
of
ifthen
rules.
Thew o r k i n g m e m o r y r e p r e
sents relevant data for t
he current problem bein
g solved. The inference engin
e is the control mechanism t
h a t o r g a n i z e s t h e problem data
and
searches
through
the
knowledge
base
for
applicable
r u l e s . With the increasing popularity of
expert systems, many commercial inference
engines
are
coming
onto
the
market.
A survey
of
selected
commercial infere n c e e n g i n e s i s
presented in the Appendix at
the end of this book. The
development of a functional
expert
system
usually
centers
around
the
organization the knowledge
b a s e . A good expert system is
expected to grow as it learns from
user
feedback.
Feedback
is
incorporated into the knowledge
base
as
appropriate
to
make
thee x p e r t s y s t e m s m a r t e r . T h
e dynamism of the applicatio
n e n v i r o n m e n t f o r expert
systems is based on the individual
dynamism of the components

that a computer can understand

takes precise input and produces
a definite output as TRUE or
FALSE, which is equivalent to
humans YES or NO. The inventor
of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh,
observed that unlike computers,
the
human decision
making
includes a range of possibilities
between YES and NO, such as The
fuzzy logic works on the levels of
possibilities of input to achieve
the definite output.