ESIA Water and Sanitation Volume II Edited

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and
Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Detailed Engineering Designs, Tender
Documents, Detailed ESIAs and
ESMPs for Water Supply and
Sanitation Projects
- Volume II
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA) for Sanitation
Submitted to:
USACE Europe District
Millennium Challenge Corporation
September 2013
Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Detailed Engineering Designs, Tender Documents, Detailed ESIAs and ESMPs
for Water Supply and Sanitation Projects
ESIA Sanitation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i
Acronyms and Abbreviation ........................................................................................................... xi
Authors Details and Tasks ............................................................................................................ xiv
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... xv
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
MCC Compact and LWSSD Project................................................................................. 1
1.2
Purpose and Justification for the LWSSD Project ............................................................ 2
1.3
Objectives of the LWSSD Project .................................................................................... 3
1.4
Objectives of the ESIA ..................................................................................................... 4
1.5
Integration of Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Project Sectors............................. 4
1.5.1 The challenges ............................................................................................................ 4
1.5.2 Water ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.3 Sanitation .................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.4 Drainage ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.5 Integration of sectors ................................................................................................... 6
2 Policy and Legal Framework .................................................................................................... 8
2.1
Donor Safeguard Policies and Strategies (MCC/IFC) ...................................................... 8
2.1.1 MCC Environmental Guidelines ................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 MCC Gender Integration Policy and Guidelines ........................................................... 8
2.1.3 IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability ..................... 9
2.1.4 IFC Performance Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and
Social Risks and Impacts ....................................................................................................... 10
2.1.5 IFC Performance Standard 2: Labour and Working Conditions .................................. 12
2.1.6 IFC Performance Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention ............. 13
2.1.7 IFC Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security...................... 14
2.1.8 IFC Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement .......... 15
2.1.9 IFC Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management
of Living Natural Resources ................................................................................................... 16
2.1.10 IFC Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples .................................................... 16
2.1.11 IFC Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage ......................................................... 17
2.2
National Safeguard Policies and Strategies ................................................................... 18
2.2.1 National Policy on Environment ................................................................................. 18
2.2.2 National Water Policy ................................................................................................ 19
2.2.3 National Conservation Strategy ................................................................................. 19
2.2.4 National Environmental Action Plan ........................................................................... 20
2.2.5 National Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan ............................................... 20
2.2.6 National Forestry Policy ............................................................................................. 20
2.2.7 National Decentralisation Policy................................................................................. 21
2.2.8 National HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework ............................................................. 21
2.2.9 National Gender Policy .............................................................................................. 22
2.2.10 Sixth National Development Plan............................................................................... 23
2.3
National Environmental Laws and Regulations .............................................................. 23
2.3.1 The Millennium Challenge Act ................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 The Environmental Management Act ......................................................................... 24
2.3.3 Statutory Instrument No. 28 ....................................................................................... 25
2.3.4 Water Supply and Sanitation Act ............................................................................... 25
2.3.5 Water Resources Management Act ........................................................................... 26
2.3.6 Public Health Act ....................................................................................................... 27
2.3.7 National Health Services Act ..................................................................................... 27
2.3.8 Local Government Act ............................................................................................... 28
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2.3.9 The Zambia Wildlife Act ............................................................................................. 29

2.3.10 The Road Traffic Act .................................................................................................. 29
2.3.11 Public Roads Act ....................................................................................................... 29
2.3.12 Registration and Development of Villages Act ........................................................... 29
2.3.13 Lands and Deeds Act ................................................................................................ 30
2.3.14 Lands Acquisition Act ................................................................................................ 30
2.3.15 Land Conversions of Titles Act .................................................................................. 31
2.3.16 The Town and Country Planning Act ......................................................................... 31
2.3.17 National Heritage Conservation Commission Act ....................................................... 31
2.3.18 Forestry Act ............................................................................................................... 32
2.3.19 Petroleum Act ............................................................................................................ 32
2.3.20 Explosives Act ........................................................................................................... 32
2.3.21 Factories Act.............................................................................................................. 33
2.3.22 Occupational Health and Safety Act .......................................................................... 33
2.3.23 Employment of Children and Young Persons Act ...................................................... 34
2.3.24 Anti-Human Trafficking Act ........................................................................................ 34
2.3.25 Energy Regulation Act, Chapter................................................................................. 35
2.4
Institutional Framework for LWSSD Project and ESIA ................................................... 35
2.4.1 Ministry of Local Government and Housing................................................................ 35
2.4.2 Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development.................................................... 35
2.4.3 National Water and Sanitation Council....................................................................... 36
2.4.4 Zambia Environmental Management Agency............................................................. 37
2.4.5 Millennium Challenge Account - Zambia .................................................................... 37
2.4.6 National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council ............................................................................ 38
2.4.7 Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Ltd. .............................................................. 38
2.4.8 Lusaka City Council ................................................................................................... 38
2.4.9 Peri-Urban Area institutions in Lusaka ....................................................................... 39
2.4.10 Community-Based Organizations .............................................................................. 40
2.4.11 Non-Government Organizations and Cooperating Partners ....................................... 41
2.5
Environmental Clearance Requirements ....................................................................... 42
2.5.1 MCC requirements..................................................................................................... 42
2.5.2 ZEMA requirements ................................................................................................... 43
2.5.3 Requirements for ESIA .............................................................................................. 43
3 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 44
3.1
Objectives...................................................................................................................... 44
3.2
Overall Approach ........................................................................................................... 44
3.3
Scoping ......................................................................................................................... 46
3.3.1 Purpose of scoping .................................................................................................... 46
3.3.2 Scoping report ........................................................................................................... 47
3.3.3 ZEMA requirement for scoping .................................................................................. 47
3.3.4 Scoping stage in ESIA process .................................................................................. 47
3.4
Policy Framework .......................................................................................................... 49
3.5
Environmental Baseline ................................................................................................. 49
3.5.1 Desk studies .............................................................................................................. 49
3.5.2 Data collection and site surveys................................................................................. 49
3.5.3 Water quality surveys ................................................................................................ 50
3.5.4 Flora and fauna surveys ............................................................................................ 51
3.6
Socioeconomic Baseline................................................................................................ 51
3.6.1 Secondary and primary data ...................................................................................... 52
3.6.2 Formal Joint Public Focus Group Discussion ............................................................. 53
3.6.3 Ward consultations .................................................................................................... 53
3.6.4 Community consultations ........................................................................................... 54
3.6.5 Additional consultation meetings January and February 2013 ................................... 55
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3.7
Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 56
3.8
Identification of Impacts and Mitigation Measures.......................................................... 56
3.9
Collaboration ................................................................................................................. 57
3.10 Study Limitations ........................................................................................................... 57
4 Project Description ................................................................................................................. 58
4.1
Project Area................................................................................................................... 58
4.1.1 Lusaka ....................................................................................................................... 58
4.1.2 Locations of sub-projects ........................................................................................... 58
4.2
Overview of the Sanitation Sector Projects .................................................................... 59
4.3
Chelston Pumping Station Upgrade (CSU-15) ............................................................... 61
4.3.1 Objective of Chelston Pumping Station sub-project ................................................... 61
4.3.2 Scope of Chelston Pumping Station sub-project ........................................................ 61
4.3.3 Works components for Chelston Pumping Station ..................................................... 61
4.3.4 Ground conditions for Chelston Pumping Station ....................................................... 66
4.3.5 Construction methods for Chelston Pumping Station ................................................. 66
4.3.6 Project activities for Chelston Pumping Station .......................................................... 67
4.3.7 Raw materials and waste for Chelston Pumping Station ............................................ 68
4.3.8 Beneficiaries of Chelston Pumping Station sub-project .............................................. 69
4.3.9 Existing utilities affected by Chelston Pumping Station sub-project............................ 69
4.4
Sewer Expansion in Mtendere (CSE-44) ....................................................................... 69
4.4.1 CSE-44 Objective of sewer expansion in Mtendere sub-project ................................. 69
4.4.2 Scope of sewer expansion in Mtendere sub-project ................................................... 69
4.4.3 Works components for sewer expansion in Mtendere ................................................ 70
4.4.4 Ground conditions for sewer expansion in Mtendere ................................................. 74
4.4.5 Construction methods for sewer expansion in Mtendere ............................................ 75
4.4.6 Project activities for sewer expansion in Mtendere..................................................... 76
4.4.7 Raw materials and waste products for sewer expansion in Mtendere ........................ 76
4.4.8 Beneficiaries of sewer expansion in Mtendere ........................................................... 77
4.4.9 Existing utilities affected by sewer expansion in Mtendere ......................................... 77
4.5
Kaunda Square Interceptor Upgrade (CSU-4) ............................................................... 78
4.5.1 Objective of Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded sub-project .................................. 78
4.5.2 Scope of Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded sub-project....................................... 78
4.5.3 Works components Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded ......................................... 79
4.5.4 Construction methods for Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded................................ 80
4.5.5 Project activities for Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded ........................................ 82
4.5.6 Raw materials and waste for Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded .......................... 83
4.5.7 Beneficiaries Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded ................................................... 83
4.5.8 Existing utilities affected by Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded............................. 83
4.6
Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds Upgrade and Expansion (TU-5 & TE-3).................... 84
4.6.1 Objectives of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds sub-project ...................................... 84
4.6.2 Scope of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds sub-project ............................................ 84
4.6.3 Justification for the sub-project .................................................................................. 86
4.6.4 Works components for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds ......................................... 91
4.6.5 Ground conditions for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds ........................................... 95
4.6.6 Construction methods for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds ..................................... 95
4.6.7 Project activities for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds .............................................. 96
4.6.8 Raw materials and waste products for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds .................. 96
4.6.9 Interference with existing infrastructure for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds ........... 97
5 Alternatives and Studies ........................................................................................................ 98
5.1
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 98
5.2
Pond Buffers.................................................................................................................. 99
5.3
Selection of Treatment Technology ............................................................................. 100
5.4
Relocation of Sewage Ponds ....................................................................................... 101
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5.5
Sludge Disposal........................................................................................................... 103
5.6
Investment Packaging and Phasing ............................................................................. 103
5.7
Greater Expenditure for On-Site, Domestic Sanitation Facilities through CBO ............. 104
5.8
Interceptor Upgrade Construction Methods ................................................................. 106
5.9
New sewer construction methods ................................................................................ 106
6 Environmental Baseline ....................................................................................................... 108
6.1
Introduction.................................................................................................................. 108
6.2
Topography ................................................................................................................. 108
6.3
Geology ....................................................................................................................... 108
6.4
Soils ............................................................................................................................ 110
6.5
Climate and Meteorology ............................................................................................. 110
6.5.1 Seasons .................................................................................................................. 110
6.5.2 Precipitation ............................................................................................................. 110
6.5.3 Temperature ............................................................................................................ 110
6.5.4 Evapotranspiration ................................................................................................... 110
6.5.5 Humidity .................................................................................................................. 110
6.5.6 Wind ........................................................................................................................ 111
6.5.7 Sunshine ................................................................................................................. 111
6.6
Air quality .................................................................................................................... 111
6.7
Noise and Vibration ..................................................................................................... 112
6.8
Surface Water ............................................................................................................. 114
6.8.1 Lusaka rivers ........................................................................................................... 114
6.8.2 Lusaka rivers water quality ...................................................................................... 115
6.8.3 Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds effluent ............................................................... 115
6.8.4 Flooding................................................................................................................... 116
6.9
Groundwater................................................................................................................ 116
6.9.1 Aquifer and abstractions .......................................................................................... 116
6.9.2 Groundwater quality................................................................................................. 118
6.10 Land Use ..................................................................................................................... 120
6.10.1 Historical development ............................................................................................ 120
6.10.2 Peri-Urban Areas ..................................................................................................... 120
6.10.3 Environmental challenges ........................................................................................ 121
6.10.4 Land use planning ................................................................................................... 122
6.11 Landscape ................................................................................................................... 123
6.12 Biological environment................................................................................................. 124
6.12.1 Flora in Lusaka ........................................................................................................ 124
6.12.2 Flora in Kafue and along Transmission Main ........................................................... 124
6.12.3 Fauna of Lusaka ...................................................................................................... 125
6.12.4 Chelston Pumping Station ....................................................................................... 125
6.12.5 Kaunda Square sewer shed ..................................................................................... 126
7 Socioeconomic Baseline ...................................................................................................... 129
7.1
Introduction.................................................................................................................. 129
7.2
Community Organisation ............................................................................................. 129
7.3
Population and Demography ....................................................................................... 130
7.3.1 Demographics ......................................................................................................... 130
7.3.2 Ethnicity ................................................................................................................... 132
7.3.3 Religion ................................................................................................................... 133
7.4
Culture and Heritage ................................................................................................... 134
7.5
Education .................................................................................................................... 135
7.5.1 Literacy .................................................................................................................... 135
7.5.2 Educational attainment ............................................................................................ 135
7.5.3 Educational resources ............................................................................................. 137
7.6
Health .......................................................................................................................... 138
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7.6.1 Mortality ................................................................................................................... 138

7.6.2 Incidence of illness .................................................................................................. 140
7.6.3 Availability of health services ................................................................................... 140
7.6.4 Womens health ....................................................................................................... 141
7.7
HIV/AIDS ..................................................................................................................... 142
7.8
Water Supply, Sanitation, Solid Waste and Drainage .................................................. 143
7.8.1 Water supply............................................................................................................ 143
7.8.2 Sanitation ................................................................................................................ 144
7.8.3 Solid waste .............................................................................................................. 145
7.8.4 Drainage .................................................................................................................. 146
7.8.5 Ability and/or willingness to pay ............................................................................... 147
7.9
Poverty, Income and Employment ............................................................................... 147
7.9.1 Employment and unemployment.............................................................................. 147
7.9.2 Income and Livelihoods ........................................................................................... 149
7.9.3 Poverty and Wealth ................................................................................................. 150
7.10 Human Trafficking ....................................................................................................... 152
7.11 Gender ........................................................................................................................ 152
7.11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 152
7.11.2 Stakeholders Consultation and Data Collection ....................................................... 153
7.11.3 Institutional framework for gender mainstreaming .................................................... 154
7.11.4 MCC Policy Framework ........................................................................................... 154
7.11.5 Zambia Regulatory Framework ................................................................................ 154
7.11.6 Gender disaggregated decision and roles in the household ..................................... 156
7.11.7 Key issues from FGD January and February 2013 .................................................. 157
7.12 Socioeconomic baseline tables.................................................................................... 160
8 Public Consultation and Disclosure ...................................................................................... 173
8.1
Consultation and Awareness ....................................................................................... 173
8.2
Formal Joint Public Focus Group Discussion............................................................... 173
8.3
Ward Consultations ..................................................................................................... 173
8.4
Community Consultations ............................................................................................ 175
8.4.1 Additional consultation meetings January and February 2013 ................................. 175
8.5
Disclosure.................................................................................................................... 176
9 Resettlement Land Acquisition and Compensation .............................................................. 177
9.1
Introduction.................................................................................................................. 177
9.2
Resettlement Corridor of Impact .................................................................................. 177
9.3
Resettlement Impacts of Sub-Projects ......................................................................... 178
9.3.1 Chelston Pumping Station Upgrade CSU-15 ........................................................... 178
9.3.2 Sewer Expansion in Mtendere CSU-44.................................................................... 178
9.3.3 Kaunda Square Interceptor Upgrade CSU-4 ............................................................ 178
9.3.4 Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds TU-5 & TE-3 ....................................................... 178
9.4
RAP Team Recommendations for Bidding Documents ................................................ 178
9.4.1 Works contractors methodologies ............................................................................ 179
9.4.2 Working in constrained areas .................................................................................. 179
9.4.3 Flexible RCoI ........................................................................................................... 179
9.4.4 Access to businesses and residences ..................................................................... 179
9.4.5 Drainage function .................................................................................................... 180
10
Environmental Impacts and Enhancements, Avoidance and Mitigation ........................... 181
10.1 Classification of Impacts .............................................................................................. 182
10.2 Induced and Cumulative Impacts................................................................................. 183
10.2.1 Land use.................................................................................................................. 183
10.2.2 Terrestrial ecology and biodiversity .......................................................................... 183
10.2.3 Surface water resources .......................................................................................... 184
10.2.4 Fisheries .................................................................................................................. 184
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10.2.5 Hydrological regime and flooding ............................................................................. 184

10.2.6 Water pollution (surface and groundwater) .............................................................. 184
10.2.7 Quarries and borrow areas ...................................................................................... 184
10.2.8 Traffic control ........................................................................................................... 184
10.2.9 Public Safety............................................................................................................ 184
10.3 Pre-Construction.......................................................................................................... 184
10.4 Construction and Operation ......................................................................................... 185
10.5 Material and Waste...................................................................................................... 185
10.5.1 Excavation and fill .................................................................................................... 185
10.5.2 PCBs ....................................................................................................................... 186
10.5.3 Asbestos.................................................................................................................. 187
10.5.4 Sludge from Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds ........................................................ 188
11
Social and Gender Impacts and Enhancements, Avoidance and Mitigation Including
HIV/AID....................................................................................................................................... 207
11.1 Construction and Operation ......................................................................................... 207
11.2 Induced and Cumulative Impacts................................................................................. 207
11.2.1 During construction .................................................................................................. 207
11.2.2 During operation ...................................................................................................... 208
11.3 HIV/AIDS ..................................................................................................................... 209
11.4 Human Trafficking ....................................................................................................... 210
11.5 HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking Programme ............................................................. 211
11.6 Socio-Gender Assessment .......................................................................................... 212
11.6.1 Requirements for the gender mainstreaming approach ........................................... 213
11.6.2 Gender decision making and resource use .............................................................. 213
11.6.3 Gender responsive sanitation design ....................................................................... 214
11.6.4 Gender responsiveness of construction activities .................................................... 214
11.6.5 HIV/AIDS prevention campaign ............................................................................... 215
11.6.6 Employment of local population during construction ................................................ 215
12
Environmental and Social Management Plan .................................................................. 229
12.1 Objectives of the ESMP ............................................................................................... 229
12.2 Project Activities .......................................................................................................... 229
12.3 Environmental Management Specifications ................................................................. 230
12.4 Summary of Environmental and Social Impacts ........................................................... 230
12.4.1 Design phase........................................................................................................... 231
12.4.2 Construction phase .................................................................................................. 231
12.4.3 Operation phase ...................................................................................................... 233
12.5 Environmental and Social Safeguards ......................................................................... 233
12.6 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................................... 233
12.7 Cost of Mitigation Measures ........................................................................................ 233
12.8 ESMP .......................................................................................................................... 234
12.8.1 Design phase........................................................................................................... 234
12.8.2 Construction phase .................................................................................................. 234
12.8.3 Operational phase ................................................................................................... 237
12.9 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan................................................................... 237
12.9.1 Requirements .......................................................................................................... 237
12.9.2 The plan .................................................................................................................. 237
12.9.3 Conduct of the plan.................................................................................................. 238
12.9.4 Post-assessment environmental audits.................................................................... 238
12.9.5 MCC and the MCA-Zambia ...................................................................................... 239
12.9.6 LWSC ...................................................................................................................... 240
12.9.7 PMC ........................................................................................................................ 240
12.9.8 Contractors .............................................................................................................. 240
12.9.9 Contractors ESMP (CESMP) .................................................................................. 240
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13
Grievance Redress Mechanism ....................................................................................... 241
14
Summary and Recomendations ...................................................................................... 242
14.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 242
14.2 Recommendations....................................................................................................... 244
Appendix A: Impact Assessment Matrix ...................................................................................... 246
Appendix B: Environmental and Social Management Plan .......................................................... 263
Appendix C: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan .............................................................. 277
Appendix D: Budget for ESMP Implenentation and Monitoring.................................................... 283
Appendix D1: Budget for ESMP Implementation and Monitoring ............................................. 284
Appendix D2: HIV/AIDS-TIP etc Awareness Program for Contractor ....................................... 285
Appendix D3: HIV/AIDS-TIP etc Awareness Program for Community ..................................... 286
Appendix D4: Water technology capacity building for Women ................................................. 287
Appendix E: Lessons Learned from Previous Water Supply and Sanitation Projects .................. 288
Appendix F: Ongoing and Planned Initiatives by LWSC .............................................................. 299
Appendix G: Water Quality.......................................................................................................... 309
Appendix G1: Water Quality Results for the Distribution System ............................................. 310
Appendix G2: Water Quality for Lusaka Rivers ........................................................................ 314
Appendix G3: Water Quality at Selected Boreholes ................................................................. 315
Appendix G4: Kaunda Square Effluent Quality ........................................................................ 320
Appendix H: Sludge Reuse and Disposal Recommendations ..................................................... 324
Appendix I: List of NHCC Sites ................................................................................................... 335
Appendix J: Joint Public Consultation Meeting 14 June 2011 ..................................................... 346
Appendix J1: List of Participants at Joint Public Consultation Meeting 14 June 2011 .............. 347
Appendix J2: Facilitators Guide for Group Discussions at Joint Public Consultation 14 June
2011 ........................................................................................................................................ 353
Appendix J3: Contributions from Participants at Joint Public Consultation 14 June 2011 ........ 354
Appendix K: Ward Level Consultation ......................................................................................... 366
Appendix K1: Notice Of Ward Level Consultations .................................................................. 367
Appendix K2: Programme for Ward-Level Consultations ......................................................... 368
Appendix K3: Tools for Focus Group Discussion ..................................................................... 369
Appendix K4: Ward Level Consultations Key Issues............................................................. 376
Appendix L: Community Questionaire ......................................................................................... 379
Appendix L1: Contributors to Community Questionaire ........................................................... 380
Appendix L2: Community Questionaire ................................................................................... 381
References ................................................................................................................................. 404
List of Tables
Table 1: Water quality determinands ............................................................................................. 51
Table 2: Data requested from CSO ............................................................................................... 52
Table 3: Summary of the main components of the works .............................................................. 60
Table 4: Activities for Chelston Pumping Station Upgrade CSU-15 ............................................... 68
Table 5: Maximum distances between manholes .......................................................................... 72
Table 6: Manholes to be constructed ............................................................................................ 72
Table 7: Activities for sewer expansion in Mtendere CSE-44 ........................................................ 76
Table 8: Activities for Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded CSU-4 .............................................. 82
Table 9: Pipe diameters, material, lengths and depths required for CSU-4 ................................... 83
Table 10: Schedule for development of sewage treatment plant at Kaunda Square and Ngwerere
..................................................................................................................................................... 90
Table 11: Activities for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds ............................................................. 96
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Table 12: Stratigraphy of the Lusaka area .................................................................................. 109

Table 13: Expected air pollutants and Guideline Limits ............................................................... 112
Table 14: IFC Noise Level guidelines .......................................................................................... 113
Table 15: WHO Guideline values for community noise in specific environments ......................... 113
Table 16: Minimum and maximum discharges for rivers in the Lusaka area................................ 114
Table 17: Kaunda Square water quality data............................................................................... 116
Table 18: Recorded cases of HIV/AIDS in LESSD project beneficiary communities.................... 143
Table 19: Participants at the January and February 2013 consultation meetings ........................ 154
Table 20: Gender roles for selected household activities by household members ....................... 156
Table 21: Access and Control Profile (number out of seven communities) .................................. 157
Table 22: Benefits expressed during public consultations ........................................................... 158
Table 23: Adverse impacts expressed during public consultations .............................................. 159
Table 24: Constituency level basic demographic......................................................................... 160
Table 25: Gender ........................................................................................................................ 160
Table 26: Age distribution ........................................................................................................... 161
Table 27: Number of households ................................................................................................ 161
Table 28: Ethno-linguistic groups ................................................................................................ 161
Table 29: Religion ....................................................................................................................... 163
Table 30: Literacy ....................................................................................................................... 164
Table 31: Education levels .......................................................................................................... 164
Table 32: Highest profession or vocation level ............................................................................ 164
Table 33: Education facilities ...................................................................................................... 165
Table 34: Household mortality 2009-2010 ................................................................................... 165
Table 35: Household mortality by gender 2009-2010 .................................................................. 165
Table 36: Causes of death .......................................................................................................... 165
Table 37: Maternal mortality ........................................................................................................ 165
Table 38: Types of illnesses recorded by gender and children (Community Surveys 2012) ........ 166
Table 39: Incidence of Illnesses recorded (Community Surveys 2012) ....................................... 166
Table 40: Access to health services within community ................................................................ 167
Table 41: Types of water connection available ............................................................................ 167
Table 42: Household water sources (Community Surveys and LWSC data) ............................... 167
Table 43: Type of toilet ............................................................................................................... 167
Table 44: Location of household toilet ......................................................................................... 167
Table 45: Willingness to pay and/or contribute to have access to water supply or sanitation ...... 168
Table 46: Type of employment .................................................................................................... 168
Table 47: Percentage unemployed ............................................................................................. 168
Table 48: Employment activity (2009-2010) ................................................................................ 169
Table 49: Main occupation in the 12 months 2009-2010 ............................................................. 169
Table 50: Types of livelihood (from community survey) ............................................................... 170
Table 51: Average monthly income in ZMW for various livelihoods (Community Survey) ............ 171
Table 52: Community definitions of wealth and poverty (Community Surveys 2012) ................... 171
Table 53: Wealth and Poverty (Community Surveys 2012) ......................................................... 172
Table 54: Composition of each FGD ........................................................................................... 173
Table 55: Classification of impacts .............................................................................................. 182
Table 56: Volumes of bulk imported material and waste ............................................................. 185
Table 57: Environmental impacts during construction and operation ........................................... 190
Table 58: Social and gender impacts during construction and operation ..................................... 218
Table 59: Summary of potential impacts and residual risk or impact after mitigation ................... 242
Table 60: Pollutant Limits for disposed sludge ............................................................................ 327
Table 61: Class A pathogen requirements .................................................................................. 328
Table 62: Summary of alternatives for meeting Class A pathogen requirements ......................... 328
Table 63: Time-temperature regimes for Class A pathogen reduction ......................................... 329
Table 64: Summary of alternatives for meeting Class B pathogen requirements ......................... 329
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Table 65: Vector Attraction Reduction Method Summary ............................................................ 330

Table 66: Sludge requirements and land application restrictions ................................................. 330
Table 67: Site Restrictions for Class B Sludge Applied to the Land ............................................. 331
Table 68: Frequency of sludge monitoring .................................................................................. 332
Table 69: Proper conditions for sludge sampling ......................................................................... 333
List of Figures
Figure 1: Institutional framework for LWSSD Project and ESIA ..................................................... 36
Figure 2: Environmental and social assessment approach............................................................ 45
Figure 3: Data Collection and Stakeholders .................................................................................. 46
Figure 4: Location map of sanitation sub-projects ......................................................................... 58
Figure 5: Schematic of Chelston Pump Station Upgrade works components ................................ 62
Figure 6: Location map for Chelston Pump Station and force main ............................................... 63
Figure 7: Location map for sewer expansion in Mtendere ............................................................. 70
Figure 8: Schematic of sewer expansion in Mtendere ................................................................... 71
Figure 9: Location map for Kaunda Square Upgrade CSU-4 ......................................................... 79
Figure 10: Over-pumping Step 1 ................................................................................................... 80
Figure 13: Location map for Kaunda Square Treatment upgrade and expansion .......................... 85
Figure 14: Schematic of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds Upgrade ............................................ 92
Figure 15: Arrangement of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds ....................................................... 92
Figure 16: Geology of the Lusaka area ....................................................................................... 108
Figure 17: The main natural drainage systems of Lusaka ........................................................... 114
Figure 18: Lusaka Karst Aquifer .................................................................................................. 117
Figure 19: Chilenje South Borehole surrounded by a rubbish dump site .................................... 119
Figure 20: Chainda Borehole about 10 m from a pit latrine ......................................................... 119
Figure 21: Ludwigia repens at the lower right edge of the sewer ponds ...................................... 127
Figure 22: Part of the wetland at Chelston sewer ponds. ............................................................ 127
Figure 23: Typha spp., the dominant species in the wetland. ...................................................... 127
Figure 24: Geese swimming in the sewage ponds. ..................................................................... 127
Figure 25: In background to the main sewer pond dominated by Acacia polyacantha trees. ....... 128
Figure 26: A portion of gardening activities in an area marked for pond extension. ..................... 128
Figure 27: Typha spp., the dominant weed in an area marked for pond extension as well. ......... 128
Figure 28: Egretta alba resting and feeding near the sewer inlet to the ponds. ........................... 128
Figure 29: Age distribution for selected communities .................................................................. 131
Figure 30: Number of households ............................................................................................... 132
Figure 31: Ethno-linguistic groups ............................................................................................... 133
Figure 32: Religion ...................................................................................................................... 134
Figure 33: Literacy ...................................................................................................................... 135
Figure 34: Education levels ......................................................................................................... 136
Figure 35: Highest profession or vocational level ........................................................................ 136
Figure 36: Education facilities ..................................................................................................... 137
Figure 37: Households recording a death in 2009-2010 .............................................................. 138
Figure 38: Household mortality by gender 2009-2010 ................................................................. 139
Figure 39: Causes of death ......................................................................................................... 139
Figure 40: Maternal mortality ...................................................................................................... 141
Figure 41: Toilet outside or inside the house ............................................................................... 145
Figure 42: Type of employment................................................................................................... 148
Figure 43: Unemployment ........................................................................................................... 149
Figure 44: Employment Activity (2009-2010)............................................................................... 149
Figure 45: Main Occupation in 12 months 2009-2010 ................................................................. 150
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Figure 46: Wealth and Poverty .................................................................................................... 151

Attachments (separate volumes)
Attachment 1: Scoping Report
Attachment 2: Report of the Stakeholder Engagement and Public Consultations of the Lusaka
Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Project held by the Millennium Challenge Account
Zambia
Attachment 3: Project Area Pictures (A3 format)
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION

AAEG
Australian Aquatic Ecosystem Guidelines
AC
Asbestos Cement
AE
AE
Accountable Entity
Architect Engineer
AfDB
African Development Bank (ADB)
APLR
Annual Pollutant Loading Rate
ARI
BGR
Acute Respiratory Infection

Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Federal Institute
for Geosciences and Natural Resources)
CBD
Central Business District
CBO
Community Based Organizations
CBE
Community Based Enterprise
CESMP
Contractors Environmental and Social Management Plan
CPLR
Cumulative Pollutant Loading Rate
CSO
Central Statistics Office
DOL
Direct on Line (starters)
DFID
DHID
Department for International Development

Department of Housing and Infrastructure Development
DMMU
Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit
DMA
District Metered Area
DPIP
Drainage Priority Improvement Plan
DWA
Department of Water Affairs
E&M
Electrical and Mechanical
ECZ
Environmental Council of Zambia
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
ESMoP
Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan
EQ
Exceptional Quality
ESIA
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMP
ESMS
Environmental and Social Management Plan

Environmental and Social Management System
FC
Faecal Coliforms
FGD
Focus Group Discussions
GI
Galvanized Iron
GIDD
Gender in Development Division
GIZ
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GPS
GRZ
Global Positioning System

Government of the Republic of Zambia
HIV/AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
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HPV
Human Papillomavirus
I&C
Instrumentation and Control
ICT
In-country Training
IDP
Integrated Development Plan
IEC
Information, Education and Communication
IFC
International Finance Corporation
JICA
Japan International Cooperation Agency
LAP
Local Access Point
LCC
Lusaka City Council
LSKA
Lusaka Karst Aquifer
LWSC
Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Limited
LWSSD
Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (Project)
LWW
Lusaka Water Works
MCA-Zambia
Millennium Challenge Account-Zambia
MCC
MEWD
Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development
MFNP
MLGH
Ministry of Finance and National Planning

Ministry of Local Government and Housing
MTN
Mobile Telephone Networks
NAC
National AIDS Council
NASF
NUWSSP
National HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework

National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Programme
NBSAP
National Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan
NCS
National Conservation Strategy
NEAP
NGO
National Environmental Action Plan

Non-Governmental Organization
NHC
Neighbourhood Health Committee
NHCC
National Heritage Conservation Commission
NPE
National Policy on Environment
NRW
Non Revenue Water
NSWMS
National Solid Waste Management Strategy
NTP
Notice to Proceed
NWASCO
National Water Supply and Sanitation Council
PAE
Project Affected Entity
PAP
Project Affected Person
PC
Pollutant Concentration
PCBs
Polychlorintated Biphenyl
PMC
Project Management Consultant
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
PRSP
Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan
PSRP
Processes to Significantly Reduce Pathogens
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RAP
Resettlement Action Plan
RCoI
Resettlement Corridor of Impact
RPF
Resettlement Policy Framework
RTSA
Road Transport and Safety Agency
SCADA
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SGIP
Social and Gender Integration Plan
SI
Statutory Instrument
SIMP
Sanitation Investment Master Plan
SLP
Sustainable Lusaka Program
SMP
Sanitation Master Plan
SNDP
Sixth National Development Plan
SNV
Netherlands Development Corporation
SoW
Statement of Work
SPS
Sewage Pumping Station
STD
Sexually Transmitted Disease
TNTC
Too Numerous to Count
ToR
UNICEF
Terms of Reference
United Nations Childrens Fund
UNZA
University of Zambia
USEPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
VIP
WDC
Ventilated Improved Pit (latrines)

Ward Development Committee
WHO
World Health Organisation
WID
Women in Development
WIMP
WMU
Water Supply Investment Master Plan

Waste Management Unit
WSS
Water Supply and Sanitation
WTP
Water Treatment Plant
ZAF
Zambia Air Force
ZAMTEL
Zambia Telecommunications Company
ZAWA
Zambia Wildlife Authority
ZEMA
Zambia Environmental Management Agency
ZESCO
Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited
ZDC
Zone Development Committee
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AUTHORS DETAILS AND TASKS

Name and
Qualifications
Leighton Williams
BSc (Hons), MSc,
CEng, CEnv, MICE,
MCIWEM
Roger McIntyre
B App Sc (Sys Ag); M
(and Grad Dip) Env
Man and Dev, and M
Emerg Mgt.
James Madalitso
Tembo
BEng, MEng
Position on the Team

Environmental Impact Specialist
Environmental and Social Impact

Specialist and
Resettlement Specialist/Advisor
Environmental Engineer
Lubinga Handia
BEng, MSc
Hydrologist
Patrick Khunga
BSc
Biologist
Roy Kalinda
BA, MA
Sociologist
Stefan Drner
MSc., MEIZ, MEIT
Program Manager LWSSD Project

for Gauff Ingenieure
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been prepared for Water
Supply sector components of the Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD)
Project which is being funded in a compact between the Millennium Challenge Corporation
(MCC) and the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ).
BACKGROUND
The GRZ and that of the United States of America through the MCC, signed the Millennium
Challenge Compact on 10th May 2012. This was in recognition that the two countries are
committed to the shared goals of promoting economic growth and the elimination of
extreme poverty in Zambia. The GRZ consulted with the private sector and civil society to
determine the priorities for the use of MCC assistance and developed and submitted to
MCC a proposal for such assistance to achieve lasting economic growth and poverty
reduction, hence the LWSSD Project being implemented by the Millennium Challenge
Account Zambia (MCA-Zambia).
The objective of the Project is to expand access to, and improve the reliability of, water
supply and sanitation, and improve drainage services in selected urban and peri-urban
areas of the City of Lusaka in order to decrease the incidence of water-borne and waterrelated diseases, generate time savings for households and businesses and reduce nonrevenue water in the water supply network.
The LWSSD project consists of a series of infrastructure improvements to prioritized water
supply, sanitation and drainage assets in Lusaka. During the Compact term, the
investments under this Activity are expected to increase available water supply from 230 to
240 million litres per day and reduce Non-Revenue Water (NRW) from 48% to an estimated
25%. In addition, approximately 150,000 new people are expected to benefit from the
water system (either through the opportunity for new household connections or kiosks) and
similarly the number properties which can connect to sanitation sewers is expected to
increase from approximately 22,000 to approximately 38,000.
LOCATIONS OF SUB-PROJECTS
The sanitation sub-projects are located in the Kaunda Square sewer shed of Lusaka City.
The catchment area of the Chelston Sewer Pump Station covers the residential area of
Chelston between Great East Road and Palm Drive. Chelston is in the east of Lusaka City
about 15 km from the city centre.
Mtendere is a low cost area east of Lusaka with an extent of approximately 400 ha and a
present residential population of 98,000. Mtendere is accessed from Alick Nkata Road and
sandwiched between the high cost areas of PHI and Ibex Hill. It is about 12 km east of the
city centre.
The Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds and the sewer interceptor that leads to the ponds are
located in Kaunda Square area. Kaunda Square is a low cost housing area 12 km east of
the city centre. It is accessed from the Great East Road at Munali roundabout.
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INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS FOR SANITATION

1. This component comprises Chelston and Kaunda Square sewer sheds rehabilitation
and expansion. The works include:
rehabilitation of the Chelston pump station, including replacement of the force main;
upgrading and expanding the Kaunda Square treatment ponds;
upgrading the Salama pump station;
rehabilitation or replacement of the Kaunda Square sewer interceptor;
extension of the Mtendere sewer system in order to expand household sanitation

connections; and
supporting Institutional Strengthening activities: Environmental Management, Asset

Management, gender mainstreaming and Information, Education and
Communication (IEC)..
THE CITY OF LUSAKA

Lusaka was not intended to be a large urban concentration. Inadequate land within the City
boundary has constrained re-development of the low-income areas, which initially emerged
as unauthorized areas, but most have since been recognized as improvement areas.
There is also a shortage of land for solid waste disposal sites, as existing sites have
become full. The land shortages being experienced within the existing City boundary are
partly due to a dramatic population increase in the City over the past 20 years.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS
The Project will apply a complete set of safeguards to protect against adverse impacts on
the physical and social environments. All of the activities under the Compact and in
particular the construction and operational requirements for infrastructure works will be
implemented in compliance with the MCC Environmental Guidelines, the International
Finance Corporations Social and Environmental Performance Standards (the IFC
Performance Standards), the MCC Guidance on the Implementation of Resettlement
Activities, the MCC Gender Integration Policy and Guidelines, as well as Zambian
environmental laws and regulations, licenses and permits.
THE ESIA
This ESIA was prepared in compliance with MCC Environmental Guidelines, the IFC
Performance Standards, and the MCC Gender Integration Policy and Guidelines and also
in compliance with GRZ environmental law and regulation.
The Social Impact Assessment of the ESIA is distinct from, and presented separately from
the specific social assessments that will be carried out through the resettlement planning
process.
The ESIA was carried out through screening and analysis of various environmental and
social parameters, field investigations and stakeholder consultations. The ESIA covers the
relevant general environmental and social profile of Lusaka and includes an assessment of
the potential environmental and social impacts during different project phases and
formulation of corresponding mitigation measures.
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS

Mitigation by design
The project has been designed to eliminate, or where this is not possible mitigate, potential
negative impacts and maximise the positive and beneficial impacts in a sustainable way.
Good, environmentally and socially sensitive design is by far the most effective approach to
controlling impacts because mitigation is designed-in and requires minimal additional
separate interventions which can sometimes prove difficult to sustain. The mitigation by
design includes the design details of the project, the controls incorporated into the
construction contracts, and provisions for operation and maintenance.
The designs
Most of the infrastructure works are confined to the excavation of pipe trenches for new or
replace gravity sewers and force mains almost all alongside or beneath public roads or
within way leaves. Other works include the rehabilation and extension of sewage treatment
ponds and an existing pumping station on land already owned or to be acquired by LWSC.
The predominant land use along the roads is either landscaped road reserve or residential
and commercial. None of the works are is within a protected area.
The Project design has been chosen to both achieve the objectives of the Compact and
maximise the benefits of improved sanitation. The design also eliminates, or where this is
not possible mitigates and minimises, the potential negative impacts of the project,
particularly impacts on property and livelihoods. However providing sewers to communities
requires work to take place in these communities. It is inevitable that some short-term
impacts will occur during construction but thereafter the impacts will be overwhelmingly
positive through improved sanitation
Construction impacts
The potential negative environmental and social impacts are confined to the construction
period and in the case of trenching and pipe laying for the vast majority of locations will not
last longer than a couple of weeks. These short-term impacts include disruption of road
traffic and impaired access to property and livelihood for those trading alongside roads. No
businesses will be permanently impacted but informal and basically illegal traders may
temporally be prevented from trading or will relocate.
Such people will receive
compensation under the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in compliance with IFC
Performance Standard 5. Similarly fences, parts of building and other structures may be
affected, especially those illegally erected within the road reserve or a way leave; these will
also be compensated under the RAP.
Direct short-term physical impacts such as noise, dust, public safety, disruption of surface
water drainage, interruption of utilities, pollution, disposal of waste, and social impacts will
be mitigated and generally eliminated. This will be achieved by strict observance of
Zambian environmental laws and regulations and best international practice including IFC
Performance Standards. These measures are set out in the Environmental and Social
Management Plan (ESMP) prepared and presented in this ESIA and observance of which
will be a contractual requirement of the works contractors. This ESIA also explains that
construction will be supervised by a Project Management Consultant (PMC) who will have
responsibility to ensure and enforce works contractors compliance with the contracts and
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the ESMP. The ESIA also provides the Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan
(EMSMoP) for the purpose of compliance and impact monitoring.
Operational impacts
Once installed and throughout the operational life of the works there will be significant
benefits to the serviced population from improved sanitation. Operational activities will
have no or negligible impact such as occasional very localised short term noise from a
stand-by generators; generally all plant is electrical driven and will not be heard beyond the
boundaries of LWSC property.
Resettlement
Resettlement impacts will affect various large and small businesses, private houses, public
structures, privately installed utilities, crops and trees and other structures (fences, gardens,
etc.). Separate RAPs are being prepared to compensate these impacts.
Gender
Gender was addressed through stakeholder consultations and field data collection for the
gender analysis. The following were identified as the most practical interventions to ensure
that the project was gender responsive: commitment to gender mainstreaming;
comprehensive gender analyses; engaging men on gender issues and concerns;
maximizing stakeholder consultations; and developing a specific Social and Gender
Integration Plan (SGIP). The analytical tools and methods used have been based on the
following aspects: size of the family; educational levels; gender roles; poverty levels; and
institutional structures.
Grievance Redress
A grievance redress mechanism will be established by MCA-Zambia prior to
commencement of site works to ensure that complaints of affected persons and other
stakeholders regarding the projects environmental and socioeconomic performance are
promptly addressed.
Environmental and Social Management Plan
The ESIA includes an ESMP which details the mitigation measures, environmental
monitoring activities, institutional responsibilities, and environmental management capacity
building. The relevant ESMP provisions are included in bid and contract documents.
During construction, the Project Management Consultant (PMC) will closely monitor the
works contractors environmental performance and overall ESMP implementation.
IMPACT SUMMARY
The following provides a list of the positive and negative impacts considered by the ESIA,
including description of the mitigation measures and residual risk and impact after
mitigation, for both the construction and operational phases of the Project.
The major positive and negative impacts considered by impact of the project will be access
to improved sanitation. The LWSSD Project will directly benefit over 210,000 people living
in Lusaka. The saniation sector sub-projects will also benefit the environment in terms of
better use of water resourcesreduced levels of pollution due to bad sanitation facilities.
Health will be improved in the mitigation measures and residual risk and impact after
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mitigation, for both benefiting communities and damage to the biological environment will
be reduced.
The Project will have very significant beneficial impact on sanitation and will have minor
negative impacts only during construction and operational phases that will be carefully
monitored and adequately mitigated through implementation of the Project.
Positive operational impacts
The major beneficial long-term impact of the project will be during the operational phase
from:
Health: Safe and reliable water supply will have significant benefits to health through
the reduction in insect and particularly water borne illnesses.
Gender: Women and children will have reduced burden in terms of time saved
collecting water and the elimination of he risk of abuse and violence, especially at night,
when collecting water.
Sanitation: Safe water supply will improve household sanitary conditions, but this
benefit will only be fully realised in communities which also have access to a water
borne sewerage system.
Negative operational impacts

There are no negative environmental impacts from operation of the improved water supply
system, the majority of the infrastructure will be buried pipelines and above ground
infrastructure already exists and operates.
Positive construction impacts
Demographics and Income, employment and labour: Potential modest positive

impact from employment opportunities, mitigation requires works contractors to have
active employment policy favouring local workers and women; this will be a requirement
of works contracts.
Gender: Moderate potential positive impacts. The mitigation is the requirement for
works contractors to have positive employment and equal opportunity policy for women.
There will also be small enterprise opportunities for women, e.g. selling food to
construction workers. But see also potential negative impacts below.
Negative construction impacts

The potential negative impacts during construction are generally short-term, temporary and
reversible impacts which can be reduced or eliminated by mitigation. Many of the impacts
will only occur at active construction sites and therefore move with the works such that
many locations will only be impacted for a couple of weeks rather than the duration of the
project. However, other impacts may occur throughout the life of the project, e.g. transport
of materials.
Land use: Temporary use of land during construction is an insignificant impact because
most land is in existing way leaves or road reseves, any impact on encroachers will be
compensated through RAP.
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Archaeology and cultural resources: No listed sites are affected; chance finds will be
notified to National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC) whose decision will
ensure no residual impact.
Aquatic ecology: There is potential for impacts downstream if pollution incidents occur;
these are mitigated by safeguard procedures to prevent incidents or for emergency
action and clean up such that residual impact is minor or none.
Terrestrial ecology: Potential impacts are insignificant and further mitigated by

safeguard procedures and restoration of vegetation on completion of construction.
Water resources: Potential impacts are minor and mitigated to zero by control of works
contractors methods of working and use of water.
Fisheries: Potential impact on downstream fisheries mitigated by measures to control

pollution such that impacts will not occur.
Hydrological regime and flooding: Potential minor impact from the works affecting
roadside drainage, works contractors are required to maintain drainage at all times and
restore to its original condition or better upon completion of works at each location.
Water pollution (surface and groundwater): Potential impact from accidental spillage,
concreting operations, worker sanitation, mitigated by safeguards in construction
contracts such that impact will be minor to zero.
Erosion and sediment: Potential impact from erosion of bare ground, mitigated by
safeguards in construction contracts and requirement to revegetate each area upon
completion of construction in that area.
Air quality: Potential impact from dust and exhaust emissions, mitigated by
requirement that works contractors comply with ZEMA requirements for air quality.
Odours: Potential minor impact when carrying out rehabilitation work is considered
insignificant.
Noise and vibration: Potential localised impact from noise of construction work and
machinery where works are carried out, impacts mitigated by contractual requirement
for works contractors to observe compliance with IFC Performance Standards for noise
limits.
Rock excavation: Potentially significant hazard form rock blasting is eliminated

because the works contracts prohibit blasting and must use other methods such as
chemical splitting.
Quarries and borrow areas: Potential direct impact of quarries and borrow areas
including haul routes mitigated by safeguards under works contracts, also quantities are
such that existing commercial sources will probably be used, residual impact on land
remains.
Waste and hazardous waste: Potential impacts from indiscriminate and uncontrolled
disposal. Contract provides for control and approval of disposal of inert waste.
Additional provisions are included for hazardous waste, and small random quantities of
highly hazardous material such as asbestos cement pipes which may need to be
disposed.
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Flora and fauna: Only minor impact from clearing worksite, mitigated by requirement
for revegetation.
Property and business access: Significant impact in commercial and market areas
and for residential areas if access is temporarily impeded. Works contractors are
required to maintain access, affected persons compensated under the RAP.
Traffic control: Significant potential impact because works will be carried out within
busy and congested city areas. Mitigated by requirement for works contractor Traffic
Control Plan focused on minimising traffic disruption and ensuring public and worker
safety. However moderate impacts will still occur.
Public safety: Significant potential impact of accidents arising from active construction
sites and activities within the community. Mitigation will be provided by high standard
and enforced Health and Safety Plans from the works contractors to ensure public
safety including procedures should accidents still occur. Overall residual risks and
impacts are minor.
Demolition of property: Minor potential impact because no permanent buildings

demolished but structures such as boundary walls may require demolition. Impacts
mitigated by contract provisions including health and safety and disposal of waste.
Dust: Potential significant impacts from dust where construction operations are
undertaken. Mitigation includes dust suppression requirement under works contracts,
watering fill, covering material, etc such that residual impact is minor.
Resettlement: There is potentially significant resettlement impact is some locations,

especially in the commercial market areas where permanent businesses and market
stalls are beside roads where pipes will be laid. The businesses will be compensated
by the RAP but many have previous bad experience from compensation and relocation
and the Project will require rigorous enforcement of IFC Performance Standard 5.
Some significant impact could still occur. There are also gender concerns on misuse of
resettlement funds as opposed to its intended purpose. Some significant impact will still
occur.
Health: Health impact from accidents in the community (see public safety above).
There is potential impact from spread of HIV/AIDS, particularly from workers coming
into the communities, which will be mitigated by measures including sensitisation
programmes for works contractor employees, PMC employees and the communities.
Water and sanitation: Potential impact from works contractor sanitation facilities
causing pollution, mitigation under the contract will require proper sanitation facilities for
workers which eliminates the impact.
Education: Potential impact that the works may impede the journey to school. The
mitigation is that works contractors must maintain pedestrian access. The MCA-Zambia
communication programme will be used for general sensitisation which must ensure
inclusion of the illiterate minority.
Agriculture: Impact to small gardens alongside roads lost due to construction,

mitigation will receive compensation paid through RAP, the small number of gardens
renders the impact minor.
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HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking: Potential for increase in HIV/AIDS and Human
Trafficking mitigated by awareness programmes to works contractor employees, PMC
employees and the communities provided by qualified Zambian agency engaged by
MCA-Zambia.
Gender: Moderate potential negative impacts. Mitigations to protect women, children

and vulnerable.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The ESIA has identified the following issues with recommendations for follow-up action.
1. Additional detailed socioeconomic studies to reinforce the data for monitoring.
2. Investigate and take corrective action as necessary to remedy the microbiological
contamination of the Chunga and George compound distribution systems detected in
October 2011.
3. Bring the effluent discharges from the Chawama and Nangongwe treatment plants up
to ZEMA standards; to protect environmental conditions in the Kafue River and protect
the Iolanda intake and WTP.
4. The PMC to be appointed by MCA-Zambia be tasked with taking baseline air quality
measurements at selected locations for the Project sites.
5. Investigate and take corrective action as necessary to remedy the microbiological
contamination at nine boreholes detected in October 2011.
6. Take measures to strengthen and provide effective collection of the entire Citys solid
waste.
7. A holistic approach is the only way of guaranteeing sustainable solutions for the current
and future water supply, sanitation, drainage and solid waste operations in the City of
Lusaka.
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INTRODUCTION
1.1
MCC COMPACT AND LWSSD PROJECT
ESIA Sanitation
The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) has identified access to clean and safe
water supply and adequate sanitation, storm water drainage and solid waste management
in the Capital City of Lusaka as key development priorities and has worked with the
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) in some of these areas to develop priority
projects for possible funding by MCC. The MCC was formally established in 2004 as a US
government entity to provide resources to countries taking greater responsibility for their
own development.
On 10th May, 2012, the MCC and the GRZ signed the Millennium Challenge Compact for a
US$ 355 million grant for improving water supply, sanitation and drainage in selected urban
and peri-urban areas of the city of Lusaka. The Programme is called the Lusaka Water
Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project. The implementation period is five years
from 2013 to 2018.
In accordance with Compact, the Government of Zambia established an Accountable Entity
(AE), a Company Limited by Guarantee namely the Millennium Challenge Account Zambia
Limited (MCA-Zambia Limited), which shall be responsible for the day-to-day management
of the programme under the direction and oversight of a Board. The composition of the
MCA-Zambia Board of Directors as outlined in the Articles of Association and in the
Millennium Challenge Compact Act No. 6 of 2013 is as follows:
(a) The Secretary to the Treasury;
(b) The Permanent Secretary from the Ministry responsible for finance;
(c) The Permanent Secretary from the Ministry responsible for local government;
(d) The Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the Lusaka Water and Sewerage
Company;
(e) The Town Clerk of the Lusaka City Council;
(f) The Chairperson of the Zambia Environmental Management Agency Board;
(g) The Executive Director of the Non-Governmental Organisation Coordinating
Council;
(h) The Executive Director of the Civil Society for Poverty Reduction; and
(i) A representative from the private sector selected in accordance with the Articles
The guarantors of the MCA-Zambia Limited are the Honourable Minister of Finance and Mr.
Fredson Yamba (Secretary to the Treasury).
The projects have been selected from a list of priority projects identified in the: Water
Supply Investment Master Plan (WIMP), 20111; Sanitation Investment Master Plan (SIMP),
20112; and Drainage Investment Plan for Priority Areas (DIPP)3, 2011. The objectives of
the WIMP were to study and evaluate the water supply systems managed by Lusaka Water
and Sewerage Company Limited (LWSC) and identify sub-projects for potential investment
by MCC. H.P. Gauff Ingenieure used the WIMP and SIMP to carry out further studies and
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designs and produced the Draft Feasibility Study & Preliminary Designs for Water Supply
and Sanitation Projects Report4, 2011.
H.P. Gauff Ingenieure was also commissioned by the MCC under the same study to
prepare a 30% design stage Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the
proposed short listed projects in the water supply and drainage sectors. At the same time
Tectra Tech prepared a 30% design stage ESIA for short listed sanitation projects. Also a
Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for sanitation, water supply and drainage projects for
the same project was prepared by Tetra Tech5. In addition to the studies mentioned above
the 30% design stage ESIAs made use of other studies that have been carried out over the
last ten years on the infrastructure, operation and maintenance of the water supply system
of LWSC. Details of these studies are summarised in Appendix E and F.
H.P. Gauff Ingenieure has been further commissioned by the MCC to update the 30%
design stage ESIAs for sanitation based on the 65% and 90% detailed engineering designs.
This is the ESIA for sanitation, the works for which to be undertaken are described in
Section 4.
1.2
PURPOSE AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE LWSSD PROJECT

The LWSC faces a number of challenges in meeting demand for water supply and
sanitation and in providing an acceptable level of service. Solutions include rehabilitation of
the existing water supply infrastructure and expansion of the distribution network, upgrading
and expansion of sewerage systems, rehabilitation and expansion of sewage stabilization
ponds, and upgrading of the surface water drainage. The LWSSD Project will address
these problems in large areas of the city and also for existing sources of water supply. This
will be achieved through a number of sub-projects which will:
promote equity in service provision, increase financial self sufficiency of the LWSC
and therefore decrease GRZ subsidies to the sector; and
support economic growth by assuring the water supply, sanitation and drainage
service provision achieves economies and efficiencies to deliver services to current
and future consumers (domestic and industrial) in a reliable and cost effective
manner.
As outlined in the Lusaka City State of Environment Outlook Report 6, Lusaka City faces
several environmental challenges as a result of rapid population growth, migration, and
socio-economic conflict. Census data from 2010 estimates the population of the Lusaka
District to be about 1.74 million while the Lusaka Province is estimated at 2.19 million and
the City is growing rapidly. The highest population densities are concentrated in the periurban areas. The growth of the City can be attributed to high immigration from other parts
of the country. Drivers for immigration are the prospect for greater economic opportunities,
potential for better education, and higher wage employment.
The population is
predominately young, with up to 70% of the population estimated to be below the age of 30.
The poverty level has been steadily increasing over several decades mainly due to the high
levels of population growth, which are not matched by economic growth. Water supply,
which is a critical component of the proposed sanitation project, is inadequate due to a
number of reasons including: the increasing number of unplanned new developments in the
Citycity and leakages and pipe bursts within the distribution system due to deteriorated
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infrastructure. Water supply and drainage provision, particularly to peri-urban areas in

Lusaka, is insufficient for the needs of the population in these areas.
Urban growth has resulted in increased amounts of waste. The waste streams in the city
are domestic, commercial, industrial and hazardous wastes. Due to limited financial
capacity and inadequate personnel resources the local authorities have been unable to fulfil
their responsibilities for waste management over the past decade or so. The problem is
exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure and recycling facilities, many of which were
constructed more than 40 years ago. Households are the main generators of waste,
contributing about 80% of the total amount generated.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE LWSSD PROJECT

The LWSSD Project aims at supporting a number of interventions to rehabilitate existing
water supply, sanitation and drainage infrastructure in selected urban areas of Lusaka, and
provide the expansion of water supply, sanitation and drainage infrastructure into some of
Lusakas peri-urban areas.
About 850,000 people (60% of the urban population) who live in Lusakas peri-urban areas
depend on shallow wells for their supply of water, and are therefore at risk of contracting
water borne diseases such as cholera and other related health problems. Due to poor
drainage during the rainy season parts of Lusaka are subjected to frequent localised
flooding with consequent negative effects on health and productivity. The floods also cause
pit latrines to overflow, thereby causing an environmental health hazard. Poor drainage
also causes stagnant and dirty pools of water to form which become breeding ponds for
mosquitoes.
The LWSSD Project will bring benefits to parts of the City through major infrastructure
investment in the three sectors:
(i) Rehabilitation of water treatment plant, pumping stations, trunk mains and service
reservoirs, and rehabilitation and expansion of distribution system.
(ii) Extension of sewer networks and improvements to sewage treatment.
(iii) Rehabilitation, upgrading and expansion of surface water drains.
Other project components are:
(iv) Burying of hand-dug wells and contaminated wells in project areas.
(v) Conducting community based health and hygiene education activities.
The overall objective of the LWSSD Project is to increase incomes through improved health
and employability across communities. Moreover, improved water supply and sanitation
infrastructure can bring significant positive economic impact on the commercial value of
properties and business opportunities in both urban and peri-urban areas of Lusaka.
The LWSSD Project is consistent with the proposals in the SIMP which estimated that in
order to meet the demand for water in Lusaka City in the year 2035. The SIMP identified
projects and prioritised them based on the maximum benefits to be derived from a
technical, environmental and socio-economic point of view. The recommendation was
made that the projects which provide the greatest benefits should be implemented by 2015.
The projects being funded under the Compact were selected from the priority list since the
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Compact is insufficient to implement every priority project.

sanitation sector are the subject of this ESIA.
1.4
ESIA Sanitation
Projects selected for the
OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA

The objectives of the ESIA are as follows:
1. Objectively assess and evaluate environmetal and social impacts that may arise as
a consequence of implementing the project based on the engineering design.
2. Propose mitigation measures for the impacts that may arise.
3. Develop Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans (ESMPs and
ESMoPs) for each of the three project sectors of water supply, sanitation and
drainage.
4. Assist the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA), to make a decision
on the implementation of the project.
5. Provide information for other potential funding agencies to support components of
the sub-projects which will not be funded by the MCC.
An essential element of the ESIA is environmental scoping which was undertaken in
accordance with MCC Environmental Guidelines, MCC Gender Integration Policy and
Guidelines, the GRZ or Zambian environmental laws, and the International Finance
Corporation (IFC) Social and Environmental Performance Standards. It should be
emphasized that much of the work initiated in the environmental scoping process continues
as a logical set of steps merging into the ESIA process. The background data collected,
reviews conducted, draft reports, plans, assessment of risks looked at during scoping are
simply moved to a higher level of environmental assessment with emphasis on risk
aversion and adaptation strategies during project implementation.
1.5
INTEGRATION OF WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND DRAINAGE PROJECT SECTORS
1.5.1
The challenges
As outlined in the Lusaka City State of Environment Outlook Report6 the City faces several
environmental challenges as a result of rapid population growth, migration, and socioeconomic conflict. Census data from 2010 estimates the population of the Lusaka District
to be about 1.7 million while that of Lusaka Province is estimated at 2.2 million. The
majority of the population is concentrated in the peri-urban areas. The growth of the city
can be attributed to high immigration from other parts of the country and new births.
Drivers for immigration are the prospect for higher economic opportunities, potential for
higher education and higher wage employment. The population is predominately young,
with up to 70% of the population estimated to be below the age of 30.
The poverty level has been steadily increasing over the past two to three decades mainly
due to the high levels of population growth which are not matched by economic growth.
Water supply which is a critical component of the proposed project is inadequate due to a
number of reasons including: the increasing number of unplanned new developments in the
city; leakages and pipe bursts within the existing distribution system due to its age and
insufficient maintenance; and illegal connections contributing to the high percentage of non
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revenue water (NRW). Water supply particularly to peri-urban areas in Lusaka is

insufficient for the population.
Urban growth has resulted in increased amounts of waste. The main waste streams in the
city are domestic, commercial, industrial and hazardous. Due to limited financial capacity
and inadequate personnel resources, local authorities responsible for drainage and waste
management have been unable to fulfil their responsibilities in this area over the past
decade or so. The problem is exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure and recycling
facilities many of which were constructed more than 40 years ago. Households are the
main generators of waste, contributing about 80% of the total amount generated6.
1.5.2
Water
Prior to 1954 water supply for Lusaka City was sourced from relatively small diameter
boreholes. Over several succeeding decades, production was gradually increased through
the introduction of larger boreholes in various parts of the city. However, as demand for
water increased through population and economic growth, and hydrological investigations
pointed to limitations in further groundwater exploitation, a surface water abstraction
scheme from the Kafue River was constructed. At present, the water production stands at
approximately 230 Mld against a gross demand of approximately 520 Mld4. Currently,
about 60% of the water is from groundwater sources while 40% is from the Kafue River.
Given that the current water supply can meet only 30% of existing demand, increased
investment in water supply infrastructure is essential for the citys economic growth, wellbeing and the health of its citizens. The WIMP selected a list of priority sub-projects, some
of which were incorporated within the proposed LWSSD Project.
1.5.3
Sanitation
With regard to sanitation, the proposed LWSSD Project will focus on expanding some of the
trunk sewers that convey wastewater from the service areas to one of the existing sewage
treatment ponds (Kaunda Square). In the proposed sub-project area the trunk sewers will
be upgraded by increasing pipe diameters, and extending the sewers upstream to capture a
larger population than currently served. This will lead to a reduction in sewage overflows in
areas to be serviced. The project will also rehabilitate and expand the Kaunda Square
Treatment Ponds and improve the standard of treated effluent. Currently, none of the
sewage treatment ponds in Lusaka do not meet the ZEMA standards for certain parameters
due to various reasons, one of them being that the plants have accumulated so much
sludge that the retention time and hence the effluent quality is much reduced.
1.5.4
Drainage
Lusaka is sited on a flat plateau with a mild slope as low as 0.2%. Consequently, most
areas of the City experience localised but often extensive flooding during the rainy season.
During years of heavy rainfall, severe localised flooding affects certain areas which results
in disruption of access to social services, property damage, increased vulnerability to
disease outbreaks, and even loss of life. Most affected are peri-urban areas which lack
adequate drainage infrastructure. However, the Central Business District (CBD) is also not
spared.
The major natural drainage systems for Lusaka are the Ngwerere, Chunga, and Chilongolo
streams. The Ngwerere drains most of the eastern, and parts of the south, central and
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northern parts of the City. The Chunga drains the north western part while the Chilongolo
drains parts of the southern, south western and western parts of the City. Most parts of the
city lack artificial drainage systems. Where drains have been constructed in the past, they
have not been maintained and have deteriorated over several decades. In addition, most of
the drains have inadequate capacity. Preliminary field assessment of the Makeni/John
Laing/Kanyama and the Bombay/Chilulu/Mandevu drainage systems revealed that the
major problems which have resulted in hydraulic inadequacy and inefficiency in most cases
include:
1. Drains of inadequate capacity.
2. Blockage of drainage channels by garbage and vegetation.
3. Constricted flow through undersized culverts.
4. Siltation of the drainage channels mainly caused by blockage, shallow gradients and
inappropriate channel cross section.
5. A general lack of maintenance.
The scope of the LWSSD Project with respect to drainage is however limited and will only
address a small fraction of this problem, which is perceived as high priority among most
community residents. Consultations and field visits revealed that in most parts of the City,
drainage is inadequate and localised flooding is a problem. However, this project is
confined to the Bombay Drain catchment and will therefore only improve conditions in part
of the City although this does include the CBD. In addition, the proposed works only
concentrate on the primary drains. As noted by the Feasibility Study and Preliminary
Design Drainage Report, 20117 and the Detailed Design of Drainage in the Kanyama
Report, 20118, the implementation of the proposed works will have limited effects. This is
because there will remain a lack of secondary and tertiary drainage with still no connection
of most areas to the primary drains so that localised flooding will still occur. In particular in
many areas it is local depressions which flood and these will need to be drained or filled to
realise the benefits of the new main drains.
1.5.5
Integration of sectors
Although the three sectors of water supply, sanitation and drainage are discussed
separately, they are interrelated. Investment in one sector may not provide a total solution
for some project areas. For example, provision of water supply in an area without adequate
sanitation and drainage facilities may result in pollution of the improved water supplies and
negate the objective of improving the lives of the residents. Similarly, flooding of a
sewerage system constructed in an area which has inadequate drainage may lead to raw
sewage mixing with storm water thereby causing devastating effects.
A holistic approach in solving water supply, sanitation and drainage problems for a city like
Lusaka may be the only way of guaranteeing total success of the sub-projects. The
LWSSD Project in some cases seems not to have taken this into account. For example the
proposed sewer expansion project in Mtendere is being done without corresponding
investment in drainage. More significantly the drainage sector project will only improve the
primary Bombay Drainage System; it will not provide drainage connections from its subcatchments. Therefore, without further substantial investment in the drainage sector, many
of these areas will continue to suffer from annual flooding. For these areas, it is important
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that an adequate assessment is made of the extent of flooding; otherwise runoff may enter
the sewers and exceed the hydraulic capacity with the potential to cause pollution and
overloading of the sewage treatment plant. Although the water component in this project is
city-wide, subsequent drainage projects should consider the areas where new connections
have been made under the LWSSD. In some wards like Matero, it was learnt that provision
of water without consideration for drainage has resulted in deterioration of the road
infrastructure attributed to leakage from water mains. The leakages were said to have been
as a result of the type of material (plastics) which was used for the reticulation system
including the taps which were said to be difficult to repair when damaged. Although there is
no specific drainage activities in Mtendere, there will be efforts (part of the Condition
Precedent* for LCC to invest on secondary drains). The Compact has therefore put plans to
intervene in this aspect.
Condition Precedent is a legal term which in this case refers to the requirement for LCC to make investment
in drainage as a condition to funding of the LWSSD Project under the Compact.
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POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

This section discusses the Institutional Policy and Legal Framework relating to ESIA. For
this project the ESIA has been prepared in compliance with MCC Environmental
Guidelines, IFC Social and Environmental Performance Standards, and the MCCs Policy
on Gender but also in accordance with GRZ environmental law and regulations, in
particular, the Environmental Management Act No.12 of 2011 and in accordance with the
requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations, Statutory
Instrument No.28 of 1997.
2.1
DONOR SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND STRATEGIES (MCC/IFC)
2.1.1
MCC Environmental Guidelines

The MCC recognizes that the pursuit of sustainable economic growth and a healthy
environment are necessarily related.
The MCC ensures that the preparation of ESIA include consultation with affected parties
and public disclosure of findings. The MCC review and revise these guidelines from time to
time to reflect lessons learned in their application as well as relevant changes in
international standards and norms of practice.
2.1.2 MCC Gender Integration Policy and Guidelines

The MCC Gender Integration Policy and Guidelines applies to any assistance programme
funded under a Millennium Challenge Compact. The MCC requires that eligible countries
analyse gender differences and inequalities to inform the development, design,
implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of programs funded by MCC. Once a compact
is agreed the Millennium Challenge Account organization is established in country, in this
case it is the MCA-Zambia.
(i) MCA-Zambia Country Responsibility
Under the terms of the Compact and through MCA-Zambia the GRZ has the primary
responsibility for integrating gender into the development, design, implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation of the Compact program. The GRZ is ultimately and primarily
responsible for implementing the Compact, including any components designed to address
gender inequalities that limit womens or mens opportunities to participate in or benefit from
projects.
Consultation is a key component of Compact development and implementation. Based on
an analysis of gender differences and inequalities, MCA-Zambia will identify project
beneficiaries disaggregated by sex and provide an explanation of how Compact program
components are designed to take into account gender differences and correct gender
inequalities that are constraints to economic growth and poverty reduction in a Compact
program. To meet this requirement the impact of investments on beneficiary groups are
analysed during project design.
Monitoring and evaluation plans will include provisions to track impacts on specific
beneficiary groups, such as women and children. A Social and Gender Integration Plan
(SGIP) will be used as one of the tools to monitor (track) impacts on specific gender
categories
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To the maximum extent possible, MCA-Zambia will ensure that sex-disaggregated data will
be analysed in monitoring performance and results and evaluating impacts. Where
practicable, data will be analysed at the household level.
The Project will specifically addressed differences and inequalities for gender that need to
be addressed by the design. MCA-Zambia will monitor indicators of gender equality in the
Compact program through: the Environmental and Social Management Systems;
Environmental, Social and Community Engagement Policy; Grievance Mechanism; Social
and Gender Integration Plan; and the overall MCA Zambia M & E plan.
MCA-Zambia is responsible for integrating the necessary gender considerations into all
activities related to Compact closure.
(ii) MCC Responsibility
To consider gender in the selection of eligible countries, in due diligence on program

and project design, in its oversight and of the Compact implementation, and in the
monitoring and evaluation of impacts;
to provide guidance on gender and other social considerations in the design of its
consultative process and on gender integration in the Compact program;
to review the quality and content of the consultative process as one component of
due diligence;
while MCA-Zambia is responsible for developing the Concept Paper(s), MCC will
provide guidance and other resources, as needed, on gender integration in the
Compact programme;
the MCC due diligence of the social impacts of all programmes involves gender
analysis in the assessment of a programmes feasibility and assesses the extent to
which the proposed programme design addresses gender differences and
inequalities that limit economic growth and poverty reduction in a Compact
programme;
the MCC will require that the monitoring and evaluation plans have adequately
incorporated gender considerations, including the collection of sex-disaggregated
data;
the MCC will integrate gender into its oversight and assessment of a countrys
performance during implementation; and
MCC will integrate gender into Compact closure activities.
2.1.3 IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability

The IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability9 have been
adopted by MCC to guide environmental and social performance in all Compacts. The
Performance Standards are directed towards the party responsible for implementing and
operating the projects that are being financed, providing guidance on how to identify risks
and impacts. They are designed to help avoid, mitigate, and manage risks and impacts to
enhance sustainability and to guide stakeholder engagement and disclosure obligations in
relation to project-level activities.
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There are eight Performance Standards which address the key areas which taken together
provide the framework for Environmental and Social Sustainability. The eight standards
and their objectives are described in the following sections.
2.1.4 IFC Performance Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and
Social Risks and Impacts
An effective social and environmental management system is a dynamic, continuous
process initiated by management and involving communication between the client, its
workers, and the local communities directly affected by the project (the affected
communities). Drawing on the elements of the established business management process
of plan, implement, check, and act, the system entails the thorough assessment of
potential social and environmental impacts and risks from the early stages of project
development, and provides order and consistency for mitigating and managing these on an
ongoing basis. A good management system appropriate to the size and nature of a project
promotes sound and sustainable social and environmental performance, and can lead to
improved financial, social and environmental project outcomes.
Objectives:
to identify and evaluate environmental and social risks and impacts of the project;
to adopt a mitigation hierarchy to anticipate and avoid, or where avoidance is not

possible, minimize, and, where residual impacts remain, compensate/offset for risks
and impacts to workers, affected communities, and the environment;
to promote improved environmental and social performance of clients through the

effective use of management systems;
to ensure that grievances from affected communities and external communications

from other stakeholders are responded to and managed appropriately; and
to promote and provide means for adequate engagement with affected communities
throughout the project cycle on issues that could potentially affect them and to
ensure that relevant environmental and social information is disclosed and
disseminated.
A fundamental aspect of Performance Standard 1 compliance is that the implementing

party (or client), with responsible Government and other stakeholder must develop an
Environmental and Social Assessment and Management System (ESMS). The following
elements make up the ESMS in compliance with this Performance Standard:
(i)
Policy: this is established by the implementing party (MCA-Zambia) which

includes the objectives and principles to achieve sound environmental and
social performance of the project; providing a framework for environmental and
social assessment, ESIA preparation and ESMP management; provides for
management in compliance with applicable specific laws and international
standards; and identify the implementing agency personnel responsible for
ensuring environmental and social management compliance of the Project.
(ii)
Identification of risks and impacts: this is a process, in which environmental and

social risks and impacts of the project are identified, consistent with international
industry practice, using appropriate relevant methods and analysis tools such as
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an ESIA. This must also be in compliance with Performance Standards 2 to 8.

Impacts and risks will be identified from the project area of influence: the project
activities and facilities; unplanned, but predicable impacts and developments;
associated facilities not financed by the project and would not have come about
if the project did not exist and without which the project is not viable; and
cumulative impacts.
(iii)
Management programs: the implementing party will need to establish

management programmes that describe mitigation and performance
improvement and actions that address the identified environmental and social
risks and impacts. These may be in the form of operational procedures, plans,
or legal documents. These will then be applied to the contractors, suppliers and
the agency itself, specific sites, facilities and activities. Environmental and
Social negative impact avoidance is the priority.
(iv)
Organisational capacity and competency: to implement the ESMS, the

implementing party will collaborate with other agencies to establish, maintain
and strengthen the organisational structure and implementation systems.
(v)
Emergency preparedness and response: This refers to ensuring plans are in

place in the ESMS that deals with accidental and emergency situations,
preventing and mitigating anything that may cause harm to people and/or the
environment. It includes types of situations and where they might occur,
communities/individuals that might be impacted, equipment required to respond
to emergency, designation of responsibilities, communications, training and
consultation with affected communities and local government. All emergency
preparedness, response and associated capacity building activities will be
documented.
(vi)
Stakeholder engagement: is an ingoing process that, if constructive, will lead to

effective management of the social and environmental impacts. This includes
stakeholder analysis and planning that covers project risks and impacts and
tailored to engaging with local communities and other stakeholders. The plan
and its implementation must include disclosure of the project, risks, impacts and
opportunities to affected communities and project stakeholders; conduct
community consultation especially regarding identified risks and adverse
impacts and review mitigation measures; in high impact projects, further
informed community consultations is conducted to capture gender
disaggregated views and concerns, and incorporate these into the decisionmaking, project implementation and management processes; ensure indigenous
people are consulted, in line with performance Standard 7.
(vii)
Monitoring and review: Procedures need to be developed to monitor and

measure ESMS management program effectiveness and compliance with laws,
contractual and international obligations. Monitoring also needs to involve
Government, affected communities and other stakeholders as appropriate.
Using mechanisms such as inspections, audits, benchmark comparisons and
other measures, tracking performance of ESMS implementation and
establishing corrective measures should result. Reporting performance reviews
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ensure that project is compliant with the policies and boundaries established in
(i) above.
According to the Performance Standard 1, a grievance mechanism must be established in
which complaints related to the implementation agency and projects environment and social
performance may be received from the affected communities, public and stakeholders may
be received and facilitated to a resolution. Grievances must be resolved promptly, using
understandable and transparent, culturally appropriate consultative processes. The
process will be fully disclosed to the affected community and stakeholders as part of the
stakeholder engagement process.
2.1.5
IFC Performance Standard 2: Labour and Working Conditions

Labour and working conditions refers to the importance of economic growth through
employment creation and income generation coupled with protection of workers basic
human rights. The standard encourages a constructive worker-management relationship
with workers being provided with safe, healthy working conditions leading to benefits such
as enhanced operational efficiency and productivity by the workers in the business. IFC
Standard 2 is guided by United Nations (UN) and International Labour Organization (ILO)
negotiated international conventions. It should be noted that FIDIC-based contracts
generally promote this standard, amongst others.
Objectives:
to promote the fair treatment, non-discrimination, and equal opportunity of workers;
to establish, maintain, and improve the worker-management relationship;
to promote compliance with national employment and labour laws;
to protect workers, including vulnerable categories of workers such as children;
migrant workers, workers engaged by third parties, and workers in the clients
supply chain;
to promote safe and healthy working conditions, and the health of workers; and
to avoid the use of forced labour.
The Standard includes requirements for workers, direct employees and those who are
indirectly related to the supplies and services provided to the Project as follows:
(i)
Human Resources Policy: setting out rights under the local labour laws for
employees including wages and benefits, accessible to all employees.
(ii)
Working Conditions and terms of employment: through collective bargaining

agreements or other respecting wages and benefits, work hours, overtime
payments and leave entitlements that comply with national laws, as a minimum.
(iii)
Workers Organisations: employees are permitted to join as per national laws

and in cases where laws are restrictive, grievance mechanisms will be
enhanced separately. Joining of organisations will not be discouraged.
FIDIC stands for Fdration Internationale Des Ingnieurs-Conseils, French for the International Federation
of Consulting Engineers. For infrastructure projects MCC uses a licensed version of the 1999 (Red Book)
FIDIC Conditions of Contract with certain modified clauses for U.S. protection, the protection of the bidders
and the protection of the MCC funding.
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(iv)
Non-discrimination and equal opportunity: in terms of employment relationship,

wages/benefits, working terms and conditions, access to training, promotion,
termination, retirement and discipline.
(v)
Retrenchment will be non-discriminatory, reflecting consultation with employees,

their organisations, and Government (if appropriate).
(vi)
A grievance mechanism will be provided for workers.
(vii)
No child labour will be used. Child labour will be based on local laws (as
appropriate and no one under 18 years old may conduct hazardous work
activities. No forced labour is permitted
(viii)
Occupational Health and Safety consistent with international best practice will be
followed. Preventative measures will be encouraged, with workers trained in
health and safety measures, incidents will be reported and investigated and
emergency prevention, response and preparedness will be implemented.
The Project will promote use of local labour; where possible; women shall be encouraged to
apply for employment positions with contractors; men and women from the age of 15 to 19
under Zambia law are restricted on the work they can do (e.g. must be under
apprenticeship, or have special permissions from the Minister, etc., but no night work);
Contractors and Consultant firms will apply an equal opportunity policy of employment,
open to men and women, with age limits in compliance with Zambian laws; wages levels
and benefits for workers will be compliant or better than national Zambian laws require; and
health and safety to the highest standard will be maintained at all times both on the
construction site and construction camps, inclusive of road safety, as required under FIDIC
Conditions of Contract. Refer to Section 8.
2.1.6
IFC Performance Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention

This standard encourages pollution prevention and abatement in line with internationally
accepted and available technologies and practices in relation to air, water and land
resources which threaten people and the environment from local to global levels.
Objectives:
to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on human health and the environment by

avoiding or minimizing pollution from project activities;
to promote more sustainable use of resources, including energy and water; and
to reduce project-related greenhouse gas emissions.
Throughout the project lifecycle, ambient conditions, hazards and risks associated with
project emissions, pollutions and waste will be avoided, minimized or reduced. Adverse
impacts on health and environment will also be avoided or minimised. This standard covers
as follows:
(i)
Pollution prevention, resource conservation and energy efficiency.
(ii)
Wastes: avoidance of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes by recovering and

reusing the waste, treating or destroying it in an environmentally sound manner.
Third parties involved in the project should be reputable and licensed
appropriately.
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(iii)
Hazardous materials: internationally and locally banned chemicals and other

hazardous wastes (includes use, manufacturer and trade) will be avoided on
project activities. Hazardous materials use and disposal will be avoided or
minimised on project activities.
(iv)
Emergency preparedness and response: coordination with authorities, a plan

and appropriate capacity building will be required as necessary.
The standard also provides for considerations on ambient conditions, greenhouse gas
emissions and pesticide use and management. Zambia has numerous legal standards for
pollution control. However, in addition to this, the Project design is encouraging recycling
and reusing of waste where possible, specifically the material from trench excavation will be
reworked to be suitable for pipe bedding and surround or otherwise reused for general
backfill, refer to Section 4.
2.1.7
IFC Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security

IFC Performance Standard 2 already deals occupational health and safety of labourers on
the construction sites and material suppliers. Standard 4 provides requirements focussing
on community health and safety and security. It addresses the risks and impacts caused by
the project development to the communities and public.
Objectives:
to anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on the health and safety of the affected
community during the project life from both routine and non-routine circumstances;
and
to ensure that the safeguarding of personnel and property is carried out in

accordance with relevant human rights principles and in a manner that avoids or
minimizes risks to the affected communities.
The risks and impacts to health and safety of the affected communities, as a result of the
construction and operation of this project will be assessed and preventative and avoidance
measures will need to be developed. This will be in preference to minimizing and reduction
of impacts. This standard covers as follows:
(i)
Infrastructure and equipment safety: safety in equipment operation and

movement in order to prevent incidents and accidents occurring; prevent or
reduce potential exposure to structural and natural hazards caused by the
project, that may cause injury to members of the community; and use
experienced personnel.
(ii)
Hazardous materials: prevent

hazardous materials that are
project or used by the project.
materials and waste disposal
community.
(iii)
Environment and natural resources: care not to exacerbate natural hazards and
impacts on other natural resources such as soil, water and other resources used
by communities.
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or minimise potential community exposure to

removed from the existing project site by the
This includes commercial efforts to deliver raw
that will cause the least or no impact on the
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(iv)
Prevent or minimise disease incidences, as a result of the Project (if any) and
encourage improved environmental conditions to reduce disease incidence on
the Project sites.
(v)
Emergency preparedness and response: consultation with communities

regarding potential hazards, coordinate with local authorities to respond to
emergency situations and contractors to provide their own emergency
management plan.
(vi)
Security: it is the right of contractors to safeguard their own equipment and

property; security personnel will be appropriately trained; security disturbances
and abuses to or by contractor staff will be investigated within the law and a
grievance system established for community and employees to submit
complaints.
Community health, safety and security cover several areas of the environmental
assessment, impacts and mitigation measures. These are found in Section 8.
2.1.8
IFC Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

Involuntary resettlement refers both to physical displacement (relocation or loss of shelter)
and to economic displacement (loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of
income sources or means of livelihood) as a result of project related land acquisition.
Resettlement is considered involuntary when affected individuals or communities do not
have the right to refuse land acquisition that result in displacement. This occurs in cases of:
(i)
Lawful expropriation or restrictions on land use based on eminent domain.
(ii)
Negotiated settlements in which the buyer can resort to expropriation or impose

legal restrictions on land use if negotiations with the seller fail.
Objectives:
to avoid, and when avoidance is not possible, minimize displacement by exploring

alternative project designs;
to avoid forced eviction;
to anticipate and avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize adverse social
and economic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions on land use by (i)
providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost and (ii) ensuring that
resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate disclosure of information,
consultation, and the informed participation of those affected;
to improve, or restore, the livelihoods and standards of living of displaced persons;

and
to improve living conditions among physically displaced persons through the

provision of adequate housing with security of tenure at resettlement sites.
Refer to Section 9 for description of the land acquisition and resettlement required for the
LWSSD Project.
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IFC Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable

Management of Living Natural Resources
Biodiversity components covers that which is defined under the Convention on Biological
Diversity including the forms of, and their ability to change, regarding ecosystems and
habitats, species and communities, and genes and genomes, which have social, economic,
cultural and scientific importance.
Objectives:
to protect and conserve biodiversity;
to maintain the benefits from ecosystem services; and
to promote the sustainable management of living natural resources through the

adoption of practices that integrate conservation needs and development priorities.
The policy requires avoiding or mitigating threats to biodiversity that results from the project
implementation and subsequent operations. It applies to all projects in all habitats, whether
protected or unprotected or previously disturbed. Elements of the policy are as follows:
(i)
Protection and conservation of biodiversity: assessing the significance of project

impacts on all levels of biodiversity, taking into account the differing values
attached to biodiversity by specific stakeholders and identifying impacts on
ecosystems, focussing on major threats to biodiversity, including habitat
destruction and invasive alien species. New species will not be intentionally
introduced by the Project. The standard defines habitat, modified habitat,
natural habitat, critical habitat and legally protected areas.
(ii)
Management and use of renewable natural resources: use of renewable

resources must be managed in a sustainable way. Natural forest harvesting or
plantation will not cause any conversion or degradation of critical habitat.
Natural and plantation forests, if affected by the project will be managed to
internationally accepted standards. Projects involving production and harvesting
of fish populations or other aquatic species, regardless of freshwater or marine,
will be undertaken in a sustainable manner.
Damage to habitats and biodiversity have been minimised by as far as possible using
existing way leaves. Obviously there will inevitably be some impacts resulting from the
sanitation rehabilitation, extension and operation. The Zambian Government, through
ZEMA and several legal acts and policies at the national, regional and local levels provide
relatively strict standards of environmental management requirements for various projects
including sanitation projects such as this. The IFC standards and Zambian Acts and
polices have been considered in preparing the Environmental and Social Baselines
(Section 6 and Section 7), identifying impacts and to develop recommendations for
mitigation measures (Table 57 and Table 58).
2.1.10 IFC Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous Peoples are groups with distinct identities from the dominant society that live
continuously as a distinct group of people or homogenous society alongside the wider
The Convention was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (the Rio Earth Summit) and entered into force on 29 December 1993.
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society and population. They are viewed as vulnerable because their economic, social or
legal status may limit their capacity to defend their interests in, and rights to, lands and
natural and cultural resources. This may restrict their ability to participate in and benefit
from development and threaten language, cultures, religions, spiritual beliefs and
institutions.
Objectives:
to ensure that the development process fosters full respect for the human rights,
dignity, aspirations, culture, and natural resource-based livelihoods of Indigenous
Peoples;
to anticipate and avoid adverse impacts of projects on communities of Indigenous

Peoples, or when avoidance is not possible, to minimize and/or compensate for
such impacts;
to promote sustainable development benefits and opportunities for Indigenous

Peoples in a culturally appropriate manner;
to establish and maintain an ongoing relationship based on informed consultation

and participation with the Indigenous Peoples affected by a project throughout the
projects life-cycle;
to ensure the free, prior, and informed consent of the affected communities of
Indigenous Peoples when the circumstances described in the Performance
Standard are present; and
to respect and preserve the culture, knowledge, and practices of Indigenous

Peoples.
Information obtained through the socioeconomic analyses and consultations conducted for
the Project confirmed the conclusions of the Project Feasibility Studies that no Indigenous
Populations are present within the affected communities and thus no indigenous
populations will be impacted by the sanitation sector sub-projects. Therefore, no mitigation
measures are required.
2.1.11 IFC Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage
This refers to the protection of cultural heritage, especially irreplaceable cultural heritage in
compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention Concerning the
Protection of the World Cultural and Heritage.
Objectives:
to protect cultural heritage from the adverse impacts of project activities and support
its preservation; and
to promote the equitable sharing of benefits from the use of cultural heritage.
The standard covers the following:
In order to preserve the precious natural and cultural heritage of the world, in its 1972 conference
UNESCOs World Heritage Center sanctioned the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World
Cultural and Heritage. The Convention established international collaboration mechanisms for the
preservation and maintenance of the world heritage.
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(i)
Internationally recognised practices: complying with relevant national laws on

cultural protection, national obligations under concerned conventions and
international laws relating to cultural heritage protection.
(ii)
Chance find procedures: should be outlined to avoid damage to cultural heritage

found whether during construction or operation.
(iii)
Consultation: with affected communities to identify sites of importance (local and

more wide-scale).
(iv)
Removal: no cultural heritage areas will be removed or destroyed due to project

activities. Conditions are provided for the case that removal cannot be avoided.
Refer to Section 11 for description of the cultural heritage issues for the LWSSD Project.
2.2
NATIONAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND STRATEGIES
2.2.1
National Policy on Environment

The National Policy on Environment (NPE) is the principal policy that coordinates
environmental management in Zambia. The NPE is designed to create a comprehensive
framework for effective natural resource utilization and environmental conservation which
will be sensitive to the demands of sustainable development10. The specific objectives of
the NPE are to:
promote the sound protection and management of Zambia's environment and

natural resources in their entirety, balancing the needs for social and economic
development and environmental integrity to the maximum extent possible, while
keeping adverse activities to the minimum;
manage the environment by linking together the activities, interests and

perspectives of all groups, including the people, nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) and government at both the central and decentralized local levels;
accelerate environmentally and economically sustainable growth in order to improve

the health, sustainable livelihoods, income and living conditions of the poor majority
with greater equity and self-reliance;
ensure broadly-based environmental awareness and commitment to enforce

environmental laws and to the promotion of environmental accountability;
build individual and institutional capacity to sustain the environment;
regulate and enforce environmental laws; and
promote the development of sustainable industrial and commercial processes

having full regard for environmental integrity.
The NPE reinforces the strategy to capacitate MLGH Department of Housing and
Infrastructure Development (DHID) and local authorities with adequate resources to
rehabilitate and extend sewerage systems and other forms of sanitation and develop and
manage solid waste systems.
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National Water Policy

The National Water Policy is the overarching policy framework for the water and sanitation
sector in Zambia. The Policy was developed and adopted by the GRZ in 1994, and
subsequently updated in 2010. The National Water Policy envisions to optimally harness
water resources for the efficient and sustainable utilization of this natural resource to
enhance economic productivity and reduce poverty.
In order to achieve the national goal of increasing accessibility to reliable safe water by all
sectors of the economy the policy addresses two broad categories of water resources
management and development. The major outcome of the policy is to improve the
management of water resources, institutional coordination and defined roles and
responsibilities. The policy encourages the use of water resources in an efficient and
equitable manner consistent with the social, economic and environmental needs of present
and future generations.
Following the adoption of the National Water Sector Policy in 1994, the government
implemented several strategies, including:
2.2.3
Strategy and Institutional Framework for the Water and Sanitation Sector (1995):
identifies the framework and arrangements for providing water and sanitation
services by local authorities;
Environmental Sanitation Strategy (1998): increases the awareness of sanitation in

basic social services and outlines the strategy to provide sanitation services;
Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy (2000): targets water supply and
sanitation services to urban low income communities, and;
Community Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy (2000): primarily targets rural
areas, but also peri-urban areas.
National Conservation Strategy

The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) formulated in 1985 has been the main policy
document on the Environment and Natural Resources in Zambia. The NCS was prepared
by the Government to manage natural resources and the environment in the context of a
centrally planned and controlled economy. The Strategy's main goal is to: satisfy the
basic needs of all the people of Zambia, both present and the future generations, through
the wise management of natural resources11.
The strategy establishes policies and devises plans and to fully integrate conservation into
Zambias social and economic development. It also aims to analyse trends and current
issues to better anticipate problems and needs. The main objectives of the NCS are to:
ensure the sustainable use of Zambias renewable natural resources such as

forests;
maintain Zambias biological diversity; and
maintain essential ecological processes and life support systems in Zambia.
The formulation and implementation of the NCS considerably enhanced the conservation of
natural resources in Zambia. The NCS triggered the enactment in 1990 of the
Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, which was a regulatory instrument that
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cuts across sectors; and the creation in 1991, of the ECZ to regulate environmental matters
and deal with related issues.
2.2.4
National Environmental Action Plan

The focus of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 1994 is to identify
environmental problems and issues, analyse their causes, and recommend necessary
interventions. The NEAP was prepared as a comprehensive plan to contain the ever
increasing environmental degradation in Zambia. The preparation of NEAP was as a result
of Government's desire to update the NCS for the following reasons12:
the economy was undergoing a period of liberalization;
the main NCS recommendations had been implemented;
the technical information in the NCS needed updating; and
there was a requirement by World Bank for a NEAP as a prerequisite for

International Development Association (IDA) loan funding.
The NEAP is founded on three fundamental principles:
the right of citizens to a clean and healthy environment;
local community and private sector participation in natural resources management;

and
obligatory EIA of major development projects in all sectors.
The overall objective of the NEAP is to integrate environmental concerns into Zambias
social and economic development planning process.
2.2.5
National Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan

In May 1993 Zambia ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity and as part of the
commitment to fulfil its objectives Zambia developed the National Biological Diversity
Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), which was finalized in 1998. The main goals of the
NBSAP are to:
2.2.6
ensure the conservation of the full range of Zambia's natural ecosystems through a
network of protected areas;
conserve the genetic diversity of Zambia's crops and livestock;
improve the legal and institutional framework and human resources to implement
the strategies for conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits
from biodiversity management;
sustainable management and use of Zambia's biological resources; and
develop an appropriate legal framework and the needed human resources to

minimize the risks of the use of genetically modified organisms.
National Forestry Policy

The mission statement of the forestry sector is to ensure sustainable flow of wood and nonwood forest products and services while at the same time ensuring protection and
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maintenance of biodiversity for the benefit of the present and future generations.
Policy is based on the following principles:
2.2.7
The
ensure sustainable forest resources management;
develop capacity of stakeholders in sustainable forest resources management and

utilization;
promote a participatory approach to forest development by developing close

partnership among stakeholders;
facilitate private sector involvement in forestry development;
promote equitable participation by women, men and children in forestry

development; and
adopt an integrated approach, through intra and inter-sectoral coordination in

forestry sector development.
National Decentralisation Policy

The National Decentralization Policy (developed in 2002, launched in 2004) aimed at
decentralizing government responsibilities and functions to lower levels of government
through devolution. It reaffirms the local authorities as the institutions responsible for
water supply and sanitation.
2.2.8
National HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework

The National HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework (NASF) 2006-2010 was built on the
process of joint annual reviews and a broad consultative process with the cooperating
partners. The management intent of the NASF is to:
support coordinated, prioritized and knowledge-based scale up of the response;
facilitate broad ownership of the response by all partners and practical partnerships
for the implementation of the response;
represent joint strategic direction of all Partners;
enable the involvement of key sectors and decentralized levels in all stages of the
process; and
guide resource management at the strategic level.
The six themes of the NASF represent the cooperating partners priority action areas and
include:
intensifying efforts for prevention of HIV;
expanding treatment, care and support for people affected by HIV and AIDS;
mitigating the socioeconomic impact of HIV and AIDS;
strengthening the decentralized response and mainstreaming HIV and AIDS;
improving the monitoring of the multi-sectoral response; and
integrating advocacy and coordination of the multi-sectoral response.
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National Gender Policy

From time to time, the GRZ has been making attempts to mainstream gender in the
different sectors of the country. In the 1980s, government adopted the Women in
Development (WID) approach as a framework to incorporate gender issues into its
development activities. For example, there was a WID desk at the then National
Commission for Development Planning. In 1996, this approach was changed to the Gender
in Development Division (GIDD). In the year 2000, the government launched the National
Gender Policy which serves as a gender mainstreaming institutional framework for
government ministries. In the year 2006, the government established the Ministry of
Womens Affairs which was later changed to the Ministry of Gender and Development to
oversee the gender mainstreaming activities in the country.
In order to resolve the problems pertaining to the provision of safe and clean water, and
good sanitation which affects women more than men, government has put the following
measures in the National Gender Policy: The Government will:
promote and encourage the involvement of women in the decision making

processes in the provision of safe and clean water and improvement of sanitation
facilities;
encourage partnerships between women and men in the provision of water and
sanitation;
ensure use of gender friendly technology in water supply and sanitation to all
members of the community especially persons with disabilities;
devise a mechanism to ensure that water and sanitation facilities companies provide
affordable, clean, and safe water through a regulator; and
establish investment mechanisms to ensure that water reticulation systems take into
account issues of hygiene to prevent water borne diseases.
The above measures are the guidelines in the water and sanitation sector. It is expected
that all government projects on water, sanitation and drainage will adhere to the
requirements of the National Gender Policy of 2000 particularly in the incorporation of
gender issues. However, there is no Act of Parliament to back the National Gender Policy
and this is its major weakness as there is no legal recourse for not following its
requirements.
The composition of water committees is 50% women as a way of promoting participation of
women in development activities in peri-urban areas. To ensure that there is equal
representation of men and women during the implementation of any project, be it water,
sanitation or drainage, the GIDD can be consulted at the project design level to design
ways of equitably representing the interests of men and women in peri-urban areas.
Examples of sectors that have taken gender equity measures are the Education and Lands
Sectors. In government schools, during recruitment of pupils to grade one, the policy is that
50% should be female while at the university level, 25% of bursaries are reserved for
female applicants. When land is advertised, 30% of all advertised land in the Ministry of
Lands is reserved for female applicants (National Gender Policy 2000, Lands Policy 2005).
These examples could be adopted during the implementation of the LWSSD Project.
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Implementation of the sanitation project will be in accordance with the requirements of the
Gender policy. There are no specific measures to promote gender equality in the National
Gender Policy. However, the Policy indicates that government will promote and encourage
involvement of women in decision making processes in the provision of safe water and
improvement of sanitation facilities. In the Ward Development Committees (WDCs), it is a
standard requirement that the committee should have 50% women members. This applies
to the zones within wards. These are gender inclusive initiatives from the wards and
community based NGOs that are gender sensitive and are working with community
projects. These have helped to build and institutionalize gender equality messages at the
community level. During project implementation, the entry points for gender issues will be
the WDCs. It is expected that they will suggest ways of promoting equal participation of
men and women. It should be borne in mind that gender issues are not new in peri-urban
areas and most structures there are gender sensitive and have their own policies on how
gender equity is achieved in community projects. Therefore, to achieve the desired result,
LWSC, MCA-Zambia and the contractor(s) will need to liaise with the WDCs on gender
issues prior to commencement of the projects and together work out the best approach.
2.2.10 Sixth National Development Plan
The Ministry of Finance and National Planning (MFNP) developed the Sixth National
Development Plan (SNDP) which contains a chapter on water and sanitation. According to
the SNDP, all sectors such as agriculture, mining, industry, housing and energy require
access to adequate water and sanitation services for their development. The water and
sanitation sector vision is a Zambia where all users have access to water and sanitation
and utilise them in an efficient and sustainable manner for wealth creation and improved
livelihood by 2030. The sector goal is to achieve 75% accessibility to reliable safe water
and 60% adequate sanitation by 2015 in order to enhance economic growth and improve
the quality of life. In order to achieve the SNDP objective of promoting sustainable water
resources development and sanitation, the strategic focus of the sector will be to provide
water and sanitation infrastructure and develop skills to ensure effective water resource
management and the efficient provision of reliable and safe water and sanitation services.
2.3
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS
2.3.1
The Millennium Challenge Act

The Millennium Challenge Act No. 6 of enacted 21st March 2013 launched the
implementation of the Millennium Challenge Compact Programme (Section 1.1). As
previously explained the programme is as a result of an agreement that was signed by the
United States of America acting through the MCC, and the GRZ. The Government has
since tasked The MCA-Zambia to oversee, manage and implement the MCC programme in
Zambia.
The major aims of the Act are to:
Expand access to and improve reliability of water supply, sanitation and drainage
services in select urban and peri-urban areas of the City of Lusaka in order to
reduce the incidence of waterborne and water related diseases.
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Generate time savings for households and businesses and reduce non-revenue
water in the water supply network by improving water supply and sanitation and
drainage services and
Provide for matters connected to, incidental to, the foregoing.
The Environmental Management Act

The Environmental Management Act, 2011:
continues the existence of the ECZ and re-name it as the ZEMA;
provides for integrated environmental management and the protection and

conservation of the environment and the sustainable management and use of
natural resources;
provides for the preparation of the State of the Environment Report, environmental
management strategies and other plans for environmental management and
sustainable development;
provides for the conduct of strategic environmental assessments of proposed

policies, plans and programmes likely to have an impact on environmental
management;
provides for the prevention and control of pollution and environmental degradation;
provides for public participation in environmental decision making and access to
environmental information;
establishes the Environment Fund;
provides for environmental audit and monitoring;
facilitates the implementation of international environmental agreements and

conventions to which Zambia is a party;
repeals and replaces the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, 1990;
and
provides for matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing.
Sections 29 and 30 of Part II of the Act set out the requirements for EIAs and the
regulations relating to environmental assessments respectively. A person shall not
undertake any project that may have an effect on the environment without the written
approval of the ZEMA, and except in accordance with any conditions imposed in that
approval. The ZEMA shall not grant an approval in respect of a project if it considers that
the implementation of the project would bring about adverse effects or that the mitigation
measures may be inadequate to satisfactorily mitigate the adverse effects of the proposed
project.
Part IV of the Act makes provision for control of pollution (land, air and water, ozone
depletion), the control of general and hazardous waste and the conduct of EIA. The ZEMA
has the powers of arrest and prosecution under the Act.
The Act states that a developer shall not implement a project for which a project brief or an
environmental impact statement is required, unless the project brief or an EIA has been
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concluded in accordance with the Act and the ZEMA has issued a decision letter. The Act
also provides for undertaking of an environmental audit of the project.
The Act prohibits any person from polluting the water by discharging effluent or wastewater.
It states that no person may discharge or apply any poisonous, toxic, obnoxious or
obstructing matter, radiation or other pollutant or permit any person to dump or discharge
such matter or pollutant into the aquatic environment in contravention of water pollution
control standards established or prescribed by the Agency. Effluent from backwashing of
filters and sludge from clarifiers at the LWSC water treatment plant will have to conform to
the Act.
The Act prohibits any person from polluting the air. It states that no person may emit any
pollutants which cause air pollution in contravention of emission standards established or
prescribed by the Agency. The Act also states that the Inspectorate may request an owner
or operator of an operation of which the Inspectorate has reasonable grounds to believe
results in the emission into the ambient air of any air contaminant, to submit all information
relating to those emissions as the Inspectorate may require. Indiscriminate disposal of
waste is prohibited by the Act. It states that no person shall discharge waste so as to cause
pollution in the environment. It further states that no person shall transport waste to any
site other than in accordance with a license and to a disposal site established in
accordance with a license. It also states that a person shall not operate a waste disposal
site or plant or generate or store hazardous waste without a permit or license. Solid waste
will be generated in the project and will have to be handled and disposed of in accordance
with this Act.
The Act prohibits noise emission in excess of established standards unless the ZEMA
inspectorate grants permission. The Act states that no person shall emit noise in excess of
the noise emission standards. The Inspectorate may grant a permit in writing allowing
excessive emission of noise under such terms and conditions as it may determine. Noise
will result from construction activities and operation of the sanitation systems. Therefore,
the project activities have to be done in conformity with the Act.
2.3.3
Statutory Instrument No. 28

Statutory Instrument (SI) No.28 under the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control
(Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations, 1997 amongst other requirements sets
down the detailed procedures for the preparation of ESIAs, consultations, approvals and
monitoring. This ESIA is prepared under SI No. 28. The procedures are summarised at
Section 2.5.2.
2.3.4
Water Supply and Sanitation Act

The Water Supply and Sanitation Act, 1997, consolidates legislative actions under The
Water Act, 1948; the National Water Policy, 1994; and the Water Pollution Control (Effluent
and Waste Water Regulations), 1993. The responsible agency for these environmental
policies is the Department of Water Affairs Ministry of Energy and Water Development
(MEWD). The purpose of these policies is to provide for ownership, control and use of
water. The aim is to promote sustainable water resources development with a view to
facilitating an equitable provision and adequate and quality water for all users and to ensure
security of supply under varying conditions.
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The Act provides for the establishment of the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council
(NWASCO) which acts as a regulator in the provision of water supply and sanitation
services. It mandates NWASCO to regulate the sector in a manner leading to improved
delivery, efficiency and sustainability.
The Act requires NWASCO to disseminate
information to the public on matters relating to water supply and sanitation services.
The Act regulates water supply and sewerage utilities for the purpose of protecting
consumers from unjustified tariffs. As specified under the Act, there are four options for
local authorities to provide services. The local authority may:
provide services through a section within the Lusaka City Council (LCC);
establish a commercial utility as a company licensed and regulated by NAWASCO;
entrust the management to a private operator while the assets are management by
the local authorities or holding company; or
sell off up to 49% of its equity to a private company and then together form a
commercial entity.
Any service provider supplying water to more than 500 persons has to be regulated by
NWASCO. If the service provider operates on a commercial basis, NWASCO is concerned
with the service level and water quality. A utility or service provider may construct any
facility within or outside its area for the provision of water supply and sanitation services.
Water services in Lusaka should therefore be provided by the LWSC. The company also
provides a licence to water trusts for provision of water services in peri-urban areas. The
utility is also regulated by NWASCO in terms of performance and tariffs among others.
2.3.5
Water Resources Management Act

The Water Resources Management Act, 2011, establishes the Water Resources
Management Authority and defines its functions and powers. It also repeals and replaces
the Water Act, 1949.
The ownership of all water is vested in the President. The use, diversion and
apportionment of all water shall be made in terms of this Act. Any person may make an
application to the Secretary of the Water Resources Management Authority for permission
to impound and store or divert water from a public stream for primary, secondary or tertiary
use, and the Water Board may grant such application on such terms and conditions as it
may think fit provided that any such grant is made with reasonable regard to the primary
use of water and any existing rights lawfully granted for any other purpose.
Whenever a local authority desires to appropriate any public water for primary or tertiary
purposes necessary to the community under its jurisdiction, such local authority shall, in the
absence of any special law authorizing such appropriation, make application to the
Secretary, setting out such particulars of the proposed appropriation as may be required by
the Secretary or as may be prescribed. If the public water applied for is being beneficially
used for secondary or tertiary purposes by any other person by virtue of any right granted
under this Act or any other written law or by agreement with the Government, the use
required by the local authority may be authorized by the Water Board to the extent it may
deem fit on payment of compensation to such other person after full inquiry as hereinafter
provided.
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Every water right which has been granted for a period of time shall be renewable in
accordance with the provisions of the Act. In case the owner of any right registered fails to
make full beneficial use of the same for a consecutive period of three years or fails to
comply with any condition imposed under the Act requiring any works to be constructed and
maintained, he may risk forfeiture of the water rights.
Under this Act, any person who wilfully or through negligence pollutes or fouls any public
water so as to render it harmful to man, beast, fish or vegetation shall be guilty of an
offence and liable to a fine or imprisonment. It also empowers the Water Officers to call
upon the person responsible therefore to take adequate measures to prevent such fouling
or pollution within a specified period.
Abstraction of water from the Kafue River will have to be done according to the water right.
LWSC also has to renew its water right periodically. The water supply system has the
potential to pollute water bodies and as such the operation of the system should abide by
this Act.
2.3.6
Public Health Act

The Public Health Act, 1995 (CAP 295) provides for the prevention and suppression of
diseases in the general public environment and has provisions for management of
sanitation and prevention of pollution of water bodies by local authorities.
The Local Authority of any area is empowered by the Act to do and provide all such acts,
matters and things as may be necessary for mitigating any disease, or aiding in the
execution of regulations, or for executing the same, as the case may require. The duties of
Local Authorities include maintenance of cleanliness and prevention of nuisances including
those arising from unsuitable dwellings.
Some nuisances are foul, overcrowded,
dilapidated, poorly lit, poorly ventilated and poorly constructed houses or premises, street,
ditch, gutter, water tank, soil-pipe, waste-pipe, drain, sewer, garbage receptacle, and
dustbin. Other nuisances are water sources and reservoirs whose water is polluted but is
used for drinking, domestic purposes and preparation of food, and any noxious matter, or
wastewater, flowing or discharged from any premises into any public street, gutter, drainage
channel, or water-course not approved for the reception of such discharge. The last
nuisances under the Act are accumulation or deposit of refuse, offal, manure or other
matter and any premises or accumulation of stones, timber, or other building material which
is likely to harbour rats or other vermin and a chimney sending forth smoke in such quantity
or in such a manner as to be offensive, injurious or dangerous to health. Another provision
deals with infected persons who care for children or handle food utensils or food intended
for consumption.
The LWSC water supply system will have to operate according to the stipulations of the Act.
All solid waste from construction activities and sludge will have to be collected, conveyed
and disposed of in a manner that meets the requirements of the Act.
2.3.7
National Health Services Act

The National Health Services Act (CAP 315) establishes the Central Board of Health and
provides for the procedures for establishing management boards for hospitals and health
services. The Act defines functions and powers of such boards and their relationship and
to provide for matters connected to or incidental to the foregoing.
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Where any Local Authority fails to deal with any outbreak or prevalence of any infectious,
communicable or preventable diseases, the Board shall takeover the function of the Local
Authority in relation to public health and shall have all the powers of such Local Authority as
provided for under the Public Health Act.
2.3.8
Local Government Act

The Local Government Act (CAP 281) is the enabling legislation governing the
establishment, powers and operations of local administration and defines the functions of
Local Authorities. Section 61 of the Act provides legal authority for the functions of
Councils to be discharged directly, by contract or by separate undertaking. These functions
are detailed in the Second Schedule, of which the following are particularly relevant to the
LWSSD Project:
to establish and maintain sanitary services for the removal and destruction of, or
otherwise dealing with, all kinds of refuse and effluent, and compel the use of such
services;
to establish and maintain drains, sewers and works for the disposal of sewage and
refuse; and
to require and control the provision of drains and sewers and to compel the
connection of any drains and sewers established by the council.
Other functions relate to control of the development, use of land and buildings, erection of
buildings, conservation of natural resources, prevention of soil erosion, protection of life,
property and natural resources from damage by fire, control of grass weeds and wild
vegetation, and maintenance of environmental health services. Also included are control of
the storage, sale and use of petroleum, extermination of insects, rodents and snakes,
dealing with all kinds of refuse and effluent, controlling the provision of drains and sewers,
and conservation and the prevention of the pollution of supplies of water.
The Schedule under the Act lays down the functions of local council administration,
including Town Clerk or Secretary (chief executive); Director of Administration or Deputy
Secretary; Director of Finance or Treasurer; Director of Engineering Services or Director of
Works; Director of Housing and Social services; Director of Legal Services; and Director of
Public Health.
The Council's instruments include by-laws, standing orders and regulations by the Minister
through Statutory Instrument. By SI 57 of 1992, the Local Government (Street Vending and
Nuisances (Application) Order, street vending controls and prohibitions were applied by the
Minister to all areas of all local councils. They have, however, proved difficult to enforce
and have been widely disregarded throughout most urban areas of the country.
The developer has to ensure that the water supply system does not pollute the water
resources such as the Kafue River. The developer has to ensure that construction is
approved by the Local Authority. Operation of the water supply system will also have to
meet the National and Local Authoritys standards in terms of use of facilities, protection of
life and property, control of grasses, weeds and wild vegetation, and refuse and effluent
management.
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The Zambia Wildlife Act

The Zambia Wildlife Act (1998) establishes the Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) and
defines its functions. The Act provides for the establishment, control and management of
National Parks and Game Management Areas and for the conservation and enhancement
of wildlife ecosystems, biodiversity, and of objects of aesthetic, pre-historic, historical,
geological, archaeological and scientific interest to National Parks. The Act also provides
for the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wildlife and Fauna, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as
Water Fowl Habitat and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Construction and operations of the project will have to be carried out in such a manner that
it does not adversely affect wildlife resources.
2.3.10 The Road Traffic Act

The Road Traffic Act (2002) establishes the Road Transport and Safety Agency (RTSA)
and defines its functions which include providing for a system of road safety and traffic
management, licensing of drivers and motor vehicles, registration of motor vehicles and
trailers, licensing and control of public service vehicles, promotion of road safety, and
regulation of road transport between Zambia and other countries with which Zambia has
concluded cross-border road transport agreements.
The Act will be used to manage traffic and provide for and promote safety of road users (i.e.
motorists and pedestrians).
2.3.11 Public Roads Act
The Public Roads Act (CAP 12) of 2002 established the Road Development Agency and
defines its functions; to provide for the care, maintenance and construction of public roads
in Zambia.
Section 5 of the Act lists the powers of the Agency which include setting road reserves and
drains. Sections 22, 33 and 35 define powers for control of structures, road signs and
advertisement in the road reserve respectively. Section 56 regulates the works of utility
companies (undertakers) which includes works for buried pipelines and apparatus.
Therefore, works for the water supply sub-projects along roads and in reserves require
consent of the Road Development Agency whose powers in this case are exercised
through LCC.
2.3.12 Registration and Development of Villages** Act
The Registration and Development of Villages Act (CAP 289) provides for the registration of
villages and of the inhabitants thereof, the establishment of Village Productivity
Committees, Ward Councils and Ward Development Committees, and for matters
connected with or incidental to the foregoing.
The WDC shall be the executive committee of the Ward Council, and shall be responsible
for the administration and development of the ward as a whole. One of its functions and
duties is to organise an efficient and effective utilisation of the ward's natural and human
resources in order to increase the capacity of the residents in the ward to raise their
**
The term village in this context applies equally to urban communities and wards and is of direct relevance
for peri-urban areas.
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standards of living. The Ward Development Committee shall assess the total needs of the
ward, working out priorities and harmonising them with overall Government priorities in
order to achieve for the ward maximum advantage from the implementation of the projects
under the management of the ward and those under Government control. Another function
is to ensure that there is proper cleanliness and sanitation in each village in the area of a
ward.
A developer has to work with the WDC in implementing the project in peri-urban areas.
2.3.13 Lands and Deeds Act
The Lands and Deeds (Registry) Act provides for: the registration of documents; to provide
for the issue of Provisional Certificates of Title and Certificates of Title; the transfer and
transmission of registered land; and matters incidental. It is widely cross-referenced in
other legislation, relevantly in connection with land acquisition and easements.
Its provisions do not cover individual plot certificates of title and occupancy in local council
Statutory Housing and Improvement areas, although the areas themselves are gazetted
and registered.
2.3.14 Lands Acquisition Act
The 1970 Lands Acquisition Act replaced the Public Lands Acquisition Act 1958 (CAP 87).
It was amended by SI 110 of 1992 and Act 13 of 1994.
Sections 3, 5 and 6 empower the President in the interests of the Republic to acquire any
property of any description and lay down the procedures whereby the Minister of Lands
(formerly Lands and Natural Resources) may do so. The Minister (Section 7) gives public
notice of intention to acquire and take possession of property, normally within two months
but less in certified urgent cases. Those with an interest in property may notify the Minister.
Nobody may be forced to yield a portion only of a house or building, or a portion of land that
leaves an unusable relict, but may elect for the expropriation of the whole (Sections 8, 9).
Part III of the Act lays down the principles of compensation, including full market value, and
provides for basic principles of compensation and Part VI establishes a statutory
Compensation Board with Committees to advise the Minister, who is however not bound by
its recommendations. It also provides for appeals against awards. Section 10 provides that
where the property acquired is land the President may, with the consent of the person
entitled to compensation, make, in lieu of or in addition to any compensation payable, a
grant of other land not exceeding in value the value of the land acquired, on similar terms
and conditions. Disputes may be referred by either side to the High Court but do not affect
the right to enter into possession of the property.
Part IV prescribes that unutilized land, including urban land occupied by squatters and
trespassers, and badly-managed rural land may be acquired without compensation
(Sections 15 (1) and (4) (b)).
Transfer of title to the President is done by the owner, failing which the Minister may apply
for entry in the Land Registry. Penalties are prescribed for the offence of obstructing or
hindering land acquisition (Sections 17 to 20).
The Act lays down strict principles of compensation, evidently so as to avoid
overcompensation in the interests of prudent management of public resources. It
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recognizes no compensation rights other than full and documented property rights. Any
other occupants of the land in question would be liable to summary eviction without
assistance of any kind. Government officials, and indeed other Zambian legislation such as
the Water and Sanitation Act see the Land Acquisition Act as an act of last resort, when all
other attempts have failed.
However as a condition of the Compact MCC policies, IFC standards will apply for
compensation and any occupants of land required for the LWSSD Project will receive
compensation for loss of property, income or relocation but not the land cost where they do
not have legitimate land title.
2.3.15 Land Conversions of Titles Act
The Land Conversions Title Act provides for the alienation, transfer and change of land.
The Act also provides for compulsory acquisition of land by the President whenever he is of
the opinion that it is desirable or expedient to do so in the interest of the Republic.
2.3.16 The Town and Country Planning Act
The Town and Country Planning Act (CAP 283) provides for: the appointment of planning
authorities; the establishment of a Town and Country Planning Tribunal; the preparation,
approval and revocation of development plans; the control of development and subdivision
of land; the assessment and payment of compensation in respect of planning decisions; the
preparation, approval and revocation or modification of regional plans; and incidental
matters.
Part III deals with development plans. Section 16 (2) provides for development plan
mapping to illustrate the proposals, and in particular to designate as land subject to
compulsory acquisition by the President or by a local or township authority:
(a) land reserved for government or local authority purposes;
(b) areas designated for comprehensive development, and adjacent areas; and
(c) other land in order to secure its vocation for plan purposes.
The same section also provides for designation for compulsory acquisition areas that are
not properly laid out that need future treatment, or are obsolete for development needs. It
may require the relocation of population or industry or the replacement of open space or
any other purpose needed for comprehensive development and development or
redevelopment as a whole.
Part VI deals with compensation for refusal of planning permission, including subdivision, if
it can be shown that there was material prejudice resulting; and with the circumstances and
details of what may and may not be allowable.
Part VII on Land Acquisition (Sections 40 to 44) applies to the provisions of the Land
Acquisition Act (Chapter 189), making such adjustments as are necessary to permit the
acquisition of land by a local authority.
2.3.17 National Heritage Conservation Commission Act
The National Heritage and Conservation Act of 1989 (CAP 173) is administered by the
National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC). The Act provides regulatory
guidelines for the conservation of ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and other
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objects of aesthetic, historical, prehistoric, archaeological or scientific interest. The Act is

used in concert with several other environmental policies to control the development of land
areas, specifically the Town and Country Planning Act, 1962, as amended, which is under
the administration of the MLGH to provide for the appointment of planning authorities, to
prepare and approve and revoke development plans.
The project sites will have to be investigated for any historical, natural and cultural heritage.
According to the Act, if anything is found relating to any heritage during construction, it has
to be reported to the Commission. The project will, in such a case, give access to the
Commission who are empowered by the Act to enter upon and inspect any heritage
excavation for the purposes of investigation, preservation, repair, or restoration of any
heritage.
2.3.18 Forestry Act
The Forestry Act provides for promotion of methods for sustainability, conservation and
preservation of ecosystems and biological diversity in national forests, local forests and
open areas. This Act will be applicable during the construction and operation phases of the
LWSSD Project so that trees are preserved during the clearing of vegetation.
2.3.19 Petroleum Act
The Petroleum Act (CAP 435) regulates the importation, conveyance and storage of
petroleum and other inflammable oils and liquids. Transport, storage and dispensing of
petroleum products will have to be done according to the regulations of this Act.
2.3.20 Explosives Act
The Explosives Act (CAP 115) makes provision for regulatory control over the manufacture,
use, possession, storage, importation, exportation, transportation and destruction of
explosives, and for related matters. The Act requires that when being transported in any
road vehicle or convoy of road vehicles, explosives shall be in the direct charge of a
blasting license holder who shall take all due care of the operation and not be transported
during the hours of darkness except with the prior permission of an Inspector of Explosives
and under such conditions as he may prescribe.
No person shall use any explosives otherwise than in accordance with these Regulations,
or except for the purposes and at the places specified in a permit. The Act also states that
no person shall conduct any blasting operation on the surface at any mine, explosives
factory or works between the hours of sunset and sunrise except for the purpose of blasting
a hang-up at any ore or waste bin, grizzly or crusher. An Inspector of Mines may, after
examination and at his discretion, issue a blasting license, to a person experienced in the
use and handling of explosives, and such license may be endorsed by the Inspector with
any special restriction as to the purpose, place or period of use, and a copy of every such
license shall be retained in the office of the Chief Inspector.
Significant volumes of rock excavation are not anticipated for the sanitation sub-projects
and the Specification does not permit the use of explosives for rock excavation for the
Works; rather chemical or mechanical rock breaking methods will be used. However, if
circumstances arise where a works contractor is permitted to use explosives (e.g.
quarrying), this use will have to comply with the Act when transporting, handling and using
explosives for blasting.
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2.3.21 Factories Act

The Factories Act (CAP 441) makes further and better provision for the regulation of the
conditions of employment in factories and other places as regards the safety, health and
welfare of persons employed therein and provides for the safety, examination and
inspection of certain plant and machinery. The Act gives powers to an inspector to enter,
inspect and examine, by day and night, any factory, when he has reasonable cause to
believe that any person is employed therein or that explosive or highly inflammable
materials are stored or used. The Act gives general provisions of health which include
cleanliness, overcrowding, general ventilation, lighting and sanitary conveniences. The Act
also has general provisions of safety which include unfenced machinery, construction and
maintenance of fencing, floors, steps, stairs, passages and gangways, precautions in
places where dangerous fumes are liable to be present and precautions with respect to
explosive or inflammable dust, gas, vapour or substance. Other items are prevention and
fighting of fire and means of escape and warning in case of fire. Provisions for safety of
lifting machinery, welfare of workers and demolitions are also included. Suppliers of
materials for construction and operation of the project will have to be carried out in
accordance with the provisions of this Act.
2.3.22 Occupational Health and Safety Act
The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2010 establishes the Occupational Health and
Safety Institute as a body corporate with perpetual succession and defines its composition,
powers, and functions. The Act provides for the establishment of health and safety
committees at workplaces and aims to provide for the health, safety, and welfare of persons
at work and persons who may face risks to health or safety arising from said work, and to
establish the duties of manufacturers, importers, and suppliers of items for use at work.
Part II of the Act sets down the Institutes functions, the following of which are particularly
relevant to the LWSSD Project:
develop and implement programmes to provide incentives for employers to

implement measures to eliminate or reduce risks to health or safety or to improve
occupational hygiene, occupational health and safety;
investigate and detect occupational diseases and injuries at workplaces; and
set and maintain standards for the protection of the health and safety of employees
at workplaces.
Part III prescribes the establishment and composition, of health and safety committees for
employers of ten or more employees and describes the committees functions, which
include but are not limited to:
promotion of cooperation between the employer and the employees in achieving

and maintaining healthy and safe working conditions;
investigation and resolution of any matter that may be a risk to the health and safety
of employees at a workplace; and
formulation, review, and dissemination to the employees of the standards, rules, and
procedures relating to health and safety to be carried out at the workplace.
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Part IV of the Act contains guidelines for the determination of what is reasonably
practicable at a workplace, as well as the duties of:
employers to employees and to persons other than employees;
employees at workplaces;
persons in control of workplaces or plants;
designers, manufacturers, suppliers, and importers; and
architects and engineers.
Additionally, this Part protects employees from dismissal or victimization under several
conditions in which he/she may express concern, exercise power, or divulge information
regarding health and safety matters.
The remainder of the Act describes the enforcement provisions of key entities under the
Act, describes the services incumbent upon the Occupational Health and Safety Institute,
and includes general provisions (exemptions, penalties, offences, regulations, etc.) and
schedules of institutional proceedings and financial activities.
The Act states that an engineer shall carry out his duties in such a manner as to ensure the
occupational health and safety of persons at, or near, a workplace. Construction and
operation of the project will have to be carried out in accordance with the provisions of this
Act.
2.3.23 Employment of Children and Young Persons Act
The Employment of Young Persons and Children Act (CAP 274) is the major legal
instrument for the protection and regulation of child labour. This Act prohibits the
employment of a child under the age of 15 in an industrial undertaking as defined under the
Act. The prohibition applies to industrial undertakings that are hazardous or those which
may be detrimental to health, safety and morals. The Act also classifies the ages of
eligibility to perform various types of employment and generally provides for regulations
governing the conditions of employment such as restrictions relating to work at night and
hours of work.
Children are defined as those under the age of 15 and a young person is defined as
someone between the ages of 15 and 18. Under the Act, both children and young people
are prohibited from working on construction sites.
2.3.24 Anti-Human Trafficking Act
The Anti-Human Trafficking Act, 2008, provides for the prohibition, prevention and
prosecution of human trafficking, provides for the filing of and dealing with matters related
to human trafficking, establishes the committee on Human Trafficking and provides for its
powers and functions; establishes centres for victims of human trafficking; establishes the
Human Trafficking Fund; domesticates the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations
Convention against Translational Organised Crime; and provides for matters connected
with or incidental to the forgoing.
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2.3.25 Energy Regulation Act, Chapter

The Energy Regulation Act (CAP 436) allows for the establishment of procedures for the
transportation, handling and storage of fuels to minimize negative environmental impacts.
2.4
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR LWSSD PROJECT AND ESIA

The institutional framework for LWSSD Project and ESIA is illustrated by Figure 1. The
roles of each party are described in the following sub-sections.
2.4.1

The MLGH is the ministry most directly responsible for water supply and sanitation policy,
technical and financial supervision as well as resource mobilization from foreign and local
sources. The MLGH is charged with the following functions:
coordination of local government administration;
urban planning and regional planning;
all water supply and sanitation issues;
provision of municipal infrastructure and support services; and
coordination of the implementation of the National Decentralization Policy.
The Department of Housing and Infrastructure Development (DHID) is located within the
MLGH and has the overall responsibility for planning, implementation, coordination and
monitoring of peri-urban water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion. It provides policy
guidance, technical and financial control and facilitates mobilization of foreign and local
funds for peri-urban/rural water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion.
2.4.2
Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development

The MEWD is responsible for initiating overall national water management policies and for
setting national standards and priorities for water development and management.
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Government
Institutions
MLGH
MEWD
NWASCO
Lusaka City Council

(LCC)
Lusaka Water and

Sewerage Company
(LWSC)
Ward Development
Committee (WDC)
Water Trust Board
Zone Development
Committee (ZDC)
Water Trust
Management
ZEMA
MCAZAMBIA
NAC
CBOs/CBEs
Water Vendors
NGOs
Beneficiaries
Figure 1: Institutional framework for LWSSD Project and ESIA
2.4.3
National Water and Sanitation Council

The NWASCO is a statutory body established by the Water Supply and Sanitation Act
No. 28 of 1997. According to the Act in Clause 4, NWASCO is mandated to regulate the
provision of water supply and sanitation services. The NWASCO reports through the
MEWD, this is in order to keep the regulatory function separate from the water and
sanitation implementation function housed under the MLGH.
The NWASCO has
responsibilities for:
developing policies regarding water and sanitation;
setting standards and guidelines regarding water and sanitation;
licensing water and sanitation utilities and monitoring their performance; and
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taking any necessary actions to ensure efficient and sustainable provision of water
and sanitation services.
NWASCOs stated vision is Safe, affordable and sustainable water supply and sanitation
services for all.
As of 2005, a provision was amended providing for seven council members as follows:
(i)
representative of the Consumer Protective Association of Zambia;
(ii)
representative of the Zambia Chambers of Commerce and Industry;
(iii)
representative of an association whose membership consists of water sector

professional;
(iv)
representative of private sector institution concerned with public health;
(v)
representative of the Ministry responsible for water resources;
(vi)
representative of the Ministry responsible for local government and housing; and
(vii)
representative of the Attorney General.
The Council appoints a Chief Executive Officer of NWASCO who is responsible for the
administration of the affairs of the Council.
2.4.4
Zambia Environmental Management Agency

The ZEMA (previously known as the Environmental Council of Zambia) is a statutory body
created under the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act of 1990, CAP 204.
ZEMA was established in 1992 and is mandated to protect the environment and control
pollution so as to provide for the health and welfare of persons, and the environment.
Part VI (49) of the act assigns to the ZEMA certain roles and responsibilities, amongst
which are the following:
2.4.5
formulate and provide standards on the classification and analysis of wastes and
formulate and advise on standard disposal methods and means;
publicize the correct means of storage, collection and disposal of any class of
waste; and
maintain statistical data on the nature, quantity and volume of waste generated and
on sites where waste disposal is taking place or has taken place.
Millennium Challenge Account - Zambia

The MCA-Zambia was established in July 2009 and is a unit under the MFNP to coordinate
the development of an investment program, or Compact to be supported by MCC, a
US Government agency.
MCA-Zambias work is overseen by a Steering Committee, chaired by the Secretary to the
Treasury. Its membership includes permanent secretaries of selected Government
ministries, representatives from selected private sector and civil society organizations and
eminent individuals. MCA-Zambia and MCC agreed to prepare the LWSSD Project for
possible financing under the Compact.
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Preparation of the LWSSD Project was spearheaded by a Technical Working Group, which
comprised representatives from the implementing agencies, civil society and the private
sector.
2.4.6
National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council

The National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council (NAC) was established in 2002 under the Ministry of
Health to ensure a focused and coordinated national response to HIV and AIDS. The NAC
is governed by a Council with members appointed by the President and drawn from
government and NGO sectors, people living with HIV, and others. The NAC does not
engage in direct implementation of HIV and AIDS programs but is expected to provide
strategic leadership by ensuring effective coordination of the HIV and AIDS related activities
by playing the following critical roles:
support the national response to HIV and AIDS including development and
implementation of the Strategic Plan and Annual Work Plans;
coordinate HIV and AIDS activities at National, Provincial and District levels, and in
the public and private sectors and civil society;
mobilize resources from various cooperating partners locally and internationally;
manage strategic information on HIV and AIDS;
build capacity, plan, track, monitor and evaluate the countrys local responses on
HIV and AIDS; and
facilitate the operations of Theme Groups and the development of various technical
documents such as guidelines and standards related to the issues around HIV and
AIDS.
Following these leads, the project will need to ensure an HIV/AIDS prevention policy that is
compliant with the aims and guidelines set by this council.
2.4.7
Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Ltd.

The LWSC is an independent corporation owned jointly by LCC, Chongwe, Luangwa and
Kafue District Councils. The LWSC owns and operates water supply and sewerage assets
in Lusaka city proper and outlying communities. In addition to the usual planning,
engineering, construction, plant operations and maintenance functions, the LWSC also
maintains a geographic information system (GIS), mapping capability, computer networks,
instrumentation and control (I&C), and administrative functions for governance,
management, human resources, service rates, collections, disbursements and finance.
2.4.8
Lusaka City Council

The LCC is the governing local authority for the City of Lusaka, deriving its authority from
several Zambian laws, but most immediately, Section 61 of the Local Government Act,
which lists 63 functions of local authorities. The LCC responsibilities include, but are not
limited to:
provision and maintenance of supplies of clean water and the establishment of

water works and water mains;
construction and maintenance of sanitary lines;
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establishment and maintenance of sanitation and drainage systems to facilitate the

removal of refuse and effluent;
prohibit and control the use of land and erection of buildings in the interest of public
health, safely and orderly development of the Council area; and
approval to formalize unplanned settlements.
The Council comprises 33 wards, which are smaller geographic divisions within the Citys
seven constituencies. From each constituency, one person is elected a member of
parliament by popular vote and serves in the National Assembly. From each ward, one
councillor is elected to serve on the LCC. The term of office for each position is five years.
Current council members can be found at www.lcc.gov/zm.
The LCC contains eight departments, each headed by a director:
Human Resource and Administration;
City Planning;
Valuation and Real Estate;
Finance;
Housing and Social Services;
Public Health;
Engineering Services, and;
Legal Services
The two LCC departments most germane to the sanitation context in the peri-urban, or
unplanned urban settlement, areas are the City Planning Department and the Department
of Housing and Social Services. Each department contains a peri-urban section; however,
work sharing between the two sections is unclear.
2.4.9
Peri-Urban Area institutions in Lusaka

The socioeconomic background of peri-urban areas are discussed at Section 6.10.2.
Both urban and peri-urban areas of Lusaka are organized under WDCs. The WDCs are
community structures created by the local authority to assist in providing oversight of these
areas. The main responsibility of the WDC is to oversee development projects in their
respective areas. Some of the specific responsibilities include:
community mobilization/training;
community sensitization;
needs identification;
project proposal initiation;
conflict resolution and management;
advocacy;
supervision/coordination of development projects;
project implementation; and
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project monitoring.
In their day-to-day activities, they work in collaboration with the representative of the Local
authority based in their area (Community Development Assistant).
The WDCs are further sub-divided into Zone Development Committees. The Zone Leaders
are the ones who make up the membership of the WDC from whom the WDC executive is
chosen. The executive consists of at least ten members who are gender balanced. Two
people represent each Zone (one man, one woman). The number of Zones in each Ward
differs according to the size of the area. The largest ward is Chaisa with 41 zones. Issues
such as health, education, water and sanitation, solid waste disposal, and other important
issues make up their daily agenda. The work of these committees is voluntary. It is also
important to note that the WDC does not work in isolation, but undertakes activities in
collaboration with various Community Based organizations (CBOs) such as the
Neighbourhood Health Committee (NHC), the Solid Waste Management Committee, and
the Market Committees to mention but a few. In all these areas, the WDCs need to be
consulted and engaged during the process of introducing any development program.
The WDCs are heavily involved in water and sanitation services as they own, operate, and
maintain the community water supply schemes on behalf of the community. Most of these
community managed schemes are in the form of Water Trusts where the WDC has
employed a management team to run the scheme. Some members of the WDC sit on the
Board of the Water Trust. Taps/kiosks are managed by vendors (the majority of whom are
women) who sign a contract of rules and regulations on conduct, timetable of water service,
pricing etc. The contracts are in English and the Trust Manager is mandated to ensure that
illiterate vendors are assisted with meanings of the wording in the contract. The contracts
are renewed every six months. Recently LWSC commissioned a study to review
institutional/partnership arrangements surrounding Water Trusts.
Although, initially, the Water Trusts were just dealing with water services, in recent years
some of them like Kanyama and Chaisa have also taken on the added responsibility of
managing public toilets. Further, the WDCs (such as Kanyama, Chaisa, and Mtendere
East) have also been engaged in the implementation of sanitation initiatives such as
Ecological Sanitation (Eco-san) latrines. Finally, the WDCs have enhanced their traditional
role of undertaking health and hygiene promotion as sanitation activities have become more
pronounced.
The WDCs are expected to consult the beneficiaries on a regular basis by holding regularly
scheduled meetings with them.
2.4.10 Community-Based Organizations
The CBOs are groups within particular communities such as health associations and
womens associations that are actively involved in sanitation and hygiene promotions
mostly in rural areas and peri-urban areas. They normally encourage constructing pit
latrines, hand washing practices, digging rubbish pits and handling food.
A few of the CBOs are:
Neighbourhood Health Committee;
Zambia National Marketeers Association (ZANAMA Branch);
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Waste Management Community Enterprise;
HIV/AIDS Peer Educators;
Community Health Workers;
Home Based Care;
Churches;
Widows and Widowers Clubs;
Womens Clubs (e.g. Tasintha Womens Club);
Vendors Clubs;
Teachers Associations;
People Living with HIV/AIDS;
Community Based Tuberculosis Organization;
Community Youth Concern; and
Food and Nutrition Foundation.
ESIA Sanitation
One of the most active CBOs is the NHC. The NHCs were created under the Ministry of
Health and get support from the local health clinic. They may be an important asset to
assist in health and hygiene training related to sanitation, as well as distribution of
information, education and communication (IEC) materials in the communities. The
members of the NHC undergo quite extensive training through the Ministry and one of their
primary roles is to work in markets, schools, individual homes, and other locations to teach
positive hygiene practices. With the recent cholera alert throughout Lusaka, the NHC has
been a key resource in distributing IEC materials to address this issue in the communities
they serve. In addition, the NHC conducts community drama/plays and uses the
community radio for public announcements to further expand their message.
However, NHC work in most areas has been erratic and there are complaints of inadequate
resources and incentives. It has also been noted that the only time when NHCs are given
adequate resources in cholera prone areas such as Kanyama is the period just before the
rainy season to enable them to undertake anti-cholera campaigns.
2.4.11 Non-Government Organizations and Cooperating Partners
Most of the NGOs have a bias towards the water sector, particularly the rural water sector.
The NGOs operating in Lusaka have a strong expertise in building partnerships in
communities and implementing water sector projects in peri-urban areas. Some of key
NGOs are listed below together with a brief description of their main activities.
Zambia NGO
WASH Forum
The Zambia NGO WASH Forum is a network of NGOs,

Community Based Organisations and Civil Society
Organisations working to improve water and sanitation.
Water Aid
Supports local governments and builds their capacity to

improve access to essential water and sanitation facilities and
also work with communities to raise awareness of the
importance of hygiene and sanitation
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ESIA Sanitation
Care
International
Care Internationals work in Zambia is divided into different

projects, each focusing on either one or multiple aspects of
poverty including water, sanitation and environmental health
SNV
SNV started operations in Zambia in 1965. In alignment with

Zambias Vision 2030 and its Sixth National Development Plan,
SNV provides services in three sectors: agriculture, water
sanitation, and hygiene and renewable energy.
World Vision
Among other developmental activities, World Vision Zambia

works in impoverished, mostly rural areas to provide potable
water, improved sanitation, and hygiene education
Zambia Water
Partnership
In 2004, with help from the Zambia Water Partnership, the

Zambian Government began developing an Integrated Water
Resources and Water Efficiency Plan for sustainable
management of the countrys water resources. This was part
of the PAWD (Partnership for African Water Development)
Project, carried out with support from the Canadian
International Development Agency and the Global Water
Partnership aiming to prepare Integrated Water Resources and
Water plans
Cooperating partners (CPs) play a big supporting role in the water, sanitation, drainage and
solid waste management sectors. Cooperating Partners include the United States Agency
for International Development, the Government of the United Kingdoms Department for
International Development, the Embassy of Japan, UNICEF (on behalf of the United
Nations), the African Development Bank, and Irish AID, the Netherlands who contribute
through UNICEF.
2.5
ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS
2.5.1
MCC requirements
According to MCC guidelines the requirements for ESIA are dependent on the projects
environment category as defined in the MCC Environmental Guidelines. A project is
classified as one of the four environmental categories (A, B, C, or D) as follows:
Category A: A project is classified as Category A if it has the potential to have

significant adverse environmental and social impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or
unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or
facilities subject to physical works. Category A, in principle, includes projects in
sensitive sectors or located in or near sensitive areas.
Category B: A project is classified as Category B if its potential environmental and

social impacts are less adverse than those of Category A projects. Typically, these
impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and mitigation
measures are more readily available.
Category C: A project is classified as Category C if it is unlikely to have adverse

environmental and social impacts.
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ESIA Sanitation
Category D: A proposed project is classified as Category D, if it will involve an

intermediate facility (such as a municipal public grant fund) that will use MCC
funding to finance sub-projects that may potentially result in adverse environmental
and social impacts.
The LWSDD Project is considered MCC Category B.

For a Category B project, MCC requires specific environmental and social impact analyses,
including ESMP, as appropriate. Such analyses may be a condition for disbursement of
some or all of the MCC funding for the project. The scope and format of the analyses is
dependent on the project and its potential environmental and social impacts. Like an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for a Category A project, the analysis for a
Category B project must examine the potential negative and positive environmental and
social impacts of the project and recommend any measures needed to prevent, minimize,
mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts. Generally, the
scope of such work is narrower than for Category A projects.
2.5.2
ZEMA requirements
ZEMA requirements are stipulated in SI No. 28 of 1997 under the Environmental Protection
and Pollution Control (Environmental Impact Assessment) regulations, 1997.
SI No.28 requires that a Scoping Report is completed for a project requiring an EIA.
Projects which require an EIA are listed in the Second Schedule of SI No.28 and all three
LWSSD Project components for the water, sanitation and drainage sectors require an EIA.
The Scoping Report for sanitation was submitted to ZEMA in July 2011 (Attachment 1).
Therefore a Draft Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EIA were prepared based upon the
Third Schedule of SI No. 28. The Third Schedule stipulates the issues to be considered
when preparing the ToR. This was in turn approved by the Agency and this ESIA satisfies
all the requirements of the ToR.
Upon completion and submission of this ESIA to the ZEMA, the Agency will make a
decision on project approval which may be conditional on the Project meeting stipulated
conditions. Formal approval is granted by issue of a decision letter.
2.5.3
Requirements for ESIA

The document prepared here is therefore an ESIA in compliance with the procedures
required by both MCC and the GRZ EIS process to screen, scope and develop the required
documentation to meet regulatory requirements for an approval to be issued by ZEMA.
As stated above the documentation produced also meets MCC Environmental and Social
Guidelines. It includes specific environmental and social impact analyses, including
ESMPs. It also examines the potential negative and positive environmental and social
impacts of the project and recommends measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or
compensate for adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts.
Decision letter refers to a letter issued by the ZEMA stating that a proposed project is not likely to cause
unacceptable environmental impacts or that the expected environmental impacts are unacceptable and an
authorisation license, permit or permission should not be issued.
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METHODOLOGY
3.1
OBJECTIVES
ESIA Sanitation
The objective of this current stage of the LWSSD Project is to plan and prepare detailed
engineering designs, update the Project-specific ESIAs and ESMPs and prepare tender
documents for selected priority water supply, sanitation and drainage improvements
included in the Compact with the intended purpose to rehabilitate and extend the water
supply distribution, treatment, sanitation and drainage services in Lusaka.
This ESIA is for the sanitation component of the Compact but the overall objectives are
common with the water supply, sanitation and drainage components; specifically the
objectives are to:
3.2
prepare detailed engineering designs (drawings and specifications), and bill of

quantities and confidential construction cost estimates;
prepare designs and tender documents for use with the MCC-licensed Conditions of
Contract for Construction (FIDIC Redbook, First Edition 1999 MCC licensed version)
for all of the investment sub-projects;
update the ESIAs and ESMPs, including any identified gender issues, to reflect final
design; and
develop clearly worded and contractually enforceable clauses related to required

environmental, health, safety, social and gender mitigation measures for inclusion in
project tender documents for each of the contract packages; and prepare tender
documents for each of the contract packages, as agreed with MCC, MCA-Zambia
and the GRZ agencies.
OVERALL APPROACH
The MCC through the Statement of Work (SoW) has set out in significant detail the
requirements towards delivering a comprehensive identification and analysis of
environmental and social impacts as a result of the project and recommended mitigation
measures. The generic steps outlined by the MCC, also compliant with IFC Performance
Standards, per the SoW are as follows:
Project Description and Institutional Framework;
Scoping Study;
Environmental Baseline Study;
Socioeconomic Baseline Study;
Assessment of social and environmental impacts at different stages of project (preconstruction, during construction, operation and maintenance and cumulative;
Identification and development of mitigation measures;
Identification and development of sustainable development approaches; and
Management Plans.
The requirements of ZEMA are stated in the Environmental Management Act, 2011
(Section 2.3.1).
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A scoping document (project brief) as described at Section 3.3.3 shall be prepared

and submitted to ZEMA.
ZEMA review and comment on the scoping report and determine whether an EIA is
required for the project.
When an EIA is required it shall broadly follow the requirements identified by the
scoping report but also address specific issued identified for attention by ZEMA.
The approach and methodology chosen ensures that the MCC, IFC and the Zambian EIA
processes have been followed (Figure 2).
This involved collecting data on the
environmental and social situation, conducting consultations with stakeholders and data
analysis (Figure 3). This section outlines the approach and methodology used in preparing
this ESIA.
Project components from
Feasibility Study/Masterplan
Policy Framework
Policy, development plans, Zambian
legislation, and MCC/IFC donor policy
30%Design
Scoping Report
Prepare Scoping Report
(Project Brief)
65%Design
Baseline Studies
Environmental and Social
ZEMA Review
Yes
Is ESIA
needed?
Decision letter
No
Identify Impacts
Positive and Negative
No ESIA
Mitigation Measures
Project Design
90%Design
MCC Review
Residual Impacts & Risks

Potential consequences
ESMP
Bidding
Documents
RAP
Other
Plans
Draft ESIA
MCA-ZAMBIA
Review
Final ESIA
ZEMA Review
USACE, MCC
ZEMA Approval
Figure 2: Environmental and social assessment approach
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ESIA Sanitation
Preparation of ESIA
Secondary Data
Primary Data
Formal and Informal

Consultation
Environmental
Community
Community
Socio
economic
Business
Business
2010 Census
Local
government
WDC
National
government
Figure 3: Data Collection and Stakeholders
3.3
SCOPING
An essential element of the ESIA is the environmental scoping study which was undertaken
in accordance with MCC Environmental Guidelines, MCC Gender Integration Policy and
Guidelines, the ZEMA regulations, and the IFC Social and Environmental Performance
Standards. A Scoping Report for the sanitation component was completed June 2011
(Section 3.3.2) and was included with the 30% design stage ESIA for Sanitation13 January
2012.
It should be emphasized that much of the work initiated in the environmental scoping
process continues as a logical set of steps merging into the ESIA process. The background
data collected, reviews conducted, draft reports, plans, assessment of risks looked at
during scoping are simply moved to a higher level of environmental assessment with
emphasis on risk aversion and adaptation strategies during project implementation.
3.3.1
Purpose of scoping
The purposes of a Scoping Study include:
providing an overview description of the project development;
establishing the nature of the landscape, settlements and habitats served by the
project;
identifying critical habitats that might be directly and indirectly affected by the
project;
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3.3.2
ESIA Sanitation
identifying the scale and nature of social issues associated with the Project both
directly and indirectly;
alternatives suitable or considered; and
identifying areas that would require detailed studies during the ESIA process.
Scoping report
The scope of work for this ESIA is derived from the terms of reference included with the
Scoping Report (Attachment 1 to this ESIA). The scope consists of two parts: (i)
preparation of the ESIA, and (ii) contributing to the preparation of the RPF for the LWSSD
Project by providing an estimate of the number of people to be affected and identifying the
nature and extent of the impacts that would arise emanating from activities envisaged in the
implementation of the sanitation component of the LWSSD Project.
3.3.3
ZEMA requirement for scoping

Current Zambian legislation requires the preparation of an environmental scoping report.
The scoping report (or project brief) must be submitted to the ZEMA in order to obtain the
necessary approvals and licenses for project implementation. The ZEMA regulatory
procedures specify that the aims of scoping are to:
1. Review all applicable laws, policies and planning documents which relate to the type
of project or areas in which it is to be located.
2. Review all international obligations that Zambia is signatory to and which may be
affected by the proposed development.
3. Identify the relevant environmental standards to be applied in the design of the
project or sub-projects.
4. Identify all possible alternatives which may relate to route, site, layout, design,
technology, etc..
5. Conduct an alternatives assessment to determine the preferred environmental
options.
6. Identify the key impacts associated with the preferred option(s) and determine in
consultation with ZEMA and the developer, special studies that may need to be
undertaken.
3.3.4
Scoping stage in ESIA process

The scoping process is a discrete stage in the ESIA process which helps to define and
highlight key issues to be addressed in the terms of reference for the ESIA. Scoping is
intended to be iterative and to allow for the scope of work to be amended in the light of new
issues and information. This aspect is particularly relevant in the on-going project in which
the final designs of the proposed projects are currently under preparation. This has
advantages in that new issues which emerge during the course of the environmental
studies can be incorporated into the final design through consultations. The multiple
benefits from environmental scoping include, among others:
helping to provide environmental information about important effects of the project,

including issues of particular concern to affected groups and individuals;
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ESIA Sanitation
stimulating early discussion among the developer, environmental authorities, other

interested parties and the public about the project and its environmental impacts;
making planning, management and assessment of resources required for the

project more efficient and based on environmental studies;
identifying legislation or regulatory controls which may be relevant to the project and
provide opportunities for the assessment of different management and control
systems to be undertaken in parallel with the implementation; and
providing ZEMA with information on proposed projects that may or may not infringe
environmental regulations.
The Scoping Report was completed in June 2011 and is included as Attachment 1 of this
ESIA. Multiple objectives were covered by this document. The following key issues were
included in the Scoping Report:
identification of social, gender and health issues and potential beneficial and
adverse environmental impacts related to proposed project activities, social and
economic assessments during scoping were based on preliminary screening and
the tripartite ward-by-ward public consultations;
assessment of ongoing or planned initiatives related to sanitation by other donors,

NGOs and the GRZ;
review of existing studies, environmental legislation, environmental and social

quantitative and qualitative surveys and studies, including gender analysis and
technical documents related to the sector;
a preliminary assessment was undertaken of the legal and institutional framework

as well as ZEMA processing procedures to assist MCA-Zambia, LWSC and LCC to
obtain the necessary approvals and licenses required for project advancement;
using a screening tool, the ESIA team carried out field observations at each of the
proposed sanitation sub-projects to identify potential beneficial and adverse
environmental and social impacts associated with the anticipated scope of
engineering works, land acquisition and resettlement; future investments in
response to sanitation investments; sensitive ecological habitats; impacts on women
and vulnerable groups; worker safety; and health issues;
assessment of preliminary environmental mitigation measures to be adopted by the

sub-projects based on the application of a detailed scoping questionnaire covering
project impacts in various sectors, characteristics of the environment, and review of
possible mitigation actions;
a joint public consultation covering all three sectors of the LWSSDP was held on
14 June 2011. Insights, principally of stakeholders, but also including beneficiaries
were gleaned from these discussions and were included as a separate appendix in
the Scoping Report; and
lastly, the Scoping Report attempted to determine the significant environmental and
socio-cultural issues that should be the focus of the ESIA, including potential
beneficial and adverse impacts associated with several key issues, such as gender;
land acquisition and resettlement; future investments in response to sanitation
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investments; sensitive ecological habitats; impacts on women and vulnerable

groups; human trafficking; worker safety; and health issues.
The interactions between the environmental scoping team and the engineers engaged in
the feasibility design enabled feedback to enhance the design process and address
potential adverse impacts. This ESIA builds upon the final designs and the Scoping Report.
3.4
POLICY FRAMEWORK
This included studying relevant legislation and policies; national, regional, provincial and
local secondary (collated) data sources; available maps of the Projects area; country
development strategic documents and national programs; and other related reports and
documents related to MCC and IFC Performance Standards on ESIA and associated
guidelines.
3.5
ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
The following approach was used in the environmental baseline data collection and
analysis presented in this ESIA, with the focus particularly on issues with key impacts
related to the water supply component.
3.5.1
Desk studies
With the exception of water quality measurements the data in the environmental baseline
comprises exclusively secondary data. The sources include but are not limited to: feasibility
study reports; ecological and socio-economic profiles for Lusaka; other data of GRZ
Departments; and other available maps, related reports and documents. The data
collection and review was conducted to:
3.5.2
collect documented data on all aspects of the project (e.g. physical, biological and
socio-economic);
assess ongoing or planned initiatives related to water supply by other donors,

NGOs, and the GRZ;
review in detail any existing studies, environmental legislation, environmental and

social quantitative and/or qualitative surveys and studies including gender analyses,
and review of technical documents related to water supply;
study the MCC Environmental Guidelines, MCC Policy on Gender, the ZEMA
environmental laws and regulations, and the IFC Social and Environmental
Performance Standards; and
collect any additional data that was required in order to meet the requirements of the
approving authorities as well as those of MCC and IFC.
Data collection and site surveys

Data collection and site surveys started prior to the preparation of the Scoping Report and
continued throughout the period of the 30% ESIA and Final Design ESIA studies. At the
30% stage it involved visiting stakeholder institutions and making consultations with key
community members in all the wards in Lusaka. Separate ward-wide consultations were
conducted from August to September 2011 and 27 out of 33 City wards were consulted.
The main objective of this activity was to carry out on-site field assessments of the
expected effects of the planned developments on the physical, biological and socio-
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ESIA Sanitation
economic environment.
During these surveys, interviews, measurements and the
administration of questionnaires were carried out with key informants who included LCC;
ZEMA; MLGH; Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU); Department of Water
Affairs (DWA); Central Statistics Office (CSO); WDCs; Community Based Enterprises
(CBEs); and Research institutions like the University of Zambia (UNZA).
A data collection tool (Sample Scoping Questionnaire for the MCA-Zambia LWSSD Project)
presented in Appendix C of the Scoping Report was extensively used in the collection of
information with regards to envisaged impacts for all the surveys. Details of each survey
are explained in subsequent sections.
3.5.3
Water quality surveys

Primary and secondary data was used to establish the baseline conditions of water bodies
in the project areas especially those that would be affected by the project activities.
Primary data was obtained by collection and analysis of water samples to establish the
baseline water quality of the sources as well as to check the quality of the water in the
distribution system. Secondary data was collected from the literature, topographical maps
and internet resources. Water samples were collected from rivers and boreholes, the water
supply distribution system; and LWSC records were obtained for effluent quality at outfalls.
The data collected included location, depth, width and discharge of rivers, and yield and
abstraction quantities of boreholes.
Samples for surface water were collected from the Kafue River in the vicinity of the raw
water inlet chamber at the Iolanda Water Treatment Plant.
Due to the large number of boreholes the selection to sample was based on the location
and significance of the yield. Sampling points were spread out to cover the whole city and
only one borehole was sampled in cases where they were clustered.
Sampling of the water distribution system targeted all the major distribution centres in the
network. Points in the network which were deemed remotest such as domestic taps at
residential dwellings were also collected. All sampling points were marked using a Global
Positioning System (GPS). The points were also photographed for the purpose of
recording their condition at the time of sampling.
Records for the effluent quality from the Chawama Maturation Ponds and the Nangongwe
Stabilisation ponds were obtained from LWSC.
Water quality samples were also taken along the Ngwerere River (Bombay Drain) and for
surface water bodies in the catchment of the Chilongolo Stream.
All collected samples were transported for analysis to the Environmental Engineering and
Geochemical Laboratories at the University of Zambia. The sampling and analysis was
done in conformity with the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater as prescribed by the American Public Health Association (APHA), 1998.
The parameters considered in the sample analyses depended on the source of the sample.
Determinands considered were those giving the physical, chemical and microbiological
quality of the water and are summarized in Table 1.
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ESIA Sanitation
Table 1: Water quality determinands
3.5.4
Determinands
Ground water
Surface water
Physical
pH
Conductivity
Turbidity
Total suspended
Solids
Total Dissolved
Solids
Chemical
Alkalinity
Hardness
Chlorides
Fluorides
Nitrates
Nitrites
Ammonia
Total
Phosphates
Sulphates
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Manganese
Heavy metals
Microbiological
Faecal Coliforms
Total Coliforms
pH
Temperature
Conductivity
Turbidity
Total suspended
Solids
Total Dissolved
Solids
Alkalinity
Total Hardness
Chlorides
Fluorides
Nitrates
Nitrites
Ammonia
Total Phosphates
Sulphates
Iron
Manganese
Heavy metals
(Arsenic, zinc,
Nickel, lead,
Chromium and
Copper)
Dissolved
Oxygen
BOD5
COD
Total Coliforms
Total Coliforms
Distribution
system
pH
Conductivity
Turbidity
Effluent
Residual chlorine
BOD5
Faecal Coliforms
Total Coliforms
Faecal Coliforms
pH
Settleable Solids
Total Suspended
Solids (TSS)
Flora and fauna surveys

The assessment of flora and fauna focused on the proposed work sites and their immediate
surroundings. These were assessed by means of walks, interviews, and secondary data
collection. Walks were undertaken at sites where various rehabilitation and construction
works have been proposed such as the Iolanda Treatment Plant, Chilanga Booster Pump
Station, distribution networks in Lusaka, and Kwamwena and Ndeke residential areas.
Interviews were conducted with both locals and key informants. Secondary data was
collected through the use of appropriate maps and relevant literature. Other useful
information collected included GPS locations, digital still and video camera records, and
data sheets.
3.6
SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE
The socioeconomic baseline has been established principally from secondary data,
consultations conducted for the 30% design stage ESIA and this final ESIA, and
observations on-site. As far as has been possible the focus for the socioeconomic baseline
has been on data collection and observations in the beneficiary communities; and
observations in the communities through which the pipelines pass but which may not
benefit. Areas where key resettlement impacts are observed have been given less
attention because they will be covered in depth by the separate RAP. This will avoid
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consultation fatigue where people become tired of repeated consultations for the same
projects.
3.6.1
Secondary and primary data

Secondary socio-economic data was obtained from books, reports, journals and other
sources such as the Lusaka City State of the Environment Outlook Report 6, Central
Statistics Office (CSO) Census Reports and National Environmental Health Policy.
In updating the draft ESIA, socioeconomic data collection has focussed on project specific
beneficiary communities. The Consultants approached the CSO through MCA-Zambia to
obtain data from the 2010 Census, but for the specific project communities. A list of data
requested from CSO is presented in Table 2. It is suggested the data obtained be kept by
MCA-Zambia as baseline information for environmental monitoring during the Project
implementation.
Table 2: Data requested from CSO
Classification
Population and Demography (All Gender
disaggregated wherever possible)
Data
Population
Number of households
Female/Male heads of household
Average persons per family
Age distribution
Ethnicity
Religion
Education (All Gender disaggregated wherever

possible)
Literacy (gender)
Education levels
Professional/Vocation
Health (All Gender disaggregated wherever

possible)
Causes of death
number of households in who members died
2009 - 2010
Member of households who died 2009 - 2010
Maternal mortality
Water and Sanitation (All Gender disaggregated

wherever possible)
Access to sanitation (by type)
Poverty, Income, economy (All Gender

disaggregated wherever possible)
Employment status
Location of Household toilet
Activity (2009-2010)
Percentage unemployed
Primary data was collected from key informants such as the WDC Chairpersons and
Clinical Officers at clinics. This was mainly through interviews and Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs). The consultations included the tripartite and ward consultations. The
tool for the FGDs conducted during the ward consultations is presented in Appendix K3.
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3.6.2
ESIA Sanitation
Formal Joint Public Focus Group Discussion

A component of the scoping activity included a public consultative meeting which was held
on Tuesday, 14th June 2011 at the Nakatindi Hall in Lusaka. The purpose of the meeting
was to allow the general public, as well as interested and affected parties, to give their
views on the proposed LWSSD Project. Issues of importance for this report were those that
related to the sanitation project. The meeting was held in accordance with the
requirements of both the ZEMA and the MCC Guidelines for conducting an ESIA. The
specific objectives of this public consultation were to:
1. disseminate information on the proposed project;
2. collect views and issues to be considered in the scoping process and ESIA study;
3. evaluate perceptions about positive and negative impacts of the project; and
4. receive concerns about environmental impacts and other implementation problems
such as communication strategy and avenues for participation in the project.
Information gathered from these consultations is summarised in Section 7. A total of 206
participants attended the meeting. Out of these, 92 were representatives from the WDCs.
In addition, there was attendance from key stakeholders such as the African Development
Bank (AfDB), World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). Key NGOs in the sector were also represented by Netherlands
Development Corporation (SNV). Some Members of Parliament also attended. Other
participants attended in their private capacities. The meeting was facilitated by MCAZambia who took the responsibility of chairing the plenary sessions as well as managing
expectations.
Issues raised during the deliberations of this meeting were recorded and incorporated into
the Scoping Report and also this ESIA. A summary of the meeting proceedings is
presented in Appendix C (Annex I) of the Scoping Report (Attachment 1). Details are also
provided in Appendix J.
3.6.3
Ward consultations
Ward consultations were conducted at the 30% design stage. The purpose was to ensure
consideration of the views of all potentially affected persons (men, women and children).
The consultations were done for all potential project sites and among residents within and
in the vicinity of the project sites. The ward consultations took the form of FGDs.
Originally, the plan was to have two FGDs per ward in all the 33 wards; one for community
members and the other for stakeholders. However, this was not possible due to poor
attendance. In most cases only one meeting was held with both groups. Additionally,
consultations were only possible in 27 of the 33 wards. This was because in six wards
consultations proved impossible partly due to political reasons and partly because of lack of
an active WDC structures. The six wards were Silwizya, Munkolo, Independence, Chainda,
Lubwa and Mpulungu.
The objectives for these consultations were to:
1. collect primary information on the socio-economic situation of the people in the
communities;
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2. evaluate the level of awareness of the communities about the proposed project;
3. gather information on peoples perceptions of projects they considered successful
based on past experiences;
4. gather the communities perceptions about the role of local beneficiaries in the
proposed implementation of the proposed project; and
5. assess the level of awareness of communities on how the proposed project will impact
them both environmentally and socially and find out any suggestions on avoidance or
mitigation measures for the impacts based on past experience.
All the three components were discussed at each FGD; namely water supply, sanitation
and drainage. However, emphasis was placed on those projects which would directly
benefit the respective wards, e.g. individual wards never have works for more than two
components. The procedure adopted in conducting these FGDs is summarised below.
The local residents who participated in the FGDs were presumed to have limited access
and time. Therefore, all the meetings were held as close to the communities as possible; in
most cases WDC offices or Community Halls within the wards were used as venues for the
meetings. In most consultations the group sizes averaged 20 participants which meet the
group size requirements for an FGD to be effectively handled without the facilitator losing
control. For all the meetings, the WDC leadership was the highest level of representation
that was invited.
In conducting the ESIA consultation meetings at the ward level, two ESIA consultants
conducted the facilitation. This team comprised an engineer and a social and gender
expert. The engineers tasks were to present the projects and project activities to the
participants while the social and gender expert facilitated the remainder of the proceedings.
A note taker was also part of the team and his or her sole responsibility was to record the
proceedings of the meetings.
The meetings were designed to take a maximum of two hours. The results from these have
been incorporated in the analysis of issues in this ESIA. Details of the Ward level
consultations are at Appendix K.
3.6.4
Community consultations
In order to supplement the 2010 Census data additional surveys were conducted in
selected communities during November and December 2012. The communities chosen to
be representative of the communities benefiting from the sanitation sub-projects. The
method used was to collect secondary data from the wards where beneficiary communities
are located:
1. The WDCs were approached and requested to arrange for up to six female and male
community leaders representing the actual beneficiary communities to attend a meeting
that would last up to three hours. These representatives needed to have knowledge
and records that could be used as qualitative and quantitative socioeconomic data for
their community in the ESIAs
2. A Community Level Survey was conducted through consultation with the
representative members of the specific project beneficiary community. Using a survey
questionnaire, questions were asked to the community representatives, who would then
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discuss, as necessary, and provide a response. Definitions were given and questions
further defined if necessary, by the national social specialist.
3. The questionnaire is presented at Appendix L; the survey questions covered the
following topics:
3.6.5
details of the community and names of participating representatives;
composition of the community demography, education, literacy;
income and employment unemployment, types of employment and average

income, poverty-wealth levels and definitions;
gender household
access/control;
access to social services health, education, water sanitation, market, Government

facilities;
infrastructure access details covering water, sanitation drainage and other

development, willingness to pay/contribute;
health and hygiene for males and females and children illness, medical services
and costs; and
general consultation questions and observations.
members
gender
roles,
decision
making,
resources
Additional consultation meetings January and February 2013

The consultations in 2011 (Sections 0 and 3.6.3) were general, based on 30% design and
covered some areas which have since been left out of Compact financing and inadvertently,
residents of some project areas which are now under Compact financing were left out of
initial consultations altogether including Kwamwena and Ndeke-Vorna Valley.
Therefore additional public consultations were conducted during January and February
2013 as supplemental stakeholder engagement. These additional consultations focused on
the communities directly affected by the sub-projects which will be implemented under the
Compact and to the extent possible correct gaps identified through the review of preliminary
ESIAs, as well as comments by the ZEMA related to disaggregation of social, vulnerable
and gender categories.
MCA-Zambia hired an external facilitator to oversee all
consultations and MCA-Zambia also decided upon the approach and content of the
consultations.
The consultation meetings were held at two levels:
1. A single level one meeting was held at the Civic Centre 7 January 2013 to address the
following groups:
Members of Parliament;
Councillors;
WDC representatives from project affected areas;
LCC and LWSC officials;
MLGH, MEWD, Disaster Management & Mitigation Unit Office of the Vice
President of the Republic; and
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NGOs, Sector Advisory Group representatives, some institutions/individuals that

were present for the first (2011) round of consultations.
2. Level two meetings were held in selected project affected communities with assistance
from LWSC and the WDC, mostly in January 2013. The target audience was:
project affected persons;
local NGOs;
faith based organisations, community and religious leaders;
market committee representatives; and
school teachers, and/or other leaders representing one or more affected

stakeholder groups.
The meetings in the communities included general presentations, public discussions and
FGD. The design engineers were in attendance to explain the features of the sub-project in
the community; the ESIA team described the potential environmental and socioeconomic
impacts; and the RAP team outlined the approach and entitlement to compensation being
prepared for the RAP. The meetings concluded with three separate FGD, one each for
men, women and youths.
The records of these meetings including attendance lists accompany this ESIA as
Attachment 2.
3.7
DATA ANALYSIS
The purpose of most of the activities was to identify impacts that would arise from the
construction and operation of the proposed projects, for this ESIA the sanitation subprojects. The significance of impacts was determined by combining the perceived
frequency of occurrence of the source of the impact, the duration, severity, and spatial
extent of the impact and the sensitivity of the area being impacted upon. The analysis was
aided by using a summary criterion and classification (see Table 55). Mitigation measures
and Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) were designed based on the
understanding of the identified impacts coupled with the knowledge and collected
information about the project sites. The mitigation measures and ESMPs are presented in
Section 12.
3.8
IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

The primary tool for identification of impacts and mitigation was round-table discussion
among members of the ESIA team. The output from these sessions was the Impact Matrix
at Appendix A. This records the rationale for the impacts and their potential significance,
mitigation measures, residual impact and risk after mitigation, linked to relevant legislation,
the construction contract requirements and the provisions of the ESMP.
Impacts were identified from the environmental and socioeconomic baseline as affecting
the receptors air, water, land, wildlife, resources and community. These were further
categorised into construction and subsequent operational impacts. Impact assessments
were also based on criteria developed from Zambian legal standards, design standards,
IFC Performance Standards, FIDIC requirements and other standards.
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3.9
ESIA Sanitation
COLLABORATION
The LWSSD Project includes components generated by a number of specialized teams
whose results were used in the compilation of this ESIA. The teams include:
the Design Team based at Gauff Ingenieure who dealt with the designs and
construction methods for sanitation;
the Resettlement Team under Tetra Tech who assessed issues of displacement and
resettlement that would result from the execution of all the aspects of the LWSSD
Project; and
the ESIA Team based at Gauff Ingenieure.
The work of all these teams contributed greatly to the Sanitation ESIA.
3.10
STUDY LIMITATIONS
The study faced the following limitations:
The ward consultations in 2011 included areas where there would be very few
benefits from the project. This posed a challenge as the people in these
communities felt discriminated and could not be engaged in effective discussions
since they felt that they would not benefit directly;
In 2011 no meetings or consultations took place in low density (wealthier) areas

because community structures such as the WDCs and Zone Development
Committees (ZDCs) are non-existent in these areas. The 2013 public consultations
addressed this limitation for such wards where there will be works under the
Compact (see Report of the Stakeholder Engagement and Public Consultations,
Attachment 2). Meetings were successfully held with good attendance (43 residents
attended from Kabulonga, Woodlands and Sunningdale areas) in the same low
density areas where meetings failed to take-off in 2011.
General lack of data on the project areas was a challenge in coming up with
baseline information especially for the socio-economic aspects.
It would be preferable to have additional and detailed socioeconomic data to

improve implementation and monitoring of the Project. A methodology for a detailed
socioeconomic study covering all three sectors of the Project, water supply,
sanitation and drainage was proposed to MCC. The methodology is designed to
provide, amongst other issues, an overall socioeconomic profile of Lusaka with
emphasis on the peri-urban areas impacted by the Project, the current sanitation
status in urban and peri-urban areas, health information and statistics, specific
gender impacts, perceived benefits of the projects among various socio-economic
cohorts, and perceived institutional challenges. The baseline socioeconomic
studies for this ESIA address all these issues, and the RAP will provide additional
data, but data for monitoring would be reinforced by further detailed socioeconomic
studies.
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1
PROJECT AREA
4.1.1
Lusaka
ESIA Sanitation
Lusaka is the seat of Government and capital of Zambia, is located in the south central part
of the country at an elevation between 1,200 and 1,300 m above mean sea level. Lusaka is
the largest city in the country covering an area of 360 km2. Established in 1905 Lusaka is a
well laid out city with the arterial national highways radiating from the Central Business
District (CBD), organized residential areas and near the city centre industrial areas. But
over the years the continuous migration of people to the city has inevitably led to the growth
of many peri-urban areas, often unplanned and disorderly and lacking basic infrastructure
services for water supply, sanitation and drainage. Several peri-urban settlements have
spread beyond the boundary of Lusaka City towards adjacent districts of Kafue, Chongwe
and Chibombo where irrigated agriculture land is practiced with a mixture of small holdings
and large commercial agribusinesses. Currently more than half of the city population lives
in peri-urban settlements.
Future population patterns are expected to follow closely the predictions of the JICA Urban
Development Plan14, with gradual densification of existing urban settlements, improvements
of peri-urban areas, corridor development along the Great North, Great East and Kafue
roads and further expansion into the adjacent districts of Kafue, Chongwe and Chibombo.
4.1.2
Locations of sub-projects
The sanitation sub-projects are located in the Kaunda Square sewer shed of Lusaka City.
Figure 4: Location map of sanitation sub-projects

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Figure 4 can be found in A3 format under Annex 3 of the report.

The catchment area of the Chelston Sewer Pump Station covers the residential area of
Chelston between Great East Road and Palm Drive. Chelston is in the east of Lusaka City
about 15 km from the city centre.
Mtendere is a low cost area east of Lusaka with an extent of approximately 400 ha and a
present residential population of 98,000. Mtendere is accessed from Alick Nkata Road and
sandwiched between the high cost areas of PHI and Ibex Hill. It is about 12 km east of the
city centre.
The Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds and the sewer interceptor that leads to the ponds are
located in Kaunda Square area. Kaunda Square is a low cost housing area 12 km east of
the city centre. It is accessed from the Great East Road at Munali roundabout.
4.2
OVERVIEW OF THE SANITATION SECTOR PROJECTS

The LWSSD Project funded under the Compact will not make improvements to the
sanitation in all areas of Lusaka but it will focus on the sewerage and treatment in the
Kaunda Ponds sewershed. The sub-projects are:
Chelston Pumping Station Upgrade (CSU-15) will increase the capacity of the
existing pumping station and replace the existing force main removing the problems
of lack of capacity and consequent sewage overflows which during the rains
combine with storm water which causes flooding and makes the station area
unsanitary;
Sewer Expansion in Mtendere (CSE-44) will provide a complete sewer network

covering Mtendere Township and parts of Kilikiliki which currently rely on pit latrines,
septic tanks and soakaways for sanitation;
Kaunda Square Interceptor Upgrade (CSU-4) will replace the existing interceptor to
provide additional hydraulic capacity which is inadequate for the current service
requirement exacerbated by storm water conveyed in the rainy season. It will also
provide for the expansion of the sewer network to cover Mtendere and parts of
Kalikiliki (CSE-44) which will significantly increase the quantity of sewage that will be
conveyed by the interceptor;
Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds Upgrade and Expansion (TU-5 and TE-3) will
restore and upgrade the existing ponds and provide a duplicate stream sufficient for
current and future developments in the sewershed including the expansion of the
sewer network to cover Mtendere and parts of Kalikiliki (CSE-44)
The works components are summarised in Table 3 and the following sections describe
each of the sub-projects.
CSU:
CSE:
TU:
TE:
Collection System Upgrade Project

Collection System Expansion Project
Treatment Upgrade Project
Treatment Expansion Project
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Table 3: Summary of the main components of the works

Sub-project
CSU4
CSE44
CSU15
TU5/TE3
Foreign procurement
Local procurement
Bulk excavation
Trench excavation
Small diameter HDPE
Small diameter uPVC
Large diameter concrete
Station pipework
Large valves and meters
Pumps
Transformer installations
Motor control centres
Small power systems
Pipe jacking
Dredging
Temporary overpumping
Land acquisition
Clearing of way leave
Livelihoods & compensation
Hazardous wastes
Public safety
Access
Work Item
Procurement
Earthworks
Pipelaying
Structural concrete work

Mechanical works
Electrical works
Building works
Specialised works
Resettlement Issues
Environmental
Notes:
is a major component of the works;

is a minor component of the works;
is not included in the works.
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4.3
CHELSTON PUMPING STATION UPGRADE (CSU-15)
4.3.1
Objective of Chelston Pumping Station sub-project
ESIA Sanitation
The objective of the Chelston Pumping Station sub-project is to improve the performance of
the Chelston pumping station by replacing both the pumping station and the associated
force main. Major activities include:
4.3.2
increase pumping capacity to meet 2015 requirements;
ensure that the structures and force main capacity meets 2035 requirements;
resolve the problem of storm water flooding of the station; and
generally rehabilitate the station for a 20 year life.
Scope of Chelston Pumping Station sub-project

General
The Chelston pump station is a submersible type station located in the suburb of Chelston
and within the Chelston sewered catchment area. The pump station was designed and
constructed about 1970 and has therefore been in operation for more than 40 years. It has
the same basic layout as other existing wet well pump stations in the Lusaka system. The
valve chamber was constructed from blockwork and is not tied into the wet well structure.
Differential settlements have caused cracks to open between the valve chamber and the
wet well through which groundwater and storm water seep, filling the valve chamber. To
alleviate this problem, drains were installed into the wet well but as these have no flap
valves, the valve chamber also fills with sewage.
During the wet season, the station is subject to very high flows due to groundwater
infiltration into the sewers. Also during the wet season, the pump station is often inundated
due to localized storm water flooding. This combination causes the wet well to overtop
during the rains, flooding the whole station with sewage for considerable periods.
Overflows also occur when there are power outages because there is no standb generator.
The station buildings are structurally sound, but in very poor condition due to repeated
flooding with sewage.
Pumps
There is only one pump installed although the station is designed for two pumps operating
on a duty/standby arrangement. The current pumping capacity with one pump is 30 l/s;
with a second pump is installed the flow could only be increased by 6 l/s.
Force main
The station pumps through a DN 200 force main to a discharge at the Chelston sewage
ponds via a manhole. This main has previously suffered bursts when operators have tried
to run two pumps on a duty/assist basis in order to move the excess flows during the rainy
season. The existing force main has been encroached upon by buildings.
4.3.3
Works components for Chelston Pumping Station

The following interventions have been designed:
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provision of two new pumps designed to operate on a duty/standby basis with a

capacity of 55 l/s. This arrangement is will handle the 2015 flows but the same
equipment, if operated on a duty assist basis is capable of producing the 65 l/s, the
predicted or the 2035 flow requirements;
provision of a new 2,04 km long force main in PE100 HDPE pipe, 250 mm diameter
sized sufficient to meet the 2035 flow requirements;
improvements to the pumping station to raise wet well wall levels and the land levels
within the station to prevent inundation of by floodwaters; and
provision of a new 30 m2 operators building to replace the existing structures which

will be demolished to make way for raising of ground levels
Figure 5 is a schematic of these works components and Figure 6 provides the location plan.
Figure 5: Schematic of Chelston Pump Station Upgrade works components
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ESIA Sanitation
Figure 6: Location map for Chelston Pump Station and force main

Pump station
The pumping station will remain within its existing footprint with the existing inlet works
retained and the station shape in plan unchanged. The two existing ancillary buildings on
the site will be demolished to make way for the raising of ground levels and replaced with a
single operators building which will combine operators shelter, store room, motor control
room and ablution facilities.
The pump station pipework is Schedule 40 Steel painted externally. The pipe is in good
condition. Pipework is available for only one of the two pumps. The following works will be
carried out:
delivery pipework from the pump to the flanged puddle pipe connecting the wet well
to the dry well will be replaced with new; and
delivery manifold will be dismantled, the flanged section removed onto which a
temporary line has been welded and replace, clean and epoxy coat and line the
remainder of the pipe and reinstall with a new delivery gate and non return valve.
The existing site boundary wall will be retained whilst the raising of ground levels will mean
that a new gate is required to the wall, located in the same place as the existing gate.
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Force main
The force main will be laid within a ZESCO power line way-leave over 1,600 m of its length
with the last 550 m located within the Chelston Ponds property. The new main will be
HDPE PE100 PN 10 pipe 250 mm nominal diameter.
Civil works
Civil works at the Chelston site are related to the current problem of flooding by storm
water. To alleviate this flooding it is proposed to raise all ground levels within the site
above flood levels. The designs allow for:
raising of the walls of the main pump station structure by 1.0 m;
raising of ground levels by 1.0 m at the pump station and falling away from the
station at approximately 5% falls all around to the boundary wall; and
some filling beyond the boundary wall such that it will be required to be a retaining
wall for which its structure was not designed.
The pump station access road is also currently prone to shallow flooding and will be raised
to a level 0.3 m above the surrounding ground and provided with a gravel wearing course.
Minor works
To assist the operators in keeping the site clean, paved walkways will be provided to all
common working areas within the site comprising 500 x 500 x 50mm thick precast concrete
slabs.
Tanking of structures
To maximise the life of the existing concrete structures and seal them against any seepage
through cracks which may be present they will be internally lined with a fibreglass epoxy
liner bonded to the concrete. This shall be applied to all water retaining compartments and
to the valve chamber. The works Specification will require that:
existing and new concrete surfaces are sand blasted to provide the necessary
surface texture; and
application and finishing of the fibreglass liner system in accordance with the
manufacturers guidelines.
There are many suitable proprietary systems available and therefore the Specifications
clauses will be generic to allow for the use of similar products from any manufacturer.
Bar screens
New stainless steel bar screens will be installed at the intake. The screens will consist of
8 mm thick rectangular bars at 20 mm centres. The screens will be manually raked to a
drying pad and screenings put in a covered plastic bin which will be emptied through the
normal refuse collection service and disposed to landfill.
Pumps
The existing and replacement pumps are submersible. With this type of pump, the pump
and motor are supplied together, matched by the manufacturer and can be considered as a
single unit.
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ESIA Sanitation
The design utilises a system of one duty and one standby pump for a total of two units
installed. The possibility of running the standby pump as an assist pump will allow the
station to achieve capacities of 120% of the estimated maximum inflow which would allow
the pumps to handle inflows predicted for 2035. The pumps are however specified for
maximum efficiency in duty/standby operation and assist pumping would only occur in case
of very high wet well levels, not expected to occur during normal operation.
Discharge pipework (wet well and valve chamber)
The existing discharge pipework in the wet well and valve chamber will generally be
retained. One length of flanged pipe has been modified with a welded connection for a
bypass from Pump No. 1 and this piece will be replaced. All other pipes in the valve
chamber and wet wells will be removed, cleaned and coated and lined with epoxy before
reinstallation.
Valves and penstocks
The pump station requires:
3 No. Fulton type wall mounted penstocks;
2 No. Elastomeric duckbill check valve;
3 No. Knife gate valves;
2 No. Non return valves; and
6 No. Sewage duty double orifice air release valves.
Handrails and gratings

There are no existing handrails or grating covers for the intake, splitter, wet well and valve
chamber. Therefore, removable flooring in expanded metal grating will be provided for all
of these compartments.
Handrails will be ball type with circular cross section solid forged steel stanchions (32 mm
diameter with 60 mm ball). Handrails shall be 38 mm x 2.5 mm thickness tubular section.
All components of the hand-railing system will be hot dip galvanised and painted.
Gratings will be hot dip galvanised steel designed for a 750 kg/m2 loading. Dimensioned
drawings will be provided but as gratings are generally a proprietary product the fabrication
drawings for these will be the responsibility of the works contractor.
Lifting equipment
The existing pumping station has a crane beam over the wet well. Under CSU-15 the
existing equipment will be cleaned and repainted and a new chain-block procured and
installed suited to lifting the replacement pumps.
Transformer
A new 200 kVA transformer is required to allow for direct on line starting of the pumps, with
the pumps running in a duty/assist configuration, the transformer is sized to the current
requirement of one pump running and one pump starting.
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ESIA Sanitation
Pump starters
Direct on line (DOL) starters will be provided. The Specification will require the starters to
be provided complete with and matched to the pump sets by the pump supplier.
Standby generator
The station will be capable of meeting its design flow with one pump running. Therefore the
standby generator will be sized for single pump operation. As the station is manned
manual start/manual changeover is specified.
Small power and lighting
A small power distribution board with 60 Amp breaker will be provided in the electrical
control room to provide small power and lighting.
Buildings design
The existing operational building and toilet block which have a combined floor area 20 m2
will need to be replaced due to their poor condition and to conform to the raised ground
levels within the site after filling. A new building will provide the following:
operators office 5 m2;
toilet 3 m2,
changing room and shower 10 m2;
electrical control room 7.5 m2; and
store room 5 m2.
Telemetry
The station is designed as a manned facility and no provision has been made for telemetry.
However, space has been allowed within the control room for possible future installation of
telemetry equipment.
4.3.4
Ground conditions for Chelston Pumping Station

Geotechnical investigations show that:
4.3.5
During the dry season the the water table is more than 2.0 m below ground level
and no special measures will be necessary to drain trenches at this time of year.
Some excavation in soft Schist rock can be anticipated over about 900 m of trench.
The ground in the area is stable and trench sides stand unsupported to 2 m
although temporary support compliant with accepted good health and safety
practice must still be used as necessary.
Materials encountered are generally clayey silt which is not suitable as pipe bedding
material and initial backfill and therefore suitable material will need to be imported.
Construction methods for Chelston Pumping Station

Construction methods employed for the pumping station upgrade and laying of the new
force main include:
open trenching;
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placing of fill, gravel road surfacing and paving;
demolition of existing buildings.
dewatering as necessary;
pipe laying;
concreting;
building works including electrics and plumbing; and
electrical and mechanical plant installation.
ESIA Sanitation
During works to rehabilitate the pump station there will be a need to over-pump the station.
In order to minimise disruption the following order of works is recommended although the
method actually adopted will be at the discretion of the works contractor:
1. The new force main shall be constructed. The existing pump station and force main
will remain in operation during this period. The new force main will be designed with
permanent provision to connect a bypass pumping line.
2. On acceptance of the new force main a bypass pumping arrangement will be
installed running from a pump installed in the sewer manhole at the road before the
pump station to the connection point provided on the new force main. The capacity
of this over-pump will match existing station flows 30 l/s against 18 m head.
3. Works on station rehabilitation will be completed whilst the over-pump is in
operation. The over-pump will be decommissioned on commissioning of the station.
4. Key Specifications requirements for over-pumping will be:
(a) Temporary pipework for the over-pumping operation will be a flexible, quick
installation, high impact resistance, UV stabilised PVC pipe designed for
temporary surface installation such as CertalokTM or YellomineTM. Overpumping pipework will be handed over to LWS on completion of the works.
(b) Pumping equipment for over-pumping shall be an electrical powered sewage
duty submersible pump. Power connection will be taken from the existing pump
station located 50 m from the over-pump installation using suitably sized
armoured cable.
(c) The works contractor shall provide temporary fencing around the over-pumping
manhole.
(d) Operation and maintenance of the over-pumping system shall be entirely the
responsibility of the works contractor. LWSC shall however pay for the station
energy bills during over-pumping.
4.3.6
Project activities for Chelston Pumping Station

Activities for the Chelston Pump Station Upgrade CSU-15 sub-project are listed in Table 4.
Activities during the construction phase will mainly be the civil, building, electrical and
mechanical works at the pump station and the laying of the force main.
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Table 4: Activities for Chelston Pumping Station Upgrade CSU-15

Activities during the preparation phase
The principal anticipated activity in the preparation phase is works contractor mobilization involving
securing of temporary sites, offices, workshops and material storage.
Activities during the construction phase
Site preparation phase
Surveying for design and setting out.
Construction works
Excavation and backfill of soil with dewatering as necessary of trenches for the force main;
raising walls of reinforced concrete water retaining substructure including drilling for dowelling,
formwork and reinforced concrete;
demolition of existing and construction of new pump station building including electrical and
plumbing services,
placing fill to raise ground levels at the pump station site and along the access road including
gravel road surfacing and laying paving slabs;
transportation of construction materials;
temporary works;
temporary over pumping;
testing of the force main;
concreting for pipe restraints, protection and chambers;
installation, testing and commissioning electrical and mechanical plant; and
site works and ancillary building works.

Activities during the operation phase
Once the works are commissioned pumping of raw sewage will be the main activity.
4.3.7
Raw materials and waste for Chelston Pumping Station

During the construction phase, it can be expected that the following raw materials will be
required:
cement;
reinforcing steel;
fine and coarse aggregate for concrete and reinstatement of road works and paved
areas;
gravel for road surfacing;
selected granular material in fill and bedding;
timber for formwork;
250 mm HDPE pipe for force main, 200 mm steel pipe for the pump station;
valves and penstocks;
mechanical and electrical equipment and components;
general building material for new pump station building;
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water; and
fuel.
ESIA Sanitation
The principal waste products expected during the construction phase include excess
excavated material, and excavated material which is not suitable for pipe bedding or
backfill, waste materials from demolition of existing pump house building, and redundant
iron valves and penstocks.
During the operation phase the activity will be the pumping of raw sewage. The pumps are
electrically driven; there will be intermittent emissions of exhaust when the pumps are
running on the standby generator. Otherwise there will be no waste products from this
activity.
4.3.8
Beneficiaries of Chelston Pumping Station sub-project

Direct beneficiaries will be the population living in the Chelston Pump Station catchment
which at the 2015 horizon is projected to be:
4.3.9
High cost housing:
1,247
Medium cost housing:
3,804
Low cost housing:
Existing utilities affected by Chelston Pumping Station sub-project

Services
Within the ZESCO way-leave there are three sets of power lines. The force main will be
laid along the northern edge of the ZESCO way-leave, this is at the suggestion of ZESCO
who have indicated that this places the pipeline adjacent to a power line which has
redundancy and which can therefore be switched off during construction works.
There will be no requirement to re-route any buried or overhead services outside of the
pump station perimeter wall.
Roads
There are no road crossings along the force main route.
4.4
SEWER EXPANSION IN MTENDERE (CSE-44)
4.4.1
CSE-44 Objective of sewer expansion in Mtendere sub-project

The objective of the sub-project is to improve sanitation provision in the peri-urban areas of
Mtendere and parts of Kilikiliki. Specifically the areas will be fully sewered permitting 100%
connection of all properties.
4.4.2
Scope of sewer expansion in Mtendere sub-project

The location and extent of the sewer expansion project is shown in Figure 7 and is
approximately 400 ha in area. There is currently no sewerage system in Mtendere and the
most common sanitary installations are simple and partly improved pit latrines. The sewer
expansion project will provide approximately 98,000 residents and 74 commercial
properties with an opportunity to connect their individual sanitation facilities to the newly
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constructed sewer network. Mtendere is a peri-urban low cost housing area but it does
have a well-structured plots and road layout.
Currently only parts of Mtendere are served by LWSC water mains; there are water kiosks
with some household connections. Water services will be extended to all Mtendere
concurrently with the sewer expansion under the water supply sub-project LS3.
Figure 7: Location map for sewer expansion in Mtendere

4.4.3
Works components for sewer expansion in Mtendere

Sewer expansion in Mtendere will consist of approximately 82 km of new gravity sewer
plastic pipes (uPVC) ranging from 150 mm to 400 mm in diameter.
The sewer network is divided in three service areas shown schematically in Figure 8.
Mtendere West service area will discharge into the exiting gravity main, upstream of the
connection from the western part of the Presidential Housing Initiative (PHI) which is
another housing area between Chainama and Avondale on the Great East Road, via three
branches (BR 1, BR 2 and BR 3). The Mtendere Central service area will discharge into
the upgraded Kaunda Square Interceptor via a single branch (BR 4) running along the
eastern side of PHI. The Mtendere East (parts of Kilikiliki) service area will discharge into
the newly constructed Salama sewage pumping station (SPS), which will also be upgraded
to accommodate the increased flow.
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Figure 8: Schematic of sewer expansion in Mtendere
The three service areas are controlled by the topography and a design objective that the
optimum sewer network should as far as possible operate by gravity with pumping only
where gravity is not possible. Hence:
the three branches in Mtendere West all discharge to the Kaunda Square
interceptor sewer by gravity;
the eastern portion of Mtendere West as well as the part between Mtendere and
Kalikiliki will be one branch, discharging by gravity to the upgraded interceptor north
of Kaunda Square Stage I & II. To avoid deep pipe trenches it is necessary to
locate a section of this sewer along the stream, which divides the service area into
two halves. The covers of the manholes close to the stream will be raised 1.5 m
above ground to ensure that no storm water enters the sewers when the stream is in
flood. The sewer will cross under the Great East round at the roundabout; to avoid
disruption to traffic this lengthy sewer will be thrust bored beneath the road; and
the whole project part of Kalikiliki discharges by gravity to the Salama Sewage
Pumping Station.
Most of the 82 km of the new network are in a depth range between 1 m and 3 m. Only
2.8 km of pipes, 3.6% of the network, are deeper than 3 m.
Thrust boring is a method of installing a pipe below ground without excavating from the surface along its
length. It is in a group of methods called no dig. Thrust bore pushes the pipe forward by means of
hydraulic jacks adjusting the thrust to keep the pipe on the required line and level.
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Location of sewers
All sewer pipes are located within road reserve. Where there is sufficient space between
property and the edge of the road the pipes will be laid here. But there are many narrow
and residential streets in Mtendere where this is not possible and in these cases the sewer
will be laid under the road. In these narrow roads where manholes are required, the road
will be ramped to allow vehicles to pass over the manhole.
House connections
The design of the house connections is the task of LWSC who connect consumers to the
sewer system at a later stage. For these connections a Tee-piece will be installed at every
second sewer pipe joint (every 12 m). When the sewer is beside the road within the
reserve or where it is beneath an unpaved road, the Tee-piece will point to the top so that
houses on both sides of the pipe can be connected. In locations, where the sewer lines are
in paved roads, laterals with a diameter of 100 mm will be installed to the edge of roadway.
Manholes
Manholes will be constructed at all points where either the vertical or horizontal alignments
change. Pipes are laid straight between manholes. Manholes provide access for
maintenance therefore the maximum distances between manholes in Table 5 have been
adopted for the design although closer distances occur where necessary because of a
change of alignment or junction.
Table 5: Maximum distances between manholes
Pipe Diameter (mm)
Maximum distance between MH (m)
< 200
60
> 200
80+
A summary of the manhole types which will be constructed is given in Table 6.

Table 6: Manholes to be constructed
Manhole type
Internal diameter
Description
Number
Type 1
<3 m
1,360
Type 2
>3 m
41
Type 3
With junction
286
Salama SPS
The Salama sewage pumping station (SPS) was constructed in 2011-2012 by a private
property developer as part of the Salama Farm property development. This development
was for approximately 700 medium cost houses. As part of their agreement with LWSC,
the developer installed an oversized force main (uPVC DN250, PN12) to allow for future
expansion of the station but initially pumps were installed only for the Salama Farm duty.
The force main is still be constructed. As the Salama Farm area is still under construction
sewage flows are very low and, until the completion of the force main, these are disposed
of by tanker.
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The original Salama Farm sewerage system was a liquid only system with septic tanks to
be installed on all properties to remove solids. However this solution will be limited to the
original 700 houses under the Salama Farm Development. A second development in the
area, the Chelston Residential Estate, with 500 houses has been approved by LWSC for
use of a solids handing sewerage system and the Mtendere branch BR5 will also be a
solids handling system.
The existing pumps installed by the developer at Salama are grinder type pumps with a
capacity of approximately 17 l/s. These pumps can handle solids.
Part of the original agreement between the Developer and LWSC was that the Salama
pumping station be provided with a large detention basin to drop out solids and reduce
BOD loading at the Kaunda Square ponds. With the upgrade of these ponds (TU-5 & TE-3)
this is no longer a requirement and the basin will likely cause excessive detention times and
a smell nuisance.
The objectives for the Salama pumping station under CSE-44 are, therefore, to:
increase the pumping capacity to meet the 2015 flow forecast for the Salama Farm,
Chelston Residential Estate and Mtendere East areas; and
revise the station layout to prevent excessive detention times.
The Salama SPS is a new structure recently completed and shows no structural problems
or other significant issues. The SPS shall remain within its existing footprint with the
existing inlet works retained and the station shape unchanged. An operators building will
be required at the SPS but the existing force main will be retained. To assist the operators
in keeping the site clean walkways of 500 x 500 x 50 mm thick precast concrete pavers will
be provided to all common working areas within the site. The existing station is not
equipped with bar screens. A new inlet works will be constructed with manually raked bar
screens.
The SPS requires special design provision because it will eventually serve a population of
over 40,000 people. Currently it receives almost no flow and the area it serves is still very
much under development. Thus, early life flows will be extremely low. It is therefore
proposed to maintain the existing pumps as jockey*** pumps during the early life of the
station. Jockey pumps will not run in parallel with the new pumps and should be manually
phased out from operation once flows are high enough to regularly start the large pumps,
which it is estimated will be three to five years after station completion.
New pumps are required to meet the eventual maximum inflow of 95 l/s. To moderate the
size of the pumping equipment the station has been designed with two pumps installed for
this duty, operating on a duty/assist basis. The duty pump will deliver 90% of the expected
maximum flow. On the rare occasion where flows reach values greater than 90% of
maximum flow the second pump will be started as an assist unit to achieve this maximum
duty.
The larger, new pumping equipment will be retrofitted to the station whilst it remains in
operation. The new pumps will be installed in the existing detention basin area. This will
***
A jockey pump, or a pressure-maintenance pump, is a small capacity pump that works together with a high
capacity pump. It is designed to pump where the system flows are a small fraction of the system capacity,
the high capacity pumps run when ever the flow demands are high.
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be temporarily isolated from the rest of the station to allow installation whilst the small
existing pumps continue operation.
The pump station requires:
1 No. Fulton type wall mounted penstocks;
2 No. Elastomeric duckbill check valve;
3 No. Knife gate valves; and
3 No. Non return valves.
Handrails will be ball type with circular cross section solid forged steel stanchions (32 mm
diameter with 60 mm ball). Handrails will be 38 mm x 2.5 mm thickness. All components of
the hand-railing system shall be hot dip galvanised and painted.
The existing concrete cover slab to the wet well will need to be removed and will be
replaced by an appropriate grillage floor.
The station currently has no lifting equipment and this will be provided under these works,
rated for lifting the proposed pumps.
To allow for direct on line starting of the pumps, with the pumps running in a duty/assist
configuration, a new 750 kVA transformer will be provided sized to the current requirement
of one pump running and one pump starting. Direct on line (DOL) starters will be provided.
The Specification will require the starters to be provided complete with and matched to the
pump sets by the pump supplier.
Standby generator
The station will be capable of meeting its design flow with one pump running. Therefore the
standby generator will be sized for single pump operation. As the station is manned
manual start/manual changeover is specified.
Small power and lighting
A small power distribution board with 60 Amp breaker will be provided in the electrical
control room for small power and lighting.
Buildings design
A new operational building will be provided with floor areas as follows:
4.4.4
operators office 5 m2;
toilet 3 m2;
changing room and shower 10 m2;
electrical control room 7.5 m2; and
store room 5 m2.
Ground conditions for sewer expansion in Mtendere

1. Materials encountered are generally silty sand and sandy silt at depth. In most of
area of CSU-44 these are overlain by a layer of lateritic or quartzite, gravely, silty
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sand with depth 0.45 to 1.1 m. Material at pipe installation depth is generally
unsuitable for pipe bedding and backfill but in most places suitable material for this
purpose can be obtained from the upper horizons in the trench but it will have to be
selected and stockpiled separately along the trench for reuse as bedding and initial
backfill. Approximately 40% of the area will require imported selected bedding
material.
2. Water was encountered in only trial pit close to the stream which separates
Mtendere East and West. Elsewhere it can be expected that the water table is
generally greater than 3.0 m depth and that no special measures will be necessary
to drain trenches except in the area close to the stream. Normal trenching practice
excavating up hill will suffice with the lowest point draining to an outfall such as the
stream.
3. No rock was encountered in any trial pits within Mtendere, Salama and the
Mtendere outfall to the Kaunda Square Interceptor. However, desk study indicates
that at the extreme western boundary of Mtendere West, there is a thin band of
Dolomitic Limestone and therefore there is a risk of encountering rock in trenches of
normal depth.
4. The ground in the area is stable and trench sides stand unsupported to 3 m, the
depth of trial pit excavation, although temporary support compliant with accepted
good health and safety practice must still be used as necessary. Trenches deeper
than this will need to be stepped back, battered or shored.
4.4.5
Construction methods for sewer expansion in Mtendere

Construction methods employed for the sewers will include:
open trenching;
chemical rock shattering (if hard rock encountered)
pipe jacking (no-dig pipe laying)
pipe laying;
construction of manhole chambers and ancillary concreting; and
reinstatement of paved and gravel roads.
Construction methods employed for the Salama SPS upgrade will include:
open trenching;
laying of paving slabs;
minor demolition of boundary walls and temporary structures;
pipe laying;
concreting;
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There will be no requirement for over-pumping, because the whole network is a new
construction. However, the first phase of the upgrading works at the SPS will require
over-pumping.
4.4.6
Project activities for sewer expansion in Mtendere

Activities for the sewer expansion in Mtendere CSE-44 sub-project are listed in Table 7.
Activities during the construction phase will mainly be the laying of gravity sewer and
construction of manhole chambers, reinstatement of roads and some general civil, electrical
and mechanical works at the pump station.
Table 7: Activities for sewer expansion in Mtendere CSE-44
Construction works
Open trenching;
pipe jacking (no-dig pipe laying)
pipe laying;
construction of manhole chambers;
reinstatement of paved and gravel roads;
laying of paving slabs;
concreting;
temporary works;
temporary overpumping;
sewer testing;
concreting for pipe restraint, protection and chambers;

Once the systems are constructed the main activities will be gravity operation of sewers and the
operation of Salama SPS electrical pumps or powered by generator during power outage.
4.4.7
Raw materials and waste products for sewer expansion in Mtendere

required:
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cement;
reinforcing steel;
areas;
gravel for reinstatement of gravel roads;
bituminous materials for reinstatement of sealed roads;
trench sheeting and props or similar for trench support;
uPVC sewer pipes and branch connection in diameters 150 mm to 4o0 mm;
precast concrete manhole rings and cover slabs
ductile iron manhole covers
water; and
fuel.
excavated material and excavated material which is not suitable for pipe bedding or backfill.
Small quantities of waste materials will be from demolition of walls and temporary buildings.
During the operational phase the activity will be gravity flow and pumping of raw sewage.
Since the pumps are electrically driven; there will be interment emissions of exhaust when
the pumps are running on the standby generator. The sewage will be treated at Kaunda
Square Stabilization Ponds which will be upgraded under sub-projects TU-5 and TE-3.
Otherwise there will be no waste products from this activity.
4.4.8
Beneficiaries of sewer expansion in Mtendere

The sewer expansion project provides for new household sewer connections to
approximately 98,349 people and 74 commercial facilities in Mtendere and a part of
Kalikiliki. Approximately 400 ha in Mtendere will be sewered. This peri-urban area consists
primarily of informal and low income residential areas with a high population density.
4.4.9
Existing utilities affected by sewer expansion in Mtendere

The interferences with existing Utility Services are shown in the drawings.
There are few existing underground within the new service area. Only in the western and in
the south-eastern part of Mtendere are there existing water lines as well as along Chongwe
Road. A ZAMTEL cable runs along the road east of PHI and further north along Chongwe
Road. Furthermore, there are three ZESCO cables (11 kV) along the road east of PHI
which cross the sewer alignments.
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Almost every underground infrastructure runs along the Great East Road (ZESCO,
ZAMTEL, Liquid Telecom, Airtel and MTN). It is planned to cross the Great East Road at
the Hybrid Roundabout by pipe-jacking with cover of 2.0 m. According to the service
providers the average cable depth is 1.0 m maximum therefore the existing utilities will
probably not be affected.
Throughout Mtendere telephone and electric lines are mounted on single wooden poles. In
addition a 33 kV ZESCO line runs on poles from south to north through the centre of the
new service area.
There are no interferences between existing utilities and the works at Salama SPS
4.5
KAUNDA SQUARE INTERCEPTOR UPGRADE (CSU-4)
4.5.1
Objective of Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded sub-project

The objectives of the Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded are:
4.5.2
to increase the hydraulic capacity which is inadequate for the current service
requirement given that it also conveys stormwater in the rainy season (it wasnt
originally designed to be a combined system); and
provide additional capacity for the extra flow from expansion of the sewer network to
cover Mtendere and parts of Kalikiliki which will drastically increase the quantity of
sewage that will be conveyed by the interceptor.
Scope of Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded sub-project

The existing alignment of Kaunda Square Interceptor follows the road along the north of
Kaunda Square Stage II until the junction between Kaunda Square Stages I and II and then
heads northwest to the ponds crossing cultivated fields and farm areas (Figure 9). The
sewershed covers is approximately 2,120 ha and the dominant land use is high density
residential. The interceptor is entirely a gravity network with pipe sizes varying from
150 mm to 700 mm.
The downstream portion of the Kaunda Square interceptor does not have adequate
hydraulic capacity during wet weather. The system that serves Kaunda Square Stages I
and Stage II is, in effect, a combined sewer system which means that the storm water
drainage is combined with the sanitary sewer. It was not designed as a combined system
but has become one due to poor storm water management in the area. It should be noted
that the reasons for the inadequate capacity are both the size of the existing pipe and the
small slope; there are short lengths of the existing interceptor with zero slope. To try to
alleviate surcharging in the Kaunda Square Stage II area, an interconnection between the
Kaunda Square system and Kaunda Square interceptor has been made by LWSC;
however, the main interceptor also surcharges during wet weather. Moreover, as with the
other interceptors, the pipe is AC, more than 40 years old and has deteriorated significantly.
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Figure 9: Location map for Kaunda Square Upgrade CSU-4

4.5.3
Works components Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded

To address the problems described at Section 4.5.2, and to provide capacity for sewer
expansion, approximately 2.7 km of the downstream portion of the Kaunda Square
interceptor will be upgraded. The interceptor will be upsized from 300 mm to 900 mm in
diameter. The new pipe will be of reinforced concrete.
The parallel interceptor that receives the flows from Stage II is also overloaded due to storm
flows. This problem will be resolved by provising cross connections to the Kaunda Square
interceptor from the Chelston Police camp which avoids the need to upgrade the parallel
interceptor.
The upgraded interceptor will mostly follow the same alignment as the existing, where it is
located within the road reserve. However, the part of the existing interceptor, which heads
to the ponds crossing cultivated fields and farmed areas will be realigned. The old pipes
will remain where they are, and eventual connections of the farm houses will not be cut off.
The connection of the interceptor to the old interceptor will be closed by brick walls, to
ensure that the flows go through the new interceptor.
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About 50 new manholes will be constructed at all points where either the vertical or
horizontal alignments change. This total also includes intermediate manholes which are
required for maintence access: every 60 m for pipes up to 200 mm diameter and every
80 m for larger pipes.
4.5.4
Construction methods for Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded

Construction methods employed for the pumping station upgrade and laying of the new
force main include:
open trenching;
placing of fill, gravel road surfacing and paving;
minor demolition of boundary walls and temporary structures;
pipe laying;
concreting;
Over-pumping
The interceptor replacement will follow the same alignment as the existing sewer over a
length of 1,504 m. Therefore, in order to maintain uninterrupted flow for this part it will be
necessary to over-pump each section of sewer as it is replaced.
Over-pumping methodology
1. The suction for the over-pump is installed in the manhole upstream of the section to be
worked on and the sewer line dammed at that manhole converting it into a temporary
sump. The temporary force main is laid, bypassing two manholes and discharging into
the third, leaving a section bunded up and downstream by a dry manhole, ready for
replacement.
Figure 10: Over-pumping Step 1
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2. On completion of the first work section the two manholes and one length of pipe that it
includes are subjected to acceptance tests. On approval of tests the over-pumping
section is moved along by one manhole.
3. The procedure is repeated with each replacement section and manhole being subjected
to acceptance tests before the over-pumping and replacement works move to the next
section until the line replacement is complete.
The required over-pumping duty has been calculated to be 40 l/s against 15 m head. This
is based on dry weather flows for the current year with a factor of safety of two.
It is expected that over-pumping shall utilise a demountable, quick jointing high impact
resistance uPVC pipe material. The pipeline will be surface laid between the sump
manhole and the discharge manhole and will be moved each time the over-pumping
arrangement is moved. The maximum length of pipe required is approximately 310 m. The
economical pipe size for the above duty is 160 mm.
In places it may be necessary for the over-pumping line to cross roads. The works
contractor will be required to attempt to route the pipe through culverts but, if none are
available a suitable protective ramp will need to be installed over the pipe on the road.
The selection of pumping equipment to meet the above duty shall be the responsibility of
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the works contractor. The under the Contract Specification the following are allowable:
diesel direct drive: a coupled wastewater pump and diesel engine; or
diesel-electric: an electrical pump run by diesel generator
The Contractor will be required to provide one duty and one standby pumping unit, installed
on site at all times during the over-pumping. A minimum of 24 hours of fuels supply for the
diesel engines will be maintained on site at all times and the fuel tank of the standby pump
shall be kept filled. The pumping installation shall be manned 24 hours and properly fenced
and secured. Procedures shall be in place for dealing with spills or leakage of overumped
sewage.
4.5.5
Project activities for Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded

Activities for the Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded CSU-4 sub-project are listed in Table
7. Activities during the construction phase will mainly be the civil, building, electrical and
mechanical works at the pump station and the laying of the force main.
Table 8: Activities for Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded CSU-4
Construction works
Open trenching;
pipe laying;
construction of manhole chambers;
reinstatement of paved and gravel roads;
oncreting;
temporary works;
temporary overpumping;
sewer testing;
concreting for pipe restraint, protection and chambers;

Once the systems are constructed the main activity will be gravity operation of sewers.
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Raw materials and waste for Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded

required:
cement;
reinforcing steel;
areas;
bituminous materials and gravel for reinstatement of road surfacing;
Pipes as listed in Table 9;
water; and
fuel.
Table 9: Pipe diameters, material, lengths and depths required for CSU-4
Diameter (mm)
Material
Length (m)
Average depth (m)
315
uPVC PN8
63
2.25
400
uPVC PN8
20
2.07
500
RCP
318
2.18
600
RCP
1,043
2.53
700
RCP
121
2.32
800
RCP
1,345
2.23
900
RCP
168
0.60
excavated material, and excavated material which is not suitable for pipe bedding or
backfill. Small quantities of waste materials will be from demolition of walls and temporary
buildings. There is potential for sewage spillage from overpumping.
During the operation phase the activity will be gravity flow of raw sewage. The water
sewage will be treated at Kaunda Square Stabilization Ponds which will be upgraded under
sub-projects TU-5 and TE-3. Otherwise there will be no waste products from this activity.
4.5.7
Beneficiaries Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded

About 25,700 person will benefit from the sewer upgrade.
Mtendere when this is connected.
4.5.8
The sewer will also serve
Existing utilities affected by Kaunda Square Interceptor upgraded

There are few existing underground utilities within the new service area. There is one
existing ZESCO underground cable (11 kV) going along Katilungu Road towards the
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junction with Chipela Road. ZESCO demands that the works contractor shall notify them in
advance of works in proximity of this cable so they can send somebody on site to assist.
There is a ZAMTEL cable running along Chongwe Road and then follows the road along
the north of Kaunda Square Stage I and II. As it was impossible to identify the exact
location of this cable during site surveys, the works contractor will be required to locate in
advance of an excavation works.
Furthermore, there are existing water lines running along and crossing both the upgraded
and the re-aligned interceptor.
There are telephone and electric lines on single wooden poles on the north and south sides
of the road along the north of the Kaunda stages. None of these poles are on the chosen
alignment for the upgraded sewers. The works contractor must take account of heigt
restrictions as a contractual obligation. However, there is one transformer which needs to
be relocated as it is above an existing pipe which has to be replaced.
4.6
KAUNDA SQUARE TREATMENT PONDS UPGRADE AND EXPANSION (TU-5 & TE-3)
4.6.1
Objectives of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds sub-project

The objective of the Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds upgrade and expansion is to
rehabilitate, upgrade and expand the existing dilapidated sewage stabilisation ponds with
capacity to treat the projected sewage inflows for 2035.
The sub-project is also essential in particular for the sewer expansion in Mtendere (Section
4.4) and through that sub-project to the protection of well field which currently provides 7%
of Lusaka water supplies. These reasons amongst others provide strong justification for the
upgrade and expansion of the ponds even though these works alone will be insufficient to
achieve current ZEMA quality standards for treated sewage effluent. The justification is
further explained in Section 4.6.3.
4.6.2
Scope of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds sub-project

The Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds are located in an area currently surrounded by farms
(Figure 13). They were commissioned in 1970 and very little maintenance has been carried
out since.
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Figure 13: Location map for Kaunda Square Treatment upgrade and expansion

When first commissioned the facilities were:
inlet works, comprising bar screens and grit removal chambers;
one primary pond for sedimentation and anaerobic digestion;
one secondary pond for facultative digestion and stabilization; and
one maturation pond.
However, the current situation is that the earthen embankments that originally separated
the three ponds have been breached and almost completely eroded away by wave action
so the ponds are now essentially a single water body. The inlet works are in structural
failure and a portion of the pond banks has collapsed.
When the ponds were designed and constructed, the service area was much smaller than it
is now and some of the new areas now populated either did not exist or were farm plots that
have since been developed into high density, residential areas. The ponds where designed
for a population equivalent of 18,000 but currently serve a population equivalent of 45,000.
Thus, current flows into the ponds exceed both the hydraulic capacity and the treatment
capacity for the ponds and the small inlet works.
Areas near the ponds and which discharge into them, Kaunda Square Stage II and Chamba
Valley, have sewer systems which, due to poor condition, now function as combined storm
and sanitary sewers. Storm drains are unlined, which introduces large quantities of
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inorganic grit into the sanitary sewers. In addition, having storm sewers connected to the
sanitary sewers generates very high hydraulic loads during the rainy season. The existing
inlet works are designed to handle neither the high hydraulic loads nor the large amounts of
inorganic grit introduced by the storm sewers.
Large quantities of grit therefore pass through the inlet works into the ponds, forming a
delta at the outfall into the ponds and also burying the original outlet pipe from the ponds.
Therefore, a channel has had to be cut into the northern side of what should be the third
pond to allow outflow from the ponds. The grit accumulation has also reduced the volume
of the pond near the inlet.
By 2008, water hyacinth was beginning to clog the ponds, particularly during the winter.
LWSC uses boats to remove the hyacinth and then burns the harvested plants on the
shore. On occasions the hyacinth has caused flooding on adjacent roads. At one time in
2011 the water hyacinth had almost completely taken over the pond, covering more than
80% of the surface. The presence of water hyacinth is at least providing some biological
treatment of the sewage because the plants draw nutrients and therefore reduce the
pollution potential of the partially treated effluent.
In summary, the existing situation is that there is only a single pond which is smaller than it
needs to be for current flows. The merging of the three original ponds has also caused
short circuiting of the treatment process since the sewage enters the pond at its northeast
corner and flows out near the midpoint of the northern bank.
The treated effluent is not disinfected prior to discharge; rather the Kaunda ponds are
expected to disinfect the treated wastewater by natural biological processes and reduce
Coliforms indicator organisms to acceptable levels.
The effluent is discharged to a small, otherwise seasonal watercourse, the Ngwerere
Stream, which flows into the Chongwe River. The effluent is used year around by farmers
for crop irrigation. The crops include both food and non-food crops. The use of this
wastewater for crop irrigation constitutes a significant public health risk.
The sewer expansion in Mtendere sub-project CSE-44 will also increase the flows to the
ponds. By 2015 the total flow is expected to reach 19,862 m3/d from a projected population
equivalent of 156,000 people.
4.6.3
Justification for the sub-project

A separate report has been prepared by LWSC which will be submitted to ZEMA to request
approval from ZEMA to construct the ponds as planned15. This section includes the
justification for the sub-project contained in the report to ZEMA.
Although the upgraded and extended ponds will produce a significant improvement on the
current situation the effluent discharged will still not meet the quality standards required by
ZEMA. This is justified because:
1. The ponds are intended only as an interim and necessary emergency measure that will
significantly improve the quality of the effluent compared to the current situation which
has high attendant health risks.
2. The ponds will provide treatment capacity for sewer connections to more than 98,000
people and about 74 commercial facilities in Mtendere.
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3. The sewer expansion in Mtendere is also complimentary to and required to realise the
full benefits of improved water supply and full house connections which will be provided
as a component of the LWSSD Project.
4. Furthermore, the Sewer Expansion in Mtendere make it essential that the ponds are
improved not least because the sewers are needed to protect against permanent
contamination of groundwater resources which currently provides 11% of Lusaka water
supplies.
The upgraded and extended ponds will provide capacity not only for new the sewerage
networks in Mtendere but also for future population increases for the whole sewershed.
Being an interim measure, further improvement to achieve the effluent standards required
by ZEMA will be made at the earliest opportunity. These improvements will be based on
the SIMP which addresses the requirement to fully meet the standards (see below).
Comparison of current and simulated effluent quality
Samples of effluent taken over the past three years show that currently the existing ponds
reduce BOD loads from about 250 mg/l to the range of 55 to 80 mg/l and faecal Coliforms
from 11 x 106 to the range 470,000 to 60,000 FC/100 ml (see Appendix G5). Baically, the
current system is inoperable and if nothing is done the effluent quality will further deteriorate
because of the expected increases in both hydraulic and organic loading for the extended
sewer network and rising population. The ponds upgrade will be able to accommodate the
increases in both hydraulic and organic loading flows including flows from Mtendere.
The sub-project is designed to produce effluent with BOD loading of about 72 and 73 mg/l
for the upgrade and extension streams respectively.
that the current system is inoperable and the expanded system will be able to
accommodate more flows from the Mtendere expansion
If left in their current state the increased loading to the ponds will result in increased
pollution from the effluent discharged. Since the effluent drains into a surface water course,
the remains of nutrients (excessive BOD) may cause eutrophication, particularly with
phosphates in the orthophosphate form being present. Eutrophication causes imbalances
in the plant microbiological communities of water bodies. Microorganisms living in
oxygenated waters use dissolved oxygen to convert the organic compounds into energy for
growth and reproduction. Populations of these microorganisms will increase further in
proportion to the amount of food available. This microbial metabolism creates an oxygen
demand proportional to the amount of organic compounds useful as food. Under these
circumstances, microbial metabolism can consume dissolved oxygen faster than
atmospheric oxygen can dissolve into the water or the autotrophic community (algae,
cyanobacteria and macrophytes) can produce. Fish and aquatic insects may die when
oxygen is depleted by microbial metabolism. This may in turn affect other higher forms of
aquatic life and influence the presence of waterbirds and reduce biodiversity. Insofar as the
water body serves the local community and their needs, the ecological impacts can be
translated into economic impacts.
These adverse impacts will be reduced but not eliminated by virtue of the expanded pond
system, more efficient removal of sediments, and active management to ensure that short
circuiting of the treatment process does not occur.
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Reduced pollution of ground water and environment

The sub-project to fully sewer Mtendere requires the upgrade and extension of Kaunda
Square Ponds to which the new sewerage systems will discharge. The sewers in Mtendere
will remove the existing critical risk of pollution to a main water supply well field for Lusaka.
The following paragraphs explain the existing situation and risks.
The effectiveness of onsite sanitation technologies, such as pit latrines, at reducing faecal
oral route contact and for treating sewage is highly dependent on hydrogeological
conditions and the density of latrines in an area. When population densities are greater
than that which can sustain effluent disposal, pathogens will contaminate groundwater and
nitrates will accumulate in groundwater with further adverse health implications. This is the
case in Mtendere which has predominantly pit latrines and very few septic tanks and to
some extent depends on groundwater for its water supply.
The pit latrines are dug by the residents themselves with very little knowledge of the
engineering requirements. Treatment is mostly non-existent in these un-engineered
latrines and where properties have septic tanks these are improperly operated. These
factors combine to produce a high risk of groundwater pollution.
Uncontaminated groundwater does not normally require any special treatment and
disinfection by chlorination is generally sufficient. Where water from individual boreholes
does not meet potable water quality standards these will need to be shut down and sources
of pollution traced and addressed before the borehole can be used again. But if the
pollution cannot be prevented or the contamination is already significant the borehole must
be permanently abandoned.
To the west of Mtendere, LWSC operates a well field of 12 boreholes with a combined
capacity of about 11,350 m3/d equivalent to approximately 11% of the daily production for
Lusaka. The water is distributed to: Northmead, parts of Garden, parts of Long Acres,
Olympia, Rhodespark, parts of Ngombe, Mass Media, Olympia Extension and parts of
Kalundu areas supplying a population of over 75,000 people (population.mongabay.com).
These boreholes are seriously threatened by the onsite sanitation practices at Mtendere.
Sub-project CSU-44 will provide a full sanitation sewer network for Mtendere which will
mitigate, and once all properties are connected remove, the threat of groundwater pollution
from this source. This will remove the risk of forced decommissioning the well field as was
the case with Quarries system in south west Lusaka whose ground water sources have
been polluted by surrounding high density settlements which rely exclusively on pit latrines.
At Quarries, the pollution elevated nitrate levels in the aquifer. The result was a loss of
production of about 24,000 m3/d. Mulungushi 6A Borehole is one other example which was
decommissioned due to hydrocarbons contamination resulting in a loss of 240m3/d.
Machinery House No.1 borehole was also decommissioned due to contaminated water
resulting in loss of 1,200 m3/day. Altogether, a total volume of 25,440 m3/day contribution
of water supply to Lusaka city was lost due to groundwater pollution.
Socioeconomic benefits
The transition from onsite pit latrines and septic tanks to a piped sewerage system will
improve sanitation conditions in Mtendere. During the consultations in Mtendere in January
2013 (Attachment 2) there was and high degree of support for the sanitation project where
the sediment of the population was that it would add dignity to the settlement. It will
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contribute to poverty reduction and promote economic growth by improving the standard of
living for the residents and increasing property values. Some of the immediate anticipated
benefits that will accrue as a result of the project include.
1. Socioeconomic benefits:
allow over 98,000 people and about 74 commercial facilities in Mtendere to connect
to ater bourne sewerage;
also allow Mtendere to realise the full benefits of improved water supply under the
LWSSD Project;
reduced incidence and prevalence of water borne and water related diseases;
this will result in reduced disease burden and need to care for the sick thereby
leaving enough time for households to engage in income generating activities;
Mtendere residents will have better and more hygienic sanitation facilities thereby
improving their standard of living;
enhanced privacy during use of sanitary facilities;
reduced in pollution of groundwater;
the construction phase of the project will provide employment for the local
community;
the ponds will be fenced which will improve public;reduction in pollution charges that
LWSC pays to the Zambia Environmental Management Agency, ZEMA due to
reduced pollution levels. This money can then be channeled to other activities;
reduced frequency of cleaning the treated effluent delivery channel and desludging
the ponds will reduce maintenance costs and odours;
LWSC will capture 14,500 more customers after connecting Mtendere to the main
sewer network to Kaunda square ponds; and
improvement in LWSC asset management
2. Ecosystem and recreation:
improved treatment of the sewage will reduce odours in settlements near the ponds
and those along the effluent delivery channel resulting in improved living standards
for residents in these areas;
improved sewage treatment will reduce growth of water hyacinth in the effluent
delivery channel which sometimes causes flooding on adjacent roads; and
the ponds will be fenced improving safety because the existing ponds are not
fenced.
3. Agriculture and abstractions:
there is agriculture activity downstream of the ponds and the effluent from the ponds
is used for dry season irrigation of vegetables. Improved effluent quality will reduce
but not eliminate the risk from consumption and sale of contamination vegetables.
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Reduced disease burden

Lack of sanitation is a major public health problem that causes disease, sickness and
death. Highly infectious water borne diseases such as cholera still affect whole
communities in Lusaka especially in the Peri-urban areas. Inadequate sanitation, through
its impact on health and environment, has considerable implications on economic
development. People miss days at work (loss of productivity) due to water borne diseases.
Moreover, infective sewage treatment facilities which engender poor management are
serious threats to groundwater resources. Good sanitation is important for both urban and
rural populations, but the risks are greatest in the peri-urban areas where it is most difficult
to avoid human contact with waste.
Future improvements for sanitation
At this time it is not financially possible for LWSC or the GRZ to undertake all the sanitation
improvements required for Lusaka.
These improvements must be prioritised and
implemented as funds become available. This was the purpose of the SIMP which was
intended to serve as the principal framework for planning investments in the sanitation
sector based on current infrastructure needs and projected growth and includes predictions
for the investment needed from LWSC over the next 25 years. The SIMP is to be reviewed
and revised after five years. The SIMP addressed the requirements for Kaunda Square
Ponds.
1. SIMP Proposals for Kaunda Square Ponds
The proposals in the SIMP for Kaunda Square Ponds target further improvement of the
treated effluent so as to meet ZEMA standards and are:
that sewage from the Kaunda Square sewer shed is diverted to a proposed new
conventional activated sludge sewage treatment plant at Ngwerere;
the Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds having been upgraded and extended under
the current sanitation sub-project would be retained for wet weather treatment. This
alternative may prove to be cost effective by limiting the required wet weather
capacity at Ngwerere, and retain some local hydrological benefits at Kaunda
Square.
The schedule for these planned developments are summarised in Table 10.
Table 10: Schedule for development of sewage treatment plant at Kaunda Square and Ngwerere
Stage
Facility
2015
Stage 1
Kaunda Square
Treatment Ponds
Close and divert all flow to

Ngwerere
Stage 2
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Ngwerere
Treatment Ponds
1. Rehabilitate Ngwerere
Treatment Ponds
2. Add a new activated
sludge treatment plant
3. Add Kaunda Square
Treatment Ponds flows
2020
Closed (used for
excess wet
weather flow)
2035
Closed (used for
excess wet
weather flow)
Expand
Expand: add
Chelston
flows
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2. Other Options
For long term use of the ponds the faecal and total Coliforms loading should be reduced.
This can be done by use of various methods some of which include: maturation ponds;
installation of Imhoff Coned Tanks upstream of inlet to the ponds, Ozonation or Ultraviolet
treatment. The LWSC would have to acquire land downstream of the existing ponds for
construction of the maturation ponds and smaller areas of land for some of the other
methods.
Conclusion
The importance of an efficient sewage treatment system cannot be overemphasized. This
section has outlined the benefits to be gained from implementation of the proposed
improvements of the Kaunda Square sewer shed and treatment ponds.
In contrast with a situation where the sub-projects do not proceed, i.e. the ponds are left as
they are; several benefits will accrue:
(a) Protection of the ground water aquifer to the west and east of Mtendere which provides
11% of LWSC daily water production and supplies a large area of Lusaka.
(b) Reduced pollution of Ngwerere Stream receiving effluent from the Kaunda Square
Treatment Ponds especially with the predicted increase in hydraulic and biological
loading due to population growth in the sewer shed.
(c) Various socio-economic benefits such as improved public health, potential increase in
property value, and reduced risk of contaminated agricultural produce.
GRZ and LWSC has clear long term plans set out in the SMP that will ensure effluent
discharges meet ZEMA requirements for BOD and Faecal Coliforms and other
environmental standards. However, even the failure to meet these standards in the short
term will still represent a significant improvement on the current situation.
It is therefore the position of LWSC that the sub-project as described here should proceed.
4.6.4
Works components for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds

The existing ponds will be upgraded into a stream of one anaerobic pond and two
facultative ponds (TU-5). A second new pond stream with the same capacity and pond
units as the upgraded one will be added to double the treatment capacity (TE-3). Third
stage maturation ponds have not been included due to lack of space. Each pond stream
will have a separate set of sludge drying beds. The two streams will share common units
such as:
coarse screen, manually cleaned;
grit chamber, manually cleaned; and
venturi flume for measuring the flow.
The arrangement is shown schematically in Figure 14 with the actual arrangement in Figure
15.
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Figure 14: Schematic of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds Upgrade
Figure 15: Arrangement of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds

The proposed upgrading works for (TU-5) are:
modification of existing structures where possible;
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demolition and rebuilding of the remainder of existing structures;
removal of vegetation;
dredging of ponds;
construction of new sludge drying beds;
construction of new pond across the road; and
erection of fence around the ponds.
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For the expansion works (TE-3) the works to be carried out will be complete construction
works of the upgraded pond stream and will also include the following:
a floating sludge removal facility (to be shared with other ponds); and
access road to the ponds site and service road around the ponds.
The basic assumption made is that all the wastewater to be treated is domestic. If industrial
effluent is in the future discharged to the system this will require pre-treatment at the
industrial site prior to the connection point with the sewer network.
Coarse screen
Three manually raked duty screens together with one emergency channel will be
constructed at the downstream end of the main sewer. The purpose of the screens is to
intercept hard solid materials (e.g. wood or plastic bags) before discharge to the ponds.
The screenings will will be taken to LCC waste disposal sites.
Grit chamber
For the removal of grit, two duty and one standby grit chambers will be constructed such
that two chambers are always operational whilst the third chamber is being cleaned. The
grit will be removed by hand and disposed off to the waste disposal site together with the
screenings.
Venturi flume
A prefabricated venturi flume (Khafagi type) will be installed downstream of the coarse
screen for flow measurement purposes.
Connections
After the inlet works flows will be passed to the ponds by a system of open channels
covered with precast concrete slabs. Penstocks (vertical sliding gates) will be used
regulate the flow to each pond stream. Scum guards will be fitted at the outfall to each
anaerobic pond. The anaerobic ponds will discharge to the facultative ponds through
500 mm diameter reinforced concrete pipes. These pipes will enter the ponds at about mid
depth in the water column. From facultative to facultative ponds, the pipes will pass under
the bituminous surfaced road for both streams.
Anaerobic Ponds
The anaerobic ponds will be constructed on a new area and partly where the existing inlet
works are located. In order to achieve the required treatment volumes, a lot of cut will be
required; therefore, the anaerobic ponds will be 4.0 m deep with a freeboard of 0.85 m.
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There is no balance between cut and fill; the excavated material will be used for
landscaping and the excess disposed of offsite.
In order to make the bases and inner sides (up to the top embankment level) of the ponds
watertight, a 1.5 mm thick poly liner will be used. Pumped dewatering will be required.
A 200 mm thick layer of hand packed rip-rap will be laid around the ponds extending 2.0 m
down from the top of the embankment which with 0.85 m freeboard will provide protection
to 1.15 m below the top water level. The rip-rap supresses the growth of weeds and
mosquito breeding and also prevents wave damage and rill erosion. The rip-rap will be
placed on top of the poly liner so as to protect the liner from outside exposure. A geotextile
fabric will be placed between the poly liner and rip-rap in order to prevent the poly liner from
damage.
A concrete paved access ramp will be provided for each pond to allow heavy machines
such as front-end loaders to access the pond to remove sludge.
Final outlet structure
For the outfall into Ngwerere Stream reinforced concrete pipes will be laid from the
facultative ponds to discharge into the existing open earth channel along the road and the
stream.
Sludge drying beds
The existing ponds do not have sludge drying beds; these will be provided as part of the
upgrade work. They are an essential component of the treatment process.
The drying area required for each pond stream is 1,950 m2 which will be provided by
13 sludge beds each 15 m long and 10 m wide in front of each anaerobic pond. The sludge
drying beds will be raised so that leachate can drain by gravity via perforated PVC pipes in
the base of the drying beds back to the inlet works above the water level in the open
channel.
The beds are composed of one sand layer (0 to 12 mm grain size), two gravel layers (18 to
24 mm and > 60 mm grain size) and one impermeable clay layer. Concrete stub walls will
separate the single bed units. The beds will be filled in rotation and then allowed to dry out
naturally.
Tools and equipment
Floating sludge removal equipment will be provided. The settled sludge will be collected
and moved by a feed screw to the suction pipe of the sludge pump. The sludge-water mix
is then pumped through a pressure hose to a duty sludge drying bed. The hose together
with the electrical cable is supported by anchor buoys which keep the hose floating. The
floating sludge removal equipment will be used for both the upgrade and extension
streams.
Power Supply
There is currently no electrical supply to the site but this will be provided as part of the
upgrade works. It will be used for lighting, tools and equipment including the sludge pumps.
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Access roads and fence

The compacted earth fill embankments which form the ponds will also be used as gravel
paved access roads.
The site will be provided with security fencing and lighting both to prevent unauthorised
access and for public safety, particularly to protect children from the hazardous site. A
standard 2.5 m high post and wire fence with barbed wire will be used. A fence is
necessary rather than a wall because the latter would interfere with the air circulation which
is an essential requirement for the treatment process. Steel access gates will be provided
at the entrances from the main road.
4.6.5
Ground conditions for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds

4.6.6
material are can be easily excavated but anaerobic pond excavation will need
pumped dewatering;
low soil strengths require embankment and excavated slopes 1V:2H to be stable;
settlements under embankments will be moderate. A small provision (0.2 m) of

additional freeboard should be made to accommodate lifetime settlements;
settlement under structures will be moderate; structures connected by rigid pipes

should be provided with rocker pipes (1.0 m length) at the connection and gravity
pipes should have an initial fall of minimum 50 mm through the rocker pipe to
ensure a positive fall remains after any settlement takes place; and
the results of permeability tests indicate that liner will be required for the ponds.
Construction methods for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds

Construction methods employed for the upgraded and new ponds and associated works will
include:
removal and disposal of accumulated sludge from the existing ponds.
earthworks for excavation of ponds and formation and compaction of embankments

and raised sludge drying beds;
trenching for open channels and short sections of buried pipe;
placing of gravel road surfacing;
pipe laying; and
reinforced and mass concreting for the intake works, open channels, sludge beds,
security fencing, etc..
There will be temporary works during the construction phase. Construction of the new pond
stream will commence first while sewage will continue going into the existing ponds. After
completion of the extension stream, the flow will be diverted to the new stream whilst works
will be undertaken on the existing ponds.
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4.6.7
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Project activities for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds

Activities for the Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds Upgrade and Extension (TU-5 and TE-3)
sub-project are listed in Table 11. Activities during the construction phase will mainly be the
removal of sewage sludge, earthworks, construction of small concrete structures, limited
pipe laying, and site works such as gravel roads and fencing.
Table 11: Activities for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds
Construction works
Removal and disposal of accumulated sludge from the existing ponds;
earthworks for excavation of ponds and formation and compaction of embankments and raised
sludge drying beds;
trenching for open channels and short sections of buried pipe;
placing of gravel road surfacing;
pipe laying; and
reinforced and mass concreting for the intake works, open channels, sludge beds, security
fencing, etc..; and
site works.
Once both pond stream are commissioned the major activities will be:
4.6.8
continuous treatment of sewage in the anaerobic and facultative ponds;
hand raking of screens and cleaning of grit chambers, short term storage of screenings and grit
before disposal to a regulated landfill;
ongoing programme of desludging ponds and drying of sludge before disposal most probably as
soil improver.
Raw materials and waste products for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds
required:
cement;
reinforcing steel;
areas;
gravel for road surfacing;
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pipes;
water; and
fuel.
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The principal waste product during the construction phase will be about 37,000 m3 of
sludge to be removed and disposed from the existing ponds. There will also be excess
excavated material, and excavated material which is not suitable for fill. Small quantities of
waste materials will be from demolition of walls and temporary buildings.
During the operation phase the activity will be gravity flow and pumping of raw sewage.
Since the pumps are electrically driven, there will be interment emissions of exhaust when
the pumps are running on the standby generator. The water sewage will be treated ate
Kaunda Square Stabilization Ponds which will be upgraded under sub-projects TU-5 and
TE-3. Otherwise there will be no waste products from this activity.
4.6.9
Interference with existing infrastructure for Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds

During construction, there will be interference with the existing road to Mutumbi Cemetery
and the road leading to a residential house in the proposed area for pond construction. The
connecting pipes will cross the road three times. The road leading to the residential house
will pass on top of the embankment.
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ALTERNATIVES AND STUDIES
5.1
INTRODUCTION
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The economic alternative to the LWSSD Project is not necessarily no investment in the
sanitation sector. The SIMP prepared for the MLGH and LWSC presents a range of time
frames and investment options to meet the countrys sanitation investment needs over the
next 25 years. The goal of the SIMP is to meet the needs of a growing population that is
expected to triple over the next 15 years. At present only about 16% of the Lusaka area
population has a household sewer connection. The goal of the SIMP is to increase that to
at least 50% by 2035.
The SIMP provides a number of alternatives and potential investment scenarios to achieve
these goals. There are options for upgrading of existing sewer connections, as well as
expansion into new areas, including peri-urban areas. In addition, the plan envisions
improved onsite systems, and working with NGOs and community groups to help
communities address immediate sanitation needs. Rehabilitation and or replacement of
existing sanitation facilities over the next 25 year are foreseen. From an alternative
investment scenario what is significant is that the time frame is flexible, as is the selection
of sanitation components for investment. This allows the MLGH and LWSC to invest where
returns are potentially higher, or where the demand, perhaps due to cholera or other health
related impacts is greatest. Below, two potential investments based on alternative time
frames are suggested for consideration by the GRZ, LWSC, LCC and the donor community
including MCC, along with other alternatives described in this section.
At present, priorities for investment are currently related to: (i) flood prone areas; (ii) areas
currently served by pit latrines (i.e., greater health risk); (iii) high groundwater table; (iv)
proximity of sanitation infrastructure to sensitive receptors (water supplies, water bodies);
and (v) population density.
In addition to rehabilitation and upgrading of existing infrastructure and constructing new
infrastructure, significant investments under the LWSSD Project are expected in capacity
building, design and management interventions, with attention to building community
understanding and responsibility for the maintenance of sanitation services. The emphasis
on institutional capacity building in the sector is consistent with the MLGH Poverty
Reduction Strategic Plan. The Plan notes that while the estimated coverage of sanitation
service is 73% for urban areas and 68% for rural areas, coverage varies considerably due
to non-functioning facilities (broken down, abandoned, seasonal), and poor usage
(especially with respect to sanitation facilities). In the peri-urban areas, where 50 to 70% of
the urban population live, water supply and sanitation services are poor, inadequate, and
unreliable; at least 56% of the population do not have access to safe water supply, and as
much as 90% do not have access to satisfactory sanitation facilities.
Implementation principles under the MLGHs poverty reduction plan are similar to those
elaborated by the MCC and MCA-Zambia. The Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan (PRSP)
maintains that interventions in the sanitation sector should be guided by the following
principles:
sustainability or continuous functioning and utilization of facilities and services;
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pro-poor focus (proposed interventions will target the rural and urban poor in the
specific geographical areas with high incidences of poverty as revealed by the latest
CSO surveys and census data;
gender equity, since the majority of the poor are female, and the improvement of
their status has a much wider impact on the quality of life of the community as a
whole;
focus on stakeholder participation as an important step in planning pro-poor

interventions;
emphasis on capacity-building for planning, execution, and management of

services;
continued emphasis on broad-based stakeholder collaboration so as to: build

linkages for addressing multiple facets of poverty; enhance economic growth;
minimize mistrust and wastage of resources; and maximize learning and feedback;
and
facilitation of the participation of private actors (businesses and NGOs) to

complement government efforts.
As the SMP study indicates, the issue of alternative investments is not whether one invests
in the water supply and sanitation sector, but how? When? Building on what existing
services? Incorporating which communities? Using what technical procedures and
methods? Investments should also respect the need to build the local capacity to ensure a
continuous and sustainable approach.
The alternatives analysis examined the following alternatives to address the above
questions, while keeping in mind the goals of the SMP and implementing principles for
sanitation interventions established as part of the PRSP:
5.2
alternative project designs;
alternative investment packaging and phasing;
alternative ways to avoid, minimize or mitigate impacts during construction, and;
alternative ways to enhance project benefits during operation.
POND BUFFERS
There is a significant encroachment of buildings and of agricultural activities at the sewage
pond sites in Lusaka, sometimes almost up to the embankments of the ponds themselves.
Therefore, establishing meaningful buffer zones around ponds will require significant
resettlement and consequent costs; even moving structures back to the actual LWSC
property boundary would have a significant impact in some cases. The ZEMA standard
requires a 500 m buffer zone around ponds but achieving this where ponds are already
encroached would impact a large number of people.
Before deciding whether the existing ponds could be extended it was essential to know
whether the requirement for a 500 m buffer could be relaxed. Given the level of
encroachment 25 m and 50 m buffers were investigated. From operational and public
health perspectives there is little difference because both allow people quite near the ponds
but in terms of resettlement impacts the differences are significant, e.g. at Garden Ponds
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about 200 houses fall within the 50 m buffer but none within the 25 m. On this basis, LWSC
together with MCA-Zambia, had discussions with ZEMA and it was agreed that a minimum
25 m buffer was acceptable for rehabilitation and extension of existing pond sites.
For the Kaunda Square Ponds to be implemented under sub-projects TS-5 & TE-3, the
impacts are much less than other existing ponds with no resettlement for a 25 m buffer and
two residential and three farms or gardens affected by a 50 m buffer. Within 500 m much of
the land is agricultural but there are also many more houses. In this case it was concluded
that a 25 m buffer provides the best balance between safety, the operation of the ponds,
resettlement impacts and costs; and this area will be fenced to prevent further
encroachment. But note that the extension of the ponds does require land aquistion and
resettlement but no buildings are affected.
Perimeter security fencing for ponds is crucial to prevent the public from freely roaming the
sites. Thus, public safety and security at the ponds will be improved. Although walls would
be less vulnerable to vandalism than fences; they cannot be used with a 25 m buffer
because they would be a barrier to the airflow which is important to the treatment process.
At present, LWSC does not have 24 hour staff at the sewage ponds. After project
implementation, it is recommended that LWSC provide security at each of the pond sites to
ensure that the public does not gain access and to protect the integrity of the perimeter
fence. The communities near the ponds are accustomed to walking through them and even
using them as a recreational space but in future they will no longer be able to do so. The
key issue here is that they are not aware of the safety issues involved. This can best be
addressed by engaging the community and explaining the hazards of the ponds; and this
process could likely need to be periodically repeated for as long as the ponds remain open
water bodies.
5.3
SELECTION OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Modern wastewater practice is driven by sustainable designs. Lusaka itself is committed
to the concept of sustainability through its participation in the Sustainable Lusaka
Programme (SLP). For the purpose of identifying and recommending viable alternatives for
improving and upgrading the LWSC wastewater treatment facilities, the definition of
sustainable design is that which meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs16. The attributes of sustainable
improvements for the wastewater treatment facilities that were listed are as follows:
low cost, both in terms of capital and operation and maintenance costs;
simple in operation and maintenance;
low, preferably zero, energy usage;
low, preferably zero use of chemicals, especially chlorine or other environmentally

damaging disinfectants;
reliable, high performance in meeting effluent quality; and
low sludge production.
As part of the SIMP, a range of wastewater treatment options was evaluated to define the
appropriate options for LWSC. Three primary options were considered for upgrading of the
wastewater treatment systems including:
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upgrade existing treatment facilities to meet permit requirements with existing

technology,
consolidate and replace existing facilities with fewer, modern conventional biological
treatment plants, and
replace all existing facilities with modern, effective and sustainable pond systems.
Over the 25 year planning period the SMP recommends a transition from pond based
treatment to conventional activated sludge treatment technology. An alternative to the
MCC investments currently proposed would be to move to activated sludge treatment rather
than invest in the upgrade and expansion of the existing ponds. This would allow for a
higher level of treatment including nitrification and de-nitrification if ZEMA requirements in
the future require nitrogen removal. It may also open up other avenues for reuse of the
treated wastewater other than agricultural reuse.
That being said, the decision to invest in the existing simple low-maintenance and
sustainable pond-based wastewater stabilization treatment technology at Kaunda Square
as part of the LWSSD Project is prudent for the following reasons:
1. LWSC has minimal resources available for routine and periodic maintenance, as
evidenced by the dilapidated condition of the existing facilities.
2. LWSC organization at this time does not have the framework necessary to operate
and maintain conventional activated sludge treatment plants at the scope and scale
proposed as part of the MCC sub-projects. Thus, a critical success factor of the
proposed MCC investments will be the proactive development of the LWSC
capabilities necessary to make the transition to activated sludge treatment
technology a success. Note that the SMP stressed the importance that LWSC
develop a world class operations and maintenance capability that is well trained,
properly equipped and adequately funded.
3. After the transition to activated sludge treatment occurs, the ponds could continue to
be used solely for maturation and disinfection of the activated sludge effluent
instead of using UV or another disinfection technology. That decision should be
thoroughly investigated in a detailed feasibility study when the activated sludge
plants are designed.
4. After the transition to activated sludge treatment occurs, the ponds can be retained
for treatment of peak wet weather flows and substandard effluent in the event of an
activated sludge upset.
5.4
RELOCATION OF SEWAGE PONDS

The expansion of the Kaunda Square ponds have significant potential environmental and
social impacts in terms of change in land use, impacts on flora and fauna, and construction
impacts as well as major resettlement issues, including land acquisition. Communities have
established around the ponds including peri-urban settlement, gardens and farms, and
people walk through the site and use it as a recreational space. Discussions within
communities and public consultation show opposition to expansion of the present sites.
This argument in favor of simple low-maintenance and sustainable pond-based wastewater
stabilization treatment technology is well presented and convincingexcept for one point.
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It does not take into account the alternative, presented immediately before, of such ponds
being located outside the city. The problem appears to be that the rural location alternative
was never considered during the development of the SIMP. It was raised later, during the
original RAP studies. There is no need to apologize for this. Instead, the order of sections
5.3 and 5.4 should be reversed. Then the new alternative could be presented in the second
section, identified as a new alternative that arose after the SIMP was completed, along with
the real argument for its rejectionit arose too late to be seriously considered for MCC
financing, due to institutional timing requirements of the funding agency and the urgency felt
by the GRZ to make some improvements in a terrible situation without waiting for more
studies. That would lead directly and logically to the current conclusion of the section on the
greenfield alternative that a cost-benefit study be done to see if the SIMP should be
adjusted.
One possibility to address these issues is to relocate the sewage treatment ponds at a site
outside the city sized to handle the increases in population post 2015 and close the sites
within the bilt areas. This alternative was raised after completion of the SIMP, a catalyst
being the preliminary RAP studies. The proposed sewage pond should be sufficient to take
the combined effluent from Ngwerere, Kaunda Square, and Chelston ponds. Preliminary
soundings with engineers, planning officers and the Ministry of Lands suggest that there
seems to be no technical or legal impediments to such an action. Several potential key
advantages from a social perspective are:
major reduction in resettlement financial and social costs;
early acquisition of land for present and future pond expansion would be
considerably less today given the rapid escalation of land values near Lusaka;
the control of informal settlement in the new pond areas would be easier; and
would provide an opportunity to take into account the service needs caused by rapid
suburban residential development in the north-east of the city.
Relocating the sewage ponds further north outside of Lusaka would be expected to incur
similar or greater environmental impacts as the projects currently prepared for
implementation under the Compact. The new trunk sewers from the existing ponds to the
new pond would as a minimum have land acquisition and resettlement impacts, and
certainly some environmental social impacts during construction. The footprint of new
ponds would be much greater than the existing ponds and it would be a large green field
compared to alternative technologies (Section 5.3). These impacts taken together work
against the the benefitis of decommisioning existing ponds; even if the land freed up were
converted to some beneficial use such as gardens or parks.
But this aside an overriding reason for its rejection was that it arose too late to be seriously
considered for MCC financing, due to institutional timing requirements of the funding
agency and the urgency felt by the GRZ to make some improvements in a terrible situation
of discharging partially treated sewage without waiting for more studies.
However, the relocation of sewage treatment ponds is viable alternative in the medium to
long term justifying further consideration. A cost-benefit study should be done make an
informed decision, as well as an engineering review of its feasibility. The results of the
study may lead to recommendations for revised priorities or subsequent investments with
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respect to the SIMP. The SIMP is a living document and should be updated as the need or
circumstances arise.
5.5
SLUDGE DISPOSAL
Sludge can be disposed of at municipal solid waste facilities, also known as landfills,
applied to land, disposed of on designated surface disposal areas, or incinerated. The first
two options are likely to be viable for the sludge removed from the Lusaka ponds.
See Appendix H for detailed recommendations regarding the following:
pollutant limits (sludge quality requirements);
monitoring requirements; and
transport requirements.
According to the LCC Waste Management Unit, the first division of the landfill located in the
northwest of Lusaka in early 2011 was approximately 85% full. At the current rate of use, it
is anticipated that the first division will be full by the time the construction begins at the
ponds and locations for sludge disposal are needed. LCC is aware of the approaching
capacity issue at the landfill and is in the process of seeking funds (approximately USD 1
million) to open the next division17.
Land application is the spreading, spraying, injection, or incorporation of sludge, including
material derived from sludge (e.g., compost and pelletized sludge), onto or below the
surface of the land to take advantage of the soil improving qualities of the sludge. Land
application takes advantage of the soil conditioning and fertilizing properties of sludge.
Sludge can be beneficially land applied on agricultural land, forest land, reclamation sites,
golf courses, public parks, roadsides, plant nurseries, and lawns and home gardens.
Due to potential capacity issues at the landfill and more importantly the beneficial potential
of using the sludge for soil improvement, to the extent practicable land application of the
sludge is recommended as the preferred alternative.
The National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (NUWSSP) Sanitation PreFeasibility Strategy Study report identified the following development strategies for sludge
management:
review of the current experiences in sludge management in the implementation of

the National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS);
properly define the waste characteristics of sludge by research into physical,

chemical and biological properties for different sources of sludge and
methods/degrees of treatment;
develop appropriate guidelines and regulations to establish best practices,

particularly concerning agricultural reuse; and
encourage reuse of sludge/compost by research and marketing.
These strategies should also be considered an integral part of the LWSSD Project.
5.6
INVESTMENT PACKAGING AND PHASING

In the SiMP, the proposed improvement projects were combined into sub-projects based on
their inter-linkages. This ensures that the investments include the necessary secondary
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investments to avoid adverse impacts on other parts of the existing sanitation infrastructure.
For example, if a sewer expansion project requires upgrades to the downstream interceptor
and expansion of the treatment plant to accommodate the additional flow without adverse
impacts, the interceptor upgrade and plant expansion would be part of the sewer expansion
sub-project.
The sub-projects that MCC considered for investment (with the exception of the Chelston
pump station upgrade) include sewer expansion, upgrade of the existing collection system,
and treatment upgrade/expansion components. This allows for the extension of household
level sanitation without exasperating the problems with the existing infrastructure.
An alternative approach would be to focus the improvements on one part of the sanitation
system. For example, invest solely in the upgrade and expansion of the treatment facilities.
In this scheme, the most value is placed on treatment.
A second alternative would be to invest in upgrade and rehabilitation of the existing
infrastructure before extending sewer service to new areas or expanding the treatment
facilities. This would place the emphasis on fixing what exists before new infrastructure is
built.
Conversely, the approach could be taken to leave the existing infrastructure as-is and add
as many new sewer connections as possible. This approach focuses on getting the
sewage away from households, but transfers the problems downstream. Without adequate
capacity in the existing interceptors and pump stations there would be sewage overflows
and the marginal to poor treatment provided by the existing treatment facilities would only
deteriorate.
In the three alternative approaches presented, the other improvement projects not
discussed would follow. So for the first alternative collection system upgrades and sewer
expansion would be the mid and long term projects.
The sub-projects as packaged in the SMP and considered by MCC offer the most balanced
approach to infrastructure upgrades and expansion. It allows improvements to all facets of
the sanitation system in an incremental manner. It is also important to note that current
sub-project approach allows LWSC to start increasing their customer base while improving
the condition of their existing assets.
5.7
GREATER EXPENDITURE FOR ON-SITE, DOMESTIC SANITATION FACILITIES THROUGH CBO

This is less an alternative than a complementary programme to the proposed construction
for existing sewerage upgrades and expansion. This alternative recommends that between
US$3 and 5 million be allocated to the construction of Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines
over a period of two to three years. This programme is envisaged in the areas that will
benefit from improved water supply as a result of the LWSSD Project with the exception of
Mtendere which will be provided waith a water borne sewerage system under the Project
and where the population should be encouraged to connect toilets to the sewer and stop
using pit latrines. Also caution must be exercised where the programme is applied because
a high density of pit latrines must not be encouraged where they might pose a risk of
contamination to water supply boreholes. See also the discussion on groundwater quality
at Section 6.9.2.
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At present from half to more than two-thirds of the City population uses pit latrines. Many of
these are of poor design and as a consequence increase health risks and local
environmental hazards, in particular the risk of groundwater contamination (Section 6.9.2).
A low cost improvement in pit latrines through the adoption of VIP models would be a step
in both public education and awareness generating an eventual willingness to adopt newly
constructed sanitation connections in the future. The basic objective would be a low-cost
programme to cover those members of the community not covered by the proposed
sanitation extension or upgrade.
Such a program would have positive impacts for women in particular. It would engender a
high degree of community participation, provides a cost-effective, low risk advance to the
current sanitation condition. The program would be implemented by local companies,
perhaps in concert with NGOs. Key components would include demonstrations, small
business training, community workers training, public awareness, and community-based
monitoring of sanitation services. In this way, the small expenditure for local level VIP
latrines would build the institutional capacity to manage the more elaborate sewerage
expansion under the LWSSD Project, including maintenance of sewer lines, protection of
manhole covers, reporting of leaks, among other community management requirements.
In order to implement a complementary on-site program, the following items should be
taken into consideration:
need to create a demand in the community (through social marketing or other

methods) for better latrines;
need to generate understanding in the community that open-defecation impacts all

community members stressing links to cholera and other concerns;
ensure that there is a hygiene program included with the sanitation project, possibly
linked in with the neighbourhood health committees;
need to provide information to the communities on different options available and

allow them to select the type of latrine (e.g. sealed VIP, ecosan, composting, etc.);
may want to provide demonstration sites with sample latrines;
education of the O&M of the system(s) will need be carried out;
may want to identify masons and other locally skilled craftspersons to build the
systems, and train others in the methods;
need to ensure the community will maintain facilities and set aside funds to address
issues;
need to account for needs of vulnerable populations in designs e.g. pregnant

women, elderly, children, community members with HIV/AIDS or other concerns,
and design accordingly;
identify those who may need subsidies to build; and
if community members are not able to pay outright, may be able to provide in-kind
labour.
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5.8
ESIA Sanitation
INTERCEPTOR UPGRADE CONSTRUCTION METHODS

As discussed previously, the sub-projects include upgrade of segments of the existing
interceptors. The engineering designs and cost estimates contemplate that the new
interceptors will use narrow trench excavation. This is what is traditionally used for pipeline
installation and includes excavation, shoring, old pipe removal, pipe bedding, new pipe
installation, backfilling, and compaction.
An alternative to open cut excavation would be use a trenchless technology methods such
as pipe bursting. In a typical pipe bursting operation, a cone-shaped tool is inserted into the
existing pipe and forced through it, fracturing the pipe and pushing its fragments into the
surrounding soil. At the same time, a new pipe is either pulled or pushed in the annulus left
by the expanding operation (depending on the type of the new pipe). The new pipe can be
of the same size or larger than the replaced pipe. Under the right conditions, trenchless
technology can offer significant potential savings and drastically reduced surface disruption
to the public. The trenchless technology methods result in an existing pipe being replaced
size-for-size or up-sized with a new pipe in the same location. The trenchless techniques
are most advantageous in cost terms: (i) when there are few lateral connections to be
reconnected within a replacement section; (ii) when the old pipe is structurally deteriorated;
(iii) when additional capacity is needed; and (iv) when restoration/environmental mitigation
requirements are onerous18.
The major benefit for trenchless technology for the interceptor upgrades would be that the
existing alignments could be maintained with minimal or no resettlement impacts.
However, there are several potential issues with trenchless construction. Some of these
are highlighted below:
higher cost than cost for open cut construction method;
the replacement pipe will be to the same line and level as the original pipe therefore
the method cannot be used to change the pipe gradient, e.g. to eliminate sections of
slack gradient which might be causing pipe blockage.
less favourable ground conditions (e.g. densely compacted soils and soils below
groundwater) tend to increase the force required for the bursting operation and to
increase the zone of influence of the ground movements. Additional subsurface
investigation and geotechnical baseline data would be needed to determine the
viability of trenchless methods;
potential vibration in the subsurface may impact nearby utilities and structures; and
there are limitations to the degree of upsizing that can be achieved. The limitation in
upsizing capability is related to many factors, such as ground conditions, pipe depth,
ground water conditions, local excavation history, and proximity of other utilities and
pipelines.
In the case of the interceptor pipe bursting is not suitable because the new pipe gradients
and inverts ae quite different to the existing; also pipe sizes are significantly larger.
Therefore narrow trench excavation will be used.
5.9
NEW SEWER CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Trenchless techniques as considered for the interceptor are not suitable for the majority of
new sewer construction which also requires construction of new manholes at interval not
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greater than 60 or 80 m depending on pipe diameter. Therefore narrow trench excavation

will be used generally requiring a construction corridor about 3.5 m equivalent to one
carriageway width.
The one exception is the new trunk sewer from Mtendere which must cross Great East
Road. In order to avoid a trench across the road and to avoid an disruption of traffic, this
section of pipe will be thrust bored. For this method a rigid pipe is used and this it pushed
by hydraulic rams through the ground. The rams must be placed in a pit and braced to
deliver he thrust to the pipe. In this case reinforced concrete pipes will be used because
the PVC pipes used elsewhere for the sewers do not have the required strength, The lead
pipe is fitted with a cutting shield and the pipe is steered by adjusting the force of the rams.
This is one of the oldest trenchless techniques which has been used for many decades and
raises no environmental concerns.
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ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
6.1
INTRODUCTION
ESIA Sanitation
This section describes the environmental baseline; the socioeconomic baseline is

discussed separately at Section 7.
The spatial extent of the sub-projects comprises the Kaunda Square sewer shed and an
area of Chelston, all within the City of Lusaka.
The environmental baseline conditions presented in this chapter is for the full spatial extent
of the sub-projects. The baseline conditions are similar within the City of Lusaka.
6.2
TOPOGRAPHY
The Lusaka area is part of the mid-tertiary peneplain of Central Africa, which for the city
stands at 1,280 m above sea level. Flat-topped hills north of Lusaka, marking prominent
quartzite horizons, are probably remnants of a Cretaceous peneplain. The geomorphology
in detail is more complex and is controlled by the geology. Dolomites and limestones
forming typical karrenfeld topography outcrop as flat lying areas, whereas schists and
quartzites underlie more broken, hilly country. The older quartzites in particular form
extensive ridges several hundred feet high. Schist-dolomite boundaries are normally
indicated by steep downward slopes from schist to dolomite19.
6.3
GEOLOGY
The Basement Complex of the Lusaka area consists predominantly of granitic gneisses and
quartzites with subordinate calcareous and semi calcareous horizons. The geology of
Lusaka area is shown in Figure 16 and the stratigraphy by Table 12.
Figure 16: Geology of the Lusaka area
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A late shear foliation has normally destroyed all structures related to earlier folding and
usually postdates the granitisation of the gneisses. This shear foliation has been refolded.
Younger rocks, probably of Katanga age, have been folded at least twice. The first phase
produced tight recumbent shear folds, a strong axial-plane cleavage in schistose rocks and
tectonic banding in carbonate rocks. Refolding to a great extent determines the present
complex outcrop pattern and is also responsible for the minor puckering and accompanying
strain-slip cleavage commonly developed in schists. It obscures the true stratigraphic
sequence.
The schists of the Chunga Formation, which normally overlie the Basement Complex, are of
a higher grade than those inter-bedded with the carbonate horizons of the Cheta Formation.
The carbonate horizons of the Cheta Formation invite comparison with the Upper Roan
succession of the Copperbelt and, if this correlation is valid, the Chunga Formation is
equivalent to the Lower Roan. The parallel sided outcrop of the Lusaka Dolomite south and
west of Lusaka is assumed to be downfaulted, and its base may be a thrust plane. This
formation is unlike any lower member of the succession and, in the north, is apparently
unconformable. Gabbroic plugs marginally affected by regional metamorphism intrude the
Cheta Formation, but not the Lusaka Dolomite. A small, probably intrusive, granite boss
intrudes the Cheta and Chunga metasediments north-west of Lusaka. Correlations with the
successions of adjacent areas, as well as the Copperbelt, are proposed. Widespread
superficial deposits, limestone and dolomite are among the most important natural
resources. Lusakas water supply is derived mostly from boreholes. The principal aquifers
are the Lusaka Dolomite and other carbonate horizons and, to a lesser extent, pelitic and
semipelitic horizons, quartzites, granites and gneisses. The table below shows the
essentials of the stratigraphy of the Lusaka area.
Table 12: Stratigraphy of the Lusaka area
Formation
Subformation
Alluvium
Lusaka
Dolomite
Katanga
Cheta
Formation
Chunga
Formation
Basement
Igneous
Rocks
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Type of rock
Loose or semiconsolidated sediments
Crystalline dolomite
(dolomitic marble),
dolomitic limestone and
limestone
A sequence of different
types of schist which are
intercalated by crystalline
dolomite (dolomitic
marble), dolomitic
limestone and limestone;
the formation contains as
well some quartzite.
Age
Quaternary
to Recent
Main aquifer in Lusaka;

type Karst Aquifer (Lusaka
Karst Aquifer)
NeoProterozoic
(PreCambrian)
The dolomitic marbles and

other limestone are next to
the Lusaka Dolomite as
well important aquifers
within the Lusaka Area.
The rocks of the Chung
Formation essentially do
not contribute to the
groundwater system.
Mainly schist; minor

carbonate rocks and
quartzite intercalated
Mainly gneisses; some
dolomites and quartzite
are intercalated.
Basalts
Lusaka Granite
Remark
Proterozoic
(PreCambrian)
Cretaceous
More or less impermeable

for groundwater
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6.4
ESIA Sanitation
SOILS
The soils and vegetation show a marked correspondence to the geological formations.
Four distinct soil groups are recognized:
1. Specialised plateau soils. The Lusaka dolomite and parts of the calcareous
horizons of the Cheta Formation are overlain by a variable thickness of pisolitic
laterite with thin clayey, or fine sandy soils, often containing large numbers of
laterite pisoliths. Where laterite reaches the surface it forms hard undurated
pavements with little soil cover. In the south and west of Lusaka, dolomite outcrops
cover a wide area.
2. Plateau soils. Immediately north of the Lusaka Dolomite outcrop and in the
extreme northeast the fine sandy soils typical of the plateau are products of
prolonged weathering of dominantly acenaceous rocks on a maturely eroded
landscape.
3. Upper valley soils (i). South of the laterite soil zone there is a north-west trending
belt of rich red-brown and dark brown loams of mixed colluvial origin.
4. Upper valley soils (ii). The soils overlying the gneisses, schists and quartzites of
the Basement Complex are sandy loams. South-east of a line through Ngwerere
and Chikumbi sidings there is a wide flat area of ill-drained swampy ground. The
soils are thick and mixed colluvial and alluvial origin. Along the lower reaches of the
Chunga River a broad, flat, alluvial plain supports valley or flood-plain grasslands.
6.5
CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY
6.5.1
Seasons
The climate is characterised by four seasons; namely winter running from June to August,
the pre-rainy season from September to October, the rainy season from November to
March and the post-rainy season from April to May20.
6.5.2
Precipitation
The 30-year average annual rainfall for Lusaka is 857 mm with 77 rain days per year. More
than 90% of the annual rainfall is concentrated in the rainy season from November to
March. The remainder falls in October and April.
6.5.3
Temperature
Temperature variations between the cold and hot seasons for Lusaka are considerable; the
lowest average temperature of 8.4C was recorded in July and the highest of 31.0C was
recorded in October.
6.5.4
Evapotranspiration
The average annual evapotranspiration for Lusaka is 734 mm while the potential is
1,571 mm while the potential is 1,776mm.
6.5.5
Humidity
Relative humidity for Lusaka ranges between 40-60% and 60-86% during the dry and wet
seasons.
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6.5.6
ESIA Sanitation
Wind
The windiest month is September and the least windy is March. The average annual wind
speed for Lusaka is 1.8 m/s.
6.5.7
Sunshine
The mean annual sunshine hours for Lusaka is 7.7 h/d, the longest hours of sunshine of
11.7 h/d are recorded from November to March while the shortest are 5.0 h/d from April to
October.
6.6
AIR QUALITY
Sources of air pollution in the City of Lusaka mainly emanate from combustion and non
combustion sources.
Combustion sources include stationery and mobile sources.
Stationery sources are mostly located in the western part of the city where most industries
are located. From these sources air pollution is mainly as a result of coal, wood and diesel
fired boilers which produce Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), Sulphur Oxides
(SOX) and Particulate Matter (PM).
For a selection of communities benefiting from the drainage project, CSO 2010 census data
for 71,241 households indicates that 43,698 (60.9%) use electricity for cooking, 27,009
(37.9%) use charcoal and only 543 (1.2%) use other fuels. Although the proportion of the
population using charcoal is probably declining the high number of users does contribute to
ambient and indoor air pollution and consequently respiratory and heart diseases.
Combustable fuels emit PM, HCs, CO, SOX and NOX. The effects of prolonged exposure
are Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs).
Illegal quarries dotted within the city, especially on the southern and western parts of the
city are also another source of air pollution. This pollution comes from tyre burning which is
one of the activities in the process of mining rocks from these quarries. Open air burning,
especially of solid waste from within the city is also another significant contributor.
However, for all these sources of pollution, there has been no comprehensive city-wide
study that has been conducted and hence no quantitative data is available.
Major sources of mobile air pollution in the City are motor vehicles using petrol and diesel
fuels. Pollutants from these sources include hydrocarbons (HC) and Benzopyrene, Ps, CO,
SOX and NOX. This type of pollution, as would be expected, is highest in the CBD as well
as on major (busy) roads. It also varies according to periods of peak traffic flow.
Lusaka also faces air pollution from non-combustive sources mainly in the form of dust.
This type of pollution is worst in peri-urban areas where there is lack of vegetation and
other types of surface cover. The pollution is worse in windy and dry months like August
and September. However, if construction works are carried out during periods when the
ambient air quality is degraded from natural causes (wind), the impact arising from
construction activities may be insignificant.
The ESIA studies have not been able to obtain any secondary quantitative data on air
quality. Such data will be required for monitoring and evaluation. To fill this gap it is
recommended that the PMC be appointed by MCA-Zambia be tasked with taking baseline
air quality measurements at selected locations for the Project sites. There should be
sufficient measurements at each location to capture diurnal and seasonal variations in air
quality.
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Notwithstanding the lack of quantitative data on this subject, it is important that all
operations by contractors on the MCC projects are carried out within acceptable standards.
In all operations, it will therefore important that guideline limits are observed for all
pollutants that may be generated from project activities. presents air pollutants which can
be expected to be generated by project activities and guideline limits to be observed.
Table 13 presents air pollutants which can be expected to be generated by project activities
and guideline limits to be observed.
Table 13: Expected air pollutants and Guideline Limits
Parameter
Reference time
Guideline limit
10 minutes
500 g/m
1 hour
350 g/m
24 hour
125 g/m
6 months
50 g/m
24 hours
120 g/m
6 months
50 g/m
PM10
24 hours
70 g/m
PM10
24 hours
70 g/m
1 hour
400 g/m
24 hours
150 g/m
15 minutes
100 mg/m
30 minutes
60 mg/m
1 hour
30 mg/m
8 hours
10 mg/m
3 months
1.5 g/m
12 months
1.0 g/m
30 days
7.5 tonnes/km
1. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

SO2
2. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in combination with
1
Total Suspended Particles(TSP) and PM10
3. Respirable particulate matter PM10
4. Oxides of nitrogen (NOX) as nitrogen dioxide

(NO2)
5. Carbon monoxide (CO)
6. Ambient Lead (Pb)

7. Dust fall
TSP
3
3
Source: Statutory Instrument No. 141 of 1996
1 Total suspended particles (TSP) are particles with diameter less than 45 m.
2 Respirable particles (PM10) are particles with diameter less than 10 m. These can penetrate to the anciliated
regions of the deep lung.
Overall air quality in Lusaka is not a major environmental hazard at this time. However, the
increasing use of vehicles, and continued use of charcoal as a cooking fuel would justify
ZEMA or LCC to establish city wide monitoring of air quality in Lusaka. The baseline
measurements recommended above would provide the basis for subsequent monitoring.
Over the longer term the extension of electricity services should discourage the use of
polluting domestic fuels but only in those household with sufficient income to pay for the
electricity.
6.7
NOISE AND VIBRATION

There are currently no documented studies on noise and vibrations for the City of Lusaka,
therefore a subjective assessment must be made for the baseline situation.
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Most of the parts of the city experience normal noise and vibration levels which are
generated from normal human activity and motor vehicles. According to the WHO, 199921,
road traffic noise is a problem in most cities of the world. In its research, data collected
along densely travelled roads showed that sound pressure levels for 24 hours were in the
range of 75 to 80 dB(A). Although no documented noise studies have been done in
Lusaka, since most of the roads are heavily trafficked, it can be assumed that most parts of
the city along most roads experience vehicular noise levels in the above stated range.
There is only a small amount of industrial activity in the city, and most of the industries that
exist are in the western catchment area. It is considered that noise and vibrations from
industries are comparatively low and generally occur during day time as this is the time
when most of the industries are operational.
The sanitation sub-projects will mainly affect residential and commercial and to some extent
industrial and public places but only for short periods during construction. As such,
although no quantitative baseline data is available, the project will need to comply with
noise level guidelines for the areas to be affected. As ZEMA does not have any standards
to this effect the IFC standards (Table 14) will be applied. For comparison Table 15
presents the WHO standards.
Table 14: IFC Noise Level guidelines
One Hour LAeq (dBA)
Receptor
Day time
Night time
Residential; Institutional; Educational
55
45
Industrial; commercial
70
70
Source: IFC General EHS Guidelines: Noise Management, 2007.
Table 15: WHO Guideline values for community noise in specific environments
Specific
environment
Outdoor living area
Dwelling, Indoors
Inside bedrooms
School classrooms
and pre-schools,
indoors
School, playground
outdoor
Hospital, ward rooms,
indoors
Industrial, commercial
shopping and traffic
areas, indoors and
outdoors
Critical health effect(s)

Serious annoyance, daytime and
evening
Moderate annoyance, daytime and
evening
Speech intelligibility and moderate
annoyance, daytime and evening
Sleep disturbance, night time
Speech intelligibility, disturbance of
information extraction, message
communication
LAEQ
[dB(A)]
Time
based
hours
LAMAX
Fast
[dB]
55
16
50
16
35
16
30
45
35
During
class
30
During
play
8
40
Sleep disturbance, day-time
30
16
Hearing impairment
70
24
110
Annoyance (external source)
55
Sleep disturbance, night-time
Adapted from WHO, Guidelines for Community Noise, World Health Organisation, 1999
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6.8
SURFACE WATER
6.8.1
Lusaka rivers
ESIA Sanitation
Lusaka is drained by a number of small watercourses, namely Chunga, Chalimbana and

Ngwerere as shown in Figure 17. The area shows a well developed radial drainage pattern
centred on Chikumbi with four main basins. The Chunga River and its tributaries flow
westwards and then south into the Mwembeshi, a major tributary of the Kafue. The
Ngwerere and Chalimbana flow north-east and east respectively to join the Chongwe River,
which flows south-east into the Zambezi River.
N
Figure 17: The main natural drainage systems of Lusaka
Discharge records for the Chalimbana and Chongwe Rivers are available and are
summarized in Table 16. Data for the Ngwerere Stream, which is a tributary of the
Chongwe River, is not available.
Table 16: Minimum and maximum discharges for rivers in the Lusaka area
River
Station
Chongwe River
Chongwe Road Bridge
Chalimbana River
Romor Farm
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Discharge (m /s)
Catchment
2
area (km )
Minimum
Maximum
1,813.0
0.00
46.793
118.0
0.029
14.143
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6.8.2
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Lusaka rivers water quality

The analysis of water sampled from the Ngwerere River and from water bodies in the
catchment of Chilomgolo Stream is found in Appendix H. The Bombay drain drainage
sector project will in fact be executed on the upper reaches on the Ngwerere River.
Surface water bodies in Lusaka are polluted. The pollution is mostly from discharges
eminating from industries and sewage treatment plants. The samples from the Ngwerere
River yielded microbiological results akin to inadequately treated sewage. Ammonia levels
were also high indicating that pollution levels are high leading to existence of anaerobic
conditions in some portions of the stream.
The Ngwerere is the main river downstream of the Kaunda Square sewershed and the
effluent from the treatment ponds discharges into the Ngwerere. Parts of the sewershed,
such as Mtendere and Kalingalinga have a high groundwater level and are moderately
prone to flooding such as Mtendere and Kalingalinga. There are a number of LWSC water
supply boreholes and one spring in this sewershed.
6.8.3
Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds effluent

As part of the ESIA, water quality testing of the pond effluent and the receiving streams was
conducted by UNZA. The results of the testing as well as result from the monthly LWSC
effluent testing are summarized in Table 17.
The summary of the LWSC data from 2009 to 2011 and the UNZA analyses are included in
Appendix G. It should be noted for inconsistencies between the UNZA and LWSC analyses
is that the UNZA samples for effluent analysis are filtered before analysis whereas LWSC
use raw effluent for their analysis.
Also, the results of water quality testing in Table 17, with the exception of the 2009 to 2011
average for the Kaunda Square Pond effluent, are for spot sampling. Spot sampling only
gives a snap shot which is not representative of the range of conditions, particularly in a
natural stream with variable flow. For example, the values for BOD in Ngwerere River at
Kalimba Farm appear worse than the effluent from the ponds. However, the Kalimba Farm
results are consistent with fortnightly monitoring of water quality at other sites on the
Ngwerere River carried out between November 2012 and April 201322. This monitoring
showed BOD varying from 20 to 72 mg/l; the cause being sewer pipes leaking into the
stream and sewage from other sources such as overflowing pit latrines during the wet
season. Also it should be noted that the partially treated effluent from Garden Sewage
Treatment Ponds discharges to Ngwerere River downstream the sites monitorec in 20122013.
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Table 17: Kaunda Square water quality data

Kaunda
Square
ZEMA
Pond
Standards
effluent
8 Nov 2011
Parameter
Kaunda
Square
Pond
effluent
average
2009-11
Kachamba
Stream
(receiving
effluent)
Ngwerere
a
River 1
Ngwerere
b
River 2 at
Kalimba
Farm
BOD (as O2 mg/l)
50
51
33
26
40
54
Turbidity (NTU)
15
86.80
39.6
4.04
5.28
6.01
TSS (mg/L)
100
Not tested
51
Not tested
Not tested
Not tested
57
4.56
Not tested
0.22
0.48
0.48
Oils &Grease (mg/l)
20
0.73
Not tested
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
COD (as O2 mg/l)
90
94
111
55
120
104
pH
6-9
7.46
7.4
7.50
7.52
7.60
7.65
Not tested
1.27
3.22
3.31
Total Coliforms
(#/100ml)
25,000
176,000
8,200,000
35,000
66,000
79,000
Faecal Coliforms
(#/100ml)
5,000
144,000
1,400,000
22,000
38,000
32,000
Total Nitrogen
(as N mg/l)
Phosphates (mg/l)
a: After effluent from the Ngwerere and Kaunda Square Ponds meet.
b: Downstream of Ngwerere River1.
c: Nitrate = 50 mg/L, Nitrite = 2 mg/L, Organic N = 5 mg/L
6.8.4
Flooding
Lusaka City has a number of areas prone to localized flooding. These are located mainly
on the southern and south-western parts of the City such as Chawama and Kanyama which
are high density areas. Flooding in these areas is due to the absence of effective or any
drainage systems as well as the fact that these areas are low lying (depressions) which in
normal circumstances would be reserved as recharge areas. Localised flooding occurs in
other areas especially along main roads with no drainage systems1. Floods are a health
and safety hazard especially in peri-urban areas located in the southern and western part of
the city.
During the rainy season, some depressions flood deeply when they become a drowning
hazard.
6.9
GROUNDWATER
6.9.1
Aquifer and abstractions

The Lusaka Karst aquifer (LSKA) and the carbonate rocks of the Cheta Formation are of
special interest with respect to groundwater. The formations are shown in Figure 16. The
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other rocks underlying the Lusaka Area, mainly different types of schist of the Cheta and
Chunga Formation, are more or less impermeable for groundwater. Only in case of
intercalated quartzite and carbonate rocks or through the presence of joints and faults,
open spaces may exist and enable groundwater to connect groundwater of the different
carbonate units. Principally the same applies to igneous rocks (basalt and granite) and the
gneisses of the basement which form also a geological part around Lusaka1.
The tectonic structure of the Lusaka area is characterized by a set of northwest to
southeast trending synclines and anticlines which are related to each other through a
complicated set of faults, major disturbances and over-thrusts. Figure 16 indicates that the
LSKA constitutes the core of a syncline. Cheta and Chunga are in the centre of the
anticline. Through the tectonic arrangement the different aquifers (karst aquifers and joint
aquifers) are hydraulically connected. The groundwater flows through a system of fault
lines, joints and other lineaments.
The area is intensively folded. The axes of the synclines and anticlines trend in northwest
and southeast directions. A set of joints can be found which is more or less perpendicular
to the main axes. These joints are partly open and play an important role in the flow of
groundwater. The groundwater conductivity of carbonate rocks vary significantly. Fresh
and undisturbed marbles and crystalline dolomites are compact and impermeable for
groundwater. Through tectonic events and reduced gravity pressure near the surface,
those carbonate rocks may develop fissures and cracks. Groundwater starts to circulate
and to solute marbles along those features. As a result, a system of caverns, tunnels, and
cavities is generated preferably near the surface. Groundwater potential in such formations
is enormous. The LSKA belongs to this category. The carbonate rocks of the Cheta
Formation also developed a system though to a much lesser pronounced extent. The size
and shape of the LSKA is illustrated by Figure 18.
Figure 18: Lusaka Karst Aquifer

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The caverns which host the groundwater are generally close to the surface; the LWSC
boreholes are relatively shallow, less than 50 m deep on average.
The LSKA forms a slightly elevated flat area with the maximum elevation is around 1,300 m
and minimum elevation about 1,200 m above sea level. The elevation contour lines shape
the LSKA as a northwest to southeast trending morphological feature dipping gently to the
northwest.
The drainage pattern of the LSKA shows the surface of the karst area almost without of any
surface runoff. This is in contrast to the schist bordering the LSKA. There the drainage
developed a dendritic surface pattern. This setup suggests that:
the LSKA dewaters essentially along the border karst aquifer/schist, on this border
numerous springs (overflow springs) can be found;
the LSKA absorbs large quantities of rain water (infiltration of rainwater minus
evapotranspiration); and
there is no or little water seeping into the underground within the areas of the
outcropping schist.
The general trend reflects that the water table decreases during the dry season with a
complete recovery during the rainy season. The fluctuation of the water table, though at
different levels, remains moderate, seldom exceeding 5 m. Seemingly, the fluctuations
reflect the general behaviour of the groundwater during times of recharge and discharge. It
can be observed that the water table of many boreholes reaches the ground surface during
the rainy season.
Based upon the area of the LSKA and the average borehole depth, the volume of the
productive aquifer in Lusaka was calculated as 12 km. Recharge data for the Lusaka area
ranges from 37 to 775 mm, i.e. from 5 to 95 % of the annual rainfall. Recharge is also
direct through sinkholes. In areas of outcropping karst, virtually all the rainwater seeps into
the underground. In other areas hardly any rainwater will infiltrate the aquifer because of
the thickness of the covering soil and high evapotranspiration.
The DWA has been carrying out studies on the Lusaka groundwater systems including the
quality and quantity of groundwater available. The Final Report was published in January
201323. The DWA Final Report includes an assessment of possible additional groundwater
abstraction volumes. A numerical groundwater model was developed for the Lusaka
Plateau and surrounding areas north and south. The LWSC currently abstracts about
130,000 m3/d from groundwater. The model indicates that abstractions of 300,000 m3/d
would lead to a minor additional drawdown compared to the current situation. However, the
model predicts a considerable drop in water tables in the Lusaka City area if abstraction
near existing well fields is substantially increased. Future exploration would therefore have
to focus on areas away from the City.
6.9.2
Groundwater quality
The water quality for the majority of boreholes that were sampled conformed to the WHO
guidelines for drinking water as shown in Appendix G3.
However, the elevated
concentration of nitrates and the positive count for microbiological indicators are of concern
for some boreholes. It was only for the Libala Water Works borehole where in addition to
the Nitrates and microbiological parameters, alkalinity and hardness were also exceeding
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WHO guidelines. However, alkalinity and hardness stem from natural sources and as such
is not an indicator of pollution; this may be expected considering the geology of Lusaka.
High values of hardness in the water supply system may lead to precipitation of Calcium
Carbonate which may result in serious encrustation in the system and domestic plumbing.
Consequently, the system would require higher maintenance frequencies and pumping
costs where encrustations in the distribution pipes reduce the effective diameter of the
pipes.
The presence of faecal coliforms is a confirmation of faecal matter ingress into a water
source. Nine boreholes out of the 21 sampled recorded positive counts for Coliforms.
Some boreholes like the Chilenje South, Mass Media 5 and Mulungushi 6H registered
results of greater than 200FC/100 ml (i.e. too numerous to count (TNTC)) which signifies
serious microbiological pollution.
Nitrates are another parameter that was out of range for a number of boreholes. These
included the Mass Media, Chunga 6E, Lake Road, Chainda, Road Side 01 and Chawama
borehole 2. Chilenje South and Libala Water Works boreholes also recorded high nitrate
concentrations although the values do not exceed the WHO guideline values. Nitrates in
water can stem from geological sources or from anthropogenic activities. The presence of
nitrates in this case is attributed to pollution because most boreholes with high nitrates also
recorded microbiological contamination and are also located in areas prone to
contamination. For example, sanitary surveys around some of these boreholes revealed
the following:
Chilenje South borehole is surrounded by a rubbish dump as shown in Figure 19;
Chunga 6E is in a built up peri-urban area serviced by pit latrines;
Chainda borehole is in a built up peri-urban area and is approximately 10 m from a

pit latrine as shown in Figure 20;
Chawama borehole 2 is in a peri-urban area serviced by pit latrines.
Figure 19: Chilenje South Borehole

surrounded by a rubbish dump site
Figure 20: Chainda Borehole about 10 m

from a pit latrine
Where a borehole is in close proximity to potentially polluting activities like the examples
cited, the water quality may be compromised. This is an issue of concern in a karstic
geology like the LSKA.
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However groundwater of the LSKA generally complies with WHO and Zambian standards
for groundwater albeit with some disparities1. The groundwater is essentially unconfined
and consequently is vulnerable to pollution from the ground surface. The cited reference
reports high concentrations of faecal matter and nitrates in densely populated areas.
A study by the DWA24 carried out a comprehensive sampling in all four seasons. The
findings showed that the water quality for many boreholes met guideline values for the
WHO. Where there were problems, it was reported to have been in terms of nitrates and
microbiological contamination. This is consistent with the findings of the ESIA study.
The problems with microbiological contamination at nine of the boreholes are serious cause
for concern. The sources of contamination are probably pit latrines or open defecation near
the borehole in combination with compromised well head protection. Immediate action is
required to disinfect these boreholes and the water mains supplied, and to protect the
boreholes against further contamination.
6.10
LAND USE
6.10.1 Historical development

Lusaka was originally the site of a village named after its headman Lusaka, which,
according to history, was located at Manda Hill, close to where the Zambia's National
Assembly building now stands. In the Nyanja language, Manda means graveyard. The
area was expanded by European (mainly British) settlers in 1905 in conjunction with the
building of what was planned to become the Cape to Cairo Railway enabling Lusaka to
develop as a collecting point for corn and tobacco from surrounding farmlands.
In 1935, due to its fairly central location, its situation on the railway and at the crossroads of
the Great North Road and Great East Road, it was chosen to replace Livingstone as the
capital of the then British colony of Northern Rhodesia.
After the federation of Northern and Southern Rhodesia in 1953, it became a centre of the
independence movement amongst some of the educated elite that led to the creation of the
Republic of Zambia. In 1964, Lusaka became the capital of the newly independent Zambia.
The original planners of Lusaka never intended it to be a large city. Its initial total area was
only 2.6 km2. It was, however, increased to 18 km2 in 1931, then 36, and 139 and 360 km2
in 1961, 1969 and 1970 respectively25.
6.10.2 Peri-Urban Areas
During the period when the then Northern Rhodesia was ruled by the British the rate of
urbanization was strictly controlled through various policy instruments which restricted the
free movement of native Zambians into urban areas unless they had a pass issued by the
government. After independence the new Zambian government abolished the policies that
regulated the flow of people to urban areas which were perceived to be discriminatory. This
resulted in a sharp increase in the rate of rural to urban migration as urban areas were seen
to be more attractive (with more employment opportunities) than the rural areas. Hence,
the period between 1963 and 1969 witnessed a rural to urban migration rate of 5.8%.
The rapid urbanization meant that the rate of housing development could not match the rate
of population growth of urban areas. This has resulted in the mushrooming of unplanned
settlements. These settlements typically would have no basic services as they were initially
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considered to be illegal by the local authorities hence, the name squatter compounds.
They have, however, continued to grow in an unplanned fashion. Over time, government
policy has recognised that these compounds are not temporary and that they should be
legalized and provided with basic services. This policy has led to the upgrading of selected
settlements. The process of upgrading involves provision of basic services like roads,
water supply, and in some cases, sanitation and electricity. These areas have come to be
known as peri-urban areas.
The term Peri-Urban comes from the fact that most of these settlements are found on the
periphery of formal or planned municipal areas. It is a preferred term as it does not have
negative connotations as compared to squatter or shanty compound. According to the
strategy on the Periurban Water Supply and Sanitation in Zambia26, the working definition
adopted for peri-urban area was: informal or formal settlements, within the area of
jurisdiction of a local authority, with high population density and high density, low-cost
housing having inadequate or lacking basic services such as water supply, sewerage,
roads, storm water drainage and solid waste disposal. Some of the typical characteristics
of peri-urban areas are: high incidence of poverty, high population density, overcrowding,
haphazardly laid out low-cost housing and poor basic services.
Some of the key characteristics arising out of peri-urban areas follow below:
Aspect
Situation
Population
60% of urban population live here
House ownership
Mainly rented from landlords
House density
High density with little or no room for gardens
Water supply/sanitation
Situation of women
Standpoints/kiosks/hand pumps/unprotected wells. Little or no

room for latrines
Strong political/developmental structures/resident development
committees
Informal traders/potential for NGO credit system
Sources of income
Generally informal
Private enterprise
High density of customers/moderate purchasing power
Community structure
6.10.3 Environmental challenges

According to the LCC, Lusaka City faces several environmental challenges as a result of
rapid population growth, in-migration, and socio-economic conflict6. Census data from
2010 estimates the population of Lusaka District to be approximately 1.74 million while that
of Lusaka Province as a whole is estimated at 2.2 million. The highest population growth is
concentrated in the peri-urban areas. The rapid growth of the City can be attributed
primarily to high in-migration from other parts of the country and new births. Drivers for
immigration are the prospect for better economic opportunities, potential for higher
education and higher wage employment. The population is predominately young, with up to
70% of the population estimated to be below the age of 30.
This in-migration has resulted in an explosion in informal settlements and the poverty level
as a result has been steadily increasing over the past two to three decades mainly due to
the high levels of population growth, which are not matched by economic growth.
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The population of Lusaka is distributed in many historical compounds and unplanned

townships. Recent estimates report that only about 16% of the inhabitants are provided
sewer service, 43% use septic tanks while the remaining 41% have pit latrines.
Rapid urban growth has resulted in increased amounts of waste. The main waste streams
in the city are domestic, commercial, industrial and hazardous. Due to limited financial
capacity and inadequate personnel resources, local authorities responsible for waste
management have been unable to fulfil their responsibilities in this area over the past
decade or so. The problem is exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure and recycling
facilities, many of which were constructed more than 40 years ago. Households are the
main generators of waste, contributing about 80% of the total amount generated.
The Bombay Drainage System will provide flood relief to both urban and peri-urban areas.
Its effects will benefit communities stretching from the southern part of the City, through the
Central Business District up to the northern end of the city.
Land use in the greater Lusaka can be divided into several general categories including:
urbanized and commercial areas;
formal residential housing areas;
urbanized areas with kitchen-gardens;
small, informal residential (usually peri-urban) areas;
small farms;
medium sized farmlands;
big, cultivated/irrigated farmlands;
savannah with scattered trees;
savannah; and
forest and woodland.
Residential and small-holdings account for approximately 30% of the total municipal area.
Close to 10% of the Lusaka district area is used for cultivation and plantation. Most of the
unplanned settlements are located towards the north, north-west and south of the CBD,
whereas, most of the formal residential development occurs to the east of the CBD. The
social difficulties associated with land include:
allocation of land and plots through the local authority system is subject to local
political interference, and
Lusaka is characterized by a huge number of illegal settlements.
6.10.4 Land use planning

The first formal Urban Development Plan for Lusaka City was approved in 1956 and
reviewed in 196527.
A further urban master plan was completed in 1975 and in theory came into force in 1978,
being reviewed by LCC in 1999. This resulted in 2000 in the Integrated Development Plan
(IDP). The IDP covered many of the municipal areas of Lusaka not previously included;
and provided a framework to guided urban development in Lusaka up to 2020. It also
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proposed extension of the city boundary to bring Lusaka International Airport within the City
boundary.
However this plan was never approved and only parts of it adopted. As a result, informal
land delivery continues to be the most commonly used land delivery systems accounting for
not less 60% of all new development in the city of Lusaka. As a result, the land has lost
potential utility through this reduction in ecosystem diversity and these informal areas in
particular are prone to flooding in the rainy season.
History and experience in the urban planning of Lusaka City combined with increased
demand for services from the growing population and resulting mushrooming of informal
settlements, has been poor. This has led to the degradation of infrastructure and increased
demand for land in the City and the current land allocation situation needs urgent attention
and will worsen if no corrective measures are put in place.
The Comprehensive Urban Development Plan by JICA in 200928 was an effort to allow for a
more formal development. One of the objectives was to formulate a comprehensive urban
development plan including sub-programs for urban transportation, water supply and
sewerage, and living environment improvement for the Lusaka Greater Urban Area for the
target year 2030.
6.11
LANDSCAPE
Much of urban Lusaka, particularly the residential areas spreading out from the CBD
including peri-urban areas were originally part of the Southern Miombo woodlands which
form a broad belt across south-central Africa covering Malawi, Mozambique and southern
Zambia. These woodlands are dominated by trees of species Brachystegia (termed
Miombo in local languages). Prior to their removal as the urban population grew over the
past 40 years, these miombo woodlands were important to the livelihoods of many rural
people, who depended on the resources available from the woodlands, which provided nontimber products such as honey, fodder for livestock and fuel wood. Several of the periurban areas are in transition from miombo woodlands to urban resettlement areas (basically
informal settlements) and inhabitants still go to adjacent areas for the collection of fuel
wood. To the extent that natural flora and fauna remain in these areas, they are related to
the miombo woodland environmental characteristics. Except in the outmost areas of the
peri-urban communities, only remnants of the miombo woodlands remain.
The urban landscape is relatively undistinguished in terms of topographic features. The
largely unplanned growth of urban areas over the past 20 years results in perceptible
contrasts among communities as one drives through the city. Road connections often
terminate without apparent reason. Commercial concentrations have been built up along
major roadways. Lusaka was not intended to be a large urban concentration. Inadequate
land within the city boundary has constrained re-development of the low-income areas,
which initially emerged as unauthorized areas, but most have since been recognized as
improvement areas under the Improvement Areas Act of 1974. There is also a shortage of
land for solid waste disposal sites, as existing sites have become full. The land shortages
being experienced within the existing city boundary are partly due to dramatic population
increase in the city over the past 20 years.
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6.12
ESIA Sanitation
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
6.12.1 Flora in Lusaka

Generally, the distribution network and centres are located in built up areas except for the
Kwamwena and Ndeke Housing areas which are still under construction. Therefore, there
is very low biodiversity in terms of flora mainly consists of fruit trees such as mango,
avocado, guava, mulberry and trees of an ornamental/exotic nature. Small areas at
distribution centres are often used mainly by the workers for gardens growing maize,
vegetables, tomatoes and onions. There is also flora of herbaceous/grass nature.
The flora at Kwamwena Valley Housing Project generally has young trees. There are also
portions with some shrubs and thickets. Major tree/shrub species included Acacia
polyacantha, Brachystegia boemhii, Acacia tortilis, Parinari curatellifolia, Piliostigma
thonningii, Lantana camara, Dichrostachys cinerea, Diplorynchus condylocarpon, Albizia
amara, combretum imberbe, and Securidaca longipendiculata. Herbaceous plants are
prominent in the areas which were cultivated or disturbed and included Bidens pilosa,
Phyllanthus leucanthus, Nicandra physalodes, Triumfetta heliocarpa, and Tithonia
longifolia. The dominant grass is Hypperrhenia spp. Other grasses included Andropogon
spp., Setaria pumila, Cyperus esculentus, Eleusine indica and Eragrostis aspera.
The flora in the Ndeke Village Housing Project had very few isolated big trees that rarely
interfere with the intended routes of water supply pipes. However, most flora constituted
very small trees and shrubs, and grass due to the development and construction of houses
in the project area. Major tree/shrub species include Acacia polyacantha, Dichrostachys
cinerea, Parinari curatellifolia, Diplorynchus condylocarpon, Piliostigma thonningii,
Brachystegia boemhii and Uapaca Kirkiana. There are a good number of herbaceous
plants and grasses on the site that included Bidens schemperi, Bidens pilosa, Phyllanthus
leucanthus, Cassia obtusifolia, Portulaca oleracea, Nicandra physalodes, Triumfetta annua,
Amaranthus hybridus, Cassia obtusifolia, Leucas martinicensis, Cleome hirta, Ocimum
canum and Trichodesma zeylanicum. The grasses included Eleusine indica, Hypperrhenia
spp., Cyperus esculentus, Cynodon dactylon, Setaria pumila and Eragrostis aspera.
6.12.2 Flora in Kafue and along Transmission Main
A relatively high biodiversity of flora was recorded in areas around the Iolanda WTP and the
intake points. Floral species recorded in the area included weeds such as Eichornia
crassipes (Water Hyacinth), Typha, Elodia, and Nymphea. Water Hyacinth sometimes
interferes with abstraction of water at the intake. The weeds are physically periodically
removed from the intake point and surrounding areas.
Some of the plant species noted in the Iolanda area included Acacia polyacantha, Acacia
albida, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Dombeya rotundifolia, Brachystegia spiciformis,
Cassia abbreviate, Dalbergiella nyasae, Julbernardia globiflora, Khaya nyassica, Lannea
discolor, and Swartzia madagascariensis. Others are Trichilia emetic, Albizia amara,
Albizia versicolor, Delonix regia, Faurea intermedia, Piliostigma thonningii, Adansonia
digitata, Colophospermum mopane, Tamarindus india and Acacia nigrescens.
The grass species recorded included Loudentia simplex, Paspalum sacrobiculatum, Vossia
cuspidate, Panicum repens, Orza longistaminata, Echinochloa colona, Hyparrhenia spp.,
Rottboella exaltata, Setaria homnyma and Eleusine indica.
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Maize cultivation was evident in the vicinity of the Iolanda Water Treatment Plant including
gardens for vegetables, onions and tomatoes. Cultivation of the crops is done because of
easy access to water from the river and the backwash water from the treatment plant. As a
result, herbaceous plants such as Galinsoga parviflora, Grassocephalum sarcobasis,
Bidens pilosa, Bidens schimperi, Spermacoce pusilla, Nicandra physalodes, Leucas
martinicensis, Trichodesma zeylanicum, Sida alba, Hibiscus meeusei, Triumfetta annua,
Phyllanthus leucanthus, Euphorbia hirta and Cassia obtusifolia were also found in such
areas.
The flora within the Chilanga Booster Pump Station premises and its vicinity was of low
biodiversity compared to the Iolanda area. There were few fruit and ornamental/exotic
trees. The latter included the eucalyptus and delonix trees. No gardening activities were
observed on the premises. The grass species noted in the area were mainly Andropogon
spp., Hyparrhenia spp., Setaria homnyma and Echinochloa colona. Acacia sieberian,
Acacia polyacantha, Combretum spp., Pioliostigma thonningii, Brachystegia boehmii,
Parinari curatellifolia, Entanda abyssinica and Albizia versicolor were among some plant
species noted in the surrounding areas.
6.12.3 Fauna of Lusaka
Mammals
Large mammals are not encountered in Lusaka.
Reptiles
The only reptile that was encountered in all study sites was Ichnotropis squamulosa
(Common Rough-Scaled Lizard).
Amphibians
Xenopus laevis pertersii and Phrynobatrachus natalensis may be present in water bodies
within Lusaka. The Schismaderma carens (Red Toad) was encountered in Kwamwena.
Insects
The insect activity generally observed in the study sites included common house flies,
grasshoppers, butterflies, black and red ants, dragon flies, beetles and spiders.
Birds
Wild birds are present but not common in Lusaka. Birds observed in Kwamwena and
Ndeke were Pycnonotus barbatus (Common Bulbul), Uraeginthus angolensis (Blue
Waxbill), Tchagra senegala (Black-crowned Tchagra), Passer domesticus (House
Sparrow), Cisticola juncidis (Fan-tailed Cisticola) and Hirundo senegalensis (Mosque
Swallow).
6.12.4 Chelston Pumping Station
A detailed survey of the flora and fauna was made in the area of the Chelston Pumping
Station sub-project site. The survey was based on site observations and interviews with the
local communities. Additional data were based on the use of appropriate maps and
relevant literature, including GPS data and digital photography. Considering the small size
of the sub-project area, the low numbers and density of flora and fauna, it is not expected
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that there will be significant effect on threatened rare or endangered species of flora and
fauna. There are no sensitive or fragile habitats in the proposed project area.
The area covered by the sub- project is largely urban in nature, and there is no evidence of
large mammals existing in a natural habitat apart from the domestic animals such as cattle
and goats. Domesticated animals such as dogs and cats are evident although infrequent.
However, several areas adjacent to the sewage ponds show remnants of the former
Miombo woodlands and manifest evidence of existence of small mammals such as mice
and moles. Burrows were seen in the project area during the transect walks, indicating the
presence of the small mammals. Reptiles such as snakes, lizards and chameleons, and
frogs and toads are also known to exist in the area. Avian life forms abound in the area,
especially at the sewage ponds.
The existing flora at the Chelston site comprises mostly small trees, shrubs, herbaceous
plants and grasses. The dominant weed observed around the edges of sewage ponds is
Ludwigia repens (Figure 21). Most floral species were located at the sloping ground
between the ponds and the low lying adjacent wetland area (Figure 22). The dominant tree
species is Markhamia obtusifolia which was closely followed by Rhus longipes. The
dominant weed on land is Solanum nigrum while the wetland is dominated by the weed
Typha spp. (Figure 23). Cyperus rotundus, a sedge, was observed at the edges of sewer
ponds. Oedogonium, a green algae, was observed in the wetland area. Other floral
species observed included Azanza garckeana, Piliostigma thonningii, Lantana camara,
Albizia versicolor, Acacia polyacantha, sieberana, Bridelia micrantha, Ficus sycomorus,
Bauhinia petersiana, Dichrostachys cinerea, Grewia flavescens, and Phyllanthus
muellerianus. Herbaceous plants such as Solanuam nigrum, Nelsonia canescens, Tithonia
diversifolia, Amaranthus hybridus and Ricinus communis were observed while the grasses
included Cynodon spp., Hyparrhenia spp., Zea mays, Cyperus esculentus, Digitaria
milanjiana, Eleusine indica and Saccharum spp. (cane sugar). The edible plant species in
the area included guava, mango, avocado, banana, mulberry and cassava. Noteworthy is
that the numbers were low and the diversity is on the higher side on the site.
No large mammals inhabit the site while the possibility of small mammals such as rodents
cannot be ruled out due to the nature of the habitat. No reptiles were encountered on site
at time of survey though the habitat equally favours reptiles such as lizards. No fish
species were observed in the sewage ponds or the adjacent wetland. Insect activity was
noticed and included grasshoppers of different species, butterflies, dragon flies and wasps.
The small grasshoppers were the dominant insects on site. Only six types of avian species
were observed during the survey on Chelston site and these were Hirundo senegalensis
(Mosque Swallow), Uraeginthus angolensis (Blue Waxbill), Egretta alba (Great White
Egret), Nectarinia amethystine (Amethyst Sunbird), Pycnonotus barbatus (Common Bulbul)
and Geese (Figure 24). The dominant avian species was the Mosque Swallow.
6.12.5 Kaunda Square sewer shed
The ESIA included a detailed survey of the flora and fauna for the Kaunda Square sewer
shed was undertaken. The survey was based on site observations and interviews with the
local communities. Additional data were based on the use of appropriate maps and
relevant literature, including GPS data and digital photography. Considering the small size
of the sub-project area, the low numbers and density of flora and fauna, it is not expected
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that there will be significant effect on threatened rate or endangered species of flora and
fauna. There are no sensitive or fragile habitats in the sub-project area.
Figure 21: Ludwigia repens at the lower right

edge of the sewer ponds
Figure 22: Part of the wetland at Chelston

sewer ponds.
Figure 23: Typha spp., the dominant species

in the wetland.
Figure 24: Geese swimming in the sewage

ponds.
The land use is mixed, Mtendere is a densely populated peri-urban area, the interceptor
sewer runs through more formally planned but still high density residential areas, whilst the
treatment ponds are still mostly surrounded by farmland. There is no evidence of large
mammals existing in a natural habitat apart from the domestic animals such as cattle and
goats. Domesticated animals such as dogs and cats are evident although infrequent.
However, several areas adjacent to the treatment ponds show remnants of the former
Miombo woodlands and manifest evidence of existence of small mammals such as mice
and moles. Burrows were seen in the project area during the transect indicating the
presence of the small mammals. Reptiles such as snakes, lizards and chameleons, and
frogs and toads are also known to exist in the area. Avian life forms abound in the area
together, especially in the treatment ponds.
The Kaunda Square flora comprises mainly trees, some thickets, shrubs, herbaceous
plants and grasses. The dominant tree species is Acacia polyacantha which covers a
sizeable portion that is to accommodate extension of the sewer ponds (Figure 25). The
dominant weed is Typha spp., which also covers the largest portion of the treatment pond
extension (Figure 26) while the remainder is covered by mainly vegetable/maize gardening
fields (Figure 27). Other floral species observed included Bridelia micrantha, Piliostigma
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thonningii, Albizia versicolor, Lantana camara, Phyllanthus muellerianus, Combretum spp.,

Grewia flavescens, Sesbania sesban and Erythrina abyssinica. Herbaceous plants
observed on site included Nidorella resedifolia, Conyza sumatrensis, Nicandra physalodes,
Trichodesma zeylanicum, Ipomoea dichroa, Bidens pilosa, Ocimum canum, Datura
stramonium, Ranunculus spp., Solanuam nigrum, Amaranthus spinosus and Ricinus
communis. The grasses included Phragmites, Cyperus esculentus, Digitaria milanjiana,
Eleusine indica, Hyparrhenia spp., Cynodon spp., Zea mays and Saccharum spp. (cane
sugar). The edible plant species on site constituted mango, banana, cassava and guava.
Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth), Cyperus rotundus and Oedogonium were also
observed at the edges of the treatment ponds.
No large mammals inhabit the site. However, there was evidence of a rodent trap on site.
No reptiles were encountered on the site at time of survey though the habitat is suitable for
reptiles such as lizards and snakes which are therefore probably present. As for fish
species, Clarias gariepinus was observed in the sewer ponds. Insect activity was noticed
and included butterflies, dragon flies and wasps and bees and mantis. Only six types of
avian species were observed during the survey and these were Hirundo senegalensis
(Mosque Swallow), Egretta alba (Great White Egret) as shown in Figure 28, Uraeginthus
angolensis (Blue Waxbill), Streptopelia semitorquata (Red-eyed Dove) and Pycnonotus
barbatus (Common Bulbul). The dominant avian species on site was the Mosque Swallow.
Figure 25: In background to the main sewer

pond dominated by Acacia polyacantha trees.
Figure 26: A portion of gardening activities in

an area marked for pond extension.
Figure 27: Typha spp., the dominant weed in

an area marked for pond extension as well.
Figure 28: Egretta alba resting and feeding

near the sewer inlet to the ponds.
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SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE
7.1
INTRODUCTION
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The socioeconomic baseline presented in this section is for a selection of areas

representative of the sanitation sub-projects. Data has been collected with the purpose of
updating and supplementing the 30% design stage ESIA13 prepared in January 2012. The
focus of this socioeconomic baseline was on a selection of communities which will directly
benefit from the sanitation sub-projects and that can be used to measure and monitor
positive and negative impacts. The four main sources of data are:
The 2010 Census of Population and Housing from the CSO disaggregated into
focus, sample beneficiary communities or suburbs, which are referred to by the
CSO as compounds. A National Census is conducted every ten years in Zambia
with the 2010 Census being the most recent. Most of the data reported for the
socioeconomic baseline is from this source.
Community socioeconomic survey conducted in order to supplement the CSO

Census data. Although the objective was data collection from suburb level, the
data that could be obtained was controlled by the WDC selection of community
areas to report. However, this data does profile some of the local socioeconomic
concerns in beneficiary areas.
The 30% design stage ESIA; although this was specifically designed for assessing
impacts in the wider area around Lusaka some of the data and analysis has been
incorporated into the current ESIA.
Community consultations conducted by MCA-Zambia in January and February

2013.
The tables of socioeconomic data are presented together in Section 7.12. This is to help
the flow of the narrative whilst keeping the data together for ease of reference. Charts are
used in the text to highlight the key issues from the data analysis.
7.2
COMMUNITY ORGANISATION
Before examining the socioeconomic baseline and understanding the various levels of
information and data represented, it is important to be familiar with the basic levels of local
government administration in Zambia (also refer to Section 2).
The parliamentary constituency is the largest administrative unit to which urban and periurban areas belong. The constituency is headed by an elected Member of Parliament. The
constituency comprises a number of Wards which are subdivided into Zones. There are 33
Wards in the Lusaka City area. Each Ward is headed by an elected Ward Councillor. Both
Members of Parliament and the elected Ward Councillors are affiliated to political parties.
The WDCs and Zone Development Committees (ZDCs) are non-partisan and have a
primary function to mobilise communities for community development projects at ward and
zone levels. A total of ten zone development committee members are elected by
community members for a five year term, and a representative is selected by each zone on
the WDC. There is a requirement for 50% female membership on both committees.
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All the sanitation sub-project sites are within the jurisdiction of LCC. In order to identify key
positive and negative impacts and appropriate mitigation measures, for the populations
potentially affected by the sub-projects, data was collected from community/compound
levels. For the purposes of this ESIA the focus has been on the Mtendere beneficiaries and
the area nearby Kuanda Square Ponds both of which are located in Munali Constituency.
Chelston Pumping Station to be upgraded under this Project is also in Munali Constituency,
but has not been included in community/compound social analyses. The communities on
which this socioeconomic baseline focuses are as follows:
Constituency
Munali
Ward
Mtendere
Munali 33
Chakunkula
7.3
Community
Mtendere East and

West (Mtendere)
Kuanda Square
Chelston
POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY

Current population and demographic trends are important in determining the linkages
between communities and sanitation services and particularly how the populations may be
affected during the construction phase. Current and projected populations are used to
calculate sewage flows which are then used to calculate sewer sizes, pump duties and
sewage treatment capacity, also operation and maintenance costs over the life of the
Project. It further provides baseline statistics and trends to indicate how the infrastructure
development influences the development and demographic structures of communities and
thereby the impacts and benefits brought about by the sanitation improvements. This data
is also one indicator used to determine wealth and poverty levels, a key aspect of
determining socioeconomic status of an area. All these factors indicate the existing
socioeconomic situation where sanitation improvements are planned and where the
communities will directly benefit from the sub-projects.
7.3.1
Demographics
Apart from being the capital city, Lusaka is also the most urbanised city in Zambia with a
population of 1.742 million people or 13% of the Nation and sharing 33% of the total urban
population of the Nation. The annual population growth rate for Lusaka, in the period 2000
to 2010, was 4.7% which is over 65% higher than the national average population growth
rate of 2.8%29. The most likely drivers of migration include higher economic prospects,
opportunities for higher education and higher wage employment. In practice, the prospect
for better life in Lusaka is not realised as high levels of unemployment and poverty are the
realities experienced in the City. Furthermore the higher population in Lusaka serves as a
market for goods and services which cannot be sustained elsewhere in the country.
Currently, the overall trend is that the migration rate is declining due to reducing economic
prospects in urban districts.
The CSO population data is given in Table 24 for sub-project constituencies and Table 25
for selected communities. The overall gender ratio male to female for Zambia and Lusaka
is 0.96 and 0.97 males per female respectively. The average household size is 4.5 to 5
Chelston is the location of Chelston pumping station upgrade.
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persons. However, in the sample communities covered by the Project, 26.5%

(approximately) of households have an above average household size of over 5 persons.
Within the selected communities, only Chipata and SOS East particularly show the gender
ratio to be above the Lusaka average of 0.97 males per female and all but Mtendere, at
0.95, are above the 0.96 Southern African, as recognised by SADC. It is important that the
project emphasises programs that encourage the participation of, and project benefit to,
women, given the high female population, in many of the sample communities, represented
by the gender ratios in sample project communities; and that in-migration to Lusaka is a
likely scenario compared to family members working away from home, where the ratio is
below 1 male per female could be attributed to high natural increase in female births and
high level of AIDS related deaths in the male populations. However, for those communities
with over 1 male per female, attributable to higher natural births of males to a household
coupled with maternal mortality, female health and related deaths, targeting females as well
as males in the community should be emphasised.
Gender disaggregated age distribution information for the communities were not available
from the CSO Census data. The age distribution in Lusaka is predominantly young and
concentrated in peri-urban areas. However, the overall age distribution in each community
is shown in Figure 29 with the detailed breakdown of statistics in Table 26.
Above 60 years
2.4%
0 to 5 years
14.2%
20 to 60 years
47.4%
5 to 14 years
24.0%
15-19 years
12.0%
Source: CSO 2010 Census
Figure 29: Age distribution for selected communities
The age distribution of the communities shows that a high proportion 50.2% of the
population is young, less than 20 years old, but significantly 36.0% is in the age groups 0 to
14 year old. This poses an issue of future employment opportunities over the next four to
five years during the implementation period of the Project and directly afterwards. Current
education statistics indicate that many students go to primary and high school, but this does
not translate to finishing school with a certificate of completion or obtaining a technical skill.
Thus, there will be a significant proportion of unskilled, non-certified labour flooding the
market within the next 10 to 15 years.
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It cannot be expected that the Project will significantly increase employment opportunities
and also the opportunities which do arise will mostly be for construction work. However,
sanitation developments do positively contribute, albeit in a small way, to reducing
incidence of illnesses, thereby improving health status of the population, hence improved
health status of children and working age populations, encouraging economic productivity
and poverty reduction.
Figure 30 indicates the overall number of households in the project communities,
disaggregated into male-headed and female-headed households. Table 27 shows the
individual community figures. The table shows a variation in female headed households
ranging from 21% for Mtendere to 28% for Kaunda Square. It should also be noted that
other households which are neither adult female nor male headed households, but
households headed by underage family members are significant at 5%. Consultations
suggest that this figure may be due to the parents dying of AIDS or other illnesses. For
communities with higher female headed household rate there is a corresponding lower
underage rate which may be due to one adult member still surviving in households, as
health data particularly on HIV/AIDS does not show any low mortality or incidence in
HIV/AIDS. It is essential that the engineering design and ESMP ensure that female headed
and underage headed households are especially considered, given that the combined nonmale headed households, which amount to aboutare 25% of households in Mtendere and
33% in Kaunda Square, may be classed as vulnerable.
Other
Households*
5%
Female headed
23%
Male headed
72%
Figure 30: Number of households
7.3.2
Ethnicity
For both the selected communities the CSO data identifies the ethno-linguistic groups
illustrated by and listed in greater detail in Table 28. The Nyanja and Bemba are the two
dominant ethno-linguistic groups being 63.3% of the population.
An indigenous population is defined as those who have distinct culture form the mainstream
society, who continuously live as a distinct group of people or homogenous society, having
direct links to ancestral domains. There are no existing indigenous populations that fit this
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ESIA Sanitation
definition in the Project areas and/or that would be disadvantaged by the Project due to
their background in the Project area.
However, ethnicity contributes to the cultural practices of the communities residents which
should be respected by the works contractors and construction supervision staff during the
construction period, especially in terms of gender roles and culture, communication and
consultations and cultural ceremonies.
Tumbuka
language group
6.9%
English
0.01%
Mambwe
language group
5.0%
Other Language
1.0%
Bemba
Speaking
28.9%
Nyanja
speaking group
34.4%
Tonga Speaking
13.9%
Barotse
language group
5.0%
North-Western
group
4.9%
Figure 31: Ethno-linguistic groups
7.3.3
Religion
In the selected communities, 96.3% of the population are Christian, (Figure 32 and Table
29). There are small numbers of Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Bahai and other religions but
together these add up to less than 3.1% of the population; and there are 0.6% who have no
religion. Amongst the Christians 23.1% are Catholic and consultations revealed the
Protestants include Anglican, Church of Christ, Seventh Day Adventists, Baptist,
Assemblies of God, Uniting Church of Zambia amongst others.
Although the sanitation project is not necessarily going to impact significantly on religious
communities per se, there are some religious cultural sites, cemeteries and churches that
are located close to the Project sites. These are particularly discussed in Section 7.4,
whereas mitigations are included in the engineering design and the ESMP.
Religion is also an important consideration in terms of cultural practices. These practices
should be respected throughout the construction period and works activities should be
programmed not to interfere with cultural festivals. In terms of resettlement, in cases where
a household is to be relocated this should not impede their religious and other cultural
practices, access to religion and attendance at services.
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Buddhist
0.013%
Bahai faith
0.008%
Other
2.7%
ESIA Sanitation
None
0.6%
Hindu
0.0%
Muslim
0.37%
Catholic
23.1%
Protestant
73.2%
Figure 32: Religion
7.4
CULTURE AND HERITAGE

Lusaka city is situated at the historical site where the old Lusaka chief of the Soli people
resided. Manda Hill shopping centre is not far from the traditional grave site of the old
settlers of Lusaka. Within Lusaka, in Chilenje, is a historical memorial site where the first
Republican President lived during the struggle for political independence. Embassy Park
which is opposite the Cabinet Office has been turned into a presidential burial site. There
are graveyards in Lusaka such as Old Leopards, New Leopards and the Leopard Memorial
Park located in the south east of the Central Business District. These are revered sites
within the Lusaka urban area.
The National Heritage Conservation Commission Act of Zambia (Section 2.3.17) refers to
historic sites and building and other sites that are culturally significant. A list of culturally
important sites, scheduled under the Act, has been included in Appendix I. There are no
known indigenous sites or cultural sites that will be directly affected by the Project. The
engineering design has been prepared in such a way as to ensure buried pipelines avoid
any damage to potential heritage or culturally important sites, including those officially listed
and those important to community members. Key types of sites identified include:
those officially listed (Appendix I); and
the various Places of Worship (e.g. churches) and cemeteries.
Wherever possible and in compliance with the National Heritage Conservation Commission
Act of Zambia and the ESMP (Section 12):
impacts have been avoided on known cultural and heritage sites by ensuring buried
pipelines and ground level facilities are located away from, or diverted around
important sites; and
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7.5
ESIA Sanitation
the ESMP stipulates conditions of reduced impact around culturally important sites
and during culturally important events.
EDUCATION
Education is an important socioeconomic determinant with respect to employment
opportunities, incidence of poverty and how project activities are best coordinated within the
community. The educational attainment for women and girls is especially recognised as a
key factor to poverty reduction and development. The data collected related to education
includes literacy, educational attainment and numbers of educational facilities within the
project communities.
7.5.1
Literacy
Literacy (%)
Literacy as Zambia officially defines

100
it is literacy in English. The National
literacy rate overall is 80.6%, 86.8%
90
in males and the female literacy is
80
yet to be released, but an estimate
70
in 2003 was 74.8%. Figure 33 and
Male
Table 30 shows the literacy levels of
60
Female
both selected communities recorded
50
Totals
by the 2010 Census. The 92%
40
literacy for both males and females
in Kuanda Square are much higher
30
than the national average.
In
20
Mtendere, male literacy is below the
10
national male average, while female
literacy is well above the estimated
0
2003 rate. Still 8% up to 19% of
Mtendere
Kaunda
females and 8% up to 16% of males
Square
in the two selected communities
Community
cannot read or write. At the same
time, the female literacy rates as
Figure 33: Literacy
compared to the established 2003
74.8% rate indicates that female
literacy has significantly improved over the past 10 years. However, with such a level of
male and female illiteracy printed materials may have limited effect informing these clearly
vulnerable groups. This requires consultation and awareness disclosure programmes,
particularly as required by the ESMP to inform during the construction phase, to be
conducted in the oral vernacular in addition to any printed information; this is necessary to
ensure that the marginal, illiterate populations are not excluded from the consultation and
awareness process and project benefits.
7.5.2
Educational attainment
Figure 34 and Table 31 show the educational attainment in the selected project
communities. Of note is that there are high proportions of males and females attending
primary and secondary levels of education. However, attainment is still low. Despite the
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gains in female literacy, it appears that a higher proportion of females (41.1%) than males
(32.3%) do not go on further than primary school level.
Numbers attaining educational level
25000
20000
15000
Male
Female
Male and female
10000
5000
0
Never been to
school
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Education level
Figure 34: Education levels
Figure 35 and Table 32 show that quite a high percentage (86.2%) do not gain an
education certification, hence, it may be deduced that the high percentage attended, but did
not complete, schooling. In some cases children discontinue school due to the inability of
their parents or guardians to pay for school fees and meet transport costs to school. As
expected, the more developed community, Kaunda Square, has the higher number of those
with education certifications.
Certificate
8.50%
Diploma
4.36%
Bachelor's
Degree
0.82%
Master's
Degree
0.11%
None
86.2%
PhD
0.01%
Figure 35: Highest profession or vocational level
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Level of schooling, literacy and age structure of the population would indicate that those
coming of working age (19 years in Zambia) may only have a high school education at
maximum, which may not even be certified. This does lead to difficulties in gaining semiskilled and skilled employment. Furthermore, this leads to the conclusion that the available
workforce in the project communities may well be unskilled or semi-skilled, with skilled
workers to be recruited from elsewhere. In order to improve the employment of the young
populations and other working age population in the communities, it is recommended that
as far as possible works contractors recruit unskilled and semi-skilled labour from local
communities. Although this construction work will only be short-term, the employment will
have a level of immediate economic benefit to the community as well providing a level of
on-the-job learned skills enabling some members of the communities to continue seeking
semi-skilled employment within the construction sector. However, further employment
inducement programmes in Lusaka should be encouraged by the GRZ in order to improve
opportunities for local, younger age groups entering the workforce in the coming ten to
fifteen years.
7.5.3
Educational resources
Figure 36 and Table 33 show the numbers of schools in the selected project communities,
based on information from community leaders in the community surveys. There are
significantly more primary schools within the communities than high schools or tertiary
institutions, which is very much in line with the data on educational attainment.
It is not foreseen that the project will lead directly to an increase in the number of schools or
improved accessibility to educational resources. However, sanitation improvements do
positively impact on household health, which indirectly may lead to an increased propensity
for children to attend and complete education, instead of experiencing illness or having to
look after ill family members who could be generating income. Increased income leads to
affordability for schooling, thus attaining primary, high school and tertiary levels of
education.
6
Number of educational facilities
Primary School
High School
Technical College
Urban Training Centre

University
0
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Com m unity
Source: 2012 Community Survey
Figure 36: Education facilities

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7.6
ESIA Sanitation
HEALTH
Health status is a measure of socioeconomic well-being, poverty and wealth levels in a
community. Urban development, including water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste
management and roads development all have significant impact on human health. Access
to sanitation is generally viewed to be proportional to health status, given that it is often
associated with vectors causing illness. Health status is proportional to optimum child
development; labour and economic productivity and hence development; and poverty
reduction.
25,000
Population (No)
20,000
778
Number of deaths
Number surviving
15,000
10,000
18,662
304
5,000
5,774
0
Mtendere Kaunda
Square
Community
Figure 37: Households recording a death in 2009-2010
7.6.1
Mortality
Figure 37 and Table 34 show the number of households recording a death in both selected
communities in a twelve month period 2009-2010. Figure 38 and Table 35 show the
number of deaths of males and females for the same data populations. Of significance is
the number of male deaths being higher than females, despite both communities having a
lower than the norm gender ratio below 1.02 to 1.05 males per female
Causes of death, recorded for the same 2009-2010 period shown in Figure 39 and Table
36, were only available in total and are not gender disaggregated. Sickness and disease is
the biggest case of death at 75.8%, other causes which includes old age are account for
15.5%. Violence, suicide, accident and injury and witchcraft account for the remaining
8.7% and are categories which can regarded as preventable deaths.
Given this data, there is obviously a much higher burden placed on female household
members, especially the female head of the household in terms of caring for the family and
vulnerability to spousal abuse. Furthermore, health and safety during construction will be
important so as not to contribute to accidents in the communities. Although the Project is
not specifically targeting abuse of women or family health care, it is important that the
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Project does not create the condition that spousal abuse is increased due to such issues as
costs to connect to sewerage services.
1000
900
Population (Number)
800
700
396
Females
600
Males
500
400
300
200
484
100
176
190
0
Mtendere
Kaunda
Square
Community
Figure 38: Household mortality by gender 2009-2010
Witchcraft
2.2%
Other
15.5%
Accident
3.8%
Injury
1.0%
Spousal Violence
0.2%
Suicide
0.6%
Sickness/Disease
75.8%
Other Violence
0.9%
Figure 39: Causes of death
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Incidence of illness
Demographers often associate certain health ailments with poorer or wealthier population.
The most common and deadly diseases affecting people across Lusaka are malaria and
diarrhoeal diseases. Malaria continues to be the main cause of morbidity and mortality
especially for children under five years old. In most peri-urban areas of Lusaka, cholera
outbreaks occur each year during the rainy season. Although there are no statistics on
mortality rates arising from cholera, it is believed the illness does claim many lives.
Compounds classed as peri-urban areas, such as Mtendere, experience severe outbreaks
of non-bloody diarrhoea due to the lack of a safe water supply, inadequate sanitation and
drainage.
Table 38 shows the types of illness that occur within the selected communities, whilst Table
39 provides some quantitative data of key diseases incidence, as recorded during the
community survey consultation. This information reflects differences in the proportions of
middle income to poor households across the selected communities. For instance illnesses
such as skin diseases, diarrhoea and measles are most common to the poor whilst blood
pressure and diabetes are more prevalent in middle income groups. In line with the data for
Lusaka as a whole, the selected communities show high incidence of malaria, TB,
HIV/AIDS, dysentery and other diarrhoeal diseases in men and women; and malaria,
dysentery and basic, preventable illnesses such as measles also affecting children.
Women also suffer breast and cervical cancers.
The disease burden arising from malaria weighs more on people in peri-urban areas
compared to other urban areas. This is because of poor environmental conditions and the
generally more limited access to health services in these areas. Malaria, caused by the
mosquito as a vector, is common to all the project communities. However, incidence of
mosquitoes may be reduced directly by eliminating stagnant water. Incidence of malaria
has already declined since 2003 at district level due to an indoor spraying programme and
other anti-malarial programs such as treated mosquito nets etc.
Although drainage within the communities may still be an issue, improved sanitation will
reduce breeding of insects such as flies and mosquitoes. This will lead to reduced
incidence of malaria, cholera, typhoid, dysentery and other diarrhoeal diseases. However,
for the full benefits to be realised drainage and solid waste management need to be
improved by the communities and local government.
7.6.3
Availability of health services

Health services in addition to illnesses are often used to measure poverty and wealth
levels. Basic health services in Zambia are free for all Zambians. However this service is
only for consultation and treatment, all medication still has to be paid for and medicines are
often expensive, which acts as a deterrent to the poor taking full benefit from the health
care available. Private medical care is widely available albeit that the standards can vary
but this care is even more inaccessible to the poor. Table 40 lists the numbers and types of
health facilities available as identified by the project community surveys. Within the
selected communities all have at least one clinic but Kaunda Square has no pharmacy or
dispensary. Given the incidence of disease coupled with the lack of medical facilities
improving sanitation will be an important factor contributing to improved health status of
communities
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7.6.4
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Womens health
Womens health is a major concern in both surveyed communities. Skin related and
gynaecological illnesses are prevalent along with malaria, TB, Cholera, HIV/AIDS and
diarrhoeal diseases. Improved sanitation is expected to have a positive effect on health,
including womens health.
During the consultation women from both communities claimed that the high incidence of
cervical cancer was caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) specifically human
papillomavirus (HPV) contracted from their partners, despite HPV also being a skin to skin
contact illness. However, not mentioned were other risk factors such as weakened immune
systems, multiple pregnancies and poor diet (lacking fruit and vegetables). The responses
of the women indicate that there is a family planning issue within communities, where safe
sex may not be being discussed. Water supply and sanitation improvements will not
directly affect the incidence of diseases associated with STDs such as cervical cancer.
However, risk factors such as weakened immune system may be reduced due to improved
water supply and sanitation and the consequent reduced incidence of waterborne and
insect borne illnesses and hygiene improvements which do cause diseases and weaken the
immune system.
WHO30 and UNICEF31 both attribute a maternal mortality rate about 4.4% to unhygienic
conditions and sepsis, malaria, HIV infections and blood pressure. Figure 40 and Table 37
shows for the selected communities maternal mortality during the Census year 2010
classified as: during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of birth. What is striking is the
high number of deaths following birth. The potential benefit of clean sanitation in reducing
maternal mortality cannot be fully determined but should not be underestimated, particularly
for the period following birth. However, it is expected that an improvement in sanitation will
lead to improvements in household hygiene and a reduction in malaria.
25
Number of deaths
20
15
Death during pregnancy

Death during child birth
10
Death within 6 weeks of birth
0
Mtendere
Kaunda
Square
Community
Figure 40: Maternal mortality
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Water and sanitation related illnesses have an effect not only in terms of incidence of illness
and mortality for women but also increasing the burden of caring for the sick which usually
falls to the women and adolescent girls of the family. Women and girls are also usually
responsible for cooking, cleaning, collecting water, sharing the burden of income generation
with males, and generally caring for the wellbeing and health of the family. Improvements
to sanitation which yield a reduction in the incidence of illness will also reduce the burdens
on women.
7.7
HIV/AIDS
In Zambia, attitudes to HIV/AIDS have varied since the first cases were in the country were
identified:
Although the first case of AIDS was reported in 1984, leading to the establishment
of the National AIDS Surveillance Council, HIV/AIDS prevalence was not
recognised as a major issue until the early 1990s.
In the early 1990s the National AIDS Advisory Council was formed with WHO
assistance.
Since 2004, commencing with the late former President Levy Patrick Mwanawasa,
Zambia committed itself to dealing with the HIV/AIDS epidemic as a national
emergency.
The main churches in Zambia have recognised the need for condoms as a key HIV
prevention measure but only for married couples, while others should practice
abstinence.
The Zambia National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council is mandated to coordinate and

monitor and evaluate impacts of HIV/AIDS programmes and interventions. The
secretariat is also charged to develop technical guidelines and coordinate multisectoral responses. They also have toolkits and other resources that are publicly
available in HIV/AIDS, including specifically for workplace policy development.
The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is known to be a significant problem in Zambia, with highest

incidence of 23.7% among urban women according to the Demographic and Health Survey
(DHS), 200732. It is the fifth highest prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa after
Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland. HIV/AIDS cases are said to be highest in
urban Lusaka, reported to be a HIV/AIDS incidence of 21% (DHS), especially among the
wealthy and higher educated population, although figures are not publicly available. Official
HIV/AIDS figures for Zambia are as follows:
Number of people living with HIV:
980,000
Prevalence rate of adults aged 15 to 49:
13.5%
Adults living with HIV:
860,000
Women (adults) living with HIV:
490,000
Children Living with HIV:
120,000
Deaths due to AIDS:
45,000
Orphans due to AIDS (up to 17 years old): 690,000.
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During the Community level survey, gathering social statistics, the consultees were very
forthcoming in relation to those infected with HIV/AIDS in the community. They fully
recognised that HIV/AIDS was a key illness in males, females and children. Project
beneficiary communities that recorded HIV/AIDS cases are as follows:
Table 18: Recorded cases of HIV/AIDS in LESSD project beneficiary communities
Project Community
Number of cases
Mtendere
>200
Kaunda Square
>10
It should be noted that these figures from the community surveys may be anecdotal, but it is
possible that there are a greater number of HIV/AIDS cases than are unreported due to the
variation in medical services available in the country and the issue that youths and orphans
may often practice high-risk activities and will not realise the illness until symptoms appear,
which only then prompts them to seek medical attention.
7.8
WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, SOLID WASTE AND DRAINAGE

The provision of water supply and sanitation services have been fully delegated by LCC to
LWSC with the objective of providing an efficient, commercially viable and sustainable
operation. The LCC retains responsibility for solid waste, for which only 45% is regularly
collected (Section 6.12); and surface water drainage. LWSC is the sole commercial utility
providing water supply and sanitation services to Lusaka residents in both the peri-urban
and planned urban areas. LWSC is the largest water provider in the country and its
customer base has been increasing steadily. However, very few residential areas in urban
areas are connected to both water and sewer systems. This section briefly examines the
social aspects of water, sanitation, solid waste and drainage in relation to the Project.
7.8.1
Water supply
The means of water supply and number of connections vary from individual and shared
household connections to shallow wells, water kiosks and boreholes. The current means of
water supply in both selected project communities are listed below:
Community
Types of Connection available
Mtendere
Piped water (individual connections & sharing with others) and shallow
well
Kaunda Square
Piped water (individual connections & sharing with others) and taps
outside the compound
Table 42 shows the percentage of households using different water sources; the
information is based on LWSC records and community survey consultation data. The water
sources for most of the selected communities are boreholes and unprotected wells, except
for Kaunda Square which has a piped water supply.
Shallow water supply wells are problematic because they are unprotected, and in the periurban areas such as Mtendere pit latrines are dug in close proximity of the shallow wells
which can become contaminated when the latrines overflow during periods of rain.
Therefore these water sources are a health hazard. Borehole and household water supply
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connections are not an issue per-se. However, problems which the Project aims to fix
include:
low water pressure;
leaking pipes;
breakdowns in infrastructure;
broken and vandalised communal taps;
failure of water kiosks to meet demand (some were also noted to be broken) which
in some cases are shared with 50 or more households, operating for limited hours
and often during unsocial hours (sometimes early hours of the morning) due to the
inability of the systems to meet demand and consequent low water pressure;
high cost of water which some vulnerable groups cannot afford; and
general lack of water in some communities.
The community surveys and consultations indicated that supplies are often disrupted and
that breakdowns are common. In addition, women and children were generally responsible
for collecting water each day. Improved water supply systems will decrease the daily time
burden on women and girls. But significant benefits will be realised by reliable supplies
during the daytime so that the women and girls are not exposed to the risk of harassment
and even rape by having to fetch water at night or in the early morning.
7.8.2
Sanitation
According to the National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Program33, sanitation is
improved when it:
is private or shared, but not public;
can effectively prevent human, animal and insect contact with excreta;
is convenient for the user;
provides privacy, security and dignity;
ensures a clean and healthy living environment both at the home and within the
neighbourhood; and
is sustainable and can be maintained from both technical and financial perspectives.
Lusaka is primarily serviced by three types of sanitation facilities:
sewerage system;
septic tank; and
pit latrine.
The sewerage system caters for only 30% of the areas where LWSC currently supplies
water. Septic tanks are used in the remaining 70% of area with LWSC water supply and
also in areas where properties get water supplies from private boreholes. Most peri-urban
areas rely on pit latrines with some septic tanks.
Table 43 gives the percentage of households in the selected communities with access to
different types of toilets. In areas with no sewerage eight to nine people out of ten are
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using pit latrines, only in Kaunda Square where there is an existing sewerage system do
more than nine people out of ten have access to a flush toilet. In Lusaka, there are areas,
including some of the Project communities, where the high population density and
geological conditions make pit latrines an unsuitable method of sanitation. Often the pits
are shallow and elevated (to increase capacity), and surface water runoff floods the pits and
causes them to overflow during the wet season. Furthermore, many of these pit latrines are
shared, creating poor hygienic conditions because no one takes care of the facility. The
underlying permeable rocks whilst good for draining the pits are also the aquifer from which
wells and public water supply boreholes draw water. Whether pit latrines may pose a threat
to a borehole or public water supply their use should be discouraged. Areas such as
Mtendere where there are already high densities of pit latrines threatening a public water
supply priority must be given priority for construction of water borne sewerage so the pit
latrnes can be abandoned.
7.8.3
20,000
1,296
18,000
16,000
Toilet inside house
14,000
Number of houses
Figure 41 and Table 44 provide

statistics on whether the toilet is
inside or outside of the house.
The number of toilets inside the
house is small where there is no
existing sewerage system, but
in Kaunda Square where there
is sewerage there are many
toilets in houses.
It is
understood that external toilets
create a particular risk of
violence against women in perurban areas.
Provision of
sewerage
systems
gives
households that can afford it the
option to install toilets inside of
the house.
Although no
statistics are available, women
would benefit in terms of safety
and dignity from toilets located
within the house.
Toilet outside house

12,000
10,000
8,000
16,936
2,498
6,000
4,000
2,000
3,400
0
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Community
Figure 41: Toilet outside or inside the house
Solid waste
The City of Lusaka generates different types of solid waste. These include domestic,
commercial, industrial and hazardous waste.
Waste generation in 1996 was
243,000 Tonnes which was expected to rise to 530,000 Tonnes by 201134.
The
characteristics of the waste produced are dependent on the source. The largest amount of
the generated waste comes from domestic sources. The domestic waste generations are
0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 kg/capita/d for the low, medium and high cost areas, respectively.
Although the production rate is lowest for the low income areas, this is where most of the
waste is generated due to the high populations.
Currently, the collection rate falls far below the generation rate, a situation that has led to
accumulation of the waste in the compounds. Donors have come on board to help alleviate
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the situation especially in peri-urban areas but the efforts are still overwhelmed by the
magnitude of the problem. The LCC Waste Management Unit in liaison with the CBOs has
formulated Solid Waste Management CBEs to address the problem of primary collection of
solid waste in peri-urban areas. However, from field surveys and data collected from the
ward consultations, during the feasibility study, it was revealed that a number of challenges
have been encountered by both the CBEs and also the community members. CBEs
complained that community members were not subscribing to the service resulting in a
reduced customer base. This makes the CBEs unsustainable due to inadequate funds to
provide the service. Secondly, CBEs complain LCC fails to meet its obligations. For
example, LCC was blamed by some CBEs for failure to collect waste from points of
generation and it does not, in some cases, provide the CBEs with the required equipment.
The LCC is also blamed for the breakdown of the system in some wards as it fails to collect
the waste from transfer stations resulting in waste accumulating the secondary sites within
the compounds. It was also reported as common practice for community members not
subscribing to the service to illegally dump their waste at the skip bins making the
operations of the CBEs unsustainable.
On the other hand, community members blame the CBEs for the break down in service
indicating that people do not subscribe because the services the CBEs render to customers
are unsatisfactory; they do not regularly collect the solid waste despite residents making
payments.
The problem of solid waste exacerbates the localised flooding problem in most areas as the
uncollected waste ends up in the drainage channels where it blocks the flow and ponds
water. This creates conditions for insects such as flies and mosquitoes to breed adding to
problems of malaria, cholera and other diarrhoeal illnesses.
7.8.4
Drainage
Many areas in Lusaka have inadequate surface water drainage. Amongst the areas most
affected are peri-urban areas where the road network is also in a poor state. Even in areas
where there are drains localised ponding of water is very common mainly because of the
local depressions which do not have connection into the drains. In areas with inadequate
solid waste and sanitation facilities (mostly peri-urban areas), stagnation of storm water
becomes a recipe for environmental, health and safety hazards. Environmental hazards
include pollution of both surface and ground water due to the leachate from solid waste and
also from mixtures of storm water and excreta especially from overflowing pit latrines.
Flooding poses hazards, where during the rainy season, water collects in depressions and
creates a risk of drowning.
Localised flooding can also be a direct risk to public water supplies, in two ways. Firstly,
flooding around wells and boreholes is a direct risk of contamination. Secondly, flood water
can enter water pipes; this will occur when pipe pressure drops below atmospheric creating
a vacuum which sucks water into the pipe from the surrounding soil. Low pressures are
common around the LWSC supply network due variously to insufficient water, rationing,
and leaking pipes. Therefore localised flooding is a health risk via contaminated drinking
water.
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7.8.5
ESIA Sanitation
Ability and/or willingness to pay

Most services that are offered to the communities, including LWSC water supply and
sewerage are paid for by the consumers. However, some consumers in peri-urban areas
default because of their inability or unwillingness to pay for the services. As part of
community surveys questions were asked on willingness to pay or contribute in kind for
water supply and sanitation services. Table 45 shows community response to these
questions. These tables show that there is currently quite a range of monthly costs paid
across the selected communities for water supply and sanitation ranging from ZMW 75 to
102. For connection to LWSC services the communities expressed willingness to supply
labour, but not a financial contribution. In most cases, once connected, residents will be
willing to pay ZMW 6.5 per month for water and sanitation services, or higher. However,
affordability and ability to pay are an important consideration in developing a tariff system
which will deliver the full benefits of the LWSSD Project to communities.
7.9
POVERTY, INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT

A key component of the socioeconomic situation of an area relates to livelihood, income
and poverty. The levels of income generation, affected by employment status, will limit the
willingness and ability of a household to pay for water supply or sewerage system
connection as explained at Section 7.8.5 above. Conversely, to an extent, water and
sanitation contributes to developing a better educated, wealthier and more productive
population. In turn, this improves the ability to pay for water supply and sanitation services
as they become more affordable for a household. This section outlines poverty and wealth
levels, as defined by the communities themselves; unemployment; the different livelihoods;
and income within the project communities.
7.9.1
Employment and unemployment

There are employers in Lusaka in both the formal and informal sectors. The formal
employment sector is dominated by males country-wide, whilst females dominate the
informal sector. Figure 42 and Table 46 show types of employment disaggregated by
gender.
As could be expected, a majority of those working are employees, followed by a large
number of self-employed. Also noticeable is that there are larger numbers of female unpaid
family workers than males in each of the selected communities. Given the trends of
employment status, it is important to realise a great number of employees and selfemployed will have jobs to do, while an unpaid family worker will also have tasks at home.
This must be considered in terms of planning for community participation in project
activities, including consultation and public awareness meetings, so as to ensure optimum
attendance and participation.
According to the 2008 Labour Force Survey35:
national unemployment overall was 15% (12% Male, 18% Female) and for urban
areas employment was 33% (25% male, 41% Male); and
in Lusaka Province, overall unemployment was 31% (24% Male, 37% Female) while
urban areas employment was 35% (28% male, 44% female).
Figure 43 and Table 47 show the percentage of unemployment within the selected
communities. Unfortunately, gender disaggregation of unemployment data has not been
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made available. However, unemployment in the project communities recorded by the 2010
Census 12.5% for Mtendere and 11.8% for Kaunda Square, well below the 2008 Labour
Force Survey national and Lusaka unemployment rates.
25,000
20,000
Numbers employed
7,052
Female
Male
15,000
10,000
13,749
3,971
5,000
5,088
207
347
Employer
286
Employee
168
Self-employed Unpaid family

worker
Type of employment
Figure 42: Type of employment
The unemployment figures do appear lower than average. However, these must also be
viewed in the context of employment activities (Figure 44 and Table 48) and those who may
be underemployed or not generating an income. Over 9% of the working population are
involved in seasonal employment, which is not full-time income generating, with a much
higher number of working age not available for work or in unpaid work positions. There is
also a significant population classified as home-makers/housewife, thus not a part of the
labour force. However, it was revealed during the Feasibility Study consultations that more
women were actively seeking work compared to men because women easily get employed
for the types of jobs that are part-time.
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14.0%
Percentage unemployed
12.0%
10.0%
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0%
Mtendere
Kaunda
Square
Community
Figure 43: Unemployment
Worked - Paid nonseasonal

28.0%
Worked - Unpaid nonseasonal

1.7%
Worked - Paid seasonal

2.3%
Worked - Unpaid
seasonal
0.4%
On Leave
0.1%
Unpaid work on
household holding or
business
4.8%
Not available for work for

other reasons
11.2%
Unemployed and
seeking work
9.7%
Full time student

25.3%
Not seeking work but

availabe for work
2.6%
Full time housewife or
homemaker
13.9%
Figure 44: Employment Activity (2009-2010)
7.9.2
Income and Livelihoods

Figure 45 and Table 49 show the numbers of those employed under specified occupation
categories.
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Produce transport and

labourers
14.0%
ESIA Sanitation
Professional techncal
related
26.7%
Agricultural, husbandry,
forestry, fishermen
2.7%
Administrative and
managerial
4.5%
Service
21.4%
Clerical and related

6.9%
Sales
24.0%
Figure 45: Main Occupation in 12 months 2009-2010
In both the selected communities semi-skilled and unskilled occupations are predominant
which is in line with normal peri-urban trends. However, in Kaunda Square, which is a more
middle income area, there are 35% of people in professional technical related occupations
compared with only 23% in Mtendere. The community surveys further emphasise the
higher number of people in semi-skilled occupations, regardless of their being selfemployed or employees shown by Table 50. These occupations are particularly in
marketing, vending and labourer positions.
According to the LCM survey of 200636, Lusaka Province had the highest mean monthly
income distribution of ZMW 937 followed by the Copperbelt Province. These two provinces
had a higher concentration of households in the upper income brackets than the remainder
of the country. The lowest income levels are in peri-urban areas where the levels of
unemployment are highest. Estimated income data obtained during the project community
survey (Table 51) showed approximately ZMW 2,000 to 3,000 per month for professionals
and specialist skilled livelihoods and from ZMW 500 up to ZMW 20,000 for farmers.
However, many of the semi-skilled and unskilled positions such as maids and security
guards only received up to ZMW 800 in many cases.
7.9.3
Poverty and Wealth

Poverty has multiple definitions, ranging from a variation of demographic and
socioeconomic measures to income levels and/or food intake. Zambias economic growth
has not translated into significant poverty reduction. Sixty percent of the population lives
below the poverty line and 42% are considered to be in extreme poverty. Moreover, the
absolute number of poor has increased from about 6 million in 1991 to 7.9 million in 2010,
primarily due to population growth.
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The urban picture is far better than the rural. In the Copperbelt and Lusaka provinces, for
example, poverty incidence is fairly low (22% and 34% respectively), whereas in the rest of
the country, which is dominated by agriculture, poverty rates are greater than 70%. Almost
90% of Zambians who live below the extreme poverty line are concentrated in rural areas,
and the poverty gap ratio (a measure of how far average incomes fall below the poverty
line) is far higher for the rural population than their urban counterparts (20% and 3.7%,
respectively). Accelerating growth and reducing poverty will necessitate increasing the
competitiveness of the Zambian economy by reducing the cost of doing business and
ensuring that the rural economy, upon which much of the population depends for its
livelihood, contributes meaningfully to overall growth. Despite vast potential and stated
commitments to diversification, the mining sector continues to dominate the economy.
During Community level surveys, both of the selected communities was asked to define
poverty and wealth associated with four specific categories of very rich, well-off, poor and
very poor, followed by allocating an estimated percentage population living in the wealth
category and definition. Table 52 shows the definitions of poverty-wealth levels as viewed
by the community leaders. Neither community defined Very Rich. Kaunda Square
discrimated the following groups:
Very Poor beggars, depend on assistance from others, not three meals per day
Poor live in small houses, gardening is income source
Well-off children go to better schools, own houses, cars, farms, small business.
Figure 46 and Table 53

presents the percentage poor
and wealthy, based on the
selected
communitys
own
perceptions.
In peri-urban
areas
there
is
a
high
percentage of poor (Mtendere).
This leads to the conclusion
that a large proportion of the
populations will be unable to
afford connection sanitation
services.
100%
Percentage by poverty-wealth levels
The Mtendere consultees did

not define well-off or very poor;
they simply considered that
everybody could be classified
as poor citing that residents in
their area are poor because as
people become well-off or
wealthier they move to other
locations, a typical trend of periurban areas.
90%
80%
Very Poor
70%
Poor
60%
Well Off
Very Rich
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Mtendere
Kaunda
Square
Community
Figure 46: Wealth and Poverty
As mentioned, poverty is often defined in income per capita per day. This has normally
been USD 1 per capita per day, but has recently been increased to USD 1.25 per capita per
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day. Income distribution across the population of Lusaka varies significantly. In peri-urban
areas, the income bracket of less than ZMW 600 per year accounts for about 20% while
some 75% of the peri-urban population live below the 1 USD per person per day poverty
line14. Using the highest and lowest average incomes recorded for livelihoods in Table 51
in selected communities and the average household size, a maximum and minimum range
per capita per day figure can be derived:
Monthly Range ZMW
Monthly Range USD
250 to 10,000
46.82 to 1872.66
Exchange Rate:
1 USD = ZMW 5.34
Av household size:
4.6 persons
Assumed 30 days = 1 month
Highest per capita USD Lowest Per Capita USD

13.57
0.35
(Source: www.xe.com 29 January 2013)
On the higher end of recorded incomes the average per person per day income is
USD 13.57 down to USD 0.35 per person per day. A household comprising 4.6 persons
needs to earn at least ZMW 737 per month to live on or above the USD 1 per capita per
day and ZMW 921 per month to live on or above USD 1.25 per capita per day. This means
that the service providers from the communities such as maids, security, drivers and
labourers are all earning an income (ZMW 800 Section 7.9.2) which is below the defined
income poverty line.
7.10
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Like HIV/AIDS, human trafficking is a global issue. In Africa 38,380 Human Trafficking
victims were identified in the period 2008 to 201137, of which approximately 26% (10,094)
were identified in 2011 alone, pointing to the fact that countries are slowly building their
capacity to identify human trafficking victims over time in the African Region. There are no
specific statistics on human trafficking publicly available for Zambia, although anecdotal
evidence such as media reports about identifying and releasing trafficked humans by
immigration authorities at Zambian border points leads to the conclusion that Trafficking is,
to some extent, an issue in Zambia, which the country is starting to address.
However, according to ILO/IPEC Studies38, Zambia is an origin, destination and transit point
for people trafficked from other nations going to another international destination. Humans
who are trafficked from or through Zambia are mostly as sex, agriculture, domestic service,
and fishing workers. It mostly impacts on women and children. Orphan children, whose
parents died from HIV/AIDS, and even from affluent rural families as conferring status are
particularly vulnerable, used in prostitution and as beggars. Although to a lesser extent, as
a destination, trafficking in people to Zambia tends to come from several countries in Africa,
South Asia and China, the latter two particularly being used on the Chinese and Indianowned mines.
7.11
GENDER
7.11.1 Introduction
Since the 1980s the GRZ has been attempting to mainstream gender in the different
development sectors of the country. A National Gender Policy was first developed in the
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year 2000 and currently a new updated national gender policy is in the process of
development. In 2006 the Ministry of Womens Affairs, subsequently renamed, Ministry of
Gender and Development was established to oversee gender mainstreaming in Zambia.
The National Gender Policy supports equitable gender decision making at all levels through
affirmative action, including the provision of safe water supply and improved sanitation;
gender appropriate technology; and improved health.
Consideration of the social aspects of the Project included the following:
socioeconomic
communities;
others that may be affected by the project, such as residents affected by drain
construction, without benefit to themselves, construction labour and others; and
profile,
especially
focussed
on
poverty,
within
beneficiary
gender analysis (Section 11.6).

7.11.2 Stakeholders Consultation and Data Collection
Key components of this gender analysis were the extensive stakeholder consultation
conducted in January and February 2013, data from the 2010 Census (as much gender
disaggregated as possible), and the community socio-economic survey for which WDC and
ZDC male and female members responded. Views and thoughts gathered through these
consultations and analyses of the data provided have been incorporated in the form of
participation strategies and interventions. Data gathered also addresses the gender issues
to further study the project benefits that will alleviate the poor, women and socially
vulnerable groups. Please refer to Section 8.
In order to have a clearer view of the real situation in the Project areas, MCA-Zambia
spearheaded consultations and FGDs in communities with water supply sanitation subprojects. Men, women and youth were encouraged to join the FGDs. The consultations
included awareness presentations from MCA-Zambia, LCC and LWSC about the project,
with the engineers, ESIA and RAP teams also making presentations. There were question
and answer sessions after each group presentation to elicit the targeted information from
the communities. Themes for the FGDs were:
environmental, social and gender benefits at construction stage;
environmental, social and gender benefits at operation stage;
environmental, social and gender concerns at construction stage (including job

related concerns);
environmental, social and gender concerns at operation stage;
IEC suggested themes or messages/interventions around solid waste, water supply

management and infrastructure maintenance;
any design related changes suggested;
roles and responsibilities of different gender categories (men, women, elderly,

youth, children);
community participation by gender category at construction stages;
community participation by gender category at operation stages;
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social and gender inequalities around water and sanitation and how these will be
mitigated by the project upcoming in the community;
gender based violence around water supply, sanitation and drains;
which is the best day to find the head of household in case of conducting a census;
community concerns on resettlement;
what communities suggest for loss of business in terms of compensation; and
project impressions.
Table 19: Participants at the January and February 2013 consultation meetings
Area
Total
Participants
Male
(%)
Female
(%)
Marrie Divorced Widow

d (%)
(%)
(%)
Single
(%)
Not
known
(%)
High Level
meeting
101
Chelston
99
47
53
64
17
18
Kaunda
Square
76
67
33
74
12
Mtendere
325
53
47
60
12
22
7.11.3 Institutional framework for gender mainstreaming

The MCC requires that eligible countries analyse differences and inequalities to inform the
development of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programmes
which it funds to maximise the impact of a compact on economic growth and poverty
reduction. The GRZ and MCC are both committed to gender integration. This section lists
some of the key MCC and GRZ policies and regulations relating to Gender.
7.11.4 MCC Policy Framework
The MCC Gender Integration Policy and Guidelines provides overall guidance to country
partners on their responsibilities for the integration of gender in all stages of compact
development and implementation. Specific operational procedures and milestones for
gender integration in all stages of the compact cycle, including implementation can be
found in the MCC Gender integration guidelines.
The MCA-Zambia will develop a SGIP as a framework of gender integration for the Zambia
Compact to ensure optimal benefits to women, men and vulnerable groups. This SGIP will
be based on broad discussions and agreements within the MCA-Zambia and other
implementing entities and key partners.
7.11.5 Zambia Regulatory Framework
Discrimination based on sex or marital status is prohibited under Article 11 and 23 of the
constitution of Zambia. However, there are many important GRZ policies that do not allow
for gender equity in access, such as gender disaggregated consideration in national budget
allocation and equitable access to land, credit and wages39. There have recently been
suggestions from civil society groups to make additions and changes to other sections of
the constitution and policies which would further enhance gender equity and
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mainstreaming. Nevertheless, rights of women, men and children are enshrined in several
laws and policy of Zambia including the following40:
The Constitution of Zambia prohibits discrimination by gender or marital status

through Articles 11 and 23.
National Gender Policy (2000) promotes gender affirmative action through gender
representation and all levels of decision making.
National Cultural Policy (2003) promotes positive cultural practices which do not
discriminate against women, including male and female equality in the family and
community.
The Education Policy (1996) recognises equitable access to all levels of education
for males and females.
The Health Policy (1992) promotes gender specific health goals such as reduction
in maternal mortality and improving reproductive health.
Penal Code (Amendment) Act No. 5 of 2005 Prohibits and criminalises rape,
abduction, indecent assault, prostitution, sexual trafficking, defilement of girls under
16 years of age etc.
Interstate succession Act Chapter 59 provides for inheritance rights of women

regardless of being married under statutory of customary law. Also regulates
property distribution to beneficiaries in circumstances of intestate death.
The Wills and Administration Testate Estate Act, Chapter 60 Regulates wills and
their enforcement, protecting womens inheritance rights.
The Affiliation and Maintenance of Childrens Act, Chapter 64, Sections 3, 4 and 5
empowers women to apply for affiliation and maintenance orders.
The Zambian Police Act (Amendment) No. 14 of 1999 provides for individuals,
including women and children to report abuse of authority by police through the
establishment of the Police Complaints Authority.
Employment Act, Chapter 68 Guarantees rights to employment
The Lands Act, Chapter 184 30% of titled land be reserved for women, including
those in rural areas is proposed Status on this amendment to the Act has not
been found.
Industrial and Labour Relations Act, Chapter 269 Prohibits discrimination in

employment on the grounds of sex, race, marital status, religion, political affiliation
or tribal extraction. Protects rights to employment.
The Citizens Economic and Empowerment Act No.9 of 2006 Prohibits

discrimination on the grounds of gender. Provides gender equality in access,
owning, controlling, managing and exploiting economic resources through the
establishment of the Economic Empowerment Commission.
The Zambia Development Agency Act No. 11 of 2006 Zambia Development

Agency is mandated to recommend strategies to the Minister responsible for trade,
which promote gender equity in access, owning, controlling, managing and
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exploiting economic resources. Also promotes supporting micro and small-scale

business enterprises and promotes their participation in trade and industry.
National AIDS Council Act. Of 2002 Covers HIV and AIDS issues.
Local Courts and Subordinate Courts Acts prohibits application of customary laws
that promote unacceptable treatment of women
7.11.6 Gender disaggregated decision and roles in the household

The preceding baseline sections have incorporated gender disaggregated data and
analysis. However, to further assess the gender related impacts of the Project, information
was collected giving attention to women as well as men and their different positions in
society. Data was collected from community surveys determining the activities conducted
by males and females and children in the communities, although respondents only
considered the male and female heads of household and did not specifically provide the
role of the children. This has then been considered according to how those activities reflect
access to and control over income and resources, thereby highlighting the incentives and
constraints under which women and men work in order to anticipate how sub-projects will
impact their daily activities.
Table 20 shows the household activities conducted by family members. Males are key
income earners and disbursers in the household. However, communities did qualify this by
stating that if the female in the household also conducted income generation and earned a
higher income than the male, then their role also includes income disbursement in the
household.
Table 20: Gender roles for selected household activities by household members
Kamanga
Mtendere
East
Chipata
Ngombe
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female and
male
Female
Male
Male
Male
Female
Male
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Child Care
Female
Female
Food
Shopping
Female
Female
Female
Female
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female
Female
Female
Female and
girls
Activity
Decision
making
Income
generation
disbursement
of income
Cooking
Washing
Clothes
Health of
Household
Fetching
Water
Banking
Fetching fuel
for cooking
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Female and
girls
Female and
girls
Female and
male
Female and
girls
Female and
girls
Female
Female and
girls
Female
Female,
girls & boys
Female and
girls
SOS
Village
Female and
male
Female and
male
Female and
male
Female,
girls & boys
Female,
girls & boys
Female and
male
girls and
boys
Female and
male
Female and
male
Female and
male
Female
Kabanana
Both
Male
Male
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female,
girls & boys
Male
Female
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Table 20 also shows that most decision making and banking activities are a male
dominated role in the household. Females household heads and girls were responsible for
cooking, washing clothes, health of household, fetching water, child care, with female
heads of household specifically doing food shopping and fetching cooking fuel. It is notable
that water supply improvements will have positive impacts on the health and well-being of
the household, which are roles performed mostly by females, and income generation,
disbursement and banking (savings and spending) is the domain of the male. Therefore,
areas of entitlement under resettlement and consultation and awareness activities during
the construction period should be supported as joint household activities involving the
household head and spouse, or at least open to womens involvement.
According to community surveys, males are the key decision makes. The access and
control profile at Table 21 shows that females do have access to land, labour, cash, assets
and land ownership as much as male heads of the household. However, controls over
these types of resources were not as equal to males in several of the project communities.
There appears to be willingness for gender equity at a household level, indicated by the
high level of access to resources, although as yet female control over resources is not so
equitable in the household.
Table 21: Access and Control Profile (number out of seven communities)
Type of Resource
Access
Control
Male
Female
Male
Female
Land
Labour
Cash
Outside income
Assets ownership
Land ownership
Politics
1
7.11.7 Key issues from FGD January and February 2013

In all communities during the consultation meetings January and February 2013 many
expressed their desire to participate in this project. With a high level of engagement, the
benefits of this project would cut across all gender divisions, helping to ensure these
benefits are more sustainable. The FGDs, in which groups were disaggregated into male,
female and youth and issues of the key benefits and adverse effects which came out of
these discussions are listed in Table 35 and Table 36 respectively. The tables also provide
a cross-reference location to show the ways the impacts and mitigations voiced by the
consultation participants were considered by the ESIA and incorporated into the ESMP. A
report and minutes of these meetings are including in Attachment 2.
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Table 22: Benefits expressed during public consultations

Benefits
1. Economic
Consultations
ESMP Topic
Well-being of local traders/income earners

will improve because infrastructure
development will attract people to move
into the project communities.
Most
Improved water supply would assist localised

government institution such as police, schools
and health facilities.
Few
ESIA Sections Error!

Reference source not found.
Purpose of LWSSD Project
and Error! Reference source
not found. Poverty, Income
and Employment
Education and Error!
Health
2. Health
Reduced disease incidence by improved
water
All
3. Security during operation

Risk of abuse going out in the
dark (late night/early morning)
to collect water will reduce.
All
ESIA Section Error!

Health
not found. Gender
4. Children
Children, youth and women would not

need to collect water as often and would
suffer less abuse because water is
sometimes not available in the household
Most

not found.Gender
Children could then concentrate on school

work
Most
ESIA Section Error!

Education
Business opportunities, supplying some

building materials during Construction
Few
Use of local labour from communities.

Suggested jobs, for different sub-groups
might include:
All

not found.
Poverty, Income and
Employment, also Error!
not found. Gender
5. Employment
Elderly men and women could assist to

conduct sensitization about the project
targeting other residents
Disabled could be employed by the
contractor to clean tools, assist in
information dissemination in the
community, act as supervisors and
perform office/secretarial duties.
Women provide unskilled labour units
such as guiding traffic, sweeping the
roads, cooking and washing for
workers and other labour (there were
varying opinions about women doing
light and heavy labour works) and
ensure child safety on-site,
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Benefits
Many youth have trade skills to offer such
as in plumbing and construction and could
do unskilled labour activities
Consultations
Most
Men provide security assistance, unskilled

labour and taught skills to perform in semiskilled positions
All
Improved employment/income generation

in project operation
Few
ESIA Sanitation
ESMP Topic
Table 23: Adverse impacts expressed during public consultations

Adverse Impacts
Consultations
Cross Reference
1. Health, Safety and Security during

construction
Men, women and children

falling into trenches or being run over by
machines
Most
ESIA Section 10.2.9 Public

Safety and Table 57
Impacts on residents such as dust,

offensive smells
Most
ESIA Table 57
Water is disrupted, and then women and

children may need to make more trips to
collect water at unsafe times of day or
night.
Most
ESIA Table 57
Abuse of women/children both

at the water point by other users or by
male household head when taking a long
time to collect water.
2. Resettlement Impact
Few
ESIA Table 57
ESIA Section 9, Table 58,

Resettlement and RAP
(separate document)
Concern about economic impact from

business loss and inconvenience,
particularly for family.
All
Compensation not commensurate to

property and business losses
experienced.
All
Fear, mostly by women, that money may

be misused by family members.
Most
Fear that households will be resettled

away from family members, friends and
neighbours
Most
Concern that children will need to transfer

to other schools as a result of
resettlement, bringing difficulties in finding
new schools, routes from new residence
and children adjusting to a new
environment.
3. Disruption
Most
Women were concerned about

water disruption during construction.
Concern that the system will not be

maintained in the operation phase.
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Most
ESIA Table 57
Half
159

Adverse Impacts
Consultations
During operation phase women would

need to be familiar on use of the water
system
1 meeting
Labour brought from outside local area

preventing employment for community.
few
4.
ESIA Sanitation
Cross Reference
Employment
Concerned about employment conditions

and transparency in recruitment of
casual labour by contractors
Additional income in communities

leading to alcohol abuse and violence.

Demographic, Error!
Poverty, Income and
Employment, also Error!
not found. Gender
All
Few
5. Economic
7.12
Affordability of service by poor and those

with less use.
Few
ESIA Section 0
Time taken for household connection by

LWSC after payment made.
Most
ESMP Appendix B
SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE TABLES

Table 24: Constituency level basic demographic
Constituency
Male
Female
Total
Total over 18
Households
Munali
127,968
135,860
263,828
143,520
55,910
Central Lusaka
60,045
64,985
125,030
71,165
25,527
Mandevu
174,510
179,297
353,807
181,528
74,849
Table 25: Gender

Gender
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Totals
Male
43,939
14,085
58,024
Female
46,150
15,480
61,630
Total
90,089
29,565
119,654
0.95
0.91
0.94
Gender Ratio
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Table 26: Age distribution

Age
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Totals
0 to 5 years
13,273
3,704
16,977
5 to 14 years
22,216
6,547
28,763
15-19 years
10,527
3,786
14,313
20 to 60 years
42,149
14,592
56,741
Above 60 years
1,924
936
2,860
Table 27: Number of households

Household head
Mtendere East
Kaunda Square
Totals
Male headed
14,508
4,081
18,589
Female headed
4,068
1,694
5,762
Total Adult Households
18,576
5,775
24,351
864
303
1,167
19,440
6,078
25,518
Other Households*
Total

* Other Household: allow the inconsistency, which may include statistical adjustment, not stated and child headed households
(under 15 years of age) due particularly to HIV/AIDS impacts in communities.
Table 28: Ethno-linguistic groups

Ethno-linguistic
group
Bemba Speaking
Mtendere East
Kaunda Square
Totals
5,907
7,602
13,509
Lunda (Luapula)
204
216
420
Lala
344
453
797
Bisa
94
195
289
Ushi
134
223
357
Chishinga
17
21
Ngumbo
15
14
29
Lamba
291
393
684
Kabende
13
19
Tabwa
11
30
41
Swaka
54
80
134
Mukulu
12
14
Ambo
17
17
Lima
14
20
Shila
Unga
Bwile
10
Luano
Bemba
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Ethno-linguistic
group
Sub-total
ESIA Sanitation
Mtendere East
Kaunda Square
Totals
7,119
9,251
16,370
Tonga
2,492
2,397
4,889
Lenje
424
497
921
Soli
868
558
1,426
Ila
136
209
345
Toka-Leya
41
97
138
Sala
26
32
58
Gowa
54
69
123
4,041
3,859
7,900
Luvale
320
283
603
Lunda (north-western)
378
312
690
Mbunda
32
68
100
Luchazi
12
14
26
Ndembu
25
32
Mbowe
Chokwe
28
63
91
Kaonde
504
715
1,219
Sub-total
1,299
1,462
2,761
Luyana Sub-Group
Kwangwa
Kwandi
Koma
Nyengo
Simaa
Mwenyi
Imilangu
15
Mashi
24
31
1,241
1,328
2,569
Totela
18
27
Subiya
14
Nkoya
69
62
131
Mashasha
1,362
1,446
2,808
Tonga Speaking
Sub-total
North-Western group
Barotse language group
Lozi
Sub-total
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162

Ethno-linguistic
group
Nyanja speaking group
ESIA Sanitation
Mtendere East
Kaunda Square
Totals
Chewa
3,301
2,871
6,172
Nsenga
4,225
2,744
6,969
Ngoni
2,330
2,523
4,853
Nyanja
105
113
218
Kunda
299
487
786
Chikunda
300
218
518
Sub-total
10,560
8,956
19,516
Lungu
31
90
121
Mambwe
619
648
1,267
Namwanga
529
844
1,373
Wina
Tambo
34
15
49
1,214
1,597
2,811
1,438
2,080
3,518
Senga
92
298
390
Yombe
1,531
2,379
3,910
199
372
571
27,329
29,326
56,655
Mambwe language group
Sub-Total
Tumbuka language group
Tumbuka
Sub-total
English
English
Other Language
Other Language
Totals
Table 29: Religion

Denomination
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Totals
Catholic
20,438
6,958
27,396
Protestant
65,767
21,232
86,999
Muslim
357
88
445
Hindu
Buddhist
15
16
Bahai faith
10
Other
2,366
882
3,248
None
267
400
667
Total
89,216
29,565
118,781
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Table 30: Literacy

Gender
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Male
84
92
Female
81
92
Totals
83
92
Table 31: Education levels

Gender disaggregation
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Totals
Primary
11,400
3,238
14,638
Secondary
16,986
5,264
22,250
Tertiary
5,428
3,003
8,431
Totals
33,814
11,505
45,319
Primary
15,325
4,336
19,661
Secondary
16,010
5,996
22,006
Tertiary
3,690
2,451
6,141
Totals
35,025
12,783
47,808
Primary
26,725
7,574
34,299
Secondary
32,996
11,260
44,256
Tertiary
9,118
5,454
14,572
Totals
68,839
24,288
93,127
Never been to school
1,609
5,258
6,867
Male
Female
Total (schooling)
Table 32: Highest profession or vocation level

Highest profession or vocation
Mtendere East
Kaunda Square
Totals
None
67,899
20,603
88,502
Certificate
5,830
2,901
8,731
Diploma
2,564
1,917
4,481
Bachelor's Degree
447
391
838
Master's Degree
75
43
118
PhD
76,816
25,861
102,677
Totals
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Table 33: Education facilities

Type of facility
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Primary School
High School
Technical College
Urban Training Centre
University
Table 34: Household mortality 2009-2010

Total number of
households
Households recording
a death
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Total
19,440
6,078
25,518
4%
5%
4%
Table 35: Household mortality by gender 2009-2010

Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Total deaths
880
366
Male
55%
52%
Female
45%
48%
Table 36: Causes of death

Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Totals
Accident
32
15
47
Injury
12
Suicide
Spousal Violence
Other Violence
10
11
Sickness/Disease
660
285
945
Witchcraft
26
28
Other
138
55
193
Totals
880
366
1,246
Table 37: Maternal mortality

Only women aged between 12-49
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Totals
Death during pregnancy
Death during child birth
Death within 6 weeks of birth
21
2
4
25
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Table 38: Types of illnesses recorded by gender and children (Community Surveys 2012)
Illness
Mtendere
Kuanda Square
Male
Female
Children
Male
Female
Children
Malaria
TB
Cholera
Bronchitis
STDs
Typhoid
Diabetes
Blood Pressure
X
X
Meningitis
Chicken pox
Measles
Dysentery
Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Skin Rash
Scabies
Cancer
Cervical cancer
Breast Cancer
Malnutrition
HIV/AIDS
Other
X
Table 39: Incidence of Illnesses recorded (Community Surveys 2012)

Illness
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Malaria
1,000
15
TB
1,000
15
Cholera
20
Dysentary
Diabetes
Blood Pressure
10
Meningitis
Breast Cancer
10
Chicken pox
<20
Diarrhea
100
Skin rash
AIDS
>200
>10
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Table 40: Access to health services within community

Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Clinic
Hospital
Pharmacy
Aid Post
Dispensary
0
Table 41: Types of water connection available

Mtendere
Piped water (individual Connections & sharing
with others) and shallow well
Kaunda Square
Piped water (individual Connections & sharing
with others) and taps outside the compound
Table 42: Household water sources (Community Surveys and LWSC data)
Mtendere
Kuanda Square
24%
100%
Piped
Borehole
Unprotected well
76%
Table 43: Type of toilet

Type of Toilet
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Flush private connection to water sewer system
5.5%
82.4%
Flush private connection to stand-alone soak away
3.4%
3.7%
Flush communal
<1%
5.0%
Pit Latrine
79.8%
5.3%
Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine
7.6%
8.8%
Bucket
<1%
Other
<1%
<1%
No Toilet
3.5%
<1%
18,902
5,913
Total households
Table 44: Location of household toilet

Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Toilet inside house
1,296
2,498
Toilet outside house
16,936
3,400
Totals
18,232
5,898
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Table 45: Willingness to pay and/or contribute to have access to water supply or sanitation
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
> 6.5
> 6.5
75
80-102
Labour*
Yes
Yes
Material
No
No
Other
No
No
Pay Kwacha per month

Current average cost per month for water
* Yes means will contribute labour but not a financial contribution

Table 46: Type of employment
Type of employment
Employer
Employee
Self-employed
Unpaid family worker
Gender
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Male
174
173
Female
104
103
Total
278
276
Male
10,591
3,158
Female
5,025
2,027
Total
15,616
5,185
Male
3,802
1,286
Female
2,738
1,233
Total
6,540
2,519
Male
134
34
Female
207
79
Total
341
113
Table 47: Percentage unemployed
Unemployed
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
12.5%
11.8%
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Table 48: Employment activity (2009-2010)
Worked - Paid non-seasonal
16,768
Kaunda
Square
6,375
Worked - Unpaid non-seasonal
1,150
292
1,442
Worked - Paid seasonal
1,559
316
1,875
Worked - Unpaid seasonal
183
130
313
On Leave
84
33
117
Unpaid work on household holding or business
3,031
947
3,978
Unemployed and seeking work
6,032
2,031
8,063
Not seeking work but available for work
1,598
512
2,110
Full time housewife or homemaker
8,972
2,547
11,519
Full time student
14,797
6,125
20,922
Not available for work for other reasons
7,051
2,171
9,222
Totals
61,225
21,479
82,704
Activity
Mtendere
Totals
23,143
Table 49: Main occupation in the 12 months 2009-2010

Main occupation
Mtendere East
Kaunda Square
Totals
Professional technical related
3,565
2,223
5,788
Administrative and managerial
578
391
969
Clerical and related
949
543
1,492
Sales
3,904
1,310
5,214
Service
3,607
1,032
4,639
451
129
580
Produce transport and labourers
2,359
675
3,034
Totals
15,413
6,303
21,716
Agricultural, husbandry, forestry, fishermen
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Table 50: Types of livelihood (from community survey)

Employment
Teacher
Nurses
Maid
Security Guards
Brick layer
Sand sellers
Transporters
Marketers
Carpenters
Vending
Driver
Salon
Bars
Landlords
Plumber
Welder
Sex workers
Labourers
Gardener
Social worker
Secretary
Cleaners
Care givers
Paramedics
Farmers
Builders
Small Businesses
Totals
Mtendere
Kuanda Square
10%
5%
70%
25%
10%
5%
45%
2%
3%
10%
10%
5%
100%
100%
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Table 51: Average monthly income in ZMW for various livelihoods (Community Survey)
Income
Mtendere
Kuanda Square
Maid
600
400
Security
800
450
1,300
1,200
Teacher
Nurses
Brick layer
Sand sellers
Transporters
Marketers
Carpenters
Vending
Driver
Shops
250
Salon
2,000
Bars
250
Landlords
10,000
Plumber
500
Welder
10,000
Sex workers
5,000
Labourers
Gardener
800
Social worker
Secretary
Cleaners
Care givers
Farmers
Builders
Small Businesses
Table 52: Community definitions of wealth and poverty (Community Surveys 2012)
Poverty-Wealth Levels
Mtendere
Very Rich
Well Off
Not defined
Not defined
Poor
Rent houses, afford food and send

children to school but not to college
Not defined
Very Poor
Kaunda Square
Children go to better schools, own
houses, cars, farms, small business
Live in small houses, gardening is
income source
Beggars, depend on assistance from
others, not three meals per day
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Table 53: Wealth and Poverty (Community Surveys 2012)

Poverty-Wealth Levels
Mtendere
Kaunda Square
Very Rich
0%
0%
Well Off
1%
5%
Poor
99%
70%
Very Poor
0%
25%
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PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE
8.1
CONSULTATION AND AWARENESS
ESIA Sanitation
This ESIA has been prepared in close consultation with local communities, business and
special sector groups, government agencies and other stakeholders, who have been
informed about the Project and the likely impacts. Consultations were through informal
group discussions in the Project communities; FGD; and through formal meetings with ward
and other leaders. Meetings and consultations that specifically involved discussions related
to the RAP only are not included in this ESIA, but will be presented in the RAP document.
8.2
FORMAL JOINT PUBLIC FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A large Joint Public Consultation meeting was held on Tuesday 14 June 2011 at Nakatindi
Hall Civic Centre. The meeting was facilitated by MCA-Zambia with the assistance of the
design consultant specialists. The purpose of the consultation was to allow interested and
affected parties to give their views of the proposed LWSSD Project.
After a newspaper announcement on 26 May 2011 and selected formal invitations a total of
206 participants attended. The list of attendees is presented in Appendix I1J1. Ninety two
participants were WDC representatives, with the remainder coming from AfDB, World Bank
Water Sanitation Programme, JICA, GIZ, SNV and some Members of Parliament.
Participants were divided randomly into four groups. Facilitators then asked one group to
focus on water, one on sanitation, and another on drainage and the last on all three sectors
together. The guidelines used for the group discussions can be reviewed in Appendix J2.
The contributions from the participants are summarised in Appendix J3.
8.3
WARD CONSULTATIONS
Consultations in the wards were conducted over a one month period from 9 August 2011.
They represented a follow-up to the formal joint public FGD. Consultations targeted all
wards of Lusaka regardless of whether they were to be a Project beneficiary or not. The
public notice for these ward level consultations and the programme of consultations are at
Appendices K1 and K2 respectively.
Public interest was such that only 27 of the 33 wards in Lusaka City were finally consulted.
This was because the six remaining wards are either high income residential or
predominantly commercial such that there was a lack of interest from these communities
and an effective FGD could not be convened. The discussions involved all three sectors:
water supply, sanitation and drainage. Table 54 shows the composition of each FGD.
Table 54: Composition of each FGD
Ordinary community members
Housewives
Husbands
Widow and widowers
Child headed household)
Women and men who had participated in
community based projects before
Other interested parties
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Stakeholders
WDC
Water Trust
Neighbourhood Health Committee
Community-based Enterprises
Market Associations
Womens Clubs
NGOs
Other interested parties
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A FGD tool was designed and used to facilitate the meeting. It is presented in
Appendix K3. The tools and subsequent discussions focussed on the following areas:
disclosure of the proposed projects to the communities and soliciting feedback on

their views on the proposed projects;
data gathering of prior projects and assessing their success, including how the
projects involved the WDCs and how they incorporated gender considerations;
scoping of possible roles of the beneficiaries in the proposed implementation

arrangements;
information gathering of current socioeconomic conditions in each ward; and
discussing possible environmental and social impacts on the affected communities.
The initial approach to the consultations was to hold a minimum of two meetings in each
ward with two different groups: one comprising stakeholders (members in the community
belonging to organizations) and the other for ordinary community members. The Ward
Chairpersons were requested to identify the community members to attend these meetings.
A minimum of 15 and maximum of 20 participants were expected in each meeting. The
chosen size of the group allowed representation from all the interest groups as indicated in
Table 54.
The following seven key issues came out from the ward level consultations, which are
described further in Appendix K4:
1. Sanitation: Inadequate facilities, shared latrines, collapsing latrines, latrine emptying,
odour, flying toilets, broken and blocked sanitation pipes, challenges of alternative
sanitation methods.
2. Environmental: Lack of prior notification of contractors conducting their work, failure to
mitigate disturbances from construction works, weak working relationship between
community and LCC.
3. Resettlement: Problem of people building over existing water and sewer lines,
displacement is not a new phenomenon and community members consulted did show a
willingness to accept resettlement for compensation.
4. Social and gender issues: Delays at water kiosks interfering with other household
tasks, frustrations with timing and rationing, weak supervision and unpredictable hours,
pros and cons of employment as tap attendant, danger to health and safety and
drainage issues.
5. Employment: Opportunities for gender equality, including both men and women and
incentive for employment such as payment rather than volunteering.
6. Sub-project specific issues: Technical and community participation issues.
7. Issues and recommendations raised by WDCs: WDC representatives raised several
technical issues.
Defecation in a bag or container which is then thrown away.
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8.4
ESIA Sanitation
COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS
In order to obtain a community area profile, in the form of socioeconomic baseline trend
indicators, community level socioeconomic surveys were conducted on a majority of the
identified beneficiary communities. Both quantitative and qualitative socioeconomic data
was collected. This was conducted in the form of small group discussions with mostly ward
and zone leaders, whom had knowledge of the socioeconomic situation in the communities.
In addition to data presented in the socioeconomic baseline section, a set of General
Consultation and Observation Questions were asked as follows:
(a) What do you think will be the result of improved sanitation?
What do you think will be the benefits?
What do you think will be the negative impacts?
What dont you want to see with improved sanitation?
(b) How is it going to help women and children and people with disabilities?
(c) With improved drainage what benefits and negative impacts do you anticipate?
What do you think will be the benefits?
What do you think will be the negative impacts?
What dont you want to see with improved drainage?
(d) Would there be a group specifically that may benefit or have problems with the
water supply, sanitation or drainage development. If yes, please elaborate.
Those who will especially benefit
How?
Those who will have problems
Why?
(e) Further comments?

8.4.1
Additional consultation meetings January and February 2013

The consultations in 2011 (Sections 0 and 8.3) were general, based on 30% design and
covered some areas which have since been left out of Compact financing and inadvertently,
residents of some project areas which are now under Compact financing were left out of
initial consultations altogether including Kwamwena and Ndeke-Vorna Valley.
Therefore additional public consultations were conducted in January and February 2013 as
supplemental stakeholder engagement focused on the communities directly affected by the
sub-projects which will be implemented under the Compact and to the extent possible
correct gaps identified through the review of preliminary ESIAs, as well as comments by the
ZEMA related to disaggregation of social, vulnerable and gender categories. MCA-Zambia
hired an external facilitator to oversee all consultations and MCA-Zambia also decided upon
the approach and content of the consultations.
The consultation meetings were held at two levels:
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1. A single level one meeting was held at the Civic Centre 7 January 2013 to address the
following groups:
Members of Parliament;
Councillors;
WDC representatives from project affected areas;
LCC and LWSC officials;
MLGH, MEWD, Disaster Management & Mitigation Unit Office of Republican Vice
President; and
NGOs, Sector Advisory Group representatives, some institutions/individuals that

were present for the first (2011) round of consultations.
2. Level two meetings were held in selected project affected communities with assistance
from LCC and the WDC. The target audience was:
project affected persons;
local NGOs;
faith based organisations, community and religious leaders;
market committee representatives; and
school teachers, and/or other leaders representing one or more affected

stakeholder groups.
The meetings in the communities included general presentations, public discussions and
FGD. The design engineers were in attendance to explain the features of the sub-project in
the community; the ESIA team described the potential environmental and socioeconomic
impacts; and the RAP team outlined the approach and entitlement to compensation being
prepared for the RAP. The meetings concluded with three separate FGD, one each for
men, women and youths.
The records of these meetings including attendance lists accompany this ESIA as
Attachment 2, and the key issues arising from the meetings, specific to the areas covered
by the water supply sub-projects are outlined in Section 7.11.6 which also includes
reference to the ESMP topic heading where the concerns expressed during consultation
have been addressed.
8.5
DISCLOSURE
MCA-Zambia, LWSC, and other members of the TWG, in coordination with ZEMA, will
develop a plan for disclosure of the Final ESIA in accordance with MCC Environmental
Guidelines, MCC Gender Integration Policy and Guidelines, and GRZ environmental
regulations.
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RESETTLEMENT LAND ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION
9.1
INTRODUCTION
ESIA Sanitation
The design has focused on minimising the need for resettlement and land acquisition. This
is possible because where rehabilitation or replacement works are required they are done
either within LWSC or other publicly owned property or within existing way leaves. Where
new buried pipelines are required, they are located within the road reserve. However some
land acquisition is required for sewage ponds. There will also be short term resettlement
impacts during construction, for example upon encroachers within the road reserve or
businesses or livelihoods impaired by the works and construction activities along the roads.
Under the IFC Performance Standard 5 which applies for this project, these entities or
persons are entitled to compensation irrespective of whether the activity is formal or legal.
Compensation payments are determined by a set of rules and an entitlement matrix
contained in a RAP. The RAP is being prepared as a separate, independent but connected
activity to this ESIA. The RAP will be in compliance with MCC, IFC and GRZ requirements
and will be based upon the RPF5 prepared in 2012.
The process of identifying where compensation will be paid requires the RAP team to mark
and tag structures; this activity commenced in January 2013. The marking and tagging will
be followed by census and socioeconomic surveys to IFC Performance Standard 5 which
also feed into the process of determining compensation payments. It is therefore too early
in the process for the RAP team to provide accurate data on resettlement impacts for
inclusion in the ESIA. However, the ESIA team has provided the RAP team with advice on
the resettlement corridor of impact (RCoI), based on the 90% design submissions and
subsequent design development, with continued discussion between both teams in order to
ensure that resettlement and land acquisition impacts that occur, although inevitable, are
reduced as much as possible.
This section outlines the basis of the RCoI for sanitation; expected resettlement and land
acquisition impacts for the individual sub-projects; and some of the key actions to be taken
by the works contractors during construction implementation, all as agreed with the RAP
team.
9.2
RESETTLEMENT CORRIDOR OF IMPACT

The design has considered constructability and the space required to lay pipes in trench.
Assuming narrow trench pipelines excavated by backhoe, it is conventional for streetworks
to work within a carriageway width typically 3.5 m. Therefore the specified working space
for construction will be 3.5 m which is also the RCoI assumed for the RAP.
There are however exceptions at constricted locations where the works contractors will be
required to work in a narrower RCoI to minimise resettlement impacts. In such locations
the works contractor might use a smaller excavator (mini excavator) or hand excavation.
Locations with a reduced RCoI will be identified in the Bidding Documents scheduled and
shown on the plans with GPS coordinates (Section 9.4.2).
In the case of sanitation works along main roads, excavation may be within the road
shoulder, and may spill out into the adjacent road.
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9.3
ESIA Sanitation
RESETTLEMENT IMPACTS OF SUB-PROJECTS

For each of the subprojects the following resettlement impacts have been identified.
9.3.1
Chelston Pumping Station Upgrade CSU-15

All land required for the Chelston Pumping Station Upgrade is either owned by LWSC, is a
ZESCO way leave or open council land. Therefore no land will need to be acquired.
The force main route has been chosen to avoid existing structures and there will therefore
be no disturbance to any existing structures.
9.3.2
Sewer Expansion in Mtendere CSU-44

All sewer pipes are located within the road reserve thus no land acquisition is required. It
may however be necessary to demolish some walls or remove some hedges, remove some
overhanging roofs, and to relocate some small shops at the time of construction.
The land on which the Salama SPS is located has already been ceded to LWSC under a
separate agreement with the private developer. The alignment for the force main has been
agreed by affected parties.
However, during construction almost every dwelling and business will have access curtailed
for some period when sewers (and water pipes) are laid along the road reserve or beneath
the road. The requirements for compensation and loss of livelihood will be dealt with under
the RAP. This impact will only be temporary during construction and once pipes are laid
the functionality of the land will return to the pre-construction condition.
9.3.3
Kaunda Square Interceptor Upgrade CSU-4

Most of the land required for the Kaunda Square Interceptor Upgrade is open road reserve
or LCC land. Sections of the existing interceptor are behind existing boundary walls, which
have encroached into the road reserve.
Approximately 65 m of the proposed interceptor replacement are running through private
properties. The new alignment has been chosen to avoid structures as much as possible,
although temporary use of land in some areas may be necessary where the RAP team
deems appropriate. There is also a short length of sewer where walls will be impacted by
the works. There are 10 to 15 such walls which will be impacted only because they
encroach into the road reserve.
9.3.4
Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds TU-5 & TE-3

Agricultural is practiced in the area surrounding the existing Kaunda Square ponds and the
proposed extension area. Some farms fall within the area that has been identified for the
extension of the ponds. One farm will have its access relocated to pass on top of an
embankment. All resettlement and land acquisition issues will have to be resolved prior to
construction works. LWSC will play an active role in resolving these issues. Negotiations
have been proceeding to the point where land aquistion issues have been agreed by the
parties.
9.4
RAP TEAM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BIDDING DOCUMENTS

The approach to resettlement and the necessary provisions in the Bidding Documents have
been discussed in detail between the RAP and ESIA teams. The following sections
summarise the recommendations resulting from these discussions.
These
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ESIA Sanitation
recommendations have been considered and incorporated as necessary into the ESMP
included in the bidding documents.
9.4.1
Works contractors methodologies

For the purposes of this project, the RCoI shall be defined as; the width of the corridor
needed to construct and maintain the specific water supply and sanitation infrastructure.
The RCoI in the majority of the project areas will be 3.5 m, but will be less in certain project
areas and will be defined as Working Constrained Areas. The RCoI will be cleared of
obstructions to the extent feasible in advance of the date of the contractual Notice to
Proceed (NTP). However, regardless of available RCoI width, the Contractor shall adopt a
method for working in all project areas which will avoid unnecessary physical impacts on all
assets including residences, businesses and utility structures. Works shall be conducted in
a manner such that any vegetative hedges remaining at the date of the NTP may be cut
back, but shall remain viable. Structures not identified as impacted under the RAP, and
remaining at the date of the NTP, may not be damaged during construction.
Access to any business (formal or informal) in project areas shall not be obstructed for
more than three days in any case, unless identified and compensated under the RAP prior
to construction implementation.
9.4.2
Working in constrained areas

Working constrained area
For the purposes of this project Working Constrained Areas shall be defined as those
project areas in which the available RCoI is greater than 1.5 m (or 2.5 m where water
supply and sewage pipes are laid alongside each other) but less than 3.5 m. This is to
enable the reduction of resettlement impacts and to enable the works contractors to ensure
that their offers incorporate provisions for smaller machines and labour requirements in
such spaces.
Severely working constrained area
For the purposes of this project Severely Working Constrained Areas shall be defined as
those project areas in which the available maximum RCoI is 1.5 m (or 2.5 m where water
supply and sewage pipes are laid alongside each other). This is to enable the reduction of
resettlement impacts and to enable the works contractors to ensure that their offers
incorporate provisions for smaller machines and labour requirements in such spaces.
The Working Constrained and Severely Working Constrained Areas will be identified by the
RAP team and incorporated into the bidding documents.
9.4.3
Flexible RCoI
The RCoI will be flexible such that it may vary back and forth in order to allow for
maintaining continued access and the avoidance of impact on businesses and residences
and related assets, public utilities equipment and vegetation, whilst preserving the
requirements of the design.
9.4.4
Access to businesses and residences

Works contractors will be required to maintain pedestrian access to residences and
businesses along RCoI during works, unless identified and compensated for losses
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recorded by the RAP. Residences and businesses foreseen to be affected during

construction, due to constrained construction conditions, will have been identified and
compensated prior to the start of construction.
9.4.5
Drainage function
Where the design or works contractor methods of working disturb or interfere with existing
surface and groundwater drainage, the works contractor will be required to ensure correct
drainage function during the course of the works and thereafter restore such drainage to
LCC requirements and to at least pre-construction condition or better standard. This may
require reinstatement of drains disturbed by construction. This requirement applies to all
formal and informal drains alongside sealed and unsealed roads.
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10
ESIA Sanitation
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ENHANCEMENTS, AVOIDANCE AND

MITIGATION
The ESIA, based on the screening of the environment and socioeconomic baselines in
combination with a review of proposed civil works has identified potentially significant
environmental and social impacts, but the mitigation measures incorporated into the design
and the ESMP will either prevent to impacts occurring, or reduced or compensate these
impacts such that they are no longer significant.
There will only be localised short-term impacts during construction due to the
implementation of the civil works. Impacts have been addressed at the design stage by
choosing engineering solutions that, as far as is possible, minimise the impacts during
construction. During the operational phase the sub-projects will deliver the intended
benefits of improved sanitation whilst the infrastructure will be hidden from view below
ground.
The impacts which could not be eliminated by the design, mostly impacts during
construction, will be reduced or eliminated by mitigation and monitoring measures specified
in the ESMP. These construction related impacts can be mitigated by (i) the contractors
work practices, especially those related to maintenance of access, methods of trench
excavation, the storage of construction materials and cleanliness of the work sites; (ii)
cooperation by the local authorities with the contractor in terms of traffic management and
use of public space and utilities; (iii) project managements strict enforcement of the correct
construction practices and standards; (iv) the incorporation of the mitigation measures
identified in the ESIA into the bid documents and specifications; (v) public awareness
including liaison at ward level shortly in advance of work in each work location; and (vi)
close monitoring of the contractors implementation of the required mitigation measures.
The environmental impacts resulting from implementation of civil works are expected to be
minor and short-term since the improvement works are principally for the laying of buried
pipelines and works at existing above ground structures with the exception of expansion of
sewage treatment ponds. Environmental concerns that could be expected from the Project
are:
removal and disposal of asphalt and concrete pavement for pipe trench excavation;
clearing and excavation for pipe laying, and disposal of spoils;
transport of construction material including extraction from existing quarry and

borrow sites;
temporary use of land immediately adjacent to the roadways for contractors work
sites;
reduced air quality and visibility (air quality impacts and/or noise pollution from
construction activities, borrow pits, quarry sites, material storage sites, excavations,
vehicle and equipment use and operation of concrete mixers and batching plants);
reduced water quality (water and soil pollution) from improper handling and disposal
of wastes and construction materials;
drainage from work sites, material stockpiles, excavations and quarry activities;
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Removal of accumulated slude from Kaunda Square Sewage Treatment Ponds;

odours and safe disposa of the sludge.
Odours and spillage of sewage when overpumping, especially from the Kaunda
Square Interceptor sewer.
interruption to smooth traffic flow, increased traffic congestion;
public and workers health and safety issues; and
social conflicts due to project activities.
During operation the project is expected to benefit the environment and socio-economic
conditions of the subproject areas through:
improved disposal of sanitary waste;
improved management of sludge at Kaunda Square Sewage Treatment Ponds

including environmentally and socially acceptable sludge disposal; and
improved public health consequent to provision of good sanitation.
Environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures during project pre-construction,

construction and operation phases are described in the following sections. Detailed
environmental mitigation measures which address all the identified impacts are presented
in the ESMP at Section 12.
10.1
CLASSIFICATION OF IMPACTS
The significance of impacts has been determined by combining the perceived frequency of
occurrence of the source of the impact, the duration, severity, and spatial extent of the
impact and the sensitivity of the area being impacted upon. The analysis was aided by
using the classification of impacts shown in Table 55.
Table 55: Classification of impacts
Impact
criterion
Effect on environment
Positive or
negative
Will impact be positive or

negative?
Likelihood
of occurring
What certainty of
occurrence is associated
with impact?
Duration
Timing
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What timeframe or period

is effect to be felt or last?
At what stage will the

impact occur or be felt?
Classification of effect
Expression
Effect description
Positive
A positive impact
Negative
A negative impact
Unlikely
Probably will not occur
Possible
May occur
Certain
Will occur
Short-term
Will last up to end construction activity
Medium-term
Will last as long as operational activity
Long-term
Will last beyond project operation
Permanent
Will last a lifetime
Immediately
Will occur upon starting project activities
Near future
Will occur during project operation
Distant future
Will occur beyond project operation
182

Impact
criterion
Effect on environment
Significance
How severe will the impact

be?
Extent
What is the areal extent or

coverage of impact?
Classification of effect
Expression
Effect description
Minor
Little impact
Moderate
Moderate impact
Significant
High impact
Project area
Effect confined to project area
Environs
Beyond
environs
Effect to be felt by surrounding areas

Effect to be felt within surroundings and
beyond environs
Impact not substantial, needs no
mitigation/enhancement
Impact of little importance, needs limited
mitigation/enhancement
Impact has influence and requires
mitigating/enhancing
Impact of great importance,
mitigation/enhancement a must
Insignificant
Overall
rating
How important is impact in

Project design?
Minor
Moderate
Significant
10.2
ESIA Sanitation
INDUCED AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

Induced impacts (also commonly referred to as secondary or indirect impacts) are those
caused by the project which will occur later in time or further removed in distance, but which
are reasonably foreseeable.
Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively potentially significant
actions taking place over a period of time. They can be thought of as occurring through two
main pathways, firstly through persistent additions or losses of the same materials or
resource and secondly through the compounding effects as a result of the coming together
of two or more effects.
The construction and operation impacts identified in Table 57 are categorized as direct,
induced or cumulative impacts. The following sub-sections discuss the induced and
cumulative impacts identified in the table under the thematic headings used to list the
impacts; topics without induced or cumulative impacts are not listed.
10.2.1 Land use

There are no cumulative impacts upon land use. The acquisition of land and new way
leaves are induced impacts because they permanently sterilise or restrict uses of the land.
10.2.2 Terrestrial ecology and biodiversity
Potential induced impacts during construction are transport of pollutants or seeds by water,
and general disturbance of other receptors air, water and land along the road. These
impacts may be cumulative and collectively significant. Mitigation measures in the ESMP
and Specification are designed to minimise or eliminate these impacts such that the
potential residual cumulative impact is insignificant. These measures include protection
and restoration, contractor awareness, compliance with ZEMA instructions for identified
species, and contractors not to encroach outside of worksite.
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There are no induced or cumulative impacts on terrestrial ecology and biodiversity during
operation.
10.2.3 Surface water resources
The improvements to Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds will be an induced impact because
it will yield minor improvement in water quality for the receiving watercourse.
10.2.4 Fisheries
The improvements to Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds will be an induced impact because
it will yield minor improvement in water quality for downstream fisheries.
10.2.5 Hydrological regime and flooding
The increased effluent discharged from Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds will be an
induced impact because it will increase the baseflow in the receiving watercourse.
10.2.6 Water pollution (surface and groundwater)
There are potential direct and cumulative impacts during construction from water pollution
due to release of chemicals and hydrocarbons into the water column as well as
contamination from worker sanitation facilities. The mitigation will eliminate all but
accidental spillage through application of the standard FIDIC requirements for worker
sanitation and specific measures in the ESMP and Specification to contain pollution.
10.2.7 Quarries and borrow areas
There is an induced impact after closure of a quarry or borrow area because the site is a
scar on the landscape and further land uses are limited.
10.2.8 Traffic control
During construction there will be a cumulative impact requiring traffic control measures from
blocked roads, increased congestion and disruption of public transport and deliveries.
10.2.9 Public Safety
There is potential for induced and cumulative impacts upon public safety. Works
contractors should be required to coordinate with LWSC and, in conjunction with their
community liaison staff, plan and implement appropriate activities in each community in the
two or three weeks immediately preceding the start-up of works in that community. Such
activities could include posters, public meetings, delivery of printed statements to be read in
churches, loudspeaker announcements made through a sound system attached to a
vehicle that circulates through the community, etc. The specific methods considered to be
most effective by the community leaders should be used in each case.
The
communications should inform the community of exactly where and when drains will worked
upon, how long the works will take, and what precautions should be taken while the works
are in progress.
10.3
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
The majority of mitigation measures and in particular mitigations to protect and enhance the
physical environment are most effectively incorporated during the design phase. There are
five key elements:
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Development of sustainable designs with the lowest possible environmental impact

within the constraints of the project funding and the socioeconomic setting.
Improved health and opportunities for the beneficiary populations from improved
sanitation.
Incorporate the recommendations and requirements of the ESMP to be an integral

part of the Bidding and Contract Documents thereby building in enforceable
measures to protect the environmental and social matters throughout the
construction phase.
Provide adequate grievance redress procedures to address the concerns of local

people and stakeholders to ensure satisfactory resolution of any grievance arising
from the project.
Ensure adequate and fair compensation for involuntary resettlement for any party
suffering inconvenience, financial or loss of livelihood due to being moved to
accommodate the works, principally the laying of buried pipelines.
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

Environmental impacts during construction and operation are presented in Table 57 which
should be read in conjunction with Appendix A: Impact Assessment Matrix.
10.5
MATERIAL AND WASTE
10.5.1 Excavation and fill

The principal bulk material requirement is for imported granular material for pipe bedding
and surrounds, this will be natural sands and gravels from borrow areas or river sources. It
is probable that works contractors will use existing commercial sources for these materials
but should a contractor instead decide to open new borrow pits then the environmental
requirements are stated in the ESMP.
The principal waste material will be inert surplus exacavated material from: excavation of
trenches unsuitable or excess to requirements for trench backfill; and Kaunda Square
Treatment Ponds.
The volumes of insitu concrete required are small and will not require opening any new
quarry to obtain stone aggregate; works contractors will be able to obtain the quantities of
aggregate they require from existing commercial quarries. Sewer manholes will be precast
concrete, the main supplier to the Lusaka construction sector is established with existing
commercial sources of aggregate.
The estimated quantities for bulk imported and waste inert material are stated in Table 56.
These are based on the estimates in the Bill of Quantities in the Bidding Documents.
Table 56: Volumes of bulk imported material and waste
Bulk material
Estimated volume
Granular pipe bedding material
31,700 m
Inert waste material from trench excavation
35,300 m
Surplus excavation from treatment Ponds
55,600 m
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10.5.2 PCBs
Polychlorintated Biphenyl (PCBs) are manufactured organic chemicals which have been
used in several industries because they do not burn easily. The PCB group of chemicals
are on the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants list because of their
known harmful effects to the food chain and to human health. In animals, PCBs are
consumed in contaminated water and stored in body fats, and hence spread to humans.
They can also enter humans directly through exposure, mostly in contaminated ground and
surface water. PCBs act as a carcinogen, causing development and behavioural problems
in children and immune suppression in all humans. The half-life of PCBs is between
10 days and 1.5 years in the environment, although it was found that impacts on humans
can show up over 7 years after exposure.
PCBs have been used in power transformers in the form of askeral oils, amongst other
products in the power industry. Many countries no longer allow the use of PCBs, including
Zambia, since it is a signatory to the Stockholm Convention (Zambia ratified in 2006). On
the water supply project small transformers will require relocation. These may or may not
contain PCB contaminated oil, although ZESCO maintains that they have not used askeral
oil in transformers for many years. On the project, all materials supplied under all contracts
in the rehabilitation, construction, erection and commissioning will be PCB free.
Since the half-life of PCBs being up to 1.5 years, it is thought that the transformers to be
relocated will not be an issue, given that the PCB-based oil would not have been used
since 2006-07. However, in older transformers, the remnants of askeral oils or the
contaminants from these cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, the following is recommended:
(a) In cooperation with MCA-Zambia, ZESCO and ZEMA, the works contractor will confirm
the age and maintenance history of the transformer, obtaining written records of the
type of oils used. If the oil used at any time is found to be potentially PCB
contaminated, it must be assumed that the transformer remains contaminated.
(b) Potential PCB contaminants in a transformer may give rise to potential contamination of
surface and ground water from PCBs contained within the transformers. Management
measures to eliminate the environmental risk from the release of PCBs into the
receiving environment are:
PCB testing shall be conducted by the works contractor, in consultation with ZESCO
and ZEMA, with results provided to the contractor;
workers safety equipment will be provided by the Contractor including appropriate

work attire (clothes and footwear) and provision of personal protective equipment
(PPE) gloves;
full details of each test including site/location, general condition, manufacturer, year
of manufacture will be recorded;
following testing, the works contractor shall submit a test report detailing the
outcomes. Together with MCA-Zambia, ZEMA and ZESCO, the works contractor
project manager will determine the magnitude of PCB and hazardous waste levels;
if PCBs are identified, the works contractor will develop an emergency procedures
manual approved by ZEMA and rehearse those procedures, based upon the
magnitude of potential hazard found;
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workers who handle equipment with potentially hazardous materials, should also be
briefed on the hazards and the use of safety equipment by the works contractor
prior to handling hazardous materials;
the works contractor is required to identify and utilize an appropriate warehouse, in

which the contaminated transformers may be stored until such time as disposal can
be carried out;
drip trays and spill containment precautions must be used where transformers are
being removed, transported and stored, so as to ensure no hazardous materials are
released into the ground or surface water bodies; and
in the event of PCB contamination, ZESCO/ZEMA may choose to store under

specific conditions, clean (by specialist equipment) or destroy the equipment
(normally in a high temperature furnace). ZESCO with MCA-Zambia, the works
contractor and ZEMA will need to approve all hazardous waste handling procedures
and ZESCO will obtain permits from ZEMA as required.
A provisional sum will be provided in the Price Schedules of the bidding documents for
testing kits and removal and storage of PCB contaminated equipment, as required. Under
Zambian Law, all hazardous waste disposal, including PCBs, will require special permits
from ZEMA.
10.5.3 Asbestos
Most of the existing old sanitation pipes and many existing water mains in Lusaka are
asbestos cement (AC) concrete pipes that contain asbestos. Although not dangerous
whilst in the ground, if still in good condition, it is important to ensure that the correct
knowledge and procedures are determined in the event that these old pipes need to be
replaced, removed and disposed of, ensuring that the public and labourers are not exposed
to the negative effects of the substance.
Asbestos is a mineral fibre that occurs naturally in rock and soil. The strength and heat
resistance of the fibre product makes it good for effective use in a range of manufactured
goods from building materials (including concrete pipes) to vehicle parts (e.g. brakes), heat
resistant fabrics, packaging and coating.
Exposure to asbestos becomes dangerous to human health when it is ingested in the form
of fibres, ingested by humans, especially through breathing the fibres when they are
released into the air. Exposure eventuates into high risk of lung disorders, generally
developing over a long period of time and is, therefore, a potential minor issue for
construction labour and surrounding residents of this Project, in cases of concrete pipe
replacement/removal. Three main impacts on human health are:
Lung cancer;
Asbestosis a non-cancer lung disease; and
Mesothelioma a rare form of cancer found in the outer lining of the lung, abdomen
and heart.
The United States Government has legally banned some asbestos- containing materials,
but it allows others. Banned asbestos-containing items include water tanks; forms of
insulation; spray-on surfacing materials; and spray-on application materials containing over
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1% asbestos. However, pipeline wrap and cement pipes themselves are not banned,
although activities that involve cutting and exposing airborne asbestos fibre to humans
require specialist treatment and protection.
Although the exposure to asbestos will be small the following mitigation arrangements will
be required:
prior to construction activity in an area, the works contractor will identify asbestoscontaining pipes that will need to be removed/replaced or worked on. and of. The
works contractor will then inform ZEMA and MCA-Zambia, requesting their approval
and providing a method for working on the identified pipes, indicating procedures by
which the least amount of asbestos fibres will be released into the air and risk
exposure of humans;
as necessary, ZEMA will instruct on international and Zambia legal standards for the
work activity, exposure levels and PPE standards, including measuring air quality for
fibres per cubic centimetre, the need for specialist masks and clothing, hygiene and
other requirements; and
the utility operator or works contractor, with ZEMA and the MCA-Zambia, shall
identify disposal methods for waste asbestos-containing pipe products that will not
cause environmental damage or exposure of fibres to any human or animal
receptors.
10.5.4 Sludge from Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds

A requirement under the works contract will be to remove the sludge from the existing
Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds. The volume is estimated to be approximately 33,000 m3
compared with an operational requirement of less than 3,700 m3 per year from each of the
two proposed pond streams. The need to dispose of such a large quantity of sludge over a
short period has a potential for significant impacts. When dry the volume of sludge is
estimated to be 25,000 m3.
Before starting the works at the Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds, a method for removal,
treatment and disposal of the must be agree and approved; bearing in mind that sludge
removal has to be done while the existing ponds remain in operation. The estimated
volume of accumulated sludge at the bottom of the existing pond is some 33,000 m with
estimated 12% dry solid content.
The following construction approach has been devised and recommended by the
designers.
1. The existing ponds outlet will be closed and an alternative temporary outlet opened at
the north-western corner. This will discharge into the existing open earth channel along
the main road.
2. While the operation of the existing ponds continues, the new inlet works, anaerobic
pond, facultative pond, by-pass channel and the first set of sludge drying beds can
commence. The outlet pipe from the the new works can be connected temporarily to
the existing channel along the main road.
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3. Once the construction of the new treatment stream is completed described at 2. above
is completed the existing ponds can be shut down. The new treatment stream will be
operated initially only with an anaerobic pond and one facultative pond.
4. A temporary road will be constructed to pass through the north-western boundary fence
of the ponds and across the existing ponds. This will ensure that the working area is
secured. Upon completion of pond construction the road can be upgraded and used as
access road to the existing dwellings in this area.
5. Whilst the existing pond is in operation, a floating dredger shall be used to remove the
accumulated sludge. This shall traverse the pond and pump out sludge into vacuum
tanks. About 8,250 m3 of wet sludge can be pumped at a time and temporarily stored
for drying on the land where one of the new facultative ponds will later be construction.
Vacuum tankers shall be used to transport this wet sludge. After an estimated 49 days,
the volume of dewatered sludge would reduce to 1,100 m3. The dried sludge can then
be easily handled and hauled away to a land fill or given out to nearby farmers for free.
The same procedure can be undertaken until all the sludge is removed from the existing
pond. Of the total estimated sludge volume of 33,000 m3, four batches each of
8,250 m3 of sludge would be removed at a time and the operation will take about 6.5
months to complete.
6. Part of the sludge from the existing pond should be pumped into the new anaerobic
ponds to accelerate the start-up procedure.
7. After the removal of the sludge from the existing ponds the remaining wastewater in
these ponds can be pumped out completely. The pond can be left to dry out naturally
sufficient for earthwork plant to operate and complete the upgrading of the ponds.
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Cumulative
Induced
Impacts during operation
Direct
Cumulative
Induced
Impacts during construction
Direct
Table 57: Environmental impacts during construction and operation
Topic: Land Use

Impacts
Construction activity is temporary change in land use for small areas of land
taken temporarily for contractor work sites:
Acquisition of land for expansion of treatment ponds:
Minor short-term impact on air and water from work

activities.
Minor short-term impact on land, wildlife and resources from

clearing areas of natural vegetation.
New way-leaves:
Permanent impact: prevents landowners building within the

way-leaves.
Significant but short-term impact on community from

workers, impaired access and traffic.
Mitigation
Permanent impact: land cannot be used for any other

purpose
Contract Specification for noise limits, water pollution prevention, etc.
Relevant provisions of RAP for the taking and use of land.
Relevant provisions of RAP for the taking and use of land.
Minimising the need for land acquisition by locating works on publicly

owned land and within existing way leaves.
Permanent changes or restrictions on land use.
Land restored to near previous condition including vegetation at

conclusion of works; as required by contract Specification.
Residual Impact and Risk after Mitigation
The nature of the works and temporary land use cannot be totally
mitigated but instead the impacts are reduced to tolerable and acceptable
levels rendering the impacts insignificant.
Topic: Archaeology and Cultural Resources
Impacts
NHCC scheduled sites or cultural resources:
No operational impacts.
NHCC scheduled sites or cultural resources impacted
Chance cultural finds, generally but not restricted to buried

artefacts:
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Damage to or loss of artefact.
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Mitigation
Chance cultural finds
None required.
Anything uncovered is reported to the NHCC.
Close Monitoring during construction to avoid accidental damage.

Accidental damage during construction, mitigation measures eliminate all
other potential impacts.
Topic: Terrestrial Ecology and Biodiversity
None.
Impacts
Biodiversity and protected sites or proposed protected sites; rare,
endangered, threatened or endemic species or their habitats.
There are no work sites affecting protected sites, rare,

endangered, threatened or endemic species or their
habitats.
Disturbance at work sites during construction from impacts

on other receptors: air, water and land.
Transport of pollution and seeds by water during

construction.
Mitigation
No operational impacts.
ESMP to address general protection and restoration of commonplace

terrestrial ecology and biodiversity.
If identified rare, endangered, threatened or endemic species or their

habitats to be preserved or transferred as per ZEMA instructions.
Contractors must not encroach outside of worksite (contractual definition

of worksite rules).
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None required
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Failure to identify small pockets of rare, endangered, threatened or endemic
species or their habitats.
Topic: Water Resources
Impacts
Impacts upon existing and potential use of water resource for any purpose:
Impacts upon existing and potential use of water resource for any purpose:
Impact on availability and quantity of water used for

drinking, agriculture or recreation.
No impact on surface water because no additional

resources will be exploited.
Impact from use of water for construction taking water

directly from rivers.
The improvements to Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds will

yield minor improvement in water quality for the receiving
watercourse.
Minor impact only if the use of water for construction or at

construction is in competition with other uses. In reality the
quantities of water to be used are small and in all probability
there will be no impact.
Mitigation
Monitor water usage during construction.
Contractor must gain approval of regulatory body and construction

supervisor before utilising any surface water resources.
Limited requirement for watering fill material to achieve optimum moisture

content for compaction because existing pavement is recycled and new
fill will only be required where widening for shoulder. Some water
required when rolling asphalt.
None required
Use of water for concrete taken directly from watercourses is prohibited

by the Specification (water is not clean).
Contractor fails to comply with ESMP and regulatory requirements.
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Moderate Impact on groundwater resources from development of 10 No. new

water supply boreholes.
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Topic: Fisheries
Impacts
The impacts will arise from direct and indirect effects on fish habitat.
The impacts will arise from direct and indirect effects on fish habitat:
Accidental release of large quantity of untreated sewage

during works on treatment ponds.
Mitigation
The ESMP to address protection of fisheries and discharge of drainage

water primarily through the provisions relating to soil erosion, siltation and
water quality.
potential minor positive impact from changes in treatment

pond effluent quantity and quality.
None required.
Contractors awareness training under the ESMP to specifically address

endangered aquatic species and habitat.
Failure to observe ESMP.
None, the design will assure only positive or no change with respect to
fisheries.
Topic: Aquatic ecology

Impacts
The impacts will arise from direct and indirect affects on aquatic ecology:
The impacts will arise from direct and indirect affects on aquatic ecology:
Impact due to pollution from construction works.
Accidental release of large quantity of untreated sewage

during works on treatment ponds.
potentially moderate long-term impact on wildlife due to

improvement of habitat due to improved quality of sewage
effluent.
Mitigation
Protection of aquatic ecology specifically addressed by ESMP.
Protection of aquatic ecology specifically addressed by ESMP.
Minimum disturbance during construction to existing watercourse bed

material to preserve existing benthic communities.
With respect to flow regime larger and less polluted effluent flows will
have moderate beneficial impacts of improving aquatic habitat.
Waste Management (Hazardous and non-hazardous) is addressed in
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ESMP.
Oil spills and use of hazardous material during construction.
Topic: Hydrological Regime and Flooding
Oil spills and use of hazardous material during operational maintenance.
Impacts
The impacts would arise from temporary changes, and particularly temporary
obstruction to drainage, including blockages from construction materials in
watercourses or drains:
The impacts will be insignificant to minor because they will

be isolated and short-term.
The impacts would arise from changes in flow patterns due to changes in
catchment areas and capacity of drainage channels altered by the works:
Increased baseflow will have an insignificant impact on

sediment transport (flood flows transport sediment and the
additional baseflow is only a small fraction of flood flow).
No impact on flood flow regime.
Mitigation
Observance of the requirements of the ESMP and Specification during
construction,
None required.
Failure of Contractor to observe ESMP and Specification requirements.

Topic: Water pollution (surface and groundwater)
None
Impacts
Contractor activities during construction both at work sites:
Activities from operation of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds:
Pollution from construction; release of sediment into water

column, from chemicals and hydrocarbons used during
construction.
Pollution from human waste (construction workers);

sanitation facilities or absence of facilities.
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Significant benefit from sanitation drains in Mtendere and

improvements to Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds.
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Mitigation
Sanitation for construction workers to be a contract requirement to FIDIC

standard (e.g. Gender separate latrines).
Contractors sanitation facilities must abide by all national health

regulations and be consistent with international good practice for
protection of the environment and water resources.
None required.
ESMP must be strictly followed by works contractor and PMC.

Accidents during construction and failure by contractor to observe
requirements of ESMP.
Topic: Erosion and sediment
Improved effluent quality discharged from Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds.
Impacts
Contractor activity carrying out site clearance, trench excavation and other
earthwork as a component task for the works.
Areas of poor soil which may not support effective revegetation.
Exposed soil during construction vulnerable to erosion,

significant impact if excavated surfaces are bare and
unprotected from heavy rainfall.
Development of sheet, rill and gully erosion on areas of

bare ground exposed to water and wind erosion, potentially
significant impact.
Sediment smothering invertebrates.
Mitigation
Capture silt during construction.
Specification requirement to re-vegetate bare areas immediately on

conclusion of construction.
Specification requirement to re-vegetate bare areas immediately on

conclusion of construction.
Contractor responsible for vegetation until established.
Contractor responsible for vegetation until established.
Use of techniques to quickly establish vegetation, e.g. mulching or soil

reinforcement.
Use of techniques to quickly establish vegetation, e.g. mulching or soil

reinforcement.
Contractor to reinstate drains affected by construction activities at

conclusion of construction activities in specific locations.
Contractor responsible to ensure drainage is maintained during
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construction activities.
Impractical that all areas can receive 100% protection all of the time but the
extent and nature of the earthworks is such that the residual impact will be
insignificant or minor.
Topic: Air quality
The long dry season means that vegetation dies back and areas of bare soil
alongside roads are normal due to heavy pedestrian traffic, the impact of the
work to this situation is not significant.
Impacts
The construction activities can have impacts on air quality:
Emissions arising from operation:
Insignificant from occasional use of standby diesel

generators.
Contractor to maintain and operate plant in compliance with the

Specification and Zambian laws and regulations.
No mitigation necessary or possible but emissions are regulated by

effective application of Zambian laws and regulations.
Emissions from plant up to permitted levels will occur.

Topic: Odours
Emissions from standby power generation to permitted levels will occur.
Emissions from Contractors plant, potentially significant

short-term impacts where the works contractor is working.
Mitigation
Impacts
Some construction activities will generate odours:
Operation of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds will generate odours:
The rehabilitation of the existing Kaunda Square Sewage

Ponds will generate odours, particularly the dredging and
3
removal of approximately 33,000 m of sludge.
Minimal impact from odour Contractors latrines.
Operation of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds will

generate odours, will be significant if ponds are poorly
designed or operated.
Significant positive impact if all pit latrines are replaced by

flush toilets connected to sewers.
Correct design and operation of the ponds will reduce odours

experienced by surrounding communities to insignificant or minor impact.
Mitigation
Provision under ESMP and Specification to minimise the nuisance

caused by odours released whilst undertaking the works.
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Correctly maintained contractors latrines to be a contract requirement to

FIDIC standard.
Odours from treatment ponds cannot be totally eliminated.

Topic: Noise and vibration
Odours from treatment ponds cannot be totally eliminated.
Cumulative
Induced
ESIA Sanitation
Direct
Cumulative
Induced
Direct

Encourage maximum connection of pit latrines.
Impacts
Many construction activities will be noisy and/or cause vibration:
There is potential for noise and/or vibration from operational:
Construction noise will only be significant for a short period

as the construction moves progressively through the site;
therefore the impact is potentially significant but short term.
Persistent and excessive noise impacting on labourers

hearing leading to industrial deafness.
Disturbance to wildlife, particularly during nesting season

could have significant but not permanent short term effect.
Impact from vibration from construction equipment, in

particular vibrating rollers used for earthworks and
pavement compaction causing cracking and more serious
structural damage to existing buildings close to the RCoI.
Impact is significant because vibration damage will require
repair in the worst case maybe reconstruction of buildings
including dwellings. There is also risk of injury or death if
parts of a building fall to the ground or collapse.
Mitigation
Apply IFC Performance Standards noise level guidelines.
Limiting working hours with additional limitations for socially sensitive

areas.
Noise suppression of Contractors equipment.
Public awareness and consultation immediately in advance of
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Intermittent noise from operation of standby generators will

be confined to LWSC operational sites and therefore
insignificant or minor impact to surrounding communities..
There will be no change in vibration due to operation of the

works. Vibration caused by operation of standby
generators will be insignificant and confined to LWSC
operational sites.
Standby generators to comply with Zambian laws and regulations on noie

levels.
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construction in each section.
Limitations on construction during nesting season.
Maximise use of oscillating rollers in substitution of vibratory rollers or

plate compactors in order to reduce the magnitude of vibration and
thereby the risk of damage to existing buildings.
PPE for construction workers.

Noise from plant up to permitted levels will occur.
Buildings with existing structural defects may suffer further damage from
vibration originating from construction operations.
Labourers provided with equipment, but refuse to wear it. Awareness on

PPE use will be conducted by contractor.
None.
Industrial deafness of workers if health and safety requirements not

enforced.
Topic: Rock excavation
Impacts
Some trench works may require excavation of rock:
None
Potential damage and risk of injury or death from use of

explosives for blasting.
Damage to utilities, e.g. ZESCO transmission lines.
Mitigation
Chemical expansion methods will be used to shatter rock which can then
be excavated by machine, blasting will not be used.
Appropriately skilled personnel to be employed by works contractors for

the adopted rock excavation methods.
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None required.
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Appropriate PPE for the activity provided by works contractors.

None.
Topic: Quarries and borrow areas
None.
Impacts
The construction activity of use of quarries and borrow areas, including
temporary haul roads, has impacts.
Closed quarries and borrow areas are a legacy impact.
A borrow area or quarry has a permanent and irreversible

significant impact on the landscape and future land use and
therefore the impact is significant.
The excavation requires use of plant, and possibly

explosives for rock, and the transport of materials to the
work site, all of which will generate dust and air pollution at
the site where material is won and to receptors along the
transport route.
Potential injury to labour on-site and those driver hauling

material
Mitigation
Impact is on landscape and future land use.
Design minimises requirements for taking material from borrow areas or

quarries by maximising recycling of excavated materials.
Use of existing commercial sources of sand and aggregate.
Design minimises the requirements for insitu concrete.
None.
All workers on-site and transporters of materials will be supplied with PPE
and will observe rules of safe driving on-site and to the construction site.
The impacts from using commercial sources will still occur.
In case of accident, injuries may occur.
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Limited land use possibilities for closed quarries and borrow pits.
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Topic: Waste and Hazardous Materials

Impacts
Numerous construction activities have potential to release waste and
hazardous material:
Only from spillage most likely to occur during a road traffic accident. Impact
will be localised or of short duration if contaminants get into a watercourse.
Significant short or long-term impact from release of any

hazardous materials into the environment.
Only a potential minor impact during operation.
Significant impact from hazards and accidents for workers

not wearing PPE.
Hazards and accidents for maintenance workers not

wearing PPE.
Significant impact at spot locations PCBs from transformers.
Moderate impact from asbestos in cement pipes

abandoned, cut or to be disposed.
Localised significant short term impact leakage and spills

from over pumping of sewage
No PCB materials to be used on the work in accordance with the

Stockholm Convention.
PPE for maintenance workers.
Storage of oil in double skinned tanks or if single skinned with leakage

capture bund capacity 110% of tank capacity.
Secure storage of other chemicals at works contractors temporary work

sites.
PPE for operatives.
The contractor will prepare an emergency management plan, in which a

part will encompass dealing with hazardous waste accidents.
Dredged slude to be dried and disposed to land following requirements to

be stipulated by ZEMA.
Significant impact from disposal of sludge dredged from

Kaunda Square Ponds.
Mitigation
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None if properly regulated and monitored.
Topic: Flora and Fauna
Minor, through low probability of spillage at any one location.
Impacts
During construction some vegetation will be permanently removed and areas
covered by the work, other areas will be disturbed but subsequently restored.
No impact expected.
Short term impact from areas cleared of vegetation due to

construction activities but which will subsequently be
revegetated.
No impact provided that flora and fauna disturbed during

construction are restored.
Potential impact if tree has resident fauna habitat such as

bird nests.
Potential impact on endangered or special status species.
Mitigation
Adjust pipe alignments to minimise damage to trees.
Replacement tree planting with same species or indigenous species.
No tree cutting during nesting season.
Existing trees having fauna will require relocation of fauna before felling.
None required.
Re-vegetation programme with attention to suppression of weeds and

alien species.
There will be a period of re-naturalisation and re-colonisation.
Topic: Property and business access
There will be a period of re-naturalisation and re-colonisation.
Impacts
Access may be temporarily interrupted during construction.
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No impacts during operational phase.
201
People will not be able to travel to work, study or market.

Impact will be short term, a significant but very short-term
impact.
Access, include Access to social services/facilities such as

schools, clinics, hospitals, water points etc.
Mitigation
Cumulative
Induced
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Direct
Obstruction of access to businesses with temporary loss of

livelihood, a significant but very short-term impact.
Cumulative
Induced
Direct

Works contractor to maintain minimum pedestrian access for businesses.
Liaising with local community in advance of works.
Contractor to restore temporary work sites.
If the impacts on access are significant then compensation and

resettlement measures under the RAP will apply.
Some carry over loss of trade for businesses.
Community fears that they will not be allowed back to their original site for
where they were relocated the RAP considers this issue.
Topic: Traffic control
None.
Impacts
The works will cause disruption and interruption of traffic flow
No impacts during operational phase.
Partial or complete blockage of roads and junctions for

varying periods; includes temporary partial closure and
bottleneck on main city streets and arterial highways; and
partial or complete temporary closure of smaller roads and
residential streets.
Increased congestion, risk of accidents, and diversion of

traffic onto unsuitable alternative routes.
Potential for temporary disruption of services on secondary

through roads in the communities, such as public transport
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Direct
Cumulative
Induced
Direct

and deliveries.
Mitigation
Design minimises works within the carriageway that would cause traffic
disruption (pipes laid in reserves).
Use no-dig (thrust boring) for sewer crossing Great East Road.
ESMP and Specification to require works contractors to prepare a Traffic

Control Plan which will maintain traffic flow with minimum possible
disruption and delay. The contractual requirements will be
commensurate with conditions on Lusakas busy city streets, arterial
highways, smaller and residential roads.
Public communication campaigns to warn of disruption.
Public transport disruptions will be announced together with nearby

alternative stop and pick-up locations.
Restrictions on works contractors for periods and extent of construction.
Not required.
Traffic Control Plan to require compliance with current best practice for
public and worker health and safety, such as traffic control measures,
barriers/barricades, detours etc to LWSC/LCC/ Local Wards and Contract
satisfaction)..
Significant traffic disruption cannot be eliminated.
Topic: Public safety
None.
Impacts
Activity is that construction sites easily accessible by the public particularly
where the road passes through settled areas.
Operational sites.
Significant risk to public and especially children arising from

construction work site in community.
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Significant risk to public and especially children arising from

operational sites if the public can gain access.
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Cumulative
Induced
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Direct
Cumulative
Induced
Direct

Mitigation
Public awareness
Public awareness
Measures undertaken by the works contractors (as well as LWSC and

MCA-Zambia, among others) to ensure public awareness for safety risks.
24 Hour security to prevent public entering potentially dangerous

operational sites.
Signage and fencing worksites.
LWSC first aider and kit.
24 Hour security to prevent public entering potentially dangerous

construction worksites.
Prearranged access to emergency facilities.
Accident reporting and investigation procedures.
Safety will be to IFC Performance Standards 2 and 4 and Zambian

regulatory standards.
Works contractors first aider and kit.

Accidents may still occur; the procedures must be in place for such accidents
that do occur to deal with this: works contractors first aider and kit,
prearranged access to emergency facilities, accident reporting and
investigation procedures.
Topic: Demolition of Property
Accidents may still occur; the procedures must be in place for such accidents
that do occur to deal with this: LWSC first aider and kit, prearranged access
to emergency facilities, accident reporting and investigation procedures, also
effective public emergency services in Lusaka.
Impacts
Demolition will be required to clear the work site. Although much of this will
occur under the RAP, some abandoned structures may remain to be removed
by the Contractor.
There will be materials from demolition that are hazardous,

or cannot be recycled and which need to be disposed
safely, potentially moderate impact.
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Demolition will not be required during the operational phase.
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Dont throw waste into water bodies.
Recycle and reuse materials.
Means of capturing waste materials and contaminated runoff.
Re-greening areas cleared of informal settlement.
Use of appropriate waste disposal sites.
Cumulative
Induced
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Direct
In some locations there are numerous structures, including

those in the RAP, that will require demolition and where the
waste impact is potentially significant.
Mitigation
Cumulative
Induced
Direct

None.
RAP allows for materials to be salvaged by owners of structures, if nonhazardous.

None.
Waste material disposed and not recycled.
If people do not demolish or salvage the material, the contractor will need
to do this; risk of materials disposed of by any party in an unsustainable
manner. Careful environmental monitoring by PMC/MCA-Zambia and the
works contractor will be required.
Topic: Dust
Impacts
Activity is principally earthworks during dry periods.
Impact during construction, particularly at earthworks and

from traffic using unsealed public and temporary haul roads.
Impact from dust n borrow pits/quarry/source sites for

materials.
Mitigation
Regular watering of fill during dry periods.
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Dust is not considered as a potential impact during the operational phase.

D
D
None.
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Prior consultation with community, advice when to close windows and

doors facing source of dust.
Well kept site, cover materials, works contractor regularly sweeps sealed
road, etc.
Cumulative
Induced
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Direct
Cumulative
Induced
Direct

Appropriate PPE to be supplied to workers, as necessary.

Dust coating buildings, etc until washed clean by rainfall.
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11
SOCIAL AND GENDER IMPACTS AND ENHANCEMENTS, AVOIDANCE AND

MITIGATION INCLUDING HIV/AID
11.1
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

Social and gender impacts during construction and operation are presented in Table 58,
which should be read in conjunction with Appendix A: Impact Assessment Matrix. The
assessment has taken into consideration the public consultations and FGD which took
place during January and February 2013.
11.2
INDUCED AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

The definition of induced and cumulative impacts is given in Section 10.2. The construction
and operation impacts identified in Table 58 are categorized as direct, induced or
cumulative impacts. The following sub-sections discuss the induced and cumulative
impacts identified in the table.
11.2.1 During construction

The following are the induced and cumulative impacts identified in Table 58 under the
thematic headings used to list the impacts that may potentially occur during construction:
HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking: There is a potential induced impact during

construction causing increased incidence of HIV/AIDS and communicable diseases due
to new entrants in communities for employment. The socioeconomic environment
created by the Project, that may encourage migrant labour also may lead to a direct and
induced impact of Human Trafficking. There is a potential induced impact when
increased income in the communities, from construction worker salaries, leads to
domestic abuse in the home. Both these impacts can be mitigated by the HIV/AIDS,
human trafficking and sensitivities awareness programs set out in the ESMP.
Gender: A further direct and induced impact relates to gender differences in income for
the same position and a tendency to provide income that is below the legal standards in
the country. Often women receive less income than men, for doing the same job and in
the same position. This impact is also classified as induced because previous income
is often used as a method for determining a standard for negotiating an income in
another or the next place of employment. Contractors will be required to develop an
equal opportunity employment policy that does not discriminate on grounds of gender,
race, religion or income levels. Income will be monitored both in terms of gender
disaggregation and to ensure legal standards for Zambia are maintained or exceeded.
Women in construction activities, a non-traditional line of employment, is not only a
direct, but also induced impact, as skills provided through employment in construction
may positively lead to employment opportunities elsewhere post-construction. Similarly,
the disabled and men can be employed on the project in various positions, leading to
skills being provided for future employment.
As the breadwinner and having control of income and other resources in the
household, the male household head may demand the right to keep entitlements for
resettlement compensation impacts for himself rather than sharing with his spouse.
This may lead to family members being deprived of some resources. The conditions
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dispersal of entitlements will require that the household head the spouse both be
present to sign the agreement and receive the entitlement.
Demographic: Given the age structure of the population in Lusaka and project area,
there will be considerable numbers of young, many uncertified, males and females
joining the working age population. There is a project cumulative impact in that there
will be pressure on employment during the project period. This may be mitigated
through the contractor employing local males and females wherever possible.
Resettlement: There will be an induced resettlement impact related to businesses that

need to be temporarily closed during construction. This may cause a localised demand
for employment and hence a potential for human traffickers to recruit unemployed. The
RAP will be able to mitigate this issue by compensating businesses fairly and
appropriately that will cover employers and employees. However, there are still
opportunities for PAPs to seek alternative employment and may be prey for human
traffickers. Human Trafficking awareness within the communities, which is a part of the
HIV/AIDS awareness program, will further mitigate this potential risk.
11.2.2 During operation

The following are the induced and cumulative impacts identified in Table 58 under the
thematic headings used to list the impacts that may potentially occur during operation:
Gender: A positive impact is expected in the introduction of sanitation infrastructure in

the community of enabling household connections to in-house toilets. This, in turn, has
a cumulative impact whereby women and children will no longer be exposed to the risk
of rape and violence when using latrine facilities, no longer outside the household. The
awareness training in use of the sanitation technology will provide information also on
tenants being able to share use of household water and sanitation facilities.
There is a negative direct and induced impact if there is no awareness provided for
proper use of the sanitation systems. An awareness session, particularly for women on
use of this new technology, has been proposed and budgeted as a mitigation measure.
Health: A positive induced impact is that improved water and sanitation will lead to less
water and insect borne illness leading to a healthier, productive community, whose
members will be able to attend school or carry out income earning activities. This also
has a positive induced impact by reducing the burden on women and girls, who are
often required to look after the ill members of the family or will be the first to miss out if
opportunities are limited.
Demographic and Employment and Income: A positive direct and induced impact for
men, but especially for women, is the opportunity for employment during project
operation in operation and maintenance of infrastructure when labour is required. There
also is a potential negative, cumulative impact that may occur in terms of children of
poor families, reaching working age, remain in the community but have new families,
hence a growth in the need for services and employment may occur. A further induced
negative impact, albeit very small, from unemployment leading to potential domestic
incidents and of human trafficking or abuse by employees.
Resettlement: There may be a potential induced impact in that the project, causing
businesses permanently close, may fall prey to human trafficking, when seeking
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alternative income opportunities. Those temporarily resettled, then not permitted to

return to their original site may similarly be impacted. The RAP will address these
potential issues, including assistance for re-starting businesses and agreements with
authorities allowing businesses to return. Further mitigation in the form of awareness
on human trafficking in communities along with HIV/AIDS awareness will also be
conducted.
11.3
HIV/AIDS
In response to the HIV/AIDS issue in Zambia, the NAC has developed a National Strategic
Framework 2011-201541. The Framework identifies the key areas causing the spread of
HIV as:
Multiple concurrent sex partners, although this behaviour is starting to reduce.
Low and inconsistent male and female condom use. Despite increasing availability,
accessibility to vulnerable populations and empowerment of women is stunting
condom use in HIV prevention.
Low level male circumcision; lower HIV prevalence among circumcised (10%)
compared to uncircumcised (12.5%).
Mobility and labour migration. One important issue to consider, given the population
growth in Lusaka is attributed to in-migration for livelihood purposes and this cause
of spreading HIV is known as a key cause of its incidence in Lusaka.
Sex workers and male homosexual behaviour, thought to be an issue, but not fully
known.
Mother to child transmission of HIV, known to be the cause of 90% of children

(0 to 14 years) becoming infected.
The impacts of HIV/AIDS in the communities are generally as follows:
loss of workers to the illness causes lower economic productivity;
HIV spreading through the female population. This is caused by gender inequality
in that women are culturally brought up to not refuse sex with their partner and to
not insist on condom use. Furthermore, females in Zambia are sexually active at a
younger age; average of 5 years younger than their partner; and
children are impacted through infection themselves, becoming orphans as their

parents pass away from AIDS infection and/or abused by others due to the stigma
of themselves or family members suffering an infection.
The Project will have some positive and potentially negative impacts. As an illness
affecting the immune system, the Project will provide a benefit in improving sanitation
services, hence conditions for improving health and hygiene practices in the beneficiary
communities. This is expected to somewhat reduce the incidence of secondary disease
incidence to HIV/AIDS infected persons such as diarrhoeal and insect transmitted illnesses
in particular. However, the potential indirect negative impact, although expected to be
negligible, may also arise from when local labour is used by the contractor and increased
disposable income for the labourers will follow. Hence, the labourers will have money to
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pay for transactional sex and for other activities that may lead to spread and increased
prevalence of HIV.
HIV/AIDS is well known to particularly spread with travel. Hence, road and transport sector
development normally is targeted for mass awareness programs, IEC materials and
condoms. In the case of this Project, conditions created by the project involves a low risk of
HIV spread through the project contact with the transport industry and migrating labour,
whether international or national. Trucks may bring construction material (e.g. pipes) and
machinery from outside and within Zambia to the communities, with drivers potentially
bringing with them HIV or taking with them HIV to their next destination.
11.4
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
The United States Government places countries into four categories representing a national
governments actions to combat trafficking and associated risk levels with Tier 1 having the
most compliant anti-trafficking laws and lowest trafficking risk up to the highest risk of a
Tier 4. Zambia is classed as a Tier 2 Human Trafficking category whereby the GRZ does
not fully comply with the, Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) minimum standards,
passed by Congress in 2000, but is making significant efforts to bring the country into
compliance with those standards.
On the 19 November 2008 the Zambian President signed the comprehensive Anti-Human
Trafficking Act of 2008 into law, with penalties for human trafficking including 25 years to life
imprisonment. There are efforts to inform the public of the human trafficking problem and
train police in enforcement of this law.
The road and transport sector is seen as a key component in human trafficking, where
drivers are paid to move victims. However, the Project with little involvement with the long
distance and trans-boundary transport sector is expected to have negligible impact in
human trafficking, although limited impacts may potentially result from in-migration of job
seekers to Lusaka and the Project. Therefore, information awareness, within the suggested
HIV/AIDS mitigation programme for contractors and communities is recommended. A
qualified, Zambian agency will be contracted to provide awareness to contractors and
communities, with the contractor required to release their labourers and management to
attend the awareness sessions as required on a regular basis. Awareness sessions will be
gender disaggregated or sensitive to gender differences in human trafficking. Aspects of
the awareness programme will be confirmed and prepared by the contracted agency.
However, these might include information on:
what is human trafficking;
who are most vulnerable;
what types of behaviour are exhibited by traffickers and causes human traffickers to
approach a potential victim;
identification of victims of human trafficking; and
whom to contact if trafficking is suspected, or if one is a victim of trafficking.
Contractors will be required to ensure their employment policies include no child labour to
be employed on the project.
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11.5
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HIV/AIDS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROGRAMME

This project, not being a direct targeting HIV/AIDS prevention, awareness and behavioural
change and or treatment project, will only cover mitigation measures that deal with impacts
where project activities may change the conditions that lead to increasing HIV/AIDS
prevalence or high risk practices. Mitigations for HIV/AIDS will be guided by, and in line
with, the National Strategic Framework 2011-2015.
The Framework emphasises four national priorities:
1. To accelerate and intensify prevention in order to reduce the annual rate of new
infections.
2. To accelerate the provision of Universal Access to comprehensive and quality
treatment, care and support for people living with HIV and AIDS, their caregivers
and their families including service for Tuberculosis, Sexually Transmitted infections
and other opportunistic infections.
3. To mitigate the socio-economic impacts of HIV and AIDS especially among the
most vulnerable groups, orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), people living with
HIV and their caregivers/families.
4. To strengthen the capacity for a well-coordinated and sustainably managed HIV and
AIDS multi-sectoral process.
The Framework further details the following priority interventions approach to HIV/AIDS in
Zambia:
a. Prevention: includes reducing exposure to HIV in terms of changing sexual
behaviours, use of condoms in high risk sex, couple counselling etc: change in
social norms, including stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV; and
empowering women to manage their own reproductive health and encourage men
to respect this decision
b. Treatment, care and support: increasing access and enrolment on anti-retroviral
therapy, TB/HIV co-infections treatment and community-based palliative care.
c. Impact mitigation: Ensuring that HIV responses are well coordinated and
harmonised within the context of social protection interventions; and improving the
capacity of households to cope with impacts of HIV and AIDS. Gender related
interventions will be guided by the National Gender Policy.
d. Response management: improving coordination mechanisms by strengthening
institutional capacities and the policy and legal environment for effective
implementation of national multi-sectoral HIV and AIDS response in order to reduce
duplication, improved use and distribution of resources and services; mainstreaming
HIV/AIDS programs in the workplace; and reviewing and amendments to laws and
policies which marginalise key population and vulnerable groups.
Given the low to moderate risk of the Project causing an increase in HIV/AIDS incidence
and the Projects close interface with the beneficiary communities, the recommended
mitigation programme is to apply FIDIC contract standards for the civil works contractors
and an information awareness programme to be held in beneficiary communities.
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MCA-Zambia will contract a qualified Zambian agency to provide works contractor staff,
including their employees from the Project Manager through to skilled and unskilled labour,
with HIV/AIDS awareness and information materials. Works contractors will be required to
make their staffs available for HIV/AIDS awareness on a regular basis (normally every
2 to 3 months or as new recruits arrive). This will be conducted in coordination, and in
compliance, with the NAC guidelines and policies. This will include:
awareness sessions that will be gender disaggregated, given the impact upon
women in Zambia;
education materials provided to all workers which will be specifically gender

sensitive, including information relevant to women and relevant to men;
as part of the HIV/AIDS awareness and education materials, will be a small section
on human trafficking, identifying the key problem issues in Zambia and emphasising
its illegality in Zambia;
counselling services will be made freely available to workers (including

management);
HIV testing will be made freely available through the professionally staffed clinic
which is to be provided by the works contractors under their contract. The staff will
monitor and implement the use of safe (HIV preventative) actions in the clinic; and
condoms all made freely, but discretely available to contractor staff, but within areas
where contractor personal only are permitted.
The project should encourage HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking awareness within the
community, given the risks associated with in-migration to Lusaka, increasing the HIV/AIDS
prevalence rate and the need for labour and truck drivers frequently transporting materials
to sites. Although resources for the project are such that the project cannot provide masseducation campaigns for all beneficiaries, MCA-Zambia will contract a qualified Zambian
agency to provide awareness on HIV and human trafficking to high risk beneficiary
communities. This will be conducted in coordination and in compliance with the NAC
guidelines and policies, sensitive to local community cultural and religious norms.
A provisional budget for the awareness campaigns is included in Appendix D.
11.6
SOCIO-GENDER ASSESSMENT
The LWSSD Project offers an opportunity to promote socioeconomic and gender equality
among residents particularly in areas in Lusaka where the sub-projects are located. The
Project has the following social aspects:
effects on different groups focusing on the poor, women and minorities in affected
beneficiary areas, in particular;
determines resettlement needs and develops resettlement plans; and
identifies constraints to delivery of project benefits to some of the target groups.
Socioeconomic baseline Section 7 and social and gender impacts sections above have
been designed to cover gender disaggregated analyses, where the data available allows
this. In particular secondary data from the CSO was used to identify various gender
disaggregated socioeconomic trends and gender specific impacts, along with community
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level surveys conducted with WDC representatives and community consultations conducted
both during the feasibility study and the detailed design period. This section outlines some
of the key issues from the data analyses. The RAPs will also provide some of the
resettlement related impacts and mitigations.
11.6.1 Requirements for the gender mainstreaming approach
This gender mainstreaming approach is designed to maximise benefits to the local
population and to ensure there is gender mainstreaming of project activities such that
women actually share the benefits. Women play an important role in the economic
activities accounting for 36% of labour force in the area, including unpaid family workers,
and especially in the domestic sphere, according to the labour force statistics and
community survey results on gender roles, access and control.
The project will equally benefit women and men in terms of improved access to sanitation.
The improved access to sanitation will also positively benefit men and women in differing
ways as already described in Section 7 in terms of health, education, employment and
income and poverty reduction, especially in peri-urban areas.
Improved water supply and sanitation development can also have unintended
consequences and this approach includes mitigation against the risks. This approach
includes five components, all of which have been designed to ensure as many as possible
benefit from the investment made.
11.6.2 Gender decision making and resource use
Table 20 shows that the male members of the household are the breadwinners and
decision makers in the household in terms of finances. The female head of household is
responsible for caring and managing the household, but also are supposed to have access
and control of land and other resources. Given this finding, it is recommended that as a
part of the RAP that the head of household and the spouse both be fully involved in the
RAP processes such as viewing and signing agreement to the entitlement compensation
and jointly receiving the compensation. It is essential that the safeguard procedures, as
detailed in the RAP are implemented and monitored throughout the process.
The Project will generate short-term beneficial impacts for the project areas economy from
local employment opportunities, project-related expenditures and from spending by
construction workers. This does have a risk of creating a variation in the traditional
household dynamics such as a rise in drinking and gambling as a result of more disposal
income in the hands of male workers, adversely impacting on women in their role of caring
for, and management of, the household. These types of issues often lead to domestic
violence. However, this is not anticipated to be a significant problem arising from the
economic activity resulting from the Project. However, it is proposed that a part of the
HIV/AIDS training and awareness, contracted by MCA-Zambia for the works contractors,
supervisors and community, include a level of sensitivity to this issue in order to mitigate
any potential, albeit small, risk. Therefore, a gender responsive project design would need
to include awareness that involves women, to ensure decision making about the importance
of clean water supply is emphasised and seen as an important aspect of family care.
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11.6.3 Gender responsive sanitation design

Developing gender sensitive infrastructure projects requires consideration of the differing
socioeconomic needs and profile of males and females. Sewer connection means less
need for women and girls to go outside in the night time, reducing threat of violence and
rape.
It is also recommended that women and women led NGOs have balanced representation in
monitoring. The purpose of the monitoring team is to encourage public participation,
promote stakeholder participation in the monitoring process, provide appropriate checks
and balances mechanisms during monitoring the project. Inclusion of women on the
monitoring team will help promote gender mainstreaming throughout the duration of the
Project.
11.6.4 Gender responsiveness of construction activities
Construction activities for the Project could have short-term adverse impacts on women in
the project area through disruption of public services and increased travel times in areas of
construction.
Women, children and other vulnerable groups can be impacted disproportionably by certain
construction activities due to their housekeeping and childcare responsibilities. Such
activities include laying of pipelines along main roads where traffic congestion might occur,
and especially within the communities where women and men walk to services and points.
Construction could hinder access to public transport and market areas and other aspects of
their daily schedule. Women are generally responsible for childcare, including children
travelling to school, for which access may be adversely impacted from temporary
construction activities along streets within the local areas. It is a contractual obligation that
works contractors will prepare Traffic Control Plans, and provide pedestrian access, which
will show the above issues will be mitigated and how impacts of construction which
temporarily close and block access to properties will be minimised. The works contractors
will also be required to provide areas in community for men, women and children to access
public transport and services to temporarily replace those which are blocked due to
construction activities. Safe and secure access to social services for women, men and
children will be maintained around the construction at all times.
A large number of workers associated with the Project could pose health and safety
concerns for local women in the form of excessive drinking and sexual promiscuity. As part
of the contractors mandatory MCA-Zambia contracted HIV/AIDS awareness programme
targeting contractors, supervisors and communities, social sensitivities will be discussed in
order to mitigate the risk of unwanted behaviours against local women, children and
families.
During the construction period, construction works of various forms as will be conducted
within the project areas and on many occasions may be extremely close to households. It
is a contractual obligation that the contractors observe cultural respectability towards
women and children. Given that construction activities may be conducted in areas having
full view into household areas, it is a requirement that works contractors provide
information and consult in each community area prior to commencing works and enforce
respect by the labour force of women and childrens rights; no abusive activities or child
labour shall be tolerated.
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11.6.5 HIV/AIDS prevention campaign

Although the recruitment of local labour by the contractor is being promoted it is inevitable
that there will be skilled construction workers coming from outside the Project area. This
does increase the risk potential for increasing HIV/AIDS incidence, albeit minor in a Project
such as this, where workers will mostly be coming from within Lusaka and only working on
day labour, as opposed to camps being set up in the communities. Both men and women
are at risk.
Section 11.5 has recommended HIV/AIDS awareness be conducted by the contractor
targeting their employees from the Project Manager to skilled and unskilled labour levels
and for communities in the Project area. MCA-Zambia will contract a qualified Zambia
agency to conduct these awareness programs appropriately.
11.6.6 Employment of local population during construction
Employment opportunities for women in the project communities may be limited by the
traditional gender divisions of labour, working conditions and gender discrimination. This
section discusses the employment opportunities for women on the Project together with
recommendation to mitigate gender related concerns.
As described Section 7.9 within the Project area there is an extremely large proportion of
males and females who are unemployed or could be classed as underemployed. There are
also a large number of self-employed men and women. The number of women attaining a
primary school education is much lower than males in project communities, but women are
apparently more actively seeking to be employed, regardless of education and skill level.
The productive work of women is viewed as supplemental to the family income, whereby
the men are the main income earner and distributor within the family. The project will
impact upon gender in several ways. This includes direct employment opportunities; and
indirect employment opportunities; discrimination in hiring and recruitment policy; and
encouraging gender responsive employment.
Direct employment opportunities
The ESMP specifies that the contractor is encouraged to target women for job opportunities
associated with the project. International labour standards42 recommend that project labour
be composed of 30% women. During the LWSSD Project construction phase, MCAZambia expects that people will be employed on an equal opportunity basis disaggregated
by gender, with at least 30% women, in line with ILO standards; spread across separate
construction packages in the three sectors of water supply, sanitation and drainage. The
ESMP requires additional skills training for women interested in pursuing construction
related employment.
Indirect employment opportunities
There are several additional economic development opportunities for women associated
with the Project including sub-contracts to support project activities and increased vending
opportunities during construction. Small-scale supply contracts offer a good opportunity to
provide additional income and employment opportunities for women during the Project.
Potential income opportunities that during the consultations women indicated interest in
pursuing include:
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Food and beverage vending sales on-site during construction in local areas:
Women may be interested to sell food, beverages, and snacks to construction
labourers who are working in locality, as a way to earn additional income. This
would only be a short-term income opportunities for local women.
It is
recommended that the contractors monitor vending activities for compliance with
health and safety requirements. For example, it may be necessary to establish a
registration system with the Wards.
Other Self-employed businesses: Information on women-owned businesses for

which there could be further potential sub-contracting opportunities is not available.
However, there should be no discrimination in terms of gender for use of these
businesses should they offer the services required of the works contractor.
It should be noted that the ESMP requires the works contractors to ensure that
procurement all materials and services complies with the MCC requirement that forced or
child labour not be employed in the production of such materials and services for Project
purposes.
Discrimination and recruitment policies
It is recommended that the recruitment of labour includes women wherever possible.
Gender discrimination often occurs in the hiring conducted for infrastructure projects,
particularly when males dont recognize that women are capable of the doing the work
tasks43. As per IFC requirements there should be equal work opportunities for men and
women, regardless of gender, race, religion etc. Equal employment opportunity also refers
to income that will not be discriminated on the basis of gender.
The IFC policy on labour also relates to sexual harassment. Potential hindrances to female
participation in the Project include sexual harassment from fellow workers. Construction
sites are often considered unsafe for women and children and can be poorly serviced,
which are impediments to female participation in construction work. Facilities should be
designed with attention provided to gender-based requirements. FIDIC based contracts
require that separate personal comfort facilities are maintained on all long-term sites where
labour is mixed gender. Latrine facilities are to be equal to adequate local standards.
In compliance with the IFC policy on Labour and the Zambia Ministry of Labour and Social
Services regulations on minimum working age, no child labour will be engaged by
contractors, consultants or sub-contractors. Age of labour units and skill requirement for
various positions, such as heavy plant, will also need to be considered.
In addition to the gender sensitisation training mentioned above, it could be beneficial to link
female capabilities to job and contract advertisements and requirements. For example,
female labour recruitment could be described in a way that links community womens selfhelp groups to the activities required by the works contractors.
To mitigate these concerns on labour, ensuring IFC standards (mostly already written into
the MCC (based on FIDIC) contract under which the works will be carried out, and in
keeping with Zambian labour laws and policies the contractor will be required to prepare a
labour policy which will include:
an equal opportunities employment policy;
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a sexual harassment policy, which includes a non-judgemental, non-discriminatory

method of reporting and mitigating incidences of, and general, sexual discrimination
issues;
labour policy which indicates working hours and rest periods for various types of
labour, minimum age of labour, as per Zambian laws and minimum wage payments;
and;
there will be no child labour, below the unrestricted minimum working age of 19
working on the Project.
gender sensitisation training for personnel and implement a zero tolerance policy for
sexual harassment at construction sites. The training should ensure the above
policy is outlined for all workers.
Gender responsive employment

Outreach and communication efforts conducted for the Project to date have targeted the
involvement of women to identify existing socioeconomic conditions and mitigation
measures so that gender concerns for the Project are cross-cutting. The development and
implementation of a gender responsive communications strategy is a recommended
component of the Project to ensure the involvement of women throughout the Project. The
use of information boards by the contractors in the wards, zones and local market places to
post project related information, including job opportunities, will provide a consistent entry
point for project communications for local women. These information boards should be in
well-lit and in safe areas which will provide an added degree of security for women. The
media, such as TV and radio, may also be used for communicating effective awareness
about the project activities, and communication of employment opportunities that encourage
womens participation in project implementation activities.
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Table 58: Social and gender impacts during construction and operation
Topic: Resettlement
Impacts
Project affected entities will be impacted by economic or physical
displacement losing crops, business/income and or structures:
Project affected entities will be impacted by economic or physical

displacement losing crops, business/income and or structures:
Temporary impact when business has reduced income

or needs to temporarily close because of impeded
access during construction.
Permanent impact when business needs to permanently

close, at choice of the owner.
Temporary closure of businesses due to resettlement

may increase demand on alternative employment
opportunities that will be opportune time for Human
Traffickers.
Permanent closure of businesses due to resettlement

may increase demand on alternative employment
opportunities that will be opportune time for Human
Traffickers.
Temporary impact when business needs to close for

reconstruction away from the pipeline.
Mitigation
A RAP is being prepared compensating for loss of structures; requirement to
relocate household; loss of income/business/crops/trees; ensuring vulnerable
groups do not become more vulnerable; and provision is made for transitional
allowances.
Compensation under the RAP at time of construction.
Potential employment losses to other community members not qualifying

for compensation under the RAP.
The works contractor will be provided a work space (corridor) that is clear
of structures and PAPs, but there is a risk that they may accidently
damage outside the corridor the contractor will be required to repair
structures damaged by the contractor, that are outside the corridor.
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None, as long as RAP is prepared and implemented effectively, impact

occurs at time of construction.
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Topic: Demographic
Impacts
Young population attaining working age over the coming five to 10 years
casing pressure on employment opportunities
Age structure is very young leading to a need for income

generation once reaching working age.
Moderate positive impact if works contractor employs

local labour.
Negative Impact if migrant workers is brought in, taking

jobs away from the local population in the Lusaka project
areas
Negative impacts if works contractor employs under age

labour.
Negative impact if migrant workers is the result of Human

Trafficking
Loss of construction employment opportunities upon

completion of construction.
C
Improved income generation and employment during

construction, but unemployment comes back post
construction.
Potential for poor, unemployed to remain in the poor
areas after working age, with new families, hence
leading growth in service demand.
Mitigation
Encouraging contractors to hire local labour as much as possible.
Works contractor to abide by FIDIC and Zambian legal requirements

prohibiting employment of underage labour.
Awareness targeting communities and contractors on Human trafficking

(will be a part of the HIV/AIDS Awareness).
None
See impacts during operation.
Migrant labour has a risk of bringing HIV/AIDS and STIs into the
community, mitigated by the HIV/AIDS Awareness programs
recommended under the ESMP for contractors and communities.
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Long term unemployment little impacted by the project.
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Improved sanitation will have health impacts:
Significant beneficial impact on health by reduction in

insect borne, and particularly Insect and waterborne
illnesses in beneficiary communities
Women and children will have reduced burden in terms

of less time collecting water and risk of violent attacks
because they will not have to go out at night to an
outside toilet facility, since sanitation will allow in-house
connection collect water.
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Also see topics Public Safety, air quality, noise and vibration in Table 57 for
potential health impacts during construction.
Increase in HIV infections.
Cumulative

Topic: Health
Impacts
HIV/AIDS and other communicable disease increase due

to increased mobility and influx of labour.
Mitigation
HIV/AIDS Awareness programmes, which are appropriate to the NAC

Zambia and FIDIC compliant standards is to be provided to local workers
by the works contractors.
HIV/AIDS Awareness programs to foreigners will additionally ensure other

information to FIDIC requirements is provided by the contractor
None.
Some religions officially restrict certain HIV/AIDS prevention techniques

from being promoted, such as use of condoms.
Improved health leads to capacity for students to attend school and

working age population to attend employment.
There is always a risk of HIV/AIDS incidence that cannot be fully

prevented.
Improved health and educated population leads to a more productive

workforce.
Contractor to assist to provide instructions on safety around construction

sites at schools in locations where construction is about to take place.
Improved health of household allows care-giver children and adults to

spend more time at school and work, respectively, rather than look after
the sick family members.
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Significant benefit that improved water supply reduces secondary

illnesses in people living with HIV/AIDS, due to immunosuppression.
Topic: Water, sanitation and solid waste

Impacts
Construction has several potential negative impacts:
Benefit to community of improved sanitation:
Works contractors sanitation facilities are below

standard causing pollution.
Communities will receive new sanitation infrastructure.
Solid waste collection from the community is disrupted,

particularly in areas with high waste generation e.g.
markets.
Moderate to significant reduced burden risk on women

and children because facility connection will be inside
the house.
Waste materials from construction activities not properly

disposed of.
Disruption to water supply and sanitation as a

consequence of construction works.
Women with responsibility may use new sewage facility

for disposing of other waste or use incorrect materials
causing blockages.
Women as the key household member in family and household care will
be targeted in training for use of new equipment or connections to
service.
Mitigation
Works contractors water and sanitation facilities to be compliant with

FDIC standards.
General health awareness for construction workers including hygiene and

waste disposal to ensure compliance with FIDIC standards.
Communities will be consulted prior to water disruptions and alternative

sources made available, with assistance of LWSC.
Community consultation and agreement with contractor as to locations for

waste collection sites during construction in specific areas will occur.

None if ESMP observed.
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None if mitigations observed.
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Topic: Income, employment and labour

Impacts
Construction will have several potential impacts on income, employment and
labour in the community
Operation of sewers will not generate new employment opportunities:
Additional employment opportunities available.
Opportunities for women as employees and indirectly

subcontracted, or as service providers (e.g. food
services).
Increased work opportunities encourage child labour and

labour below legal age.
Income discrimination between male and female

workers.
Works contractors may not comply with minimum wage

requirements.
Post construction labour will again be unemployed.

Some residents will continue new business that served
the labour and others will have improved opportunities
outside the area.
Mitigation
There is a policy of no child labour on this project which will be in

compliance with local labour laws. Works contractors will be required t
keep records of labourers, including age confirmed by ID cards, to ensure
child labour is not used. This includes keeping records from subcontractors.
Machinery operators will be appropriately qualified with vehicle license.

The Health and Safety officer of the works contractor will monitor this on a
regular basis.
Works contractors will be required to record salaries of the different levels

of professional/skilled/unskilled workers to be monitored. They will be
required to pay at least the minimum wage or higher depending upon the
position and qualification.
The works contractor will develop and follow an equal opportunities
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None.
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employment policy, allowing employment of all working age applicants

who are qualified for the position, regardless of race, age and gender.
HIV/AIDS awareness programme for the works contractor employer will

include a session on gender equality and discrimination in the workplace
and other social sensitivities.

None.
None if ESMP observed

Topic: Education
Impacts
Impact on Children going to schools and skill and literacy of community.
Better attendance at school.
Impeded access to school during construction.
Illiterate members of the community may not get full

information on the project construction and operations
and their rights and responsibilities they will be limited
in their participation in project consultation activities
Improved water supply will reduce illnesses in

children and will reduce the household healthcare
burden on children (particularly girls), thereby allowing
them to attend school.
Mitigation
Appropriate methods of communication to inform the less education and

illiterate population in consultations activities will be developed and
implemented by MCA-Zambia to supplement written notices etc.
Lack of literacy will not necessarily be a bar on employment opportunities

for unskilled labour income generation, if otherwise an able-bodied labour
unit, and will be written into the Equal opportunity policy.
The Contractor will provide access points at regular, appropriate intervals

to enable students and other members of the public to access schools
and social services, employment and other areas.
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None required.
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None if ESMP observed.
None.
Topic: Agriculture
Impacts
Impact on garden and agriculture areas with corridor and Kaunda Square
ponds area:
None.
Loss of livelihood if farmers with effluent fro treatment

ponds are prohibited from producing food crops.
None.
Public health hazard if farmers irrigation with effluent

from treatment ponds are permitted to continue prodcing
food crops.
Impact on gardens and farms crossed by sewer way

leave.
Mitigation
Compensate farmers under RAP for losses of livelihood.
Authorities have responsibility to prevent sale of contaminated edible

crops.
In the long-term the best mitigation is to provide complete treatment to

produce safe effluent which under the Sanitation Masterplan means
completely new treatment facilities at other locations.
Compensation paid under RAP.
None required.

Those with crops lose a livelihood resource, but are not compensated by the
RAP.
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None.
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Topic: Gender
Impacts
There are multiple potential gender related construction impacts:
There are no negative gender impacts from operation of the improved

sanitation.
Workplace of contractors and sub-contractors

encroaching womens work and family domains, intrusion
may cause discomfort to women and children.
Improved sanitation for household connection.
Roadside and market stalls impacted during construction

variously by: disruption to business, temporary closure,
displacement or permanent closure.
Improved sanitation will reduce illnesses in children and

will reduce the household healthcare burden on children
(particularly girls), thereby allowing them to attend
school.
During construction loss of income generation source

opens opportunity for traffickers to prey on women and
the vulnerable.
Moderate to significant reduced risk of rape and violence

targeting women and children because the santiation
infrastructure will lead to internal household toilets, as
opposed to external latrines.
Cultural respectability of women and children during

construction.
Family correct usage of sewage system (i.e. not

throwing foreign objects into toilet, hygiene, etc.)
Road safety and safety around the construction site

improved for women conducting their daily activities and
men, children and disabled, compromised during
construction.
Access to public transport during construction.
Increase in drinking, gambling and sexual promiscuity as

a result of influx of labour and local labour having more
money to spend.
Risk of sexual harassment with mixed labour force.
Increase in HIV infections
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Males controlling external income generation and

females controlling household distribution, males may
collect resettlement entitlements and not pass these on
the female spouse..
Opportunities for women in construction related activities,

although women often overlooked for construction
positions.
Employment Discrimination in the workplace
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Induced

Mitigation
Works contractors and sub-contractors will be required to consult with

communities and inform about the civil works schedule, suggesting any
self-mitigation measures by residents are known and may be carried out.
Works contractors will provide social sensitivity training, which may be

conducted at the same time as HIV awareness in which the boundaries
and problems are defined.
Human trafficking and domestic abuse awareness to be included as part

of the social sensitivity training.
Works contractors will ensure that alternative spaces in communities will

be provided for public vehicles to stop and pick-up passengers safely,
when normal accesses are blocked by construction.
RAP entitlement cards should be jointly signed by household and spouse

and MCA-Zambia to monitor that compensation money is not used to
disadvantage of females ad children.
Works contractors to operate sexual harassment policies and appropriate

non-prejudicial grievance and investigation system.
Gender separate latrines and ablutions for construction workers.
Works contractors to operate equal opportunities policy.
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Women as the key household member in family and household care will be
targeted in training for use of new equipment or connections to service.
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None.
None.
Topic: HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking

Impacts
There are potential impacts from conditions created by the project, although
low to moderate significance, that might lead to incidences HIV/AIDS/Human
Trafficking :
In-migration of labour has a potential to increase HIV

incidence.
Deliveries by truck drivers has a potential to increase

HIV/AIDS incidences, given the migratory nature of
transporters.
Increased employment demands and trucks delivering

materials has potential for increased opportunity for
Human Trafficking
None.
Mitigation
MCA-Zambia will contract a qualified Zambian agency to conduct

HIV/AIDS and TIP awareness to communities and Contractors and
consultants
Discrete provision of condoms and awareness materials, as culturally

appropriate for Zambia, under Zambian NAC guidelines.
None required.
Post-project will see a labour force requiring further work, which might
encourage Traffickers to recruit, if mitigation is not implemented.
HIV/AIDS is an illness which will continue to affect those with the illness
and their families after the Project, if HIV/AIDS awareness is not carried
out during the project.
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None.
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Topic: Indigenous groups

Impacts
No impact; there are no indigenous groups in the project service area.
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No impact; there are no indigenous groups in the project service area.
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12
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
12.1
OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMP
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The objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) are to:
proposing mitigation measures minimising the magnitude of impact generation due

to project implementation;
recommending measures which will reduce each environmental and social impact
considered to be significant enough to require a degree of control;
comply with all the environmental laws and regulations of the GRZ, MCC
Environmental Guidelines, IFC Social and Environmental Performance Standards,
and the MCC Gender Integration Policy and Guidelines as well as the Social and
Gender Integration Guidelines;
develop a monitoring plan which will:

o
establish baseline conditions for comparison purposes;
monitor the performance of the Project and effectiveness of mitigation

measures;
determine compliance with regulatory framework; and
provide for remedial actions in cases where monitoring identifies a shortfall

in targets for which corrective action is possible;
achieve sustainable and environmentally and socially acceptable development

interventions for the LWSSD Project; and
inform MCA-Zambia and LWSC and the contractors on environmental management

strategies.
In order to achieve the above objectives the following have been taken into account during
the formulation of the ESMP:
12.2
outlining measures to be adopted in project planning and design to avoid or

minimize adverse impacts on the environment and affected communities,
formulating specific mitigation measures to avoid or minimize the adverse impacts of

pre-construction, construction, and post-construction phases of the Project;
preparing a plan to monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures and their
effectiveness in combating the adverse impacts; and
establishing an institutional mechanism for ESMP implementation, monitoring, and

reporting.
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
The LWSSD Project will be implemented through a number of sub-projects with the broad
objectives to:
promote equity in service provision, increase financial self sufficiency of the LWSC;
and
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support economic growth by assuring the water supply, sanitation and drainage
service provision achieves economies and efficiencies to deliver services to current
and future consumers (domestic and industrial) in a reliable and cost effective
manner.
The works proposed for rehabilitation of sanitation in general are, replacement or repair of
existing pipelines and drains channels often with increased capacities, extension of piped
sanitation into peri-urban areas, pump stations, and rehabilitation and extension of sewage
ponds.
Construction activities will inevitably result in increased noise and potential air and water
pollution during the limited period required to execute the works at any one location.
Further waste materials from the works will need to be disposed which may have adverse
impacts on the environment. The actual levels of impact will depend on the nature and type
of the construction activity to be performed.
Works on sewers have a high risk of impact variously by obstruction of access, disruption to
traffic, disruption or loss of livelihood amongst others and especially within many areas of
Lusaka.
The proposed rehabilitation and replacement works are limited to the existing way leaves
with only minor and local deviations, principally to eliminate or mitigate negative impacts.
However, in places the existing way leave is heavily encroached by informal and illegal
settlement generally in the form of temporary structures erected by illegal traders. The
requirement to excavate trenches and pipes in the road reserve in the shoulder or within the
carriageway width for minor roads without shoulders mean that resettlement of encroachers
is a major component of the Project. Encroachers are entitled to fair and adequate
compensation for the losses they incur according to IFC Performance Standards, even
though they had no right to encroach in the first place.
12.3
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SPECIFICATIONS

The Project contract documents will specify that the construction works contractors and
LWSC will implement the ESMP. The MCA-Zambia will monitor the implementation of the
ESMP. In order to facilitate the implementation process during the construction phase,
environmental and social safeguard specifications which are harmonized with the ESMP
have been incorporated into the Contract Document for the Works. The PMC will take the
role of Engineer for construction supervision and therefore the day to day enforcement of
the environmental and social safeguards.
12.4
SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

The project is expected to generate several beneficial impacts which justify the project
including benefits to the economy, public health, and safety. Further, the rehabilitation,
upgrade and extension of sanitation in Lusaka will contribute to assure a high level of
service for the 20-year design horizon (2035) and beyond.
The most significant adverse impact will be involuntary resettlement of encroachers within
the RCOI, generally within existing way leaves unless for extended networks, particularly
people living there or conducting business forming at least part of their livelihood.
Otherwise potential adverse impacts on the environment and the public are mainly limited
to the construction phase and therefore short term and are listed below.
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12.4.1 Design phase

The majority of mitigation measures and in particular mitigations to protect and enhance the
physical environment are most effectively incorporated during the design phase. There are
four key elements:
Development of sustainable designs with the lowest possible environmental and

social impact within the constraints of the project funding and the socioeconomic
setting.
Incorporate the recommendations and requirements of the ESMP to be an integral

part of the Bidding and Contract Documents thereby building in enforceable
measures to protect the environmental and social matters throughout the
construction phase.
Provide adequate grievance redress procedures to address the concerns of local

people and stakeholders to ensure satisfactory resolution of any grievance arising
from the project.
Ensure adequate and fair compensation for involuntary resettlement for any party
suffering inconvenience, financial loss or loss of livelihood due to being moved to
accommodate the buried pipelines and associated facilities.
12.4.2 Construction phase
Community involuntary resettlement prior to construction but thereafter mobility and

small business and shop owners on either side of the roads may be affected
adversely during construction, and mitigation for these impacts will have to be preplanned and commence prior to construction.
Surface water quality of the water bodies in close proximity to the project
construction sites may deteriorate if erosion products and silt, construction material
including stockpiled backfill and pipe bedding material, construction waste, water
used in construction activities, and domestic effluent from work sites are allowed to
reach the receiving water bodies, especially during rainfall events.
Groundwater quality may be adversely affected by uncontrolled extraction of water

and indiscriminate discharge of polluted water on open ground.
Air quality may deteriorate due to emissions from operating of plant. Further,
haulage of construction materials and equipment, and haulage and disposal of
surplus excavated material and road pavement could add to air quality deterioration.
Noise and vibration levels in and around the construction sites could increase as a
result of operating construction machinery, excavation and backfill, and during
loading and unloading of material.
Soil in excavated areas may erode and may be carried away by run off; stockpiled
backfill and pipe bedding material may also be washed away or carried away by
wind if not covered. Further, soil could become contaminated by accidental
spillages of petroleum products and hazardous chemicals used at construction sites.
Wetlands, may be adversely affected by water transported construction waste,

exhaust emissions, and increased noise levels which may impact on flora and fauna
in wetlands.
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Handling and storage of hazardous material may contaminate the surrounding

environment if accidentally released.
Spillage and leakage from overpumping of sewage for works at existing pumping
stations and Kaunda Square Intercepto Sewer.
Disposal of spoil and construction waste such as excavated pavement material may
contaminate the surroundings and groundwater.
Removal, storage, drying and disposal of slude from Kaunda Square Sewage
Treatment Ponds.
Location and operation of work camps and temporary yards may not only damage
the immediate environment but also contaminate the surroundings with waste.
Traffic and pedestrian movement may be affected adversely by road closures,

storage of construction material, and spoil and dust generated by construction
activities.
Temporary changes to land use may occur if quarries and borrow pits are used as
sources for construction materials.
Public health could be adversely affected if water is allowed to pond in and around
construction sites and camps, and by increased levels of dust and noise.
Occupational health and safety of construction workers may be adversely affected

due to hazardous working environments where high noise, dust, unsafe movement
of machinery, fall hazard, etc. may be present.
Public safety may be compromised by active construction sites in the community

and construction generated traffic movements between sites and for deliveries and
waste disposal.
Demographics may be affected by temporary employment opportunities on the

construction work.
Similarly income, employment and labour may be affected temporary employment

opportunities on the construction work.
Water supply and sanitation may be affected by works contractor activities and
disposal of waste.
Impacts on communities during the construction phase could also result from
conflicts between construction workers and the local community, spread of vector
borne and communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS and STDs, from labour
camps, and disruption of services and shifting of utilities, impeded access for
students to educational facilities, failure to inform and engage the illiterate about the
project.
Gender impacts include positive affect from temporary employment and enterprise
opportunities for women; but also numerous possible negative affects including
intrusion of privacy, not respecting cultural norms, abuse and harassment including
sexual abuse and harassment, and male control of income.
All the above adverse impacts during the construction phase are localized, temporary and
short in duration and can be mitigated by best construction management practices and
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mitigation measures detailed in this section. Proper plans and engineering designs that
take into consideration environmental and social aspects will avoid or minimize most of the
potential adverse environmental and social impacts of construction.
12.4.3 Operation phase
The communities where the sanitation sub-projects are located will benefit. However, the
biggest beneficiaries will be the specific peri-urban areas which will benefit directly from the
improved sanitation, populations who have waited many years for better services with
consequent negative constraints on development and impacts on health. For the periurban areas in particular the project will enhance the quality of life. But it may also result in
appreciated land values which may result in forced evictions.
The potential adverse impacts during the operation phase of the Project, though not very
significant, include those listed below.
12.5
accidents including hazardous materials from operation and sewage treatment;
air quality and noise from the use of standby generators; and
odours from Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS

Although several objectives have been cited, the main purpose of formulating the ESMP is
to recommend a set of environmental and social safeguard measures to address the
potentially adverse environmental and social impacts of the Project.
The following prioritized scheme was adopted in preparing the engineering designs and
subsequently the safeguard measures:
1. Avoid the occurrence of adverse environmental and social impacts.
2. Minimize the adverse impact.
3. Mitigate the adverse impact to its fullest extent possible.
4. Compensate when mitigation is not adequate.
12.6
MITIGATION MEASURES
The following approach was used in formulating the mitigation actions for all three phases
of the Project. Proposed mitigation measures should be:
12.7
Pragmatic: measures should be practical, achievable and effective;
Efficient: measures should effectively achieve the objectives of environmental and

social management within the limits of available information, time, and resources;
and
Adaptive: measures should be flexible in order that they can be adjusted to the
realities, issues, and circumstances of the Project without compromising the ultimate
objectives.
COST OF MITIGATION MEASURES

An allowance for environmental and social mitigation measures has been included in all
cost estimates. Furthermore, incorporation of mitigation measures into the project designs
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has been part of the design process and is included in the design cost itself. The costs are
incorporated into the Bill of Quantities work items for the estimates and for the unit rates
which must be inserted by the bidding contractors. Therefore, the mitigation action to be
implemented during the construction phase will be part of the construction activities and the
costs are included in the construction costs.
A summary of the cost of mitigation measures is included at Appendix D: Mitigation Cost
Estimate.
12.8
ESMP
The ESMP is presented in tabulated form at Appendix B. It is divided into the three project
Phases:
1. Design;
2. Construction; and
3. Operation.
The environmental and social concerns for each phase are described in turn together with
mitigation measures for each concern. Also tabulated are the institutional arrangements
stating the parties which will be implementing, responsible for and supervising each
component of the plan. Finally the budget head is identified together with the time frame for
the expenditure.
12.8.1 Design phase

During the design phase environmental and social concerns have been addressed by:
1. Design measures:
to adopt sustainable designs with the lowest possible environmental and social
impact within the constraints of the project funding and the socioeconomic setting.
2. Bidding and contract documents:
incorporate the recommendations and requirements of the ESMP to be integral to

the Documents.
3. Grievance redress:
provide adequate procedures to address the concerns of local people and

stakeholders to ensure satisfactory resolution of any grievance arising from the
project.
4. Resettlement:
ensure adequate and fair compensation for any party suffering inconvenience,
financial loss or loss of livelihood due to being moved to accommodate the
sanitation sub-project works.
12.8.2 Construction phase

During the construction phase environmental and social concerns and means of addressing
these are:
1. Inadequate environmental and social awareness of workers:
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to ensure all those engaged on the works are aware of the potential environmental
and social damage which might be caused by not performing their tasks as required
by the construction contract and to encourage them to understand the value to
themselves and their community of taking care of the environment.
2. Temporary loss of vegetative cover:
to minimize or restore the loss of vegetative cover due to construction related

operations and undertakings.
3. Spoil and construction waste disposal:
to ensure the proper disposal of spoil and construction waste;
to minimize the generation of spoil and construction waste; and
to optimize the reuse of spoil and construction waste.
4. Untreated sewage and sewage sludge:
Spillage and leakae of sewage when overpumping at existing sewage pumping

stations and for Kaubnda Square Interceptor Sewer.
Removal, storage, drying and disposal of sludge from Kanda Square Treament
Ponds.
5. Quarrying and borrow pits and temporary access roads:
to ensure environmentally safe and socially acceptable quarrying and excavation of

materials at designated sites.
6. Dust, air, noise and vibration:
minimize the dust, smoke and noise emission; and
to avoid damage to structures due to vibration from construction machinery.
7. Soil erosion:
to ensure soil conservation and minimize soil erosion.
8. Traffic obstruction:
to minimise interruption of the flow or delay of road traffic because of construction

activities.
9. Siltation:
to minimize siltation on land and in drains;
to avoid smothering benthic communities or damage to fluvial habitats;
to not increase natural turbidity in watercourses; and
to not impact on fisheries.
10. Works contractors temporary operational sites:
to ensure that the temporary operational sites do not have short-term temporary or
long-term permanent adverse impacts on the physical or social environment;
to ensure healthy conditions for the workers;
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to ensure that the works contractors temporary work sites do not adversely impact
the surrounding environment and residents or businesses in the area; and
to ensure that the local communities will benefit from the project.
11. Health and sanitation at construction camps:
to have proper solid waste disposal and sanitation arrangements in compliance with
Zambian laws and regulations but also to ensure no chronic or acute adverse
impact on the environment or habitats.
12. Health and safety of workers:
at all times to ensure health and safety of workers.
13. Worker welfare:
to have equal opportunity employment and pay policies for works contractors;
to ensure no sexual harassment;
to ensure no forced labour on the project;
to ensure no child labour on the project; and
to provide gender segregated latrines and ablutions for workers.
14. Water quality:
prevent pollution of water bodies.
15. Handling and Storage of Hazardous Materials:
prevent environmental pollution.
16. Damage to archaeology and cultural sites:
to minimize the risk of damage to Historic or Cultural Monuments.
17. Traffic management and construction safety:
to minimize the risk of accidents through construction related traffic or works.
18. Resettlement:
to ensure resettlement issues handled in compliance with IFC Performance

Standard 5 through effective implementation of RAP.
19. Income and employment:
to maximises employment opportunities to community, both men and women; and
to ensure no underage or child labour.
20. Education:
to ensure access between home and educational institutions is not impeded by the
works; and
to ensure the illiterate are informed of the works and engaged in consultations.
21. Gender:
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to provide equal opportunity and assistance for direct and indirect employment
opportunities;
to protect again loss of livelihood; and
to protect against harassment, abuse, intrusion of privacy, respect cultural norms.
22. HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking:
Provide awareness training for the communities, works contractors and consultants.
12.8.3 Operational phase

During the operational phase objectives for the environmental and social concerns are for:
1. Water Quality:
to prevent future chronic or acute pollution of waterbodies.
2. Air Quality:
to minimize air pollution from use of generators, vehicles and odours.
3. Noise Level:
12.9
to minimise noise levels from operation and maintenance activities.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN
12.9.1 Requirements
Environmental and social monitoring is an essential component of the ESMP. It is
necessary in order to ascertain whether the mitigation measures are implemented properly
and whether the implemented measures are capable of mitigating the adverse impacts as
intended.
Environmental and social monitoring is mainly compliance and impact monitoring; this
includes compliance with the conditions stipulated in the decision letter from ZEMA granting
approval for the project, but also compliance with MCC and IFC standards.
The Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP) provides the general guidance on
the monitoring requirements of the ESMP. Monitoring will be implemented during
construction and operational phases of the project. Monitoring will focus on the actual
implementation of the mitigation measures contained in the ESMP and the status of
compliance with the decision letter, MCC and IFC requirements.
12.9.2 The plan
The ESMoP is presented at Appendix C. It describes for specific potential impacts the
methods to be used for environmental and social monitoring, specifically for each:
parameters to be monitored;
target standards;
monitoring method;
monitoring locations;
frequency of monitoring;
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cost (budget head); and
responsibility for oversight.
ESIA Sanitation
The following specific potential impacts are included in the ESMoP:

For the construction phase:
soil erosion;
soil contamination;
surface water pollution;
groundwater pollution;
air and dust pollution;
noise;
conservation of eco-resources;
use of hazardous materials;
vehicle and pedestrian safety;
public information;
occupational health and safety; and
worker welfare;
For the operational phase:
accidents with hazardous materials and waste;
air and dust pollution;
noise; and
odour.
12.9.3 Conduct of the plan

The ESMoP will be conducted to ensure that all parties take the specified action to provide
the required mitigation, to assess whether the action has adequately protected human
health and the environment, and to determine whether any additional measures may be
necessary.
12.9.4 Post-assessment environmental audits
MCA-Zambia will conform to ZEMA requirements and will apply international principles
(ISO19011 as recommended by IFC PS1) to conduct environmental & social audits. These
include:
ethical conduct;
fair presentation;
due professional care;
independence; and
evidence-based approach.
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These will be applied during audit process, the systematic, independent and documented
process for obtaining audit evidence (what is actually occurring or has occurred: based on
observations, verifiable records reviewed or interviews with people to generate objective
evidence) and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria
(ZEMA regulatory requirements as stipulated in the Decision Letter, MCC Environmental &
Social requirements i.e. IFC Performance Standards; all these reflected in mitigation
measures in ESMPs) are fulfilled. In executing a project, MCA-Zambia as the Accountable
Entity must take all practicable measures to ensure that the conditions attached to the
decision letter are complied with.
SI No. 28 requires that MCA-Zambia shall undertake an environmental audit of the project
within a period of not less than twelve months and not more than thirty-six months after the
completion of the project or the commencement of its operations, whichever is earlier.
However the ZEMA may ask the developer to undertake an environmental audit at any time
for any purpose.
The environmental audit must be carried out by at least two appropriately qualified persons
from those who prepared the environmental impact statement and where this is not
possible, by persons whose names and qualifications have been approved by ZEMA for the
purpose. The audit referred to in sub-regulation (2) shall focus on the implementation of the
conditions attached to the decision letter and shall include conclusions on the extent to
which:
the measures specified in the conditions have been implemented; and
the measures are achieving the expected results and, where deficiencies exist,
suggest measures to deal with them.
The ZEMA may, after the environmental audit, require MCA-Zambia to carry out specified
remedial actions and further audits at such times as the ZEMA considers necessary.
An environmental audit report shall be prepared after each audit and shall be submitted to
the ZEMA by MCA-Zambia within such time as the ZEMA may determine.
An inspector appointed under SI No. 28 may at all reasonable times enter upon any land,
premises or other facility related to the LWSSD Project to undertake investigations relating
to the implementation of any condition or measure to be taken following an environmental
audit. The inspector may examine and make copies of records and exercise all or any of
powers provided for under the regulations.
12.9.5 MCC and the MCA-Zambia
The MCC through the MCA-Zambia shall provide oversight function to ensure the
environmental and social safeguards requirements off MCC and IFC are complied with. It
shall require compliance monitoring reports from the LWSC and may choose to regulate
disbursements of funds through these documents. It may elect to commission an external
monitoring agency to provide technical assistance and interpretation of results. The MCC
and MCA-Zambia may also conduct its own field verification at anytime during the
construction period.
The Accountable Entity means the entity designated by the government receiving assistance from MCC
as responsible for the oversight and management of implementation of the Compact on behalf of the
government.
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12.9.6 LWSC
The primary role of the LWSC in the implementation of the Compact projects will be to
support MCA-Zambia in overseeing the preparatory works and the implementation of the
Compact program. LWSC will provide staff resources to assist MCA-Zambia in the
management and oversight of the programme. On completion of implementation LWSC will
take responsibility for operation including the environmental and social monitoring
obligations. The LWSC shall be responsible for ensuring that the compliance requirements
stipulated in the decision letter are properly and strictly monitored.
12.9.7 PMC
The PMC services during Compact Implementation are divided into two broad categories as
follows:
1. Provide general program management services for the implementation of the
Infrastructure Activity included in the LWSSD Project and the PMC shall (if MCAZambia exercises the option) provide technical assistance and advice, as required and
requested by MCA-Zambia, in the management of certain components of the
Institutional Strengthening Activity.
2. Given that the Infrastructure Activity projects will be performed using the FIDIC
Conditions of Contract, along with MCCs Particular Conditions of Contract, the PMC
will also serve as the Engineer, as defined by FIDIC, for all construction contracts. The
Engineer serves as the Employers (MCA-Zambia) representative during construction.
12.9.8 Contractors
The contractors shall be responsible for the actual implementation of the project ensuring
its performance meets the required standards and quality of workmanship. The contractors
shall be required to prepare and submit Contractors Environmental and Social
Management Plan (CESMP) consistent with the project ESMP, and the decision letter. In
addition, the Contractor shall ensure that employment opportunities are maximized for
qualified local residents (both male and female) and those employees receive monetary
compensation consistent with the employment laws of Zambia. The contractor monthly
reporting requirements shall include an environmental and social safeguards section for
verification by the PMC, LWSC, MCC and MCA-Zambia. The Contractor shall likewise
immediately address environmental and social concerns brought to its attention by
concerned stakeholders.
Corrective measures shall be to the satisfaction of the
stakeholders concerned.
12.9.9 Contractors ESMP (CESMP)
The requirement to prepare the CESMP is included in Section XI of the Technical
Specifications of the Bidding Documents. Specifications for the CESMP and Health and
Safety Plan are included in Section IX of the Bidding Documents.
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13
ESIA Sanitation
GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

All complaints received in writing (or written when received verbally) from residents or other
stakeholders in relation to violations on environmental or socioeconomic grounds will be
registered and shall be acted upon immediately and addressed through a negotiation
processes to arrive at consensus while not contravening the laws of Zambia, MCC policies
or this ESIA and mitigation measures in the ESMP:
Level 1 Procedure: Complaints from the community are to be reported and registered
immediately to the Local Access Points (LAPs) which are currently proposed initially for the
purposes of the RAP implementation. This will ensure that normally each locality would
have one community-level grievance redress group set up for efficiency and ensure there is
local community stakeholder involvement. The grievance, recorded in writing will be
submitted, within two days, to the Project Management Consultant (PMC) environmental
officer. The PMC environmental officer will have seven calendar days to resolve the
environmental grievance, by negotiation between contractor and the community involved.
The report of the grievance, with resolution, shall be provided with the monthly progress
reports submitted by the PMC to MCA-Zambia. A summary of grievances from the PMC
will be provided to ZEMA as a part of the regular monitoring report submissions.
Complaints submitted directly to the works contractor, whether in writing or verbally, shall
be recorded (along with resolution) and submitted with the works contractors monthly
progress report. The complainant has the right to take the complaint further to the
Technical Working Group5 (TWG) of MCA-Zambia, if the contractor does not act on the
complaint within a period of five working days.
Level 2 Procedure: If complaints from the community are not satisfactorily resolved, or
complaints are made from parties that are not community, then the Grievance may be taken
to the TWG and including LWSC. They will be given seven days to resolve the issue. This
must also involve a PMC, ZEMA and LRC representative and the works contractor. For this
level of grievance, ZEMA will be provided with a copy of the complaint and recommendation
once the resolution is issued.
Level 3 Procedure: In the case that the issue has not been resolved satisfactorily, or if
Environmental Laws of Zambia have been clearly and evidently broken, the LRC must also
advise TWG of the complaint, but has grounds to complain directly to the ZEMA about the
breach. ZEMA will launch investigations as per Zambian laws, but also liaising with MCAZambia.
Level 4 Procedure: In the event that the Level 2 or 3 procedures fail to resolve the
grievance satisfactorily, the complainant may then take the matter to the appropriate courts
of the GRZ, as stipulated by the environmental and other related laws of Zambia.
Other Grievances: Grievances related with officials involved in the environmental
management processes on the Project will be handled as per the laws of Zambia, in
coordination with MCA-Zambia. Any such grievances shall also be reported to MCC
environmental safeguards monitoring team through the MCA-Zambia regular reporting
schedule.
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14
SUMMARY AND RECOMENDATIONS
14.1
SUMMARY
ESIA Sanitation
There is potential for negative and positive impacts from the Project. Most of the negative
impacts can be reduced or eliminated by mitigation. Table 59 summaries the potential
impacts which might occur during construction and operation and the residual risk or level
of impact after mitigation. The detailed assessment of the impacts is presented in Table 57
and Table 58 and the Impact Assessment Matrix in Appendix A. In summary:
1. Most of the potential negative impacts are confined to the construction phase. Direct
impacts from construction on the physical and socioeconomic environment including
health and safety and gender issues can be reduced or eliminated, principally by
measures taken be the works contractors in compliance with IFC Performance
Standards, extant Zambian laws and regulations and FIDIC standard contract
provisions but also other measures separate from the construction contract. Physical
impacts on property and losses to business can be mitigated and compensated through
the RAP processes.
2. The major benefit of the project will be during the operational phase from expanded
access to, and improved reliability of, water supply in selected urban and peri-urban
areas of the City of Lusaka which will decrease the incidence of water-borne and waterrelated diseases, generate time savings for households and businesses and reduce
non-revenue water in the water supply network.
3. Implementation of the project will result in economic gains at both the micro and macro
levels. At the micro level access to reliable water supply will improve the daily life of the
population and business. From the macro perspective, annual savings will be realized
which, with holistic management, can result in development of social sectors such as
health and education.
Overall the Project is the key component to the provision of a sustainable solution to
growing demand for water in the City of Lusaka.
Table 59: Summary of potential impacts and residual risk or impact after mitigation
Impacts during construction (short-term)
Potential
Mitigation
Residual risk
impact
possible
or impact
Topic: Land use
Minor
Yes
Minor
Topic: Archaeology and cultural resources

Significant if
Yes
None
chance finds
Topic: Terrestrial ecology and biodiversity
Minor
Yes
Minor
Topic: Water resources
Minor
Yes
None
Topic: Fisheries
Minor to none
Yes
None
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Impacts during operation (long-term)

Potential
Mitigation
Residual risk
impact
possible
or impact
Significant in
small areas
Yes
Some land
taken
None
Not required
None
None
Not required
None
None
Not required
None
None
Not required
None
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Potential
Mitigation
Residual risk
Potential
Mitigation
Residual risk
impact
possible
or impact
impact
possible
or impact
Topic: Aquatic Ecology
Significant
Yes
Minor
Significant
Yes
Minor
Topic: Hydrological regime and flooding
Minor
Yes
None
Minor
Not required
Minor
Topic: Water pollution (surface and groundwater)
Minor
Drains must
Significant
Yes
Minor
Not required
beneficial
be maintained
Topic: Erosion and sediment (land)
Moderate
Yes
Minor
Minor
Yes
None
Topic Air quality
Minor
Yes
Minor
Minor
Yes
Minor
Topic: Odours
Minor
Yes
Minor to none
None
Not required
None
Topic: Noise and vibration
Minor
Significant
Yes
Minor
Yes
Minor to none
occasional
Topic: Rock excavation
Significant
Yes
None
None
Not required
None
Topic: Quarries and borrow areas
Impact on
Impact on
Significant
Yes
Legacy impact Yes
land remains
land remains
Topic: Waste and hazardous materials
Significant
Yes
None
Minor
Yes
None
Topic: Flora and fauna
Minor
Yes
None
None
Not required
None
Topic: Property and business access
Locally
Significant
Yes
None
Not required
None
significant
Topic: Traffic control
Significant
Yes
Moderate
None
Not required
None
Topic: Public safety
Significant
Yes
Minor
Significant
Yes
Minor
Topic: Demolition of property
Minor
Yes
None
None
Not required
None
Topic: Dust
Significant
Yes
Minor
None
Not required
None
Topic: Resettlement
Significant for
Significant
Yes
Significant
Yes
None
some PAPs
Topic: Demographic
Construction
Moderate
Yes
See operation Moderate
None
employment
temporary
Topic: Health
Significant
Healthier
Significant
Yes
Minor to none
None
benefit
population
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Potential
Mitigation
Residual risk
impact
possible
or impact
Topic: Water, sanitation and solid waste

Potential
Mitigation
Residual risk
impact
possible
or impact
Significant
benefit
Yes
None
Topic: Income, employment and labour

Moderate
positive and
Yes
None
negative
Topic: Education
Moderate lost
employment
None
Construction
employment
temporary
Moderate
Moderate
benefit
Yes
None
None
Not required
None
None
Not required
None
None
Not required
None
None
None
None
Minor
Yes
Yes
None
None
Topic: Agriculture
Significant to
Compensation
No
PAPs
through RAP
Topic: Gender
Moderate
positive and
Yes
None
negative
Topic: HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking
Minor to
Yes
Minor
moderate
Topic: Indigenous groups
None
None
None
14.2
ESIA Sanitation
RECOMMENDATIONS
The ESIA has identified the following issues with recommendations for follow-up action.
1. Additional detailed socioeconomic studies (Section 3.10). It would be preferable to
have additional and detailed socioeconomic data to improve implementation and
monitoring of the Project. The data should include, amongst other issues, an overall
socioeconomic profile of Lusaka with emphasis on the peri-urban areas impacted by the
Project, the current waters supply, sanitation, drainage and waste management status
in urban and peri-urban areas, health information and statistics, specific gender
impacts, perceived benefits of the projects among various socio-economic cohorts, and
perceived institutional challenges. The baseline socioeconomic studies for this ESIA
address all these issues, and the RAP will provide additional data, but data for
monitoring would be reinforced by further detailed socioeconomic studies.1.4
2. Air quality baseline (Section 6.5.3). The ESIA studies have not been able to obtain
any secondary quantitative data on air quality. Such data will be required for monitoring
and evaluation. To fill this gap it is recommended that the PMC to be appointed by
MCA-Zambia be tasked with taking baseline air quality measurements at selected
locations for the Project sites. There should be sufficient measurements at each
location to capture diurnal and seasonal variations in air quality.5.7
3. Contamination of borehole supplies (Section 6.9.2 and Appendix G4). The
microbiological contamination at nine of the boreholes detected in October 2011 is
serious cause for concern. Further sampling was not done for this updated ESIA but if
the contamination is still present immediate action is required to disinfect these
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ESIA Sanitation
boreholes and the water mains supplied, and to protect the boreholes against further
contamination.6
4. Solid waste (Section 7.6.2). In order the for the full impact of improved water supply
on reducing these illnesses to be realised, drainage and solid waste management need
to be improved by the communities and local government.
5. Integration of sectors: The infrastructure works under the LWSSD Project in three
sectors of water supply, sanitation and drainage are interrelated, as is solid waste
management. Investment in one sector may not provide a total solution for some
project areas. For example, provision of water supply in an area without adequate
sanitation and drainage facilities may result in pollution of the improved water supplies
and negate the objective of improving the lives of the residents. Similarly, flooding of a
sewerage system constructed in an area which has inadequate drainage may lead to
raw sewage mixing with storm water thereby causing devastating effects.
A holistic approach to solving water supply, sanitation, drainage and solid waste
problems for Lusaka is the only way of guaranteeing total success of the projects. The
LWSSD Project in some cases seems not to have taken this into account. For example
the proposed sewer expansion project in Mtendere is being done without corresponding
investment in drainage. More significantly the drainage sector project will only improve
the primary Bombay Drainage System; it will not provide drainage connections from its
sub-catchments; also the drains become blocked by solid waste which is not collected
at street level. Therefore, without further substantial investment in the drainage an solid
waste sectors, many of these areas will continue to suffer from annual flooding. For
these areas, it is important that an adequate assessment is made of the extent of
flooding; otherwise runoff may enter the sewers and exceed the hydraulic capacity with
the potential to cause pollution and overloading of the sewage treatment plant.
Although the water component in this project is city-wide, subsequent drainage projects
should consider the areas where new connections have been made under the LWSSD
Project.
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APPENDIX A: IMPACT ASSESSMENT MATRIX
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Appendix A: Impact Assessment Matrix
Land Use
Acquisition of land for

expansion of treatment
ponds.
New way-leaves.
Temporary loss of use.
Community
Resources
Land
O
C
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
Rationale and magnitude of Impact
Mitigation
O
C
Moderate impact because it affects

livelihood and/or residence of some
of the population.
Minimising the need for land

acquisition by locating works in
publicly owned land.
New way leaves generally of minor

significance because it does not
sterilise the land above for non
permanent uses.
RAP for community impacts.
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
High risk that

Illegal
encroachers may
return to land
within way
leaves.
Land Acquisition
Act.
The Water Supply
and Sanitation
Act.
Local
Government Act.
The Town and
Country Planning
Act.
Archaeology/
Cultural
Resources
Terrestrial
Ecology and
Biodiversity
No sites directly
impacted.
Some churches and

cultural sites in proximity
to work sites.
Chance finds of cultural

significance.
There will be no change

between the existing
pipelines relationship to
gazetted protected sites.
Transport of pollution and

seeds by water or wind
during construction.
Disturbance all along the

pipelines during
construction from impacts
on other receptors: air,
water and land.
No rare, endangered,
threatened or endemic
species or their habitats
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C C
C C C C C C
O
The impact would be significant and

permanent if a site was lost.
Only breaking relatively small new
areas of ground often previously
occupied by PAPs. Therefore the
overall impact is not significant.
Close monitoring during

construction to avoid accidental
damage including damage from
vibration.
Anything uncovered is reported to

NHCC
Pipelines: only short-term moderate

impacts during construction no
significant long term impact during
operation.
ESMP to address general

protection and restoration of
commonplace terrestrial ecology
and biodiversity.
Although they could occur

anywhere within existing built or
natural habitat there will only be
small pockets of rare, endangered,
threatened or endemic species or
their habitats within the RCoI, this is
therefore a low short-term impact
during construction because the
spatial incidence will be limited.
If identified, then rare, endangered,

threatened or endemic species or
their habitats to be preserved or
transferred as per ZEMA
instructions.
LWSC to urgently take measures to

bring up to standard the sewage
treatment facilities at Kaunda
Square and everywhere in Lusaka
broadly according to the Sanitation
Master Plan.
Effluent discharged from Kaunda

Treatment Ponds will still be sub
standard amd although greatly
Accidental
damage during
construction.
ESMP.
Failure to identify
small pockets of
rare, endangered,
threatened or
endemic species
or their habitats.
Environmental
Management Act.
National Heritage
Conservation
Commission Act
Local
Government Act.
Forestry Act.
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Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
which may be present

within the work sites.
Surface
Water
Resources
Effluent discharged from

treatment ponds.
Improved sewage effluent

quality.
Construction impact on
water resources.
No impact.
Aquatic
ecology
Impact due to pollution
Potential change to flow

regime.
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
Works contractor
fails to comply
with ESMP and
regulatory
requirements.
Specification.
improve will continue to represent a

significant negative medium to long
term impact.
C
C C
Monitor works contractor water

usage during construction.
Works contractor must gain

approval of regulatory body and
construction supervisor before
utilising any surface water
resources.
10 new boreholes exploit limited

groundwater resource.
The improvements to Kaunda

Square Treatment Ponds will yield
minor improvement is water quality
in the receiving watercourse.
Low to no risk to water resources

Limited requirement for watering fill

material. Some water required for
watering when rolling asphalt.
Use of water for concrete taken

directly from watercourses is
prohibited by the Specification
(water is not clean).
Water Resources
Management Act.
The
Environmental
Management Act.
Local
Government Act.
Minor fishery in Ngwerere River,

improvement in effluent will have
negligible positive impact on
fishery.
ESMP to address protection of

fisheries through control of
discharge of drainage water during
construction.
Failure to observe
ESMP.
Zambian Wildlife
Act.
C C C
O O O
Low significance short and longterm impact on water due to

pollution and flow regime.
Protection of aquatic ecology

specifically addressed by ESMP.
Oil spills and use

of hazardous
material both
during
construction and
operational
maintenance.
The
Environmental
Management Act.
C C
O O
C
O
No additional surface water

resources will be exploited
therefore no impact.
Fisheries
Mitigation
Potentially significant short and

long-term impact through loss of
food resource and livelihood
(Kaunda Square awaiting decision).
Zambian Wildlife
Act.
Oil and
hazardous
material spillage
due to road traffic
accident or other.
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Hydrological
Regime and
Flooding
Water
pollution
(surface and
groundwater)
Erosion and
sediment
No impact on flood flow

regime.
Increased baseflow from

Kaunda Square.
Sediment transport.
Pollution from human

waste; sanitation facilities
or absence of facilities.
Pollution from
construction; release of
sediment into water
column, from chemicals
and hydrocarbons used
Community
C C
O
C
O
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
C C C
O O O
C C C
O O O
Exposed soil during

construction vulnerable to
erosion.
Air Quality
Emissions from
Contractors plant.
Mitigation
No impact on flow or sediment

regimes, the few natural
watercourses means the potential
for sediment release during
construction activities is negligible.
Significant benefit from sanitation

drains in Mtendere and
improvements to Kaunda Square
Treatment Ponds.
Sanitation for construction workers

to be a contractual requirement to
FIDIC standard.
Works contractors sanitation

facilities must abide by all
recognised standards to protect the
environment and water resources.
Potentially significant impact from

pollution from construction
activities; work sites, storage sites,
sanitation for workers.
Significant impact if excavated

surfaces are bare and unprotected
from heavy rainfall, particularly if
exposed in the long-term leading to
development of rill and gully
erosion.
Bare areas of soil cannot be
avoided during construction.
Potential short-term significant

impact where works contractor is
working.
ESMP must be strictly followed by

the works contractor and
construction supervisor
Capture silt during construction.
Specification requirement to
revegetate bare areas immediately
on conclusion of construction.
Works contractor responsible for

vegetation until established.
Use of soil reinforcement where

necessary to promote rapid
establishment of vegetation cover.
Works contractor to maintain and

operate plant in compliance with the
Specification and Zambian laws and
regulations.
Gauff Ingenieure
ESMP for construction.
Provision of correctly maintained

latrines for construction workers to
be a contract requirement to FIDIC
standard.
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
Failure of works
works contractor
to observe ESMP
and Specification
requirements
during
construction.
Environmental
Management Act.
Accidents during
construction and
failure by works
contractor to
observe
requirements of
ESMP.
Environmental
Management Act.
Water Resources
Management Act.
Local
Government Act
Water Resources
Management Act.
Local
Government Act
Failure to
maintain Kaunda
Square ponds.
Impractical that
all areas can
receive 100%
protection all of
the time.
Environmental
Management Act.
None.
Environmental
Management Act.
Water Resources
Management Act.
Local
Government Act
Local
Government Act
Factories Act.
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
249

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
Mitigation
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
ZEMA Air
Emission
Requirements.
Odours
Noise and
vibration
Odours from pit latrines.
Odours from Treatment

Ponds.
Short term impacts during

construction.
Impact from vibration
from construction
equipment, in particular
compaction equipment
causing cracking and
more serious structural
damage to existing
buildings close to the
RCoI.
Noise affecting
construction workers
Significant positive impact if all pit

latrines are replaced by flush toilets
connected to sewers.
Minor positive impact from effective

operation of treatment ponds.
During construction, dredging

Kuanda Sq Ponds will create
potentially significant odor to
neighbouring residents
Construction noise will only be

significant for a short period as the
construction moves progressively
through the site; therefore the
impact is potentially significant but
short-term.
Impact from vibration is significant
because vibration damage will
require repair, in the worse case
reconstruction of buildings including
dwellings. There is also risk of
injury or death if parts of a building
fall to the ground or collapse.
Encourage maximum connection of

pit latrines.
Residents near Kuanda Square

Treatment Ponds to be informed of
the likelihood of increased odours
prior to sludge removal from the
ponds, so that they may adjust
house ventilation appropriately.
Apply IFC noise level guidelines.
Limiting working hours with

additional limitations for sensitive
social areas, e.g. school and times
when there are cultural or religious
events.
Noise suppression of Contractors

equipment.
Public awareness and consultation

in immediately advance of
construction in each section.
Maximise use of oscillating rollers in

substitution of vibratory rollers or
plate compactors is recommended
to reduce the magnitude of vibration
and thereby the risk of damage to
existing buildings.
Persistent, excessive noise of

machines experienced by the
machine operators and construction
workers over longer time periods
leads to industrial deafness
Gauff Ingenieure
Personal Protection Equipment in

the form of earplugs or other noise
reducing ear protection will be
provided by the works contractors
Slow uptake of
connection of pit
latrines.
Low risk that
odour will last
longer, if sludge
removal works
take place over
an extended
period.
Environmental
Management Act.
Local
Government Act
Factories Act.
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
ZEMA Air
Emission
Requirements.
There will be
short periods
everywhere along
the alignment
when noise
impacts occur.
Environmental
Management Act.
Buildings with
existing structural
defects may
suffer further
damage from
vibration
originating from
construction
operations.
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
Industrial
deafness of
constriction
workers.
Local
Government Act
Factories Act.
IFC noise level

guidelines.
ZEMA
Regulations.
FIDIC Level H&S
Standards.
250

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
Mitigation
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
None.
Explosives Act.
to their employees for use at all

times around noisy machinery
Rock
excavation
Quarries and
borrow areas
Waste and
Hazardous
Materials
Potential damage and

risk of injury or death
from use of explosives for
blasting.
C C
Potentially significant impact if any

damage or injury occurred.
Damage to utilities, e.g.

ZESCO transmission
lines.
Impact on landscape
Impact because of
limitation on future land
uses for quarries and
borrow areas after
closure.
Dust and air pollution
Injury to workers on-site

and drivers hauling
materials to construction
site.
Impact from release of

any hazardous materials
into the environment.
PCBs from transformers.
Asbestos in concrete
pipes abandoned, cut or
Gauff Ingenieure
C C C C C
O O O
Trench excavation material will be

used as backfill so no requirement
for borrow.
Relatively small quantities of

concrete requiring sand and
aggregate can be obtained from
existing commercial sources. Sand
often comes from rivers.
Contract requires the works

contractor to have insurance to
cover third party damages
Contractor will use especially skilled

personnel as required.
Design minimises requirements for

winning material from borrow areas
or quarries by maximising recycling
of excavated materials.
Use of existing commercial sources
of sand and aggregate.
Design minimises the requirements

for insitu concrete.
All workers and visitors to site,

including truck drivers will be
required to wear the appropriate
PPE & observe rules of safe driving
on-site and to the construction site,
in the case that borrow pits or
quarries are used.
Significant short or long-term

impact from release of any
hazardous materials into the
environment.
Storage of oil in double skinned

tanks or if single skinned with
leakage capture bund capacity
110% of tank capacity.
Significant impact at spot locations

from PCBs if present, if not properly
Secure storage of other chemicals

at Contractors work sites.
Insitu concrete work minimised by

using precast chambers, pipe
protection, etc.
Therefore low to insignificant

impact.
Impact will be low since relatively

small quantities of material will be
required, but machinery is used on
site, thus having associated H&S
risks to human resources.
Chemical expansion methods will

be used to shatter rock which can
then be excavated by machine,
blasting will not be used.
C C C C C C
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act
The impacts from

using commercial
sources will still
occur.
Environmental
Management Act.
Local
Government Act
Factories Act.
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
IFC and FIDIC
standards.
None if properly
regulated and
monitored.
Stockholm
Convention on
Persistent
Organic
Pollutants, 2001
FIDIC level H&S
251

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
Leakage and spills from

over pumping of sewage.
Disposal of sludge
dredged from Kaunda
Square Ponds.
Impact from temporary

loss of some vegetation
on some new pipe
alignments.
Existing trees having
fauna habitat such as bird
nests.
Gauff Ingenieure
C C
O O
Legal and other

standards
handled or disposed.
PPE for operatives.
Standards
Moderate impact from asbestos

cement pipes if not properly
modified or disposed of.
PCBs and asbestos to be handled

to international standards.
Environmental
Management Act.
Sewage leakage and spills minor

and localised short term impact with
low risk of incidence.
No PCBs or asbestos products

which would contravene the
Stockholm Convention are to be
used on the Project, unless there is
no alternative, safe product(s)
available.
Local
Government Act
Flora and
Fauna
Residual impact
and risk
to be disposed.
Mitigation
Significant impact if sludge is not

correctly disposed.
Minor impact through loss of minor

vegetation. Some trees may be lost
due to damage to root systems but
overall impact is still minor.
Potential impact if tree has to be cut
down and has resident fauna
habitat such as bird nests.
Works contractors ESMP to include

measures to contain leakage and
spills from over pumping.
Do not dispose sludge directly to tip

or landfill, dry sludge t standards
which will be acceptable for land
application.
Works contractor prepared and

PMC approved Emergency
Management Plan.
Works contractors will be required

to prepare an emergency
management plan, approved by the
PMC and MCA-Zambia and other
agencies as required under
Zambian laws to deal with
accidental hazardous material
leaks.
Adjust pipe alignments to minimise

damage to trees.
Replacement tree planting beside

road, with same species or
indigenous species.
No tree cutting during nesting

season.
Existing trees having fauna will
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
There will be a
period of renaturalization and
re-colonization.
Environmental
Management Act.
Local
Government Act.
Forestry Act.
252

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
Mitigation
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
Some carry over

loss of trade for
businesses.
IFC Standard 4
Community
Health, Safety
and Security.
require relocation of fauna before

cutting trees.
Property and
business
access
Obstruction of access to
businesses with
temporary loss of
livelihood.
Potentially significant short term

impact on business during period of
works.
Significant short term

inconvenience to residents.
Temporary obstruction of
access to dwellings
Revegetation program with

attention to suppression of weeds
and alien species.
Contractor to maintain minimum

pedestrian access for businesses.
Liaising with local community in

advance of works.
If the impacts on access are

significant then compensation and
resettlement measures under the
RAP will apply.
Community
concern about
economic impact
and
inconvenience,
particularly for
family.
IFC Standard 5
Involuntary
Resettlement.
RAP.
Compensation
not
commensurate to
property and
business losses
experienced.
Traffic
control
Partial or complete
blockage of roads and
junctions for varying
periods.
Increased congestion,
risk of accidents, and
diversion of traffic onto
unsuitable alternative
routes.
Potential for temporary
disruption of services on
secondary through roads
in the communities, such
as public transport and
deliveries.
Gauff Ingenieure
Significant short term impact at

most works locations.
Impact from works in road reserves
alongside a road, hazard from
works in close proximity to moving
traffic.
Impact from pipe laying across

roads blocking one or more
carriageway and creating shortterm bottlenecks to traffic flow.
Significant impact from works

crossing main city streets and
arterial roads.
Impacts to businesses and

residences on smaller and
Design minimises works within the

carriageway which would cause
traffic disruption (pipes laid in
reserves).
ESMP and Specification to require

works contractors to prepare a
Traffic Control Plan which will
maintain traffic flow with minimum
possible disruption and delay. The
contractual requirements will be
commensurate with conditions on
Lusakas busy city streets, arterial
highways, smaller and residential
roads.
Public communication campaigns to
Significant traffic
disruption cannot
be eliminated.
Traffic accidents
can be
minimised, but
procedures in
place to deal with
accidents which
might still occur.
Public Roads Act

Road Traffic Act.
Local
Government Act.
LCC.
253

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
residential streets, in the case of

narrow streets blocking vehicle
access for one or more weeks..
Public safety
Impact on public safety

during construction,
especially children,
arising from work site in
community.
Keeping the public out of

operational sites.
Safety of women and

children when
infrastructure is
operational
Gauff Ingenieure
C
O
Significant risk to public and

especially children arising from
work sites in community.
Significant risk to public and

especially children arising from
operational sites in community.
No more need to go out of the

house during night time, risking
violence and rape of women and
children.
Mitigation
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
Accidents may
still occur,; the
procedures to be
in place for such
accidents that do
occur.to deal with
this: as listed in
mitigations.
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
warn of disruption.
Public transport disruptions will be

announced together with nearby
alternative stop and pick-up
locations.
Restrictions on works contractors

for periods and extent of
construction.
Traffic Management Plan to require

compliance with current best
practice for public and worker
health and safety.
In order to ensure public awareness

works contractors should coordinate
with LCC and, in conjunction with
their community liaison staff, plan
and implement appropriate activities
in each community in the two or
three weeks immediately preceding
the start-up of works in that
community. Such activities could
include posters, public meetings,
delivery of printed statements to be
read in churches, loudspeaker
announcements made through a
sound system attached to a vehicle
that circulates through the
community, etc. The specific
methods considered to be most
effective by the community leaders
should be used in each case. The
communications should inform the
community of exactly where and
when drains will worked upon, how
long the works will take, and what
precautions should be taken while
the works are in progress.
Impossible to
eliminate risk
completely, but
risk is significantly
reduced by
project.
Penal Code
(Amendment) Act
No. 5.
IFC Performance
Standard 2
Labour and
Working
Conditions.
IFC Performance
Standard 4
Community
Health, Safety
and Security.
254

ESIA Sanitation
Demolition of
Property
Dust
Hazardous waste such as

asbestos roofing
materials, damaged
electrical fittings, etc.
Impact where demolition
is over or adjacent to
water.
Gauff Ingenieure
Community
Resources
Land
Campaign in schools to alert

children to dangers of construction
sites.
Traffic management in place.
Signage, fencing and lighting

worksites and operational sites.
24 Hour security to prevent public

entering potentially dangerous
construction worksites and
operational sites.
LWSC first aider and kit,

prearranged access to emergency
facilities.
Accident reporting and investigation

procedures.
Effective public emergency services

in Lusaka.
Dont throw waste into water

bodies.
Recycle and reuse materials.
Non-hazardous materials will be

allowed to be salvaged by structure
owners, as per RAP procedures.
Means of capturing
Means of capturing waste materials

and contaminated runoff.
Demolition of structures where

there is non-hazardous waste that
may be recycled or disposed.
Re-greening and replanting.
Use of appropriate waste disposal

sites.
Significant during dry spells when

loose material is exposed.
Regular watering of fill during dry

periods.
Although not significant due to

excavated material being used to
Prior consultation with community,

advice when to close windows and
C C C
Mitigation
General non-hazardous
waste, not salvaged by
PAP.
Impact during
construction, particularly
at earthworks and from
traffic using unsealed
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
There will be materials from

demolition which are hazardous, or
cannot be recycled and which need
to be disposed safely, potentially
moderate impact.
In some locations there are
numerous structures, including
those in the RAP, which will require
demolition and where the impact is
potentially significant.
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
Nil.
Environmental
Management Act.
Local
Government Act
Factories Act.
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
IFC Performance
Standard 5
Involuntary
Resettlement.
RAP.
Dust coating
buildings, etc until
washed clean by
occupants or
FIDIC level
standards in the
Contract.
Environmental
255

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
roads.
back-fill - where new materials are

being handled, including crushing
plants, concrete plants, borrow pits
and other sites used as sources for
construction materials.
In borrow
pits/quarry/source sites
for materials
Mitigation
doors facing source of dust.
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
rainfall.
Management Act.
Well kept site, cover materials,

works contractor regularly sweeps
sealed roads, etc.
Local
Government Act
Appropriate PPE for workers at

sources of materials and on-site as
necessary.
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
Factories Act.
IFC Performance
Standard 2
Labour and
Working
Conditions.
IFC Performance
Standard 4
Community
Health, Safety
and Security.
Resettlement
Project Affected Entities

will be impacted by
economic or physical
displacement losing
crops, business/income,
and/or structures.
Contractor accidently
strays outside of
Resettlement Corridor.
C C
O
Gauff Ingenieure
The impact is significant in that

entities are impacted by
resettlement.
Project Affected Entities will have

changes in their structures or will
relocate because of the project
which will be experienced during
and post construction.
Resources available from
businesses may be affected during
the period of rebuilding of
structures, although this will be
minimal impact.
The works contractor will be
provided a work space (corridor)
that is clear of structures and PAPs,
but there is a risk that they may
accidentally damage property
A RAP is being prepared

compensating for loss of structures;
requirement to relocate household;
loss of
income/business/crops/trees;
ensuring vulnerable groups do not
become more vulnerable; and
provision is made for transitional
allowances.
Contractor will be liable for
arranging repair of structures
damaged, which are outside the
resettlement corridor (standard
contractual obligation).
Potential
employment
losses to other
community
members not
qualifying for
compensation
under the RAP.
RAP.
IFC Standard 5
on Land
Acquisition and
Involuntary
Resettlement.
MCC Guidelines
for Environment
and Social
Assessment.
MCC Gender
Integration Policy
and Guidelines.
Lands and Deeds
Act
Lands Acquisition
Act
Land
256

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
Mitigation
Residual impact
and risk
outside the corridor.

Demographic
Young population
attaining working age
over the coming 5 to 15
years causing pressure
on employment
opportunities.
Migrant labour brought in.
Migrant labour result of

Human Trafficking.
C
O
Age structure is very young leading

to a need for income generation
once reaching working age.
Moderate positive impact if works
contractor employs local labour.
Negative impact if works contractor

employs under age labour.
Negative impact if contractor brings

in own labour from outside Lusaka
and Zambia.
Legal and other

standards
Conversions of
Titles Act
Encouraging works contractors to

hire local labour as much as
possible, preferably from the
beneficiary/affected communities of
Lusaka.
Works contractor to abide by FIDIC

and Zambian legal requirements
prohibiting employment of underage
labour under 16years is
prohibited; 16-18 years (restrictions
exist such must be employed as
apprentice/intern or special
permission of the Minister); and 19
and above unrestricted.
Human Trafficking awareness for

works contractors and local
communities.
Improved income
generation and
employment
during
construction, but
unemployment
comes back postconstruction.
Potential for poor,
unemployed to
remain in the
poor areas after
working age, with
new families,
hence leading
growth in services
demands.
Employment of
Children and
Young Persons
Act.
Employment Act,
CAP 268
Industrial and
Labour Relations
Act, CAP 269
Factories Act.
NAC and FIDIC
standards for HIV
awareness.
HIV/AIDS brought
in by immigrant
labour.
Awareness of
community and
labour required.
Health
Improved Sanitation
Religious cultural impacts

in terms of HIV/AID
awareness and
prevention.
Improvement of health in
people living with
HIV/AIDS and people
with other illnesses, due
to reliable water supply
and improved system for
Gauff Ingenieure
C
O
Significant benefit for the population

receiving sanitation especially
reduction in direct and indirect
waterborne illnesses.
Significant benefit that improved
water supply reduces secondary
illnesses in people living with
HIV/AIDS, due to
immunosuppressionand insectborne diseases.
Some religions officially restrict
certain HIV/AIDS prevention
Provide HIV/AIDS awareness and

condoms to constructions workers,
There is always a
risk of HIV/AIDS
incidence that
cannot be fully
prevented during
construction
projects and
completed
projects.
National HIV and

AIDS Strategic
Framework.
Public Health Act.
National Cultural
Policy (2003).
The Health Policy
(1992).
Improved health
leads to capacity
for students to
257

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
sanitation.
Mitigation
techniques from being

communicated publicly, such as
encouraging condom use but
overall any impact on HIV/AIDS will
be minor.
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
attend school.
Improved health
and educated
population leads
to a more
productive
workforce.
Improved health
of household
allows care-giver
children and
adults to spend
more time at
school and work,
respectively,
rather than look
after the sick
family members.
Water/Sanita
tion/Solid
Waste
Disposal of human waste

from construction work
sites.
Works contractors
sanitation facilities below
standard causing health
problems for construction
labour.
Solid Waste collection

disrupted by construction.
Misuse of infrastructure
by community, causing
breakdown, interruption
of service and higher
maintenance cost.
C
O
C
O
If precautions not taken during

construction, there is a moderate
risk that human waste disposed will
contaminate surface or
groundwater bodies.
Construction activities preventing

solid waste from being collected as
normal and increased solid waste
from labour in the construction
camps is a potentially moderate but
short-term impact and therefore of
minor significance.
Gauff Ingenieure
The provision for connection to

sanitation sewers is a moderate
and potentially significant benefit in
eliminating pit latrines but depends
on uptake of connections.
The householder will need to

connect to the project installed
General health awareness for

construction workers such as
hygiene may be required to FIDIC
standards.
Water and sanitation facilities to be
to FIDIC standards (i.e. sanitation to
same or better than local
acceptable standards for Zambia)
and must be gender separate
facilities.
Community consultation and

agreement with contractor as to
locations for waste collection sites
during construction in specific areas
will occur.
Women as the key household

member in family and household
care will be targeted in training for
use of new equipment or
Specification.
Environmental
Management Act.
Local
Government Act
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
258

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
Mitigation
sewage system which has limits to

what should be discarded thereby
increasing maintenance
requirement.
Income,
Employment
and Labour
Opportunities for women

as employees and
indirectly subcontracted.
Child labour and labour

below legal age.
Education
Additional employment
opportunities available.
Income discrimination
between male and female
and contractor may not
comply with minimum
wages.
Immigrant labour bringing
in HIV/AIDS
Children will be able to
Gauff Ingenieure
Opportunities during construction

as labour, office staff and servicing
labour (i.e. Food services) may
occur.
Interaction with local populations

spreading HIV and other infectious
illnesses.
Increased employment in poorer

areas encourages child labour.
Using labourers of legal working

age, but not of legal age for
operating heavy machinery.
There are often wage differences

between male and female holding
the exact same position with male
earning higher. Contractor labour
policy will ensure all wages are
same for male or female of the job
position.
Women are often overlooked in a

construction position.
Overall Moderate positive impacts

with also potentially moderate
negative impacts over duration of
construction.
C
O
Children will need safe, access to
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
Post-construction
labour will again
be unemployed.
Some residents
will continue new
business that
served the labour
and others will
have improved
opportunities
outside of area.
Employment of
Children and
Young Persons
Act.
connections to service
For positive impacts none.
There is a policy of no child labour

on the Project, which is and will be
in compliance with local labour
laws. Works contractors will keep
records of labourers, including age
confirmed by IDs to ensure child
labour is not used. This includes
keeping records from subcontractors.
Machinery operators will be

appropriately qualified with vehicle
license and over the ages of 17.
The Health and Safety specialist of
the works contractor will monitor
this on a regular basis.
Works contractors will be required

to record salaries of the different
levels of
skilled/professional/unskilled
workers to be monitored. They will
be required to pay at lease the
minimum wage or higher depending
upon the position and qualification.
The works contractor will develop

and follow an equal opportunities
employment policy, allowing
employment of all working age
applicants who are qualified for the
position, regardless of race,
religion, gender.
Temporary access walkways will be
Employment Act,
CAP 268
Industrial and
Labour Relations
Act, CAP 269
Factories Act
National Gender
Policy (2000)
National Cultural
Policy (2003)
None.
ESMP.
259

ESIA Sanitation
spend more time at

school.
Agriculture
Gender
Illiterate members of the

community.
Children access to
school.
Impact on garden plots.
Loss of livelihood if
farmers irrigating with
effluent from treatment
ponds and prohibited
from producing food
crops.
Public heath hazard if

farmers irrigating with
effluent from treatment
ponds and permitted to
continue producing food
crops.
Roadside stores will be

impacted during
construction.
Increase in HIV
infections.
Males controlling external

income generation and
females controlling
household distribution.
Workplace of
contractors/sub-
Gauff Ingenieure
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
Mitigation
school during construction period.
C
O
Engineering design includes

footbridges, which will assist
students to better access
educational institutions.
Significant health risk impact to any

person eating crops irrigated with
effluent.
Stores will need to be closed down

or moved back from the existing
road
During construction, closing of

income generation source opens
opportunity for traffickers to prey on
women and vulnerable.
Vulnerability to practices of
migrating labour into the area and
training that miss the female
population, whom may not always
Legal and other

standards
Farmer income
constrained in the
long term.
Environmental
Management Act.
provided for pedestrians to access

schools.
Consultation and awareness

activities will be conducted in writing
and through other communication
techniques in order to ensure
illiterate and disabled are able to
fully understand the project issues
presented.
Compensate farmers under RAP for

losses of livelihood.
Authorities have responsibility to

prevent sale of contaminated edible
crops.
In the long-term the best mitigation

is to provide complete treatment to
produce safe effluent which under
the Sanitation Masterplan means
completely new treatment facilities
at other locations.
Entitlement Cards have space for

household head and spouse to sign
agreement, transport for
entitlements to be received for both
household head and spouse and
monitoring of household will be
conducted by MCA-Zambia
(Internal) and External Monitoring
Agent for the RAP.
Those members of the community

who are illiterate are vulnerable to
not being aware of project activities
which are communicated to the
public, in writing, by the contractor,
PMC, MCA-Zambia.
Significant impact on livelihood of
farmers who will only be able to
produce rainfed edible crops.
Residual impact
and risk
Local
Government Act
Occupational
Health and Safety
Act.
None.
RAP, GAP and

ESMP.
FIDIC standards
for HIV and TIP
awareness.
The works contractor will prepare a

sexual harassment policy and
appropriate, non-prejudicial
260

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
contractors
be household head.
Cultural respectability of
women and children in
the community during
construction.
Males as household head may

collect resettlement entitlements
and may not be provided to the
female spouse.
Increase in drinking,
gambling and sexual
promiscuity as a result of
influx of labour and local
labour having more
money to spend.
Road safety improved for

women conducting their
daily activities and men,
childen and disabled,
compromised during
construction.
Private areas of the households

may be made visible during
construction activities from the RAP
implementation, utilities relocation
and road construction. Intrusions
may, although unintentional, cause
discomfort for women and children.
Increase in labour and disposable

income may lead to gambling,
drinking and sexual promiscuity,
albeit a very minor risk.
Women are known to travel on a

regular basis to various specific
locations such as schools, banks,
markets, shops, health centres etc.,
all which of may pose a health and
safety risk for women who may walk
or use public transport.
Construction in the communities

may close some routine transport
stops, where women, children and
men catch public vehicles.
Women and men may be employed

(equal opportunity) directly by the
contractor, on other parts of the
Project and opportunities may exist
for income generation through
increased sales to construction
labour of such items as food and
drink etc.
Women may be discriminated
Blocked access to public

transport during
construction.
Discrimination in
employment
opportunities.
Income opportunities for

women.
Gauff Ingenieure
Mitigation
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
grievance and investigation system.
Gender separate latrines and

ablutions for construction workers
will be required.
Works contractors and

subcontractors will be required to
consult with communities and
inform about the civil works
schedule, suggesting any selfmitigation measures by residents
are known and may be carried out.
Works contractors will provide a

social sensitivity training, which may
be conducted at the same time as
HIV awareness in which the
boundaries and problems.
Works contractor will ensure that

alternative spaces in communities
will be provided for public vehicles
to stop and pick-up passengers
safely, when normal accesses are
blocked by construction.
Works contractors will develop a

sexual discrimination and equal
opportunity employment policy to be
approved by the PMC/MCA.
261

ESIA Sanitation
Community
Resources
Land
Wildlife
Potential Impact
Air
Topic
Water
Receptors
Mitigation
Residual impact
and risk
Legal and other

standards
None if Mitigation
is complied with.
NAC HIV/AIDS
Strategic
Framework 20112015 and other
NAC guidelines
against in terms of employment and

income by the contractor
HIV/AIDS
and Human
Trafficking.
Indigenous
Groups
In-migration increasing
incidence of HIV/AIDS
and Trafficking in
persons.
Human trafficking
encouraged by
employment opportunities
No impact: There are no

indigenous groups.
Gauff Ingenieure
C
O
In-migration of labour and material

deliveries by truck transporters
increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS
Employment opportunities
encouraging Human Trafficking to
the Project (in-migration) and from
the project area post-project
MCA-Zambia will contract an

appropriately qualified Zambian
agency to conduct awareness
targeting the contractor, consultants
and community members in
HIV/AIDS and Trafficking in People.
Discrete provision of condoms and

awareness materials, as culturally
appropriate for Zambia, under
Zambian NAC guidelines.
Nil.
None required,
FIDIC standards
Anti-human
Trafficking Act of
November 2008
Nil.
IFC Performance
Standard 7:
indigenous
Peoples.
262

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX B: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Gauff Ingenieure
263

ESIA Sanitation
Appendix B: Environmental and Social Management Plan

Institutional Arrangements
Environmental
Concern
DESIGN PHASE
Design Measures
Bidding and
Contract
Documents
Gauff Ingenieure
Mitigation Measures
Take account of public consultation for environment, resettlement, gender and

other areas of concern within the community.
Design to minimise resettlement, e.g. choose pipe alignment which do not

directly impact dwellings or businesses and which during construction will
cause minimal obstruction for access both to dwellings and businesses; allow
corridor for resettlement (RCOI) or 3.5m to move left/right flexibly to further
avoid structures; and allow for Constrained areas to be identified for which
the contractor will use variation of construction methods, without destroying
structures unnecessarily.
Design to minimise traffic disruption during construction, e.g. lay pipes within
existing way-leaves and beneath verge, minimise trenches in roads, etc.
Take all practical measures to ensure road and public safety and accessibility,
both during construction and operation, within the constraints of project
budget.
Design for maximum recycling of existing construction materials to both reduce

the requirement to exploit and transport new materials and also to minimise
waste.
Design for use of locally available materials.
Make minor adjustments to the road alignment to eliminate damage or

degradation of historic and cultural sites.
Incorporate reuse of waste materials and use of designated disposal sites in

the detailed design.
Implementin
g
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
A&E
USACE
MCC, USACE
Design cost
During design
Ensure all relevant provisions of the ESMP in terms of implementation of

environmental mitigation measures, monitoring activities, supervision and
reporting are included in the contract documents and construction supervision.
A&E
USACE
MCC, USACE,
MCA-Zambia
Design cost
During design
Ensure RAP conditions are referred to indicating restrictions to allotted RCOI

and Constrained areas during construction.
Provide a generic ESMP as a separate section of the documents.
RAP
Consultant/
A&E
Incorporate particular requirements into the Specification, e.g. protection of

flora and fauna, control of stockpiles, etc.
Make explicit that compliance with all environmental provisions is to be

incorporated into the Bill of Quantities unit rates for work items.
264

Environmental
Concern
Mitigation Measures
Grievance
Redress
Design a grievance redress procedure whereby the concerns of local residents

and stakeholders over potential impacts of the project can be addressed and
resolved to the satisfaction of the parties.
Resettlement
Involuntary resettlement impacts, as defined by MCC, IFC Standard 5 and

GRZ requirements.
Prepare a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) which maps out how

involuntary resettlement will be handled.
Prepare Resettlement Action Plan(s) RAP which provides detail how individual
PAP are to be fairly and adequately compensated.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Inadequate
Conducting special briefings and/or on-site training for the contractors and
environmental
workers on the environmental requirements of the project.
awareness of
Contractors to provide workers with social sensitivity training, which may be
workers
conducted at the same time as HIV awareness in which the problems and
issues will be explained (elements of training may be provided by MCAZambia contracted third party).
Flora and fauna
Spoil and
construction waste
disposal
Gauff Ingenieure
ESIA Sanitation
Conducting other such briefing sessions as and when required.
Do not clear vegetation or damage vegetation outside of the worksite, do not

cut trees, damage root system or lop branches without prior consent of PMC.
No tree cutting during the nesting season.
If identified, rare, endangered, threatened or endemic species or their habitats

to be persevered or transferred as per ZEMA instructions.
Avoid stock piling of materials on vegetated areas.
Monitor stockpiling.
Plant appropriate seedlings, indigenous to the area to regenerate vegetation to

pre-project state.
Use of soil reinforcement where necessary to promote establishment of

vegetation cover, biodegradable soil reinforcements can be used.
Works contractor responsible for vegetation until established.
Estimate the amounts and types of spoil and construction waste to be

generated by the project.
Investigate whether the waste can be reused in the project or by other

interested parties.
Document reuse and safe disposal of spoil and construction waste; including
disposal sites and volumes for hazardous or contaminated waste.
Identify, in coordination with ZEMA as required, potential safe disposal sites
Implementin
g
A&E/RAP
Consultant
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
USACE
MCC, MCAZambia,
LWSC
Design cost
During design
RAP
Consultant
USACE
MCC, MCAZambia,
LWSC
Design cost
During design
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
Before start of
construction
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
construction
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
construction
265

ESIA Sanitation
Environmental
Concern
Mitigation Measures
Implementin
g
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
Construction
Cost
During
construction
close to the project. Investigate the environmental conditions of the disposal

sites and prepare a recommendation for most suitable and safest site(s).
Quarrying and
Borrow pits and
temporary access
roads
Gauff Ingenieure
Sewage sludge to be treated as hazardous waste.
Designate disposal sites to be used in the project.
Provide guidelines for proper and safe spoil and construction waste disposal.
Estimate amounts/types of materials to be used in project.
Assess whether spoil materials are suitable for the construction.
Identify potential borrow sites and investigate the environmental conditions

and if they have the required permits and licenses.
Identify potential quarry sites and investigate the environmental conditions and
if they have the required permits and licenses.
Opening, use of and closure of access roads in compliance with all relevant
provisions for quarries and borrow pits
The clearing of trees and other desirable vegetation shall be discouraged.
Temporary ditches and/or settling basins shall be dug to collect runoff water
and to prevent erosion and contamination of surface water.
The undesirable ponding of water shall be prevented through temporary drains

discharging to natural drainage channels.
The site is to be restored after construction activities have ceased. The site
shall be left in a stable condition, without steep slopes. Stripped material shall
be spread to stable contours in order to promote percolation and there shall be
a regeneration programme with endemic species of natural vegetation and
natural drainage.
Extraction of rocks, gravel and sand from small rivers or streams shall be
discouraged. If extraction is necessary, then the extraction points shall be
spread out along the length of the river and at a minimum specified distance
from cross drainage structures to minimize disruption in river flow and to
prevent instability to embankments.
The depth of material removal at any one location shall be limited and
extraction areas shall be selected where there is little fine material to be
carried downstream.
Local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation
intakes, bunds and local fishing are not adversely impacted.
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
266

Environmental
Concern
Dust, air, noise
and vibration
ESIA Sanitation
Mitigation Measures
Implementin
g
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
Construction
Cost
During
construction
IFC Performance Standards for noise to apply.

One hour LAeq (dBA)
Receptor
Day time
Night time
Residential, institutional, educational
55
45
Industrial, commercial
70
70
Responsible
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Air pollution limits.
Parameter
Reference time
Limit
10 minutes
500 g/m3
1 hour
350 g/m3
24 hour
125 g/m3
6 months
50 g/m3
24 hours
120 g/m3
6 months
50 g/m3
PM10
24 hours
70 g/m3
PM10
24 hours
70 g/m3
1 hour
400 g/m3
24 hours
150 g/m3
15 minutes
100 mg/m3
30 minutes
60 mg/m3
1 hour
30 mg/m3
8 hours
10 mg/m3
3 months
1.5 g/m3
12 months
1.0 g/m3
1. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

SO2
2. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in
combination with Total
Suspended Particles(TSP)1
and PM10
3. Respirable particulate
matter PM102
4. Oxides of nitrogen (NOX)
as nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
5. Carbon monoxide (CO)
6. Ambient Lead (Pb)
TSP
7. Dust fall
30 days
7.5 tonnes/km2
All heavy equipment and machinery shall be fitted with air pollution control and
noise dampening devices that are operating correctly and that can operate
within the Zambian statutory requirements for the areas of operation (e.g.
sensitive locations besides schools or open country).
Gauff Ingenieure
Works contractor with PMC will conduct consultation with the community to
warn of potential discomforts, contractor methods of reducing pollution and
discuss additional methods households may wish to further reduce
discomforts.
267

Environmental
Concern
Soil Erosion
Gauff Ingenieure
ESIA Sanitation
Mitigation Measures
Stockpiled materials such as sand and soil shall be lightly wetted before
loading, particularly in windy conditions.
Vehicles transporting easily wind blown materials such as sand and soil shall
be covered with a tarpaulin.
The operation of heavy equipment shall be conducted only in daylight hours;

damages to building or other property as a result of such activities are to be
rectified by the works contractor at the contractors cost.
Blasting shall not be used for excavation of rock, instead chemical expansion
methods will be used to shatter rock which can then be excavated by machine.
Washing of tires and lower body of vehicles when moving out from the
construction site, regular sweeping of sealed roads which must be kept free of
mud from vehicle tyres and spilt materials.
Spraying of bare areas of ground with water while taking appropriate actions to
negate sheet or rill erosion or sediment transportation into drains.
Mixing equipment should be well scaled (cleaned).
Strict adherence to speed limits during all vehicle operations
Construction site will be kept clean and tidy, with materials optimally stored
and covered.
Storing cement and other such fine-grained materials delivered in bulk in

closed silos fitted with a high-level alarm indicator; weigh hoppers shall be
vented to a suitable filter.
Employing fuel-efficient and well-maintained haulage trucks with proper

exhaust baffles to minimize exhaust emissions.
Turning off the engines for all vehicles, while parked on the site.
Providing barriers in locations where strong winds are likely to blow away dust
and debris.
No noisy activity next to bird nest during nesting season.
PPE for construction workers
Fill should be compacted properly in accordance with the Specification.
Unsuitable and surplus excavated materials shall not be disposed to locations

or in a way that it will subsequently be prone to erosion.
Protect slopes from erosion, where bare slopes are exposed as a

consequence of the works limit the period of exposure to water or wind erosion
and provide temporary or the designed slope protection at the earliest
opportunity, measures shall include temporary or permanent drainage
including check dams and may also include covering with sheeting,
bioengineering (seeding and planting) geotextiles, gabion boxes and mattress,
Implementin
g
Contractor
Responsible
Contractor
Supervising
PMC
Cost
Estimate
Timing
Construction
Cost
During
construction
268

ESIA Sanitation
Environmental
Concern
Mitigation Measures
Implementin
g
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
riprap and other physical measures that will hold unstable soil.
Siltation
Works contractors
temporary
operational sites
and locations
Gauff Ingenieure
Minimise or protect areas of bare soil throughout the rainy season.
Precautions as necessary to prevent erosion of areas under construction

throughout the rainy season including excavation/fill/etc any areas that cannot
be completed prior to the rains.
Planting with indigenous species.
Exposed areas shall be protected using conventional civil engineering

structures in conjunction with bioengineering techniques similar to but not
limited to those recommended above for slope protection.
Bioengineering erosion protection shall as far as possible employ indigenous

varieties of plant and may be used in combination with mulching and/or soil
reinforcement such as bio-degradable matting or other suitable geotextile.
The contractor shall be responsible for the care and maintenance of all
bioengineering planting until the vegetation is established and self sustaining.
In the short-term, either temporary or permanent drainage works shall protect

all areas susceptible to erosion. Measures shall be taken to prevent ponding
of surface water and erosion of slopes. Newly eroded channels shall be
backfilled and restored to natural contours. Check dams and/or drop
structures with designed stilling basins will be provided on steep slopes.
Restoring all areas used temporarily for the works immediately these areas are
no longer required including borrow areas and temporary lay down areas.
Stockpile of earth fill and other material shall be kept covered at all times when
not being accessed to protect against wind or water erosion.
Do not stockpile any materials over a water course or in depressions or valleys

which are water paths.
Avoid stock piling of materials on the banks of watercourses or in any area

prone to flooding.
Identify location of temporary operational sites in consultation with LCC and

relevant local NGO. The location shall be subject to approval by LCC.
Water and sanitation facilities shall be provided sufficient for all users of
temporary operational sites. Sanitation facilities will be located appropriately
so as not to affect surface or ground water sources nearby and human health
impacts
Managing solid waste and sewage according to Zambian laws and regulations.
As a rule, solid waste must not be dumped, buried, or burned at or near the
project site, but shall be disposed of at the nearest sanitary landfill or site
having and complying with the necessary permits.
Ensuring the Contractor organizes and maintains a waste separation,
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
construction
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
construction
269

ESIA Sanitation
Environmental
Concern
Mitigation Measures
Implementin
g
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
Construction
Cost
During
construction
collection, and transportation system.
Health Sanitation
Gauff Ingenieure
Ensuring that all liquid and solid hazardous and non-hazardous waste are
separated, collected, and disposed of according to Zambian laws and
regulations.
At conclusion of the project, removing all debris and waste, as well as all
temporary structures.
At conclusion of the project, all wreckage, rubbish or temporary works that are
no longer required shall be removed or given to local residents. All temporary
structures, including office buildings, shelters and latrines, shall be removed.
The site shall be restored to near natural and stable conditions.
Exposed areas shall be planted with indigenous vegetation as far as practical

as existed prior to clearing the site.
The Engineer shall report in writing that the temporary operational site has
been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the
works.
Gender separate latrines and ablutions will be required.
There is a policy of no child labour on the Project. Contractors will keep

records of labourers, including age confirmed by IDs to ensure child labour is
not used. Labourers will be also be recruited in compliance with Zambian laws
and FIDIC/IFC standards. This includes keeping records from subcontractors.
Construct male and female toilet facilities for workers to at least Zambian
acceptable standards.
Adopt system for garbage collection and disposal/treatment. Disposal and

treatment of hazardous waste and materials from demolition has to be carried
out according the Zambian Laws and Regulations. Disposal sites are to be
selected respecting the minimum specified distances form water protection
zones, buffer zones of natural parks, settlements, abstraction facilities for
water supply, while taking into consideration prevailing geological conditions.
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
270

Environmental
Concern
Health and Safety
of Workers
Worker Welfare
Gauff Ingenieure
ESIA Sanitation
Mitigation Measures
Implementin
g
Contractor
Contractor
Responsible
Provide adequate warning signs.
An Emergency Management Plan shall be prepared to cope with all foreseen

emergency incidents including medical, hazardous waste spill, fire and other
emergencies, and will consider and consult with emergency services,
community and workers and other stakeholders within the plan
Provide training and briefings for workers on safety their responsibility for their
safety and the safety of others
Provide workers with and require the workers to use appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE) for the activity they are conducting including, at
minimum, hard hat, fluorescent reflective vest, appropriate protective clothing
and covered hard shoes and other PPE as appropriate.
10 sets of equipment shall be made available for visitors to the site.
Establish all relevant safety measures as required by Zambian law and good
engineering practices. Appropriate rules for accident reporting are to be
established.
Machinery operators will be appropriately qualified with vehicle license and

over the ages of 19, or within Zambian labour laws. The Health and Safety
specialist of the contractor will monitor this on a regular basis.
Arranging for provision of first aid facilities, rapid availability of trained

paramedical personnel, and emergency transport to nearest hospital with
accident and emergency facilities.
Allocating responsibilities to ensure that these arrangements are in place.
Arranging for regular safety checks of vehicles and material, and allocating
responsibility for checking.
Ensuring that material extraction operations are supervised and carried out by
trained and experienced staff.
Establishing procedures and providing instructions about emergency

evacuations and providing a list of 24 hours emergency contacts.
Providing HIV/AIDS and STI awareness training and encouraging voluntary

and confidential HIV and STI testing.
MCA-Zambia
MCA-Zambia
The contractor will develop and follow an equal opportunities employment

policy, allowing employment of all working age applicants who are qualified for
the position, regardless of race, religion, gender.
Contractor
Contractor
Additional skills training for women interested in pursuing construction related

employment.
Contractors will be required to record salaries of the different levels of

skilled/professional/unskilled workers to be monitored. They will be required to
Supervising
PMC
Cost
Estimate
Timing
Construction
Cost
During
construction
USD 510,435
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
construction
271

ESIA Sanitation
Environmental
Concern
Mitigation Measures
Implementin
g
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
pay at lease the minimum wage or higher depending upon the position and
qualification.
Employment
opportunities for
women during
construction
Water Quality
Gauff Ingenieure
The contractor will prepare a sexual harassment policy and appropriate, nonprejudicial grievance and investigation system.
There is a policy of no child labour on the Project. Contractors will keep

records of labourers, including age confirmed by IDs to ensure child labour is
not used. This includes keeping records from sub-contractors.
Where latrines and/or ablutions are supplied on worksites, and female workers
are employed, gender segregated facilities will be supplied.
Achieve 30% minimum target employment for women (including equal

remuneration for similar work) jobs are targeted for women in order to promote
and increase opportunities and participation for women during construction.
Opportunities will be for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled positions
The target will be monitored quarterly by MCA Zambia through PMC to

establish whether Contractors are meeting the 30% target and this will be
reported through the monitoring and evaluation sector throughout the Compact
implementation period
The target will be specified and promoted through constructability reports,

tender packages and works contractors pre-bid conferences, quarterly briefing
meetings with works contractors, quarterly reports and works contractors
TORs and Contracts. MCA-Zambia will assist works contractors to engage
with the Road Development Agency (RDA), National Council for Construction
(NCC) Zambia, Zambia Association of Women in Construction (ZAWIC) and
other construction companies to identify possible linkages and engagement of
women in construction. Women with experience in line with Compact subprojects will be targeted.
MCA-Zambia will further assist works contractors by providing opportunities to

engage with affected communities to promote equity in employment and assist
them in reaching or exceeding the target allocation
Proper construction management including, training of operators and other

workers to avoid pollution of water bodies by the operation of construction
machinery and equipment
Storage of lubricants, fuels, and other hydrocarbons in either double skinned

tanks or bunded areas of capacity at least 110% the stored volume.
Disposal of water and waste products arising from the site via a suitably
designed temporary drainage systems in a manner that will not cause pollution
problems or other nuisance
Disposal of solid waste from construction activities and temporary operational

sites to controlled waste disposal sites which will contain or ensure adequate
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
construction
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
construction
272

ESIA Sanitation
Environmental
Concern
Mitigation Measures
Implementin
g
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
Construction
Cost
During
construction
bio-treatment of leachate before it can enter the water column.
Handling, Storage
and disposal of
Hazardous
Materials
Gauff Ingenieure
Covering the construction material and spoil stockpiles with a suitable material
to reduce material loss and sedimentation.
Locating temporary construction facilities including structures and material

stockpiles at least 50 m away from water bodies and wetland areas
No disposal to surface or groundwater bodies and wetlands of wash water

including that from cleaning concrete mixing plant, solid waste such as
discarded packing, and excavated material.
Do not stockpile any materials over a water course or in depressions or valleys

which are water paths.
Maintain vehicles and equipment in good operable condition and ensuring no

leakage of oil, fuel or corruption (e.g. rust).
Performing regular checks that there is no release of potential pollutants from

any equipment or plant; intervals not more than weekly and additional to
servicing and routine maintenance.
Servicing of vehicles, machinery, and equipment at properly managed and

equipped workshops where waste and corruption is captured and handled and
disposed as hazardous waste.
Providing sanitation arrangements at work sites, offices and temporary

accommodation which collect or treat all wastewater and sewage ensuring that
contaminated wastewater or sewage cannot be released to water bodies.
Storing hydrocarbons and hazardous materials on impervious ground under

cover and constructing the storage area as a spill tray to avoid spread of
accidental spills.
Providing safe ventilation for storage of volatile chemicals.
Restricting and controlling access to areas containing hazardous substances.
Site all hot mix plant, crushing plant, workshops, depots, and temporary
workers accommodation facilities in approved locations.
Using refrigerants and fire extinguishing agents in accordance with the

Montreal Protocol.
PPE for operatives.
Document safe disposal of hazardous or contaminated waste; including

disposal sites and volumes.

for hazardous or contaminated waste. Investigate the environmental
conditions of the disposal sites and prepare a recommendation for most
suitable and safest site(s).
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
273

Environmental
Concern
Disposal of
Hazardous
Materials
Damage to
Archaeology or
Cultural
Resources
Traffic and
Pedestrian
Management
During
Construction
Gauff Ingenieure
ESIA Sanitation
Mitigation Measures
PCBs, asbestos, lead paint residues and any other hazardous materials to be
handled and disposed to ZEMA requirements, or where ZEMA has no specific
requirements, to appropriate international standards.
Estimate the amounts and types of hazardous construction waste to be

generated by the project.
Document reuse and safe disposal of spoil and hazardous construction waste;
including disposal sites and volumes.

close to the project. Investigate the environmental conditions of the disposal
sites and prepare a recommendation for most suitable and safest site(s).
Do not dispose sewage sludge directly to tipor landfill, dry sludge to standards
which will be acceptable for land application.
PPE for operatives.
PCBs and asbestos to be handled and disposed to international standards.
Ceasing work as soon as a archaeological or cultural find is encountered

during earthworks or other construction activities
Providing relevant information to the NHCC of Zambia.
Formulating and implementing a construction-related traffic management plan.
Installing traffic warning signs, and enforcing traffic regulations during

transportation of materials, equipment, and machinery.
Conducting awareness programs on safety and proper traffic behaviour in

densely populated areas near the construction sites.
Assigning traffic control personnel/flag men.
Providing alternative access to pedestrians.
Providing safe pedestrian access for businesses.
Arranging necessary measures for passer-by safety and all means of

transportation safety (e.g., establishing protection zones, by-passing these
areas during transportation of materials).
Installing relevant safety elements such as metal guardrails, road signs and
delineators, pavement markings, barricades and beams, and warning lights.
Selecting quarry and borrow sites that are served by roads of adequate
capacity for heavy trucks; where minor roads cannot be avoided including
provisions for repair and restoration.
Implementin
g
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
construction
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
construction
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
Before starting
construction
and During
Construction
274

Environmental
Concern
General Social
Impacts
HIV/AIDS and
Human Trafficking
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ESIA Sanitation
Mitigation Measures
Controlling the loading and operating speeds of haulage vehicles.
Repairing damages to roads caused by haulage of construction materials,

spoil and equipment, and machinery.
Obtaining approval from local authorities if local roads are used for
transportation.
Workers will be employed locally, where possible, without discrimination of

gender, race, religion, and for unskilled positions for low literate.
Avoiding conflicts with local communities by providing resources for worker

requirements at works contractors temporary operational sites.
Avoiding the potential spread of vector borne diseases and communicable

diseases, such as STIs and HIV/AIDS by controlling the contact of workers
with awareness programmes, and regulation.
Preparing workers to avoid conflict situations through orientation and

awareness programmes.
Avoiding damage to utilities by ensuring that vehicles and equipment are

operated by trained personnel, and that operations are adequately supervised.
Informing the affected community of the schedule if utilities have to be moved

or services are interrupted.
Contractor will ensure that alternative spaces in communities will be provided

for public vehicles to stop and pick-up passengers safely.
Insert prevention intervention clauses in construction contracts.
Maximise employment of local labour for construction work.
Focus on behaviour change for workforce, not just raising awareness
Tailor messages to the general workforce, as well as men and women
Provide male and female condoms for construction workers.
Educate construction workers on how to avoid STI, to recognize common STI

symptoms, and to seek treatment via confidential referral systems.
Publicize to workers the existence of anonymous VCT service (testing, pretest, and post-test counselling).
Educate construction workers on how to avoid Opportunistic Infections, to

recognize common Opportunistic Infections symptoms, and to seek treatment.
HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking Awareness Program for Communities close

to construction sites.
Implementin
g
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
During
Construction
Contractor
Contractor
PMC
Construction
Cost
Before starting
construction
and During
Construction
MCA-Zambia
MCA-Zambia
USD 521,498
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Environmental
Concern
Mitigation Measures
Implementin
g
Responsible
Supervising
Cost
Estimate
Timing
OPERATIONAL PHASE
Water Quality
Correct operation and maintenance of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds.
LWSC, ZEMA
LWSC, ZEMA
LWSC, ZEMA
TBD
Air Quality
Maintenance of emission control equipment on standby generators.
LWSC, ZEMA
LWSC, ZEMA
LWSC, ZEMA
TBD
Correct operation and maintenance of Kaunda Square Treatment Ponds to

minimise odours.
LWSC, ZEMA
LWSC, ZEMA
LWSC, ZEMA
TBD
Public awareness.
LWSC Trained in health and safety.
Signage and fencing worksites.
24 Hour security to prevent public entering potentially dangerous operational

sites.
LWSC first aider and kit
Noise Level
Use of new
infrastructure
Odour
Occupational and
public health and
safety.
A&E:
MCC:
MCA-Zambia:
PMC:
Works contractor:
LWSC:
ZEMA:
During
Operation
During
Operation
During
Operation
During
operation
LWSC
LWSC
LWSC
TBD
Maintenance of silencers on standby generators.
LWSC, ZEMA
LWSC, ZEMA
LWSC, ZEMA
TBD
Training of women in use of new technology and associated sewage

connections in order that maintenance needs and breakdowns are reduced.
MCA-Zambia
MCA-Zambia
PMC/LWSC
USD 116,315
During
Operation
Beginning
Operation
Architect and Engineer

Millennium Challenge Account - Zambia
Project Management Consultant
Civil Works Contractor
Lusaka Water and Sewage Company
Zambian Environmental Management Agency
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APPENDIX C: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN
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Appendix C: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

Category
Parameters
SO2
Air quality
NOx
Pre-construction (Baseline)
PM10
Noise pollution
Noise level
Target standard
Not applicable
(baseline)
Not applicable
(baseline)
Not applicable
(baseline)
Monitoring method
Gas detector tubes
Gas detector tubes
Mini-Vol sampler
Monitoring location
Frequency
Cost (USD)
Responsibility
Oversight
Two residential streets

in Mtendere, street with
Kaunda Square
Twice
Interceptor and Kaunda
Square Ponds.
2,000
PMC
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
1,000
PMC
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
1,500
(assumes 6
months)
PMC
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
Not applicable
(baseline)
Sound meter
Two residential streets

in Mtendere, street with
Kaunda Square
Twice
Interceptor and Kaunda
Square Ponds.
Not applicable
(baseline)
Standard Methods for

the Examination of
Water and Wastewater
as prescribed by the
American Public Health
Association (APHA),
1998
Stream downstream of
outfall from Kaunda
Monthly
Square Sewage
Treatment Ponds
pH
Turbidity (NTU)
Total SS (mg/l)
BOD
Water quality
Ammonia (mgN/l) 90
percentile
Total phosphates
(mg/l)
Nitrates (as NO2Nmg/l)
Oils and greases (mg/l)
Faecal Coliforms
(#/100ml)
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Category
Parameters
Target standard
Monitoring method
Visible sheet, rill or

gully erosion
Soil erosion
Adequacy of erosion
control measures
pH
Electrical conductivity
(mMhos/cm)
Construction Phase
Soil contamination
6.5 to 9.2
pH meter
200 to 1,200
EC meter
Oils and greases
Nil
Extraction IR analysis
Coliforms (#/100ml)
Nil
Plant count test
pH
Monitoring location
Frequency
Weekly at active
worksites and
thereafter as
Backfilled trenches, cut
necessary
and fill areas, slopes,
during the
and quarries
period of use
but not less than
quarterly.
Works contractors
temporary operational
sites, around areas of
Throughout
plant and machinery
construction but
operation; storage
not less than
areas for fuel,
quarterly.
oils and bitumen,
chemicals and
hazardous materials,
Cost (USD)
Responsibility
Oversight
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
250/month
PMC
MCA-Zambia
/LCC
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
6.5 to 9.2
Turbidity (NTU)
Total SS (mg/l)
<1.0
BOD (mg/l) 90
percentile
Ammonia (mgN/l) 90
Surface water pollution percentile
Total phosphates
(mg/l)
Nitrates (as NO3Nmg/l)
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Visual inspections,
photographs and
erosion sketch
mapping.
ESIA Sanitation
2.5
0.25
0.1
10
Faecal Coliforms
(#/100ml)
Standard Methods for

the Examination of
Water and Wastewater
as prescribed by the
American Public Health
Association (APHA),
1998
Stream downstream of
outfall from Kaunda
Monthly
Square Sewage
Treatment Ponds
Watercourse
downstream of active
worksite
Minimum once
each worksite
and additional
when deemed
necessary
during
construction
279

Category
Parameters
pH
Target standard
EC (mMhos/cm)
1,500
Total SS (mg/l)
<1.0
Total DS (mg/l)
1,000
Ground water pollution

10 min
500 g/m3
1h
350 g/m3
1h
400 g/m3
Construction Phase
NOx
Noise
(Leq)
Noise level
Conservation of ecoresources (including

forests and trees at
work sites).
Trees damaged or
felled unnecessarily
Vegetation disturbed
beyond worksite
(RCoI)
Hazardous materials.
Use or disposal of
hazardous materials.
Frequency
Cost (USD)
Responsibility
Oversight
Selected water supply

boreholes.
Before and afer

construction in
close proximity
to borehole
where no work
on borehole is
required under
the Project.
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
Work sites
Minimum once
each worksite
and additional
when deemed
necessary
during
construction
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
Work sites
Minimum once
each worksite
and additional
when deemed
necessary
during
construction
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
Inspection
Work sites
When clearing
land and
restoring used
areas
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
Accident reports.
Work sites
Pollution incidents
Materials disposed
from work sites
Monthly
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
At each activity
requirement
traffic control or
measures to
accommodate
pedestrian
movement.
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
Laboratory analysis of
ground water samples
at a certified and
approved laboratory.
SO2
PM10
Gas detector tubes
Gas detector tubes
24 h
150 g/m3
24 h
70 g/m3 Mini-Vol sampler
Day time
Night time
55 dBa
45 dBa
70 dBa
70 dBa
Sound meter
Zero number
Zero area
Monitored to prevent
accidents and reduce
remedial costs for
clean up.
Compliance with works

Vehicle and pedestrian
contractor approved
Zero accidents
safety.
Heath and Safety Plan
Inspection on visibility
and compliance with
traffic management
plans.
Accident reports
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Monitoring location
6.5 to 8.5
Turbidity (NTU)
Air and dust pollution
Monitoring method
ESIA Sanitation
At and around work

site
280

Construction Phase
Category
Parameters
Public information.
Compliance with
approved CESMP
Occupational Health
and Safety.
At and around work

site
Worker welfare
Compliance with
approved CESMP
Employment
opportunities for
women during
construction.
Percentage of women
employed by works
contractors for works
under the contracts.
Child Labour
Age of contract
workers
HIV/AIDS Awareness
for Contractor and
Community
Number of sessions,
Number of
Participants, regularity
of sessions, topics of
session
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Target standard
Public informed of
Project activities in
advance of works
contractors occupying
each section of work
site or use of roads for
movement of materials.
Monitoring method
ESIA Sanitation
Monitoring location
Cost (USD)
Responsibility
Oversight
Quarterly
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
Routine audits
no more than
quarterly.
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
At the works
contractors temporary
Quarterly
operational sites during
construction activities
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LWSC
At the works
contractors temporary
Monthly
operational sites during
construction activities
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
PMC
Work sites
Quarterly
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia
/LCC
Contractor and
community /HIV
Awareness sites
Quarterly
1600
(400/quarter)
Contracted
HIV/AIDS
Training Agency
MCA-Zambia
Site inspection.
(posted information on
Each Ward Office. At
project schedule and
and around work site
notices on road
closures, etc..)
Accident reports and

spot check safety
Zero accidents
audits at all work
locations.
Records of
Inspection of facilities
absenteeism
for workers in
compliance with labour
laws and other relevant
Records of worker
provisions of the laws
illness
and regulations of
Zambia.
Monitoring of works
contractor monthly
Achieve 30% minimum payroll.
target employment for Monitoring no
women.
discrimination by
gender for salaries
paid.
Audit of Contractor
Zambian Labour Laws
records on workers
state 19 years as
age, designation (and /
unrestricted labour age
or activities)
Impacted areas
participate in
Check records and
awareness; & contract reporting from agency
workers participate in contracted to conduct
awareness every 2awareness
months
At work site
Frequency
281

Category
Parameters
Hazardous materials or Use or disposal of

wastes.
hazardous materials.
Operational Phase
SO2
Air and dust pollution.
NOx
PM10
Noise
(Leq).
Noise level
Target standard
Monitoring method
Monitored to prevent
accidents and reduce
remedial costs for
clean up.
Work sites
Pollution incidents
Materials disposed
from work sites
500 g/m3
1h
350 g/m3
1h
400 g/m3
24 h
150 g/m
24 h
70 g/m3 Mini-Vol sampler
Day time
Night time
55 dBa
45 dBa
70 dBa
70 dBa
Monitoring location
Accident reports.
10 min
ESIA Sanitation
Frequency
Monthly
Cost (USD)
Responsibility
Oversight
Can cause high

remedy costs
LWSC
ZEMA
Gas detector tubes
Gas detector tubes
Sound meter
Operational sites
Not less than

quarterly.
LWSC
LWSC
ZEMA
Operational sites
Not less than

quarterly.
LWSC
LWSC
ZEMA
LWSC
ZEMA
No offensive odours at
Boundary fence
Perceived offensive
boundary fence of
Olfactory, or an
downwind Kaunda
Upon receipt of Each incident of
Odour.
odours
Kaunda Square
instrumented method. Square Treatment
complaint
complaint
Treatment Ponds.
Ponds.
* The PMC has responsibility for ensuring that the works contractor is fulfilling these responsibilities and shall undertake periodic monitoring to confirm compliance.
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APPENDIX D: BUDGET FOR ESMP IMPLENENTATION AND MONITORING
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APPENDIX D1: BUDGET FOR ESMP IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
Construction Phase
Construction Phase
Parameters monitored
Cost
Responsibility
Oversight
Soil erosion
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Soil contamination (pH, electrical conductivity, pathogens, mineral oils and

petroleum products).
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC

(PM10, NOx, CO)
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Noise
(Leq)
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Conservation of eco-resources (including forests and trees on road sides).
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Use of hazardous materials (monitored to prevent accidents and reduce

remedial costs for clean up).
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Vehicle and pedestrian safety.
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Public information (posted information on project schedule and notices on road

closures, etc..).
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Worker Health and Safety

(compliance with Health and Safety Plan).
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
Worker welfare
Construction
cost
Works
contractor*
MCA-Zambia/
LWSC
HIV/AIDS and TIP Awareness for Contractor.
Service
provider
MCA-Zambia
/LCC
HIV/AIDS and TIP Awareness for Community.
Service
provider
MCA-Zambia
/LCC
Can cause high

remedy costs
LWSC
ZEMA

(PM10, NOx, CO)
LWSC
LWSC
ZEMA
Noise
(Leq)
LWSC
LWSC
ZEMA
Odour
Each incident
of complaint
LWSC
ZEMA
LWSC/MCAZambia/NGO
LWSC
Surface water pollution (pH, Temperature, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Total

Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Biological Oxygen Demand, Total
Coliforms, mineral oils and petroleum products).
Ground water pollution
(pH, Colour, Electrical conductivity, DO, Suspended solids, Oil and grease,
Total dissolved solids)
Operational Phase
Accidents with hazardous materials or wastes
Training of Women in sanitation technoogy
* The PMC has responsibility for ensuring that the works contractor is fulfilling these responsibilities and shall undertake periodic
monitoring to confirm compliance.
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APPENDIX D2: HIV/AIDS-TIP ETC AWARENESS PROGRAM FOR CONTRACTOR

SN
Item
Personnel
Coordinator (1 person)
Trainers / IEC Specialists (3

persons)
Unit
Person
Days
Person
Days
Unit cost
Number
of Units
Total Price Exhange Rate Total price

(ZMW)
(=1USD)
USD
180
170
SUB-TOTAL (Personnel)
Equipment/Resources
IEC Materials
items
Flyers
sheets
Folders
folder
Office rental (including

equipment)
Vehicle
rental
days
rental
days
Venue rental
days
300
6,000
6
180
180
180
Sub-Total
(Equipment/Resources)
SN
Total Budget
Personnel Sub-Total (A)
Equipment/Resources Subtotal (B)
TOTAL (A+B)
Contingency (15%) ( E*0.15)
Grand Total Budget (F+E)
ZMW
USD
Assumptions:
1. Capacity Building will be every 2 months
2. Approximately 200 workers per contract
3. 2 Contracts under Water supply
4. Total number of contract months is 24 months
5. Allow for 24 sessions
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APPENDIX D3: HIV/AIDS-TIP ETC AWARENESS PROGRAM FOR COMMUNITY

SN
Item
Personnel
Coordinator (1 person)

persons)
Unit
Unit cost
Person
Days
Person
Days
Number
of Units
Total Price Exhange Rate Total price

(ZMW)
(=1USD)
USD
180
160
Sub-Total (Personnel)
Equipment/Resources
IEC Materials
Sheets
Flyers
Packs
25,000
Folders
sheets

equipment)
folder
Vehicle
Venue rental
rental
days
rental
days
180
10,000.00
180
180
100
Sub-Total
SN
Total Budget
TOTAL (A+B)
ZMW
USD
Assumptions:
1. Capacity Building will be every 4 sessions over 2 years for each contract
2. Approximately 30,000 per session to be given flyers
3. 4 Contracts under water supply
4. Contracts are 2 years, so 12 sessions required
5. 15 awareness sessions per time
Notes:
HIV/AIDS and TIP awareness will involve some lecture/participatory face-to-face training sessions; particularly this
should cover the lower literacy groupings; and a much larger distribution of awareness materials (mass-awareness
campaign). The awareness campaigns should be conducted every 6-months. Budget is based on those households in
close proximity to the water supply constriction works. Approximately 30,000 persons covered by the awareness training
sessions each 6-months.
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APPENDIX D4: WATER TECHNOLOGY CAPACITY BUILDING FOR WOMEN
SN
Item
Personnel
Coordinator

persons)
Unit
Person
Days
Person
Days
Unit cost
Number of
Units
Total
Price
(ZMW)
Exhange Rate Total price

(=1USD)
USD
30
60
SUB-TOTAL (Personnel)
Equipment/Resources
Butchers Paper
Sheets
60
Marking Pens
Packs
Flyers
Sheets
14,000
Folders
Folder

equipment)
Vehicle
Rental
days
Rental
days
Venue rental
Days
40
40
4
SUB-TOTAL
SN
Total Budget
TOTAL (A+B)
ZMW
USD
Notes:
The training awareness is to target women/men/children, whom are responsible in the household for disposing of solid
waste and those whom will be responsible for any community programmes to clean out the drains, during operations. It
is important that the sessions cover: a) the dangers of piling up waste in the drains and alongside the drains without
putting the waste into the bins; b) what the impact is upon the drains if they are obstructed with rubbish e.g. they overflow
and cause flooding; and c) safety in drains, especially for those who will be a part of community-based cleaning of
drains.
It is targeted for people during the Project period, which ensures one person per household (at least) of all households
living near and around the rains to attend or be included in the awareness.
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APPENDIX E: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PREVIOUS

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTS
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Appendix E: Lessons Learned from Previous Water Supply and Sanitation Projects
REVIEW OF RECENT WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECTS
Over the past ten years, the GRZ has worked with several donors in the assessment, planning and
implementation of projects and initiatives to improve water supply services, in the urban and periurban areas of Lusaka. On-going and prospective water supply and sanitation (WSS) projects
either proposed or completed as of 9th May 2011 are listed in Appendix F. While the 21 ongoing
and planned initiatives are financed by GRZ, World Bank and several other organisations, the bulk
of the funds for these interventions are provided by the World Bank. The objectives of most of the
initiatives are to provide improved and sustained water production and supply, and increase
access to clean drinking water for peri-urban areas. The total cost of the initiatives from 2008 to
2011 is approximately US$17.3 million. Almost half of the initiatives were completed.
The number and scale of water projects that are on-going are important for two reasons:
to demonstrate the current institutional pressures on the Project Implementation Unit of the
LWSC; and
to illustrate the complementary activities that can be built upon in the LWSSD Project.
Many of the project documents and WSS sector studies in support of on-going projects were
reviewed in depth and described in the document Ongoing Project and Existing Plan Review
(2010) covering the following studies of Lusakas water sector (Tetra Tech, 2010):
World Bank, Lusaka Integrated Development Plan, 2000;
World Bank, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, 2001;
JICA Study on Environmental Improvement of Unplanned Urban Settlements in Lusaka,

2001;
LWSC Feasibility Study for Expansion of the Kafue River Water Supply System, 1993;
DANIDA Study on the Lusaka Waste Management Project, 2000-2006;
JICA Study on the Comprehensive Urban Development Plan for the City of Lusaka in the
Republic of Zambia, 2009;
JICA Study on Water Distribution Modeling and Analysis for the Study on the
Comprehensive Urban Development Plan for the City of Lusaka, 2009;
World Bank report on LWSC Environmental Impact Assessment and Other Safeguards for
the Water Sector Performance Improvement Project (WSPIP), 2006; and the Environmental
and Social Management Framework (ESMF), 2008;
Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH), National Urban Water Supply and
Sanitation Program, 2008; and
MLGH, Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy, 2001.
In view of the existing detailed documentation provided in prior studies, they are only briefly
reviewed here with an emphasis on major issues and/or prior projects that assist in the
identification of possible adverse or negative environmental and social impacts and/or
environmental and socio-economic benefits that can be expected from the implementation of water
supply and sanitation projects. Instead of project descriptions, the focus of this Appendix is the
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ESIA Sanitation
ESIA is to review existing evaluation studies and extract lessons learned from prior projects; not to
evaluate the projects themselves.
The World Bank and NORAD under its Urban Development and Water Supply Project provided the
earliest comprehensive assessments of the status of water services in Lusaka as of 2000. It was
noted for example, that 70% of the areas with LWSC water services do not have water borne
sewer systems. The Integrated Development Plan (IDP) formulated under the World Bank
program was intended to address water and sanitation needs of the urban poor majority residing in
informal and un-serviced settlements in Lusaka and to build local capacity to address these issues.
The above studies were complemented by the JICA Study on Environmental Improvement of
Unplanned Urban Settlement in Lusaka (JICA, 2001) which was commissioned in response to the
rapid urban growth experienced by Lusaka due to the influx of population from rural areas. This
study was followed up in 2009 by another Study on the Comprehensive Urban Development Plan
for the City of Lusaka in 2009. The JICA study recommended that water resource development
should be tactically carried out to cope with the increasing water demand of Lusaka. Kafue River
water with sufficient flow capacity can be utilized as the main water source to respond to the
Lusaka City water demands of 2030 while the scarce groundwater resources should be
conservatively utilized as supplemental source especially for community water works. The
measures are to be augmented with leakage control.
The World Banks Water Sector Performance Improvement Project (Norconsult, 2008) tried to
address some of the financial constraints facing the water sector. The Project was useful in that it
addressed both environmental and social issues, including an Environmental Management Plan
and RPF covering Lusakas water supply and sanitation sectors.
The National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Program (MLGH, 2008) drafted by the Ministry of
Local Government and Housing provided background information on the policies and objectives as
well as the current status of water supply management in Zambia. It recommends strategies and
activities to improve the urban water supply, sanitation management, solid waste management and
drainage in Zambia.
Additionally, the LWSSD PROJECT has been referred to within the objectives of Zambias Sixth
National Development Plan (SNDP) 2011-2015, although the SNDP was formulated prior to the
formal agreement on the proposed MCC Compact. The Plan notes that all sectors including
among others, agriculture, mining, industry, housing and energy, require access to adequate water
and sanitation services for their development. A principal objective of the SNDP water supply and
sanitation program is to provide adequate, safe, and cost effective water supply and sanitation
services with due regard to environmental issues.
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PRIOR PROJECTS
Several donor-financed projects initiated in the late 1990s and from 2000 to the present have been
completed and post project completion evaluation reports have been prepared. While not all of
these reports relate specifically to the key sectors relevant to the MCC Project, there is sufficient
overlap in projects implemented by international donors in Zambia and in comparable projects in
the Central and East African context to provide a broad array of lessons and best practices
covering environmental and social impacts. The principal objective of this Appendix is to extract
the lessons learned and best practices from these studies and evaluation reports that can guide
environmental management by the implementing agencies operating under the MCA-Zambia
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This section focuses on the evaluations of other reviewers. In fact, this evaluation of other
Evaluations, provided the first lesson learned. For example, one lesson learned is that the major
weakness of most post project assessments that were examined is a tendency to highlight the
negative; to emphasize what did not work. Few studies emphasize positive lessons learned, and
fewer still highlight what worked at the field level among beneficiaries. Reviews of the project
completion reports prepared by donor agencies show a tendency to identify policy and institutional
issues (specifically weaknesses) rather than field implementation lessons. This is understandable
since these reports are prepared and presented not necessarily to national implementation
agencies in the host country, but to staff in the donor agencies that will be preparing future projects
for that country. It was found that the project evaluation reports for most projects almost universally
give little or no attention to environmental or social issues during their evaluation. Most
environmental and social issues are considered a part of project design considerations.
Nevertheless, the past results can be very useful. Throughout the Compact, all the tasks for
effective environmental and social oversight presume a solid understanding not only of the
proposed sub-projects for water supply, sanitation and drainage rehabilitation as outlined under the
Compact Agreement but, in addition, knowledge about what has transpired in past projects. The
institutional history of both success and failure with respect to comparable project activities can
provide implementation guidance of what works; so that it can be replicated and what to avoid.
Case Study: Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company
To put the lessons learned over the past 10 to 15 years into perspective, it is useful to assess
where Zambia was in terms of the status of its services, and administrative and institutional
capacity ten years ago. Perhaps the best documentary evidence is found in the publication
Strengthening Capacity of Water Utilities to Provide Water Supply and Sanitation Services,
Environmental and Hygiene Education in a Sustainable Way to Low Income Urban Areas - Case
Study of Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (WUP, 2000). This Report goes on to state:
The Zambian water supply and sanitation sector is in considerable disarray. The sector is
generally under financed, under staffed, and unable to meet its service delivery obligations.
The GRZ recognizes that ultimately local authorities need to be able to provide local
services, and that delivery effectiveness depends not only on technical competence but
also on cost recovery and financial viability. Because this conclusion applies not only to
water supply and sanitation, GRZ is implementing a general policy of decentralization and
devolution of responsibility to local authorities. At the same time, GRZ has decided to
examine the need to reduce the often conflicting responsibilities for the sector of various
ministries and agencies and determine what structure and policy changes would make the
sector more effective.
Based on this strategy, a series of institutional frameworks and strategic frameworks for improving
the sector were intended to be carried out over the ensuing ten years or so. The key sector
principles included the following:
separation of water resources management from water supply and sanitation;
separation of regulatory and executive functions within the water supply and sanitation
sector:
devolution of authority to local authority and private enterprises;
full cost recovery over the long run;
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human resources development leading to more effective institutions;
technology appropriate to local conditions; and
increased government priority and budgetary allocation to the sector.
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What comes as a surprise some twelve years later, are post project evaluation reports of water
supply and sanitation projects within Zambia that conclude: The Zambian water supply and
sanitation sector is in considerable disarray. While this is an overstatement, and does not reflect
the conclusions of the Evaluation Report on the Legal and Regulatory Framework for setting up
LWSC in Zambia - Specific to Peri-Urban Sector which has been rated as successful and in tune
with international thinking on the important means of improving access of all people to improved
water supply and sanitation, there remain gaps in the legislation that will need to be identified as
implementation progresses.
Lessons learned from the program setting up the LWSC are insightful. First, legal and regulatory
reform is a long process and its success is difficult to measure on a short time frame. Also, the
pace of reform is dependent upon government willingness to support the reform with institutional
and regulatory systems. It was suggested that the experience of building new regulatory
procedures and legislative benefits for water supply and sanitation services would benefit
considerably from consultation with other countries undertaking similar programs.
The process of dealing with the peri-urban areas cannot be separated from the broader legislative
framework. Intentions to address the gaps in peri-urban areas often fall out of the water supply
and sanitation institutional system. LWSC maintains that the key to ensuring continuity of services
to peri-urban areas is a well functioning utility operating on the basis of cost recovery.
Case Study: Promotion of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education in Choma, Namwala,
Gwembe and Siavonga Districts Submitted to UNICEF
The overall goal of the UNICEF-sponsored Promotion of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education
Program in Southern Province was to reduce the incidence of sickness and death due to
malnutrition in children under the age of five years and to fight poverty through the provision of safe
water supply, improvement of basic sanitation and hygiene, promotion of income generation at the
household level and protection of the environment (EU, 2009).
The project evaluation is important for the LWSSD Project under the MCC Compact because of its
recent focus and success in identifying and testing the tools to successfully address health
benefits, gender impacts and establish local consultative programs to address the needs of
vulnerable groups. The key is to find the implementation tools to draw from administrative and
institutional lessons learned at the District level and transfer these lessons to the peri-urban areas.
The LWSSD Project should examine the district school programmes set up under this project (e.g.,
200 schools and 600 villages) established under the District-Water Sanitation and Hygiene
Education (D-WASHE), as a potential tool for expanding public hygiene in peri-urban areas.
Many lessons learned were identified during the three years of project implementation as well as
gaps which could also be considered to be lessons. First, it was obvious that communities that
had been adequately prepared by the implementing agencies (i.e. AusAID, District Water and
Sanitation Health Education (D-WASHE), Village (Water and Sanitation Health Education (VWASHE), Development Aid from People to People (DAPP), NGOs, CBOs) on both the objectives
of the program and the importance of maintenance of the community-level sanitation works (pit
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latrines) were found to be both active and well organized over the three year program. Lessons
learned include the following, among others:
inadequate staffing level affects programme implementation and meeting of originally set
targets: in particular the high rate of staff turnover impacts on financial mismanagement and
poor record keeping affects programme implementation;
staff turnover resulted in change of policies by the funding agency;
the regular and physical presence of a coordinator at sub-district level, who is specifically
engaged to support community level initiatives, strengthens the communities capacity to
manage their own affairs and also contribute to the enhancement of good workmanship;
lack of continuous support activities such as on the job training and lack of training needs
assessment to the community during project implementation have had an adverse effect on
the overall quality of the projects implemented;
tailor made trainings through refresher courses is more effective than general training.
active involvement of communities from inception to completion of programmes enhances

sustainability;
infrequent and unsystematic monitoring of projects by core staff affects the overall quality of
the proposed interventions and also places the management and effective utilization of
project resources at very high risk;
weak channels of communication among the various participants has an adverse effect on
the rate of project implementation and the quality of works carried out
regular project reviews at various levels enhance information sharing on best practices and
provide opportunities to address challenges affecting programme implementation; and
capacity building at all levels is an important ingredient to sustainability.
This project provides a useful and contemporary baseline for measuring socio-economic benefits.
The community benefits cover health benefits, social benefits as well as economic benefits. These
data should provide guidance for projecting health benefits under the LWSSD Project. The
WASHE Project identified the following concrete economic benefits:
increased economic productivity due to more time available to engage in productive

activities;
the additional water resources provided under the project enable women to spend more
time carrying out other domestic chores and engagement in other economic and income
generating activities;
reduced expenditures on medical bills and medicines; and
improved status, i.e. construction of better served houses due to easier availability of water
for construction, which enhanced self-esteem and dignity44 (ZEA, 2005).
Case Study: Japan International Cooperation Agency, In-Country Training for Water Supply
and Sanitation Management
The Government of Japan has supported the water sector in Zambia by providing grant aid for,
among others, construction of water supply facilities, institutional capacity building and awareness
raising among beneficiary community members through a soft component of grant aid. It also
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provided for the Community Empowerment Programme termed: Community Empowerment for
Water Supply and Sanitation in George Compound. The support was intended to address basic
human needs such as improvement of living and hygiene conditions and poverty alleviation among
beneficiary communities.
Institutional capacity building initiatives by JICA have led to
establishment of a sustainable and well organized water supply and management system in
Lusaka's peri-urban communities resulting in improved living and hygiene conditions and reduction
of the prevalence of waterborne communicable diseases. This has been achieved by applying the
technique of community involvement in water supply and sanitation management.
This
achievement was facilitated by community ownership of water supply facilities through participatory
campaigns, establishment and support of area based organizations and ability of water supply staff
to conduct feasibility assessments for communities to pay water fees and to promote development
of new initiatives within communities. The foregoing has been achieved in George Complex, a
peri-urban area of Lusaka, where the George Community Empowerment Program (GCEP) was
implemented which stands out as the model for community involvement in water supply and
sanitation management.
Having realized the effectiveness of applying the technique of community involvement in water
supply and sanitation management for sustainability, the Government of Zambia requested the
Government of Japan to conduct an in-country training (ICT) for staff of water supply and sanitation
service providers and local authorities in the country to sustain the initial success. The aim of the
ICT was to replicate lessons learned in Lusaka to other urban areas in the country.
The evaluation of the ICT results show that, on average, 71.5% of participants expressed
satisfaction with the training they underwent and said that their community empowerment skills had
been improved because they understood the training. They also said that they were able to apply
their new skills. The improved skills by participants have already shown positive results through
increased revenue collection by some water supply and sanitation companies which have applied
the technique of community involvement in water supply.
However, the ICT project's purpose of spreading community involvement from urban Lusaka to
other urban areas had not been attained. As a result of this, the effect of the project in the
participants' communities was still very minimal. The two main reasons are (a) management of
water supply and sanitation service providers give more priority to rehabilitation of rundown water
infrastructure and, (b) few (2 out of 6 organizations surveyed) have peri-urban units to effectively
implement the challenging task of community involvement in water supply and sanitation
management.
Recommendations
The ICT evaluation has established that for community empowerment in water supply and
sanitation management to be sustainable, the ICT course should be supported by measures to
address the following problems:
The Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD) has not yet established the
Human Resources Development Unit to continue providing capacity building activities in
community empowerment skills to staff of various stakeholder organizations. This means
that no further training will be provided to concerned staff. The 90 participants trained so
far are not adequate to spread the technique of community involvement in water supply and
sanitation management in the country. The foregoing is a serious threat to sustainability of
community empowerment skills which needs to be addressed urgently.
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Lack of peri-urban Units, whose main function is to enhance community involvement in

water supply and sanitation management and increase chances of implementing strategies
for community involvement in the field, is a serious threat to sustainability of skills acquired
through the ICT course.
Most water supply and sanitation service providers have not attained financial stability to
enable them to retain staff trained under the ICT course. This aspect diminishes the
potential of sustainability, as concerned staff might leave to seek better motivating jobs
outside of the water sector.
To this end:
MEWD should create a Human Resources Development Unit as provided for in the
National Water Policy (1994) to continue providing capacity building in community
empowerment skills to staff of water supply and sanitation service providers.
LWSC should ensure in the future that similar community empowerment courses give
adequate notice to enable service companies to recommend suitable candidates.
Future community empowerment courses in water supply and sanitation management

should provide for follow-up on utilization of skills acquired by participants. This
responsibility should be undertaken by the Human Resources Development Unit of MEWD
in collaboration with the MLGH which already shoulders the task of providing water supply
and sanitation services in urban areas in the country.
Water supply and sanitation service providers should also send management staff to attend
training to enhance chances of implementation of community empowerment action plans due to
their positions of influence.
Due to the discontinuation of staff capacity building of water supply and sanitation service
providers with the termination of cooperation between the Governments of Japan and Zambia, it is
necessary for MLGH to consider creating a training unit to carry on the task of training concerned
staff in the technique of community involvement in water supply and sanitation management for
sustainability.
Since the JICA program is considered successful as a capacity building effort, its procedures
should be considered as a potential framework for capacity building particularly in the peri-urban
areas.
Assessment of the Impact and Sustainability of DFIDs Public Service Agreement Related to
MDGs
The contribution of the United Kingdoms Department for International Development (DFID) to
poverty reduction in Zambia has principally focused on social services delivery. The volume of
expenditure on social service delivery has increased, but progress towards health and education
quality standards have been uneven although more positive in HIV/AIDS where DFID and other
donors work alongside global vertical programs. Capacity building in the form of logistical support
and technical assistance has not always led to improved institutional capacities. In addition,
monitoring and evaluation (M&E) practices remain weak; and a substantial change in institutional
culture will be needed before M&E starts to support policy decisions45.
Based on a detailed evaluation of its own programs, DFID has suggested the following
recommendations:
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develop an effective performance management framework for the country programme, and
ensure overall progress is reviewed at least annually;
further strengthen and deepen political economy analysis at the sector level, and design
more effective and sustainable capacity building interventions;
work with other donors to ensure better and more rational overall donor resource allocation
to sectors to reflect MDG needs;
examine more innovative approaches to governance reform which focuses on right-based

and demand-side interventions to overcome entrenched resistance to change;
undertake joint impact evaluations for key policy advice to increase understanding of policy
cause and effect and help strengthen consistency of policy advice; and
strengthen communication of DFIDs policy and objectives in Zambia both with its
international development partners and the general public.
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The most striking aspect of the examination of completed water supply, sanitation and socioeconomic capacity building projects (both urban and rural) in Zambia is their close proximity in
terms of sectoral objectives with proposed new projects under the MCC Compact. The superficial
conclusion is that prior projects in the water supply and sanitation sector did not achieve their
intended objectives. Closer examination suggests that this conclusion is both simplistic and wrong.
The structural changes, institutional and Economic, faced by Zambia have turned out to be more
substantial than initially realized. Moreover, the pace of urban economic change that can be
achieved through incremental project-level investments is slower than anticipated. Effective and
efficient implementation of the physical components of urban change through improvements in
basic infrastructure can provide the foundation for improved economic performance but it is
through institutional and social changes that sustained economic change will emerge.
There are several useful findings that can be highlighted based on this review of past project
implementation activities. Lessons learned and recommended actions are identified below in
terms of three stages of project processing: (i) planning and design; (ii) project implementation; and
(iii) ensuring project sustainability.
In most of the above projects, lessons were highlighted as critical during planning and design:
1. The need to include institutional strengthening in project design, including resource
expenditures for technical assistance for capacity building for the staff of agencies and
stakeholders involved in implementation, and for those that will be engaged in operation
of rural/peri-urban infrastructure services;
2. The critical importance of training staff and local stakeholders in non-structural aspects
such as the Operation and Management of urban infrastructure;
3. Planning for recurrent costs including user fees and operational budgets. Delivery
effectiveness and continuity of services to peri-urban areas may be achieved by
structuring the user fees for peri-urban areas and tariffs for the other LWSC customers in
such a manner as to enable cost recovery; and
4. Future sources of water for Lusaka have to be considered by evaluating the quantity and
quality. Leakage control is an important component to include in the planning phase.
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Essential lessons learned during the implementation process include:

1. Prioritization of implementation, including risk assessment of the most critical problems to
address during the initial stages of implementation;
2. Staffing level has to be adequate for LWSC and Water Trusts in order to implement the
LWSSD Project effectively and meet the set targets;
3. The need for continuing consultation and inputs from stakeholders and beneficiaries
during the implementation process; and
4. Awareness that safeguard standards for environmental and social issues may change or
new issues may arise during implementation. It is essential to continue to monitor
environmental and social impacts throughout the project life.
Related lessons learned that bear on project sustainability were highlighted include:
1. Communities in peri-urban areas should be actively involved in water supply and
sanitation management from inception, construction and operation to enhance
sustainability;
2. It is necessary to link urban infrastructure development to incentives and technical inputs
for enhancing community productivity, such as expanded commercial services, improved
communication in outlying areas, facilitating marketing systems, improved transport,
increased commercial credit, and training for local commercial activities;
3. One needs to ensure that those benefiting from rural infrastructure have the economic
capacity to maintain such services. There is a relationship between waterand sanitation
charges and the ability to pay. In short, urban and peri-urban services must be
economically viable; either the services themselves generate personal income, or society
sees the services as essential to assist the local population to generate increased levels
of national income, i.e., Gross Domestic Product;
4. Continuous tailor made trainings such as on the job training and refresher courses
should be done for Water Trusts instead of general training. LWSC should give adequate
notice to enable communities to select and recommend suitable candidates;
5. Capacity building at all levels should be undertaken and trained staff should be retained
by LWSC and Water Trusts. Follow-up on utilization of skills acquired by participants is
important. Management staff should also attend training to enhance chances of
implementation of community empowerment action plans due to their positions of
influence;
6. The regular and physical presence/visits of LWSC staff at Water Trust schemes will
strengthen the Trusts capacity to manage their own affairs and also contribute to the
enhancement of good workmanship;
7. Frequent and systematic monitoring of projects by core staff should be carried out; and
8. LWSC should facilitate regular project reviews for Water Trusts in order to enhance
information sharing on best practices and provide opportunities to address challenges
affecting programme implementation.
Unfortunately, almost none of the post project reviews give specific attention to environmental or
social issues during their evaluations. Most environmental and social issues are considered a part
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of project design considerations. By the time a project is completed, the staff of the financing
agency are often more concerned with resolving institutional and policy issues in order to proceed
with the next loan or grant project. It is for this reason that separate beneficiary and impact
assessment studies have been proposed by the World Bank and other donors. These studies
would focus on the projects impacts in specific areas such as gender impact, income growth by
beneficiaries, or the impact of project implementation on the local environment.
Zambian organisations have shown the capacity to learn from success and to replicate what works
so as to expand to non-project areas. An overall political lesson that has been seen over the past
ten years is the tendency for too frequent changes in policies and institutional structures creating
an ad hoc system of planning and management. The establishment of the MCA-Zambia should be
used as an opportunity to address this problem. Finally, the issue of consistent monitoring of
project performance and the assessment of project success is more than just a top-down
requirement. The overriding lesson is that local level inputs, the use of socioeconomic
questionnaires and greater social participation at local levels in both design and implementation,
incentives and technical inputs for enhancing community productivity, and economic capacity of
beneficiaries of peri-urban infrastructure to maintain such services has been highlighted as a
positive feature by most projects.
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APPENDIX F: ONGOING AND PLANNED INITIATIVES BY LWSC
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Appendix F: Ongoing and Planned Initiatives by LWSC

Activity Description
(input)
Supply and installation of
Bulk and Customer
Meters:
Estimated Cost
Financier
Objective
Activity Outcome
Implementation
status
USD4,117,550
World Bank
(WSPIP)
To NRW and
improve billing.
Bulk and customer

meters procured and
installed (30,000
conventional
domestic and 50
bulk meters)
Increased
component analysis
of water losses and
accuracy in billing.
92% complete as at
April 2011
USD3,086,420
World Bank
(WSPIP)
To provide improved
and sustained water
production and
supply
Kafue water
treatment plant
rehabilitated and
operational
Increased amount of
water produced and
transmitted from
95 Mld to 110 Mld
Improved water
quality and reduction
in energy cost per
3
m of water
produced
100% complete As
at Oct 2010
USD1,751,277
World Bank
(WSPIP)
To increase water
supply.
10 new boreholes
constructed and
operational.
Increased amount of
water produced and
supplied by
approximately
3
720 m /hr, increased
service area
coverage and
improved water
quality
52% complete.
scheduled to
completed by
September 2011
USD527,150
World Bank
(WSPIP)
To increase water
supply.
7 Existing Booster
stations rehabilitated
and operational
Improved reliability
and continuity of
water supply and
reduction in energy
costs for distributed
Scheduled to
commence by
September 2011
Installation of 30,000
domestic meters;
Installation of bulk
meters
Rehabilitation of Iolanda
Water Works, Chilanga
Booster and
Transmission line:
Activity Output
Intake works,
sedimentation tanks,
filtration, chlorination,
high lift pumps,
instrumentation and
main pipe line.
Construction of 10
boreholes:
Development of new
boreholes, exploration,
head works and BH
compounds.
Rehabilitation of Booster
Stations:
Installation of new
pumps pump
auxiliaries, valves &
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(input)
Estimated Cost
Financier
Objective
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Activity Output
fittings, control panels

and electrics
Rehabilitation of
Reservoirs and Water
Distribution networks:
USD429,920
World Bank
(WSPIP)
To Upgrade the
water distribution
network and improve
network
management.
Reservoirs
rehabilitated,
distribution network
renewed and
rehabilitated
Improved network
reliability, efficiency,
management and
reduction in water
loss.
100% complete As
at March 2010
USD125,580
World Bank
(WSPIP)
To improve
customer services in
the branch Areas
One area office

constructed and
operational,
company image
enhanced
Increased number of
customers served
100% complete. As
at Sep 2009
USD180,730
World Bank
(WSPIP)
To provide improved
water supply to
selected Peri- urban
areas
100No water kiosks

constructed and
operational
Increased access
to safe water,
increased number
of customers
served, Reduction
of water loss
100% complete As
at March 2011
US$1,500,000
DANIDA
To improve the
water supply
situation in
Chongwe to meet
the demands up to
the year 2015;
New modular
treatment plant
with production
capacity of
300 m3/hr
Commissioned;
25,000 inhabitants
of Chongwe town
have improved
and sustainable
access to safe
drinking water;
85% complete as at
May 2011. High lift
pump station and
rising main to be
completed by July
2011
To improve the
quality of drinking
water supplied to
the consumers in
order to reduce
New water intake

constructed and
new pumps
installed;
LWSC runs the

operations of
water supply
system efficiently
and professionally;
Refurbishment/constru
ction of one area office
Construction of 100
Water kiosks:
Construction of water
kiosks
Chongwe Water supply

improvement project:
Installation of a new
modular water
treatment plant;
Construction of new
intake station and
installation of new
pumps;
Construction of
chlorination and Guard
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Implementation
status
water
Rehabilitation of
reservoirs,
replacement of
undersized distribution
pipes & other water
appurtenances
Refurbishment of Area
office:
Activity Outcome
New chlorination
301

(input)
Estimated Cost
Financier
houses;
illness associated
with water borne
bacteria, viruses
and pathogens;
Rehabilitation of high
lift pump station and
installation of new
pumps and pipe work;
Ensure that LWSC

runs the
operations of
water supply
system efficiently
and professionally
Fencing off of the

treatment works
compound;
Installation of a new
rising main from high
lift pump station to
elevated reservoir
John Laing Phase 2:
Construction of
3,200m water network
in John Laing
compound;
Objective
ZMK1,700,000,000 DTF,
LWSC
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Activity Output
and Guard houses
constructed;
High lift pump
station
rehabilitated and
new pumps and
pipe work
installed;
ZMK6,912,818,600 ZANACO
Construction of
21.2 km of water
distribution network;
house connections
and domestic meters.
Water Distribution
System Extension in
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ZMK6,359,928,200 ZANACO
Implementation
status
more economic
activities to the
area due attractive
and acceptable
living condition.
Security fence
constructed; New
rising main from
high lift to elevated
reservoir installed
To increase access
to safe drinking
water for 32,000
inhabitants of John
Laing compound
3,200 m of water
network
constructed;
To provide potable
water supply to
8,240 residents of
Hill View South
thereby reducing the
risk and incidences
of waterborne
diseases
21.2km of water
distribution
network
constructed;
To provide potable
water supply to
28.3 km of water
distribution
20 water kiosks
constructed
Construction of 20
water kiosks in John
Laing compound
Installation of Water
distribution system in Hill
View South:
Activity Outcome
1030 house
connections and
domestic meters
installed
32,000 residents of
John Laing
compound Increased
access to safe
drinking water
through 20 newly
constructed water
kiosks
20% complete.
Scheduled to be
completed by
September 2011
8,240 residents of
Hill View South
have access to
potable water
supply;
Procurement
process has
commenced. Works
schedule to start by
September 2011.
LWSC customer
data base
increased by 8,240
5,864 residents of
Farm 1080 and
Procurement
process has
302

(input)
Estimated Cost
Financier
Farm 1080 and 917:
5,864 residents of
Farm 1080 and 917
thereby reducing the
risk and incidences
of waterborne
diseases
Construction of
28.3 km of water
distribution network;
Installation of 733
house connections
and domestic meters.
Chazanga water supply
project:
GBP39,885
WSUP
Drilling and
construction of 1No
commercial production
borehole;
Equipping borehole
and construction of
control room;
Construction of 1.2 km
pumping main to
interconnect into
existing water
network/overhead
tank.
Kanyama:
Construction of
4,000m of Network
extensions;
Construction of 18
water kiosks;
Installation of 500
water meters.
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Objective
ZMK1,700,000,000 DTF and

LWSC
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Activity Output
network
constructed;
733 house
connections and
domestic meters
installed.
To increase access
to clean drinking
water by way of
increasing
production capacity
to supplement the
current stressed
capacities for 10,000
people in Chazanga
through providing a
new water source
1 No commercial
production
borehole drilled
and constructed;
To Increase access
to clean drinking
water and
understanding of
safe hygiene
practices for 31,000
residents of
Kanyama through
effective local
government and
Over 4,000 m of
distribution
network
constructed;
1 No borehole
equipped and
control room
constructed;
Activity Outcome
Implementation
status
917 have access

to potable water
supply;
commenced. Works
schedule to start by
September 2011.
LWSC customer
data base has
increased number
of customers
served by 5,864.
10,000 residents
of Chazanga
compound have
Increased access
to safe drinking
water
100% complete as at
June 2010
31,000 residents in
Kanyama have
Increased access
to safe drinking
water;
100% complete as at
March 2008
1.2 km pumping
main constructed
and
interconnected to
existing network
5 fully operational
water kiosks
constructed;
500 water meters
installed
Residents have
individual
connections and
18 new water
points for
303

(input)
Estimated Cost
Financier
Objective
ESIA Sanitation
Activity Output
community
partnerships
Activity Outcome
Implementation
status
communal usage
constructed;
Installed domestic
meters contribute
towards LWSCs
effort to curb non
revenue water in
parts of Kanyama
and allow
residents to
monitor and
control water
usage.
John Laing Phase1:

Construction of 2000m
of Network extensions;
ZMK1,700,000,000 DTF and

LWSC
Construction of 5
water Kiosks;
To increase access
to safe drinking
water for 30,000
people in John Laing
Compound
Improvement of water
source (quarry pit) by
way of laying dam
lining and installing
heavy duty pumps.
Mtendere East Project:

Construction of 60
Urine Diversion and
Dehydrating latrines
(UDD);
Construction of
300 m3 ground tank;
Gauff Ingenieure
2000 m of
distribution
network
constructed;
5 water kiosks
constructed;
30,000 residents of
John Laing
compound have
increased access to
safe drinking water
100% complete as at
March 2010
Inhabitants of periurban settlements

throughout Lusaka
have improved
access to
sanitation:
40%
Dam lining
installed in ground
reservoir;
Heavy duty pumps
installed in ground
reservoir.
USD712,740
Australian
Aid
To improve access
to sanitation for
the inhabitants of
peri-urban
settlements
throughout
Lusaka;
To improve access
60 UDD latrines
Constructed;
300 m3 ground
water tank
Constructed;
4 km water
network
4,000 households
living in Mtendere
304

(input)
Estimated Cost
Financier
Construction of 4 km
water network;
Objective
to safe drinking
water for 4,000
households living
in Mtendere East;
Construction of 15
water kiosk;
To Implement
extensive health
and hygiene
Awareness
campaigns;
Equipping of 2 No
boreholes
To strengthen
capacity in
governance and
effectiveness;
To strengthen
capacity of
communities, civil
society and
service providers.
Lusaka Peri-urban Water
and Sanitation Project
Chazanga and
Kanyama:
Construction of 40 pit
latrines;
Construction of 15
Water Kiosks;
Extension of existing
network to proposed
kiosk sites (1 km);
Extension of network
to SOS
Gauff Ingenieure
EUR402,650
European
Union
To increase access
to clean drinking
water and sanitation
for poor people in
Chazanga and
Kanyama
compounds through
effective local
government and
community
partnerships
ESIA Sanitation
Activity Output
Constructed;
15 water kiosk
Constructed;
2 No boreholes
equipped;
Extensive health
and hygiene
awareness
campaigns
Implemented;
Activity Outcome
Implementation
status
East have
improved access
to safe drinking
water;
People of
Mtendere east
practice safe
hygiene.
Capacity in
governance and
effectiveness
Strengthened;
Capacity of
communities, civil
society and
service providers
strengthened.
40 pit latrines
constructed; 15
Water Kiosks
constructed;
Existing network
extended to
proposed kiosk
sites (1km);
Network to SOS
Village(1.2km)
extended; 02
boreholes drilled
(one for each
Poor peri-urban
communities have
improved access
to water supply
and basic
sanitation facilities;
100% complete as at
April 2011
LWSC has
increased capacity
to provide propoor, community
run water and
sanitation actions;
CBOs have
increased capacity
305

(input)
Estimated Cost
Financier
Objective
Village(1.2 km);
ESIA Sanitation
Activity Output
area).
Drilling of 2 boreholes
(one for each area).
Activity Outcome
Implementation
status
request and
manage water and
Increased dialogue
between LWSC
and peri-urban
CBOs to plan and
implement
appropriate water
and basic
Target
communities have
improved
knowledge of safe
hygiene and
sanitation
practices.
Garden Water Supply

Project:
Drilling and
development of 2
commercial boreholes
within Garden
compound;
Construction of a
pumping main and
distribution network to
link the 2 production
boreholes with the
existing network;
meters on all
Gauff Ingenieure
ZMK1,520,847,500 DTF and

LWSC
To improve water
supply to Garden
compound and
ensure sustainability
of service provision
in the area
2 commercial
boreholes drilled
and developed
within Garden
compound;
13,000 people have

improve and
sustainable water
supply in Garden
compound
100% complete as at
November 2010
Pumping main and

distribution
network to link the
2 production
boreholes with the
existing network
Constructed;
1,100 domestic
meters installed on
all properties
having water
306

(input)
Estimated Cost
Financier
Objective
properties having
water connection in
Garden compound.
Bauleni Water Supply
Improvement Project:
ZMK2,503,750,000 MLGH
To increase access
to clean drinking
water for 10,000
people in Bauleni
Compound
ZMK2,035,000,000 MLGH
Development of 2No
New boreholes,
including exploration,
head works and BH
compounds;
To increase access
to clean drinking
water for 40,000
people in Ngombe
Compound
Gauff Ingenieure
2 commercial
boreholes drilled
and developed
within Bauleni
compound;
10,000 people have

improve and
sustainable water
supply in Bauleni
compound
Contractor being
procured. Scheduled
to commence by
August 2011
2 commercial
boreholes drilled
and developed
within Ngombe
compound;
40,000 people have

improve and
sustainable water
supply in Ngombe
compound
Contractor being
procured. Scheduled
to commence by
August 2011
ZMK1,125,000,000 MLGH
To increase access
to safe drinking
water for 10,000
people in Tiyende
Pamodzi Compound
6 km of new water
network
constructed in
Tiyende Pamodzi
compound
10,000 people have

improve and
sustainable water
supply in Tiyende
Pamodzi compound
Contractor being
procured. Scheduled
to commence by
August 2011
ZMK2,500,000,000 MLGH
To increase access
to safe drinking
water for 500 people
1 commercial
borehole drilled
and developed
500 people have

improve and
sustainable water
Scheduled to
commence in June
2011
of new water network.
Development of 1 No
Implementation
status
6 km of new water
network
constructed in
Ngombe
compound.
of new water network.
Shikabeta Water Supply

Activity Outcome
1.5 km of water
delivery line and
7 km of water
network extension
constructed in
Bauleni
compound.
Construction of 1.5 km
of delivery line and
7 km of water network
extension.
Tiyende Pamodzi Water

Supply Improvement
Project:
Activity Output
connection in
Garden compound
Development of 2 No
New boreholes,
head works and BH
compounds;
Ngombe Water Supply

ESIA Sanitation
307

(input)
New borehole,
head works, BH
Compound;
Construction of pump
house;
Renewal of existing 4
km of delivery line;
Construction of new
water network and
stand pipes.
Gauff Ingenieure
Estimated Cost
Financier
Objective
in Shikabeta
settlement
ESIA Sanitation
Activity Output
Activity Outcome
within Shikabeta
settlement;
supply in Shikabeta
settlement
Implementation
status
Pump house
constructed at
Shikabeta
settlement; 4 km of
delivery line
renewed in
Shikabeta;
New water
network and stand
pipes constructed
in Shikabeta
settlement.
308

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX G: WATER QUALITY
Gauff Ingenieure
309

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX G1: WATER QUALITY RESULTS FOR THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Name of location
Chawama Chelstone
Mass Media
Chilenje High Court
WHO
Distribution Distribution
Booster
Residential
Tanks
Guideline
Centre
Centre
Station
GPS location
S15 27 51.9 S15 22 31.1 S15 27 19.8 S15 25 05.4 S15 24 29.2
Parameter
E28 17 03.0 E28 22 51.7 E28 19 58.1 E28 18 22.7 E028 1932.5
pH
6.99
7.28
6.71
7.27
6.64
6.5 - 8.5
Temperature (C)
23.8
24.4
26.4
24.3
25.1
Conductivity (mMhos/cm)
1148
479
633
307
737
1500
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)
574
240
316
153
368
1000
Turbidity (NTU)
0.46
0.59
0.62
0.67
0.46
Total Suspended Solids
<1.0
<1.0
Alkalinity (as mg CaCO3/l)
170
200
Total hardness (as mg)
232
176
Fluorides (mg/l)
0.15
0.16
Chlorides (mg/l)
90.0
19.0
Nitrates (as NO3 - Nmg/l)
29.95
1.60
Nitrites (as NO2 - Nmg/l)
<0.001
<0.001
Ammonia (as NH4-Nmg/l)
0.03
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
1.5
Total phosphates (mg/l)
<0.01
0.79
Sulphates (mg/l)
100.80
32.60
Calcium (mg/l)
36.8
43.2
Magnesium (mg/l) (mg/l)
20.16
24.96
Iron (mg/l)
<0.01
0.14
Manganese (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
Copper (mg/l)
0.01
0.01
Cobalt (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
Chromium (mg/l)
<0.002
<0.002
Lead (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
Nickel (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
Zinc (mg/l)
0.01
0.06
Arsenic (mg/l)
<0.03
<0.03
Residual Chlorine (mg/l)
>1
>1
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.2 - 0.5
Total Coliforms (#/100 ml)
Faecal Coliforms (#/100 ml)
Bacteriological Results
Gauff Ingenieure
310

Kalingalinga
Residential
Kalundu
Market
ESIA Sanitation
Name of location
Woodlands Lumumba
Reservoir Road Tanks
Matero
WHO
Residential Guideline
GPS location
S15 26 10.6 S15 24 53.4 S15 24 26.9 S15 23 06.3 S15 22 30.5
Parameter
E28 20 26.7 E28 16 36.2 E28 20 17.4 E28 19 24.9 E28 15 19.4
pH
6.68
6.88
6.89
6.92
7.08
6.5 - 8.5
Temperature (C)
24.2
25.1
23.8
24.3
25.9
452
524
223
548
458
1500
225
261
112
274
231
1000
Turbidity (NTU)
0.51
0.26
0.34
0.37
0.31
Fluorides (mg/l)
Chlorides (mg/l)
0.05
<0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
1.5
Sulphates (mg/l)
Calcium (mg/l)
Iron (mg/l)
Manganese (mg/l)
Copper (mg/l)
Cobalt (mg/l)
Chromium (mg/l)
Lead (mg/l)
Nickel (mg/l)
Zinc (mg/l)
Arsenic (mg/l)
>1
0.8
>1
0.5
0.2 - 0.5
Gauff Ingenieure
311

Name of location
Chunga 1
Libela
Distribution Residential
Kaunda
George
Square Distribution
Residetial
6
ESIA Sanitation
George
Clinic
GPS location
S15 21 27.4 S15 26 33.6 S15 22 43.1 S15 23 20.9 S15 22 44.7
Parameter
E28 14 58.9 E28 29 14.9 E28 21 46.2 E28 14 46.0 E28 14 20.0
WHO
Guideline
pH
7.04
6.75
7.17
7.15
7.03
6.5 - 8.5
Temperature (C)
25.3
24.2
24.7
23.7
24.1
1100
521
221
591
649
1500
550
259
111
296
323
1000
Turbidity (NTU)
0.35
0.28
0.30
0.30
0.48
Fluorides (mg/l)
Chlorides (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
1.5
Sulphates (mg/l)
Calcium (mg/l)
Iron (mg/l)
Manganese (mg/l)
Copper (mg/l)
Cobalt (mg/l)
Chromium (mg/l)
Lead (mg/l)
Nickel (mg/l)
Zinc (mg/l)
Arsenic (mg/l)
Nil
>1
Nil
Nil
0.2 - 0.5
65
40
58
28
Gauff Ingenieure
312

Name of location
George
Chawama
George
Chawama
Compound
WDC
Distribution Residential
Distribution
Offices
ESIA Sanitation
WHO
Guideline
GPS location
S15 23 5.1
S15 22 57.9 S15 28 25.4
Parameter
E28 14 29.6
E28 14 3.4
E28 17 7.1
pH
7.01
7.15
7.06
7.03
6.5 - 8.5
Temperature (C)
23.5
23.9
25.2
25.5
601
733
1142
1141
1500
302
367
571
569
1000
Turbidity (NTU)
0.32
0.60
0.96
0.76
Fluorides (mg/l)
Chlorides (mg/l)
0.04
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
1.5
Sulphates (mg/l)
Calcium (mg/l)
Iron (mg/l)
Manganese (mg/l)
Copper (mg/l)
Cobalt (mg/l)
Chromium (mg/l)
Lead (mg/l)
Nickel (mg/l)
Zinc (mg/l)
Arsenic (mg/l)
Nil
Nil
>1
>1
0.2 - 0.5
31
25
18
15
Not recorded
Gauff Ingenieure
313

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX G2: WATER QUALITY FOR LUSAKA RIVERS

Water quality at selected points along the Ngwerere Stream
Selected locations along
Ngwerere Stream
(Bombay Drain)
At Zesco
(Oct 2011)
Lima
Kasangula Kasangula
Mazyopa
Chimwanse
Garden
Site 4
Site 4
Bridge (Oct
(Oct 2001)
(Oct 2011) (Oct 2011) (Jun 2011)
2011)
GPS location
S15 24 26.6
S15 24 0.5
Parameter
E28 17 3.0
E28 17 19.6 E28 17 57.4 E28 17 57.4 E28 17 55.2 E28 18 32.0
S15 22 24.9 S15 22 24.9
S15 23 4.0
S15 21 32.4
pH
7.47
7.37
7.63
7.62
7.29
7.64
Temperature (C)
25.2
26.5
24.6
22.2
24.1
429
434
802
777
838
803
215
215
398
421
403
1.14
0.98
0.81
5.33
0.07
0.53
0.084
0.008
0.072
0.097
0.006
0.003
<0.01
0.02
2.16
6.05
1.25
2.6
<0.01
<0.01
4.37
4.56
0.94
1.27
BOD (O2mg/l)
19.5
18.5
32.5
14.0
24.5
COD (O2mg/l)
50
56
68
29
63
50
6000
8400
12000
13000
4800
8800
Water bodies in the
Chilongolo Stream
catchment
GPS location
S15 27 18.3 S15 26 18.3 S15 27 20.6 S15 25 29.9 S15 24 31.8
Parameter
E28 19 7.2
E28 21 27.7 E28 19 49.1 E28 21 26.0 E28 19 55.2
pH
6.32
6.55
6.81
6.96
6.62
6.5 8.5
Temperature (C)
25.8
25.4
24.7
25.2
24.8
636
663
626
632
766
1500
318
332
312
312
383
1000
9.34
4.94
9.86
3.52
11.70
10
0.003
<0.001
0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.6
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.5
1.5
BOD (O2mg/l)
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.01
3.0
COD (O2mg/l)
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
0.01
13
20
34
TNTC
Gauff Ingenieure
314

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX G3: WATER QUALITY AT SELECTED BOREHOLES
Name of location
Libala
Water
Works BH
GPS location
S15 27 18.3 S15 26 18.3 S15 27 20.6 S15 25 29.9 S15 24 31.8
Parameter
E28 19 7.2
Leopards
Hill BH
Chilenje
South BH
Lake Road Mass Media

WHO
BH
BH5
Guideline
E28 21 27.7 E28 19 49.1 E28 21 26.0 E28 19 55.2
pH
6.32
6.55
6.81
6.96
6.62
6.5 8.5
Temperature (C)
25.8
25.4
24.7
25.2
24.8
636
663
626
632
766
1500
318
332
312
312
383
1000
Turbidity (NTU)
0.37
0.38
2.11
0.94
1.62
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
668
332
324
178
242
500
720
248
332
212
184
500
Fluorides (mg/l)
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.14
1.5
Chlorides (mg/l)
17.0
16.0
20.0
14.0
31.0
250
9.34
4.94
9.86
3.52
11.70
10
0.003
<0.001
0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.6
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.5
1.5
Sulphates (mg/l)
20.40
8.40
8.50
16.40
61.80
250
Calcium (mg/l)
70.4
51.2
56.0
64.0
72.0
200
130.56
21.80
46.08
5.76
15.36
Iron (mg/l)
0.06
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
0.10
0.3
Manganese (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.1
Copper (mg/l)
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.01
2.0
Cobalt (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Chromium (mg/l)
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
0.05
Lead (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
Nickel (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
Zinc (mg/l)
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.01
3.0
Arsenic (mg/l)
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
0.01
19
192
TNTC
TNTC
13
20
34
TNTC
Gauff Ingenieure
315

ESIA Sanitation
Name of location
George
George
Chelstone
WHO
Nissir 1 BH Machinery Machinery
Chunga BH
BH No3
Guideline
Hse No6 BH Hse No2 BH
GPS location
S15 20 58.9 S15 23 28.9 S15 23 14.3 S15 22 50.4
S15 21 9.2
Parameter
E28 24 47.2 E28 14 18.1
E2814 4.9
E28 22 47.9
E28 15 9.5
pH
7.04
7.10
6.77
7.19
6.60
6.5 8.5
Temperature (C)
24.8
25.7
25.8
22.3
25.4
659
582
657
673
1054
1500
329
292
327
336
527
1000
Turbidity (NTU)
0.44
0.62
0.74
0.41
0.44
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
260
196
179
286
298
500
264
200
184
292
304
500
Fluorides (mg/l)
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.14
1.5
Chlorides (mg/l)
18.0
32.0
26.0
30.0
92.0
250
0.18
4.38
5.31
5.22
15.75
10
<0.001
0.016
0.006
<0.001
<0.001
0.6
0.03
<0.01
0.06
0.05
0.11
1.5
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.5
Sulphates (mg/l)
5.50
98.94
117.40
33.00
105.00
250
Calcium (mg/l)
56.0
64.0
72.0
35.2
52.2
200
29.76
7.68
5.76
34.56
11.85
Iron (mg/l)
<0.01
0.22
0.07
<0.01
0.09
0.3
Manganese (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.1
Copper (mg/l)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
2.0
Cobalt (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Chromium (mg/l)
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
0.05
Lead (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
Nickel (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
Zinc (mg/l)
<0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
3.0
Arsenic (mg/l)
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
0.01
12
Gauff Ingenieure
316

Name of location
New
Avondale Chainda BH
BH
Chunga
BH1
ESIA Sanitation
Malo Farms
InternatWHO
Great East
ional 6A BH
Guideline
Road
GPS location
S15 22 52.3 S15 23 26.7 S15 21 27.8 S15 22 50.4
S15 21 9.2
Parameter
E28 24 13.7 E28 24 16.4 E28 14 59.0 E28 22 47.9
E28 15 9.5
pH
7.10
6.96
6.80
6.77
7.23
6.5 8.5
Temperature (C)
24.7
24.9
24.9
25.2
24.4
700
1130
1105
707
685
1500
350
560
552
347
341
1000
Turbidity (NTU)
0.56
0.49
1.44
0.51
0.56
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
318
236
248
214
314
500
332
240
252
228
324
500
Fluorides (mg/l)
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.09
0.16
1.5
Chlorides (mg/l)
20.0
87.0
90.0
34.0
22.0
250
3.88
39.50
19.68
3.61
2.09
10
0.001
0.003
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.6
0.04
0.28
0.05
0.04
0.03
1.5
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
1.5
Sulphates (mg/l)
30.60
63.20
119.00
51.80
25.20
250
Calcium (mg/l)
52.2
62.4
65.6
76.8
40.0
200
48.80
20.16
21.12
8.64
53.76
Iron (mg/l)
<0.01
0.14
<0.01
0.09
0.04
0.3
Manganese (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.1
Copper (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
2.0
Cobalt (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
Chromium (mg/l)
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
0.05
Lead (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
Nickel (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
Zinc (mg/l)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
3.0
Arsenic (mg/l)
<0.03
<0.03
0.01
<0.03
<0.03
0.01
122
70
Gauff Ingenieure
317

Name of location
Roadside Mulungushi Garden DTF Lolayi 1C

BH 01
6H BH
BH
BH
GPS location
S15 25 16.0 S15 23 22.8 S15 23 38.2
Parameter
E28 14 45.4 E28 18 52.8 E28 17 13.5
ESIA Sanitation
Shaft V BH
Not recorded
Not recorded
WHO
Guideline
pH
7.06
6.72
6.84
6.77
6.75
6.5 8.5
Temperature (C)
25.4
25.2
24.8
25.7
25.0
687
771
846
595
609
1500
343
389
416
298
304
1000
Turbidity (NTU)
1.02
0.36
0.88
0.88
0.56
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
216
296
166
236
272
500
232
304
168
248
280
500
Fluorides (mg/l)
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.14
1.5
Chlorides (mg/l)
32.0
31.0
250
10.70
1.38
7.77
0.53
0.43
10
<0.001
<0.001
0.014
0.001
0.003
0.6
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
<0.01
1.5
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.5
Sulphates (mg/l)
46.10
49.20
47.00
25.00
31.80
250
Calcium (mg/l)
68.8
75.2
48.0
48.0
60.8
200
14.40
27.84
11.52
19.20
30.72
Iron (mg/l)
0.13
0.17
0.13
<0.01
<0.01
0.3
Manganese (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.1
Copper (mg/l)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
2.0
Cobalt (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
Chromium (mg/l)
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
<0.002
0.05
Lead (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
Nickel (mg/l)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.02
Zinc (mg/l)
<0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
3.0
Arsenic (mg/l)
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
0.01
0.01
TNTC
TNTC
Gauff Ingenieure
318

Name of location
Chawama
BH No2
GPS location
S15 28 4.1
Parameter
E28 16 56.1
ESIA Sanitation
WHO
Guideline
pH
6.57
6.5 8.5
Temperature (C)
25.3
136
1500
684
1000
Turbidity (NTU)
0.89
<1.0
208
500
216
500
Fluorides (mg/l)
0.14
1.5
Chlorides (mg/l)
103.0
250
23.90
10
0.019
0.6
0.04
1.5
<0.01
1.5
Sulphates (mg/l)
105.8
250
Calcium (mg/l)
56.0
200
18.24
Iron (mg/l)
<0.01
0.3
Manganese (mg/l)
<0.01
0.1
Copper (mg/l)
0.01
2.0
Cobalt (mg/l)
<0.01
Chromium (mg/l)
<0.002
0.05
Lead (mg/l)
<0.01
0.01
Nickel (mg/l)
<0.01
0.02
Zinc (mg/l)
0.01
3.0
Arsenic (mg/l)
0.01
0.01
Gauff Ingenieure
319

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX G4: KAUNDA SQUARE EFFLUENT QUALITY

Flow
Year
pH
Turbidity (NTU)
TSS (mg/l)
BOD (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
TC/100 ml
Month
(m3/d)
Raw
Final
Raw
Final
Jan
3266
7.76
8.26
74.9
36.3
Feb
3601
7.90
7.88
34.7
19.6
Raw
Final
% Rem
1.3x10
1.41
1.1x10
1.2x10
1.96
3.0x107
1.2x106
1.40
1.0x107
2.2x105
1.66
4.2x10
1.15
7.0x10
1.4x10
0.70
5.6x10
0.84
2.0x10
1.2x10
1.22
% Rem
51
140
35
75.0
45
3.4x10
90
106
36
66.0
200
155
7.73
7.89
58.7
25.8
69
136
47
65.4
Apr
3993
7.93
7.93
55.9
21.2
16
149
20
86.6
598
132
% Rem
Raw
Final
3553
Final
Log
Rem
Raw
Mar
Raw
Raw
Final
7
5.9x10
77.9
FC/100 ml
3.9x10
Log
Rem
Final
7
May
1875
8.32
8.23
62.2
27.3
80
112
26
76.8
420
92
78.1
5.5x10
4.0x10
1.14
2.4x10
2.0x10
1.08
Jun
1301
7.91
7.77
66.4
25.5
91
185
26
85.9
290
72
75.2
6.4x107
2.0x106
1.51
1.6x107
7.6x105
1.32
Jul
1659
131
35
196
34
82.7
742
80
89.2
5.0x107
5.0x106
1.00
1.8x107
2.0x106
0.95
268
97.0
2009
Aug
1468
121
20.2
257
14
94.6
313
32
89.8
522
208
60.2
5.7x10
4.0x10
1.15
1.7x10
2.7x10
0.80
Sep
1505
118
25.8
259
26
90.0
200
30
85.0
745
121
83.8
4.7x107
4.2x107
0.05
1.0x107
8.8x104
2.06
90.7
4.0x10
1.5x10
1.43
1.5x10
1.1x10
1.13
1.4x108
1.1x107
1.09
2.1x107
1.5x106
1.15
Oct
2058
180
38
305
8 97
166
14
91.6
Nov
2058
147
56.4
177
33
81.4
133
25
81.2
Dec
5073
Ave
2618
7.93
Std dev
1228
0.21
Gauff Ingenieure
788
73
105
145
32
198
95.5
216
17
92.1
648
51
92.1
3.4x10
2.3x10
0.17
6.0x10
5.1x10
0.07
7.99
99.6
30.3
244
41
92.6
171
29
81.5
594
111
80.9
5.4x107
8.7x106
1.03
1.3x107
1.4x106
1.18
0.20
46
10
48
33
6.1
57
9.1
174
54
10.6
2.8x107
1.2x107
0.47
6.5x106
1.4x106
0.55
320

Flow
Year
pH
Turbidity (NTU)
ESIA Sanitation
TSS (mg/l)
BOD (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
TC/100 ml
Month
3
(m /d)
Raw
Final
FC/100 ml
Log
Rem
Raw
4.6x10
0.86
8.0x10
5.9x10
1.13
2.3x107
4.9x106
0.67
6.3x106
1.2x106
0.72
5.9x10
0.38
1.5x10
2.0x10
0.18
5.9x10
0.38
1.5x10
2.0x10
0.18
Raw
Final
Raw
Final
% Rem
Raw
Final
% Rem
Raw
Final
% Rem
Raw
Final
Jan
164
53
172
41
76.2
155
14
91.0
234
21
91.0
3.3x10
Feb
41
25
188
28
85.1
66
16
75.8
198
48
75.8
Mar
2369
7.24
7.24
44
19.7
116
5 95
62
13
79.0
134
46
65.7
1.4x10
Apr
1956
7.26
6.96
51
28
131
7 94
40
12
70.0
256
45
82.4
1.4x10
Log
Rem
Final
6
May
1881
7.11
7.00
105
33
244
55
77.5
145
32
77.9
449
114
74.6
7.0x10
9.4x10
0.87
2.6x10
1.9x10
1.14
Jun
2166
7.11
6.93
108
41
200
86
57.0
150
26
82.7
285
56
80.4
6.6x107
7.8x106
0.93
2.0x107
2.9x106
0.83
63.7
0.84
0.68
Jul
1337
7.21
7.00
108
41
265
65
75.5
240
38
84.2
408
148
7.6x10
1.1x10
1.1x10
2.3x10
2010
Aug
Sep
1979
Oct
1831
7.17
6.98
122
49
183
75
59.0
221
37
83.3
376
150
60.1
8.2x10
1.8x10
0.66
1.3x10
4.8x10
0.43
7.19
7.12
109
35.9
313
80
74.4
307
52
83.1
606
159
73.8
1.2x108
1.1x107
1.04
1.1x107
1.3x106
0.93
7.18
7.03
94.7
36.2
201
49
77.2
154
27
80.8
327
87
74.2
5.5x107
8.7x106
0.74
1.1x107
2.1x106
0.69
0.24
0.36
Nov
Dec
Ave
Std dev
Gauff Ingenieure
1931
320
0.06
0.11
41
11
63
31
13.5
90
14
5.9
146
55
9.8
3.6x10
4.3x10
8.0x10
1.2x10
321

Flow
Year
pH
Turbidity (NTU)
ESIA Sanitation
TSS (mg/l)
BOD (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
TC/100 ml
Month
3
(m /d)
Jan
FC/100 ml
Log
Rem
Raw
1.7x10
0.44
9.0x10
1.0x10
0.95
3.9x107
7.0x106
0.75
9.0x105
6.4x104
1.15
0.94
1.28
1.21
Raw
Final
Raw
Final
Raw
Final
% Rem
Raw
Final
% Rem
Raw
Final
% Rem
Raw
Final
7.10
7.19
81.5
34.0
353
52
85.3
302
42
86.1
628
103
83.6
4.7x10
7.20
7.07
123.0
77.0
298
53
82.2
202
260
Log
Rem
Final
6
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
7.23
7.04
98.0
66
81.5
103
326
54
83.4
3.3x10
3.8x10
1.6x10
8.4x10
2011
Aug
7.55
7.42
126.0
61.5
117
266
70
73.7
3.7x10
8.0x10
1.67
4.5x10
2.8x10
Sep
Oct
Nov
7.46
86.80
51
1.7x105
94
1.4x105
Dec
Ave
7.27
Std dev
7.24
107.1
68.2
0.19
0.20
21
21
353
85
85.3
31
298
54
81.4
25
10
5.4
628
165
83.6
80
3.9x107
5.8x106
0.95
3.0x106
2.6x105
1.15
5.9x10
6.8x10
0.52
4.0x10
4.1x10
0.14
3 year average
2.365
7.47
7.41
99.0
39.6
227
51
83
185
33
81
463
111
78
5.2x107
8.2x106
0.91
1.1x107
1.4x106
0.88
Capacity/ECZ
standard
3600
NA
69
NA
15
NA
100
NA
NA
50
NA
NA
90
NA
NA
25000
NA
NA
5000
NA
Gauff Ingenieure
322

Gauff Ingenieure
ESIA Sanitation
323

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX H: SLUDGE REUSE AND DISPOSAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Gauff Ingenieure
324

ESIA Sanitation
Appendix H: Sludge Reuse and Disposal Recommendations

It is recommended that ZEMA instigate measures to ensure proper management of sludge
disposal from sanitation facilities. Given the lack of existing guidelines, standards, and regulations
governing the proper management of sludge, it is recommended that these steps be undertaken
forthwith.
Landfill Disposal: For instances where sludge is disposed to a landfill, it recommended that
minimum operating criteria to ensure safe daily operation of landfills be developed. Criteria should
include items such as: disease vector controls, access requirements, and run-on/run-off controls.
Land Application: Concurrent with the development of the operating criteria for landfills, the
following measures should be taken in the order presented for land application of sludge.
1. Establish criteria to categorize sludge based on pollutant limits, pathogen reduction
requirements, and vector attraction requirements.
2. Develop guidelines and regulations for land application based on sludge classification.
Guidelines and regulations should cover the following at a minimum:
a. types of land allowed (agricultural, forest, lawns, home gardens, etc.);
b. site restrictions for food crops, animal grazing, public access;
c. quantity of sludge that can be applied; and
d. management practices required.
3. Develop monitoring requirements that include at a minimum: monitoring frequency,
parameters, sampling procedures, sampling equipment, and personnel safety guidelines.
Stakeholders that should be included in the processes described above including ZEMA,
NWASCO, LWSC, Early Childhood Education, and Environmental Protection (MLGH), MENR,
Waste Management Units (WMUs) within local authorities, and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
Education committees.
Finally, once the ZEMA adopts guidelines and regulations for sludge management, WMUs are
encouraged to develop environmental auditing and monitoring systems for sludge management
within their jurisdictions.
As noted above, currently ZEMA does not have regulations or standards governing the reuse or
disposal of sludge. Thus, international (United States) standards were reviewed to develop
recommendations for the proper reuse and/or disposal of the sludge removed from the treatment
ponds during construction, which may be useful for the development of sludge management
guidelines and regulations in Zambia. These are presented below.
REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has strict rules governing the
treatment and disposal of sludge. Under the regulations, sludge can be disposed of on municipal
solid waste facilities, also known as landfills, applied to land, disposed of on designated surface
disposal areas, or incinerated. This section discusses the regulatory requirements of landfill
disposal and land application.
Gauff Ingenieure
325

ESIA Sanitation
A. Landfill Disposal
The US Resource Conservation and Recovery Act defines sludge, also known as biosolids, as
any solid, semi-solid, or liquid waste generated from a municipal, commercial, or industrial
wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility exclusive of
the treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. Therefore, sludge is included in the
definition of solid waste, which is allowed for disposal at landfills.
The USEPA developed minimum operating criteria to ensure the safe daily operation and
management of the landfills. The criteria include the following and should be followed by landfills
used for sludge disposal.
Excluding the receipt of hazardous waste A program must be implemented that will detect
and prevent the disposal of hazardous waste at a landfill.
Cover material requirements Disposed solid waste must be covered with a minimum of at
least six inches of earthen material at the end of each operating day to control disease
vectors, fires, odours, blowing litter, and scavenging.
Disease vector control Techniques to control disease vectors must be implemented.
Explosive gasses control A methane gas monitoring program must be implemented.
Air criteria Compliance with applicable sections of air quality regulations.
Access requirements Barriers must be provided around the facility to control public
access, prevent unauthorized vehicular traffic, and illegal dumping of wastes.
Run-on/run-off control systems A run-on control system must be designed to prevent flow
on to the active portion of the facility. A run-off control system must be designed to control
and collect water runoff resulting from a rain storm.
Surface water requirements The solid waste facility shall not cause discharge of
pollutants or the discharge of a non-point source of pollution into water resources.
Liquid restrictions Bulk or non-containerized liquid waste may not be placed on a solid
waste facility.
B. Land Application
Land application is the spreading, spraying, injection, or incorporation of sludge, including material
derived from sludge (e.g., compost and pelletized sludge), onto or below the surface of the land to
take advantage of the soil enhancing qualities of the sludge. Land application takes advantage of
the soil conditioning and fertilizing properties of sludge. Sludge can be beneficially applied on
agricultural land, forest land, reclamation sites, golf courses, public parks, roadsides, plant
nurseries, and lawns and home gardens.
Sludge is grouped by quality and class based on the levels of pollutants, pathogens, and vector
attraction reduction. The lower the sludge classification, the higher the restrictions on when,
where, and how it can be applied to land. These regulations are based on limiting human
exposure to pollutants, pathogens, and vectors that may carry disease.
The USEPA has established three sets of categories for classifying sludge that is to be applied to
land:
1. Pollutant Limits
Gauff Ingenieure
326

ESIA Sanitation
2. Pathogen reduction requirements

3. Vector attraction reduction requirements
1. Pollutant Limits
The first set contains four quality-based categories of sludge defined relative to pollutant limits.
The four categories are:
Exceptional Quality (EQ)
Pollutant Concentration (PC)
Cumulative Pollutant Loading Rate (CPLR)
Annual Pollutant Loading Rate (APLR)
Table 60 provides the pollutant limits allowed for each of these categories. In order to be applied
to land, the concentration of all pollutants must be below the Ceiling Concentration.
EQ and PC sludge have the same Pollutant Concentration Limits, but differ in pathogen reduction
requirements. As a result, EQ sludge may be sold or given away in a bag or other container, but
PC sludge may only be applied in bulk.
CPLR sludge exceeds at least one Pollutant Concentration Limit, so the cumulative amount of
pollutants applied must be tracked and may not exceed the CPLR limit. This sludge can only be
sold and applied in bulk. Similarly, APLR sludge exceeds one or more of the EQ/PC Pollutant
Concentration Limits, so the annual amount of a pollutant applied to the land may not pass this
limit. While CPLR sludge may only be used in bulk, APLR sludge may only be distributed in a bag
or other container.
Table 60: Pollutant Limits for disposed sludge
Pollutant
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Applies to:
Ceiling concentration
Pollutant
Annual pollutant
limits for all sludge concentration limits Cumulative pollutant loading rate limits for
applied to and
for EQ and PC
loading rate limits for
APLR sludge
(mg/kg,
sludge (mg/kg,
CPLR sludge (kg/ha)
(kg/ha/365-day
instantaneous)
monthly average)
period)
75
41
41
2.0
85
39
39
1.9
4,300
1,500
1,500
75
840
300
300
15
57
17
17
0.85
75
---420
420
420
21
100
100
100
5.0
7,500
2,800
2,800
140
All sludge that is land
applied
Bulk sludge and

bagged sludge
Bulk Sludge
Bagged Sludge
2. Pathogen Reduction Requirements

The second set of categories that is used to classify sludge is the amount and processes by which
the pathogen levels in the material are reduced. These rules are in place based on the human
health risk of being exposed to viruses and other harmful organisms.
Gauff Ingenieure
327

ESIA Sanitation
Class A sludge has stringent pathogen reduction requirements, as shown in Table 61. Table 62
and Table 63 summarize the alternatives through which a facility may reduce these pathogen
levels.
Table 61: Class A pathogen requirements
Either:
the density of faecal Coliforms in the sludge must be less than 1,000 most probable numbers (MPN) per
gram total solids (dry-weight basis), or
the density of Salmonella sp. bacteria in the sludge must be less than 3 MPN per 4 g of total solids (dryweight basis).
Either of these requirements must be met at one of the following times:
when the sludge is used or disposed;
when the sludge is prepared for sale or giveaway in a bag or other container for land application; or
when the sludge or derived materials is prepared to meet the requirements for EQ sludge.
Pathogen reduction must take place before or at the same time as vector attraction reduction, except
when the pH adjustment, percent solids vector attraction, injection, or incorporation options are met.
Table 62: Summary of alternatives for meeting Class A pathogen requirements

Alternative 1: Thermally Treated Sludge
Sludge must be subjected to one of four time-temperature regimes (see Table 63).
Alternative 2: Sludge Treated in a High pH-High Temperature Process
Sludge must meet specific pH, temperature, and air-drying requirements. These requirements include
elevating the pH above 12 (measured at 25C) for at least 72 hours, maintaining a temperature above
52C during the period when the pH is above 12, air drying to greater than 50% solids after the 72 hour
period of elevated pH, and meeting the pathogen reduction requirements specified in Table 61 above.
Alternative 3: Sludge Treated in Other Processes
Demonstrate that the process can reduce enteric viruses and viable helminth ova. Maintain operating
conditions used in the demonstration after pathogen reduction demonstration is completed.
Alternative 4: Sludge treated in Unknown Processes
Sludge must be tested for pathogens Salmonella sp. or faecal Coliforms bacteria, enteric viruses, and
viable helminth ova at the time the sludge is used or disposed, or, in certain situations, prepared for
use or disposal.
Alternative 5: Sludge Treated in a PFRP
Sludge must be treated in one of the Processes to Further Reduce Pathogens (PFRP), which include
composting, heat drying, heat treatment, thermophilic aerobic digestion, beta ray irradiation, gamma ray
irradiation, and pasteurization.
Alternative 6: Sludge Treated in a Process Equivalent to a PFRP
Sludge must be treated in a process equivalent to one of the PFRPs, as determined.
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ESIA Sanitation
Table 63: Time-temperature regimes for Class A pathogen reduction

Regime
Solids
Other Requirements
Content
Temperature Regime
Equation to Calculate
Heating Time*
7%
Do not use for small

particles heated by either
warmed gases or an
immiscible liquid
Maintain at least 50C for at

least 20 minutes. Calculate
heating time using equation
to the right.
7%
Use for small particles

heated by either warmed
gases or an immiscible
liquid
Maintain at least 50C for at

least 15 seconds.
Calculate heating time
using equation to the right.
1.317 10 8
D
10 0.14t
<7%
Heating time between

15 seconds and
30 minutes
Heat for at least

15 seconds, but not more
than 30 minutes. Calculate
heating time using equation
to the right.
<7%
Heating time longer than

30 minutes
Heat more than 30 minutes.

Calculate heating time
using equation to the right,
1.317 10 8
D
10 0.14t
5.007 10 7
10 0.14t
1.317 10 8
10 0.14t
*: D = Duration of heating (days). t = temperature (C)
Sludge that meets the EQ and PC pollutant concentration limits from Table 60, but does not meet
the Class A pathogen requirements listed in Table 61 may be classified as Class B sludge, and
there are three alternatives through which Class B pathogen status can be attained (see Table 64).
Table 64: Summary of alternatives for meeting Class B pathogen requirements
Alternative 1: The Monitoring of Indicator Organisms
Test for faecal Coliforms density as an indicator for all pathogens. The geometric mean of seven
samples shall be less than 2 million MPN/g per total solids or less than 2 million CFU/g of total solids at
the time of use or disposal.
Alternative 2: Sludge Treated in a PSRP
Sludge must be treated in one of the Processes to Significantly Reduce Pathogens (PSRP). These
processes are aerobic digestion, air drying, anaerobic digestion, composting, and lime stabilization.
Alternative 3: Sludge Treated in a Process Equivalent to a PSRP
Sludge must be treated in a process equivalent to one of the PSRPs.
3. Vector Attraction Reduction Requirements

The final set of sludge classification requirements is vector attraction reduction. Vectors, which
include flies, mosquitoes, fleas, rodents, and birds, can be hosts to pathogens and transmit them to
humans. Therefore, the USEPA has established twelve options for reducing either the
attractiveness of the sludge to vectors or the probability of vectors coming in contact with the
sludge. Table 65 summarizes these twelve options. Additionally, there are standards for when
certain options may or may not be used, including different land application options.
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ESIA Sanitation
Table 65: Vector Attraction Reduction Method Summary

Option 1:
Meet 38% reduction in volatile solids content.
Option 2:
Demonstrate vector attraction reduction with additional anaerobic digestion in a bench-scale

unit.
Option 3:
Demonstrate vector attraction reduction with additional aerobic digestion in a bench-scale unit.
Option 4:
Meet a specific oxygen uptake rate for aerobically digested sludge.
Option 5:
Use aerobic processes at greater than 40C for 14 days or longer.
Option 6:
Alkali addition under specified conditions.
Option 7:
Dry sludge with no unstabilized solids to at least 75% solids.
Option 8:
Dry sludge with unstabilized solids to at least 90% solids.
Option 9:
Inject sludge beneath the soil surface.
Option 10: Incorporate sludge into the soil within 6 hours of application to or placement on the land.
Option 11: Cover sludge placed on a surface disposal site with soil or other material at the end of each
operating day (only for surface disposal).
Option 12: Alkaline treatment of domestic septage to pH 12 or above 30 minutes without adding more
alkaline material.
Based on the categorizations above, sludge can be applied to land in certain manners and
amounts. The restrictions are complicated because they vary with both the pollutant and pathogen
classifications, and the vector attraction reduction methods that may be used change for different
classification groups. Table 66 shows the requirements and restrictions for Class A and Class B
sludge, and Table 67 shows the site restrictions for land applied Class B sludge.
Table 66: Sludge requirements and land application restrictions
a
Sludge Option
Pathogen Class
VAR Options
EQ
1 to 8
Other restrictions
All
None
9 or 10
All except lawn and

c
home gardens
1 to 10
All except lawn and

c
home gardens
1 to 10
Management
practices
Management
practices and site
restrictions
Management
practices
1 to 10
1 to 8
PC
CPLR
APLR
Type of land
All except lawn and

d
home gardens
All except lawn and
c,d
home gardens
All, but most likely
lawns and home
gardens
Labelling
management
practice
a: VAR = vector attraction reduction (see Table 65).

b: Agricultural land, forest, reclamation sites, and lawns and home gardens.
c It is not possible to impose site restrictions on lawns and home gardens.
d: It is not possible to track cumulative additions of pollutants on lawns and home gardens.
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ESIA Sanitation
Table 67: Site Restrictions for Class B Sludge Applied to the Land
Food Crops with Harvested Parts That Touch the Sludge/Soil Mixture
Shall not be harvested for 14 months after application of sludge.
Food Crops with Harvested Parts Below the Land Surface
Shall not be harvested for 20 months after application of sludge when the sludge remain on the land
surface for 4 months or longer prior to incorporation into the soil.
Shall not be harvested for 38 months after application of sludge when the sludge remain on the land
surface for less than 4 months prior to incorporation into the soil.
Food Crops with Harvested Parts That Do Not Touch the Sludge/Soil Mixture, Feed Crops, and Fibre
Crops
Shall not be harvested for 30 days after application of sludge.
Animal Grazing
Shall not occur for 30 days after application of sludge.
Turf Growing
Turf grown on land where sludge are applied shall not be harvested for 1 year after application of the
sludge when the harvested turf is placed on either land with a high potential for public exposure or a
lawn, unless otherwise specified by the permitting authority.
Public Access
(i)
Shall be restricted for 1 year after application of sludge to land with a high potential for public
exposure.
Shall be restricted for 30 days after application of sludge to land with a low potential for public
exposure.
Exceptional quality (EQ) sludge requirements
Overall, EQ sludge carry no restrictions unless set on a case-by-case basis.

(ii)
Pollutant Concentration (PC) Sludge Requirements
The preparer of PC sludge must notify the applier or modifier of the sludge of the necessary
compliance with the standards, as well as give the applier information on the total nitrogen
concentration in the sludge. Also, this sludge cannot be applied to flooded agricultural land,
forests, public contact sites, or reclamation sites in such a way that the sludge enters a wetland or
other water resources. There is a 10 m proximity limit to any body of water for land application of
sludge as well, and the agronomic nitrogen loading rate may not be exceeded. The agronomic
nitrogen rate provides maximum benefit while minimizing the amount of nitrogen that enters
groundwater. Generally, PC sludge may not be applied in any way may pose a risk to the health of
humans, bodies of water, and threatened/endangered species.
(iii)
Cumulative Pollutant Loading Rate (CPLR) Sludge Requirements
Those preparing and applying CPLR sludge must comply with all requirements of PC sludge.
Additionally, the applier would in Zambia have to notify ZEMA/LCC WMU the location of where the
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ESIA Sanitation
sludge is to be applied and the permit information of the applier. The applier must also obtain and
keep records of the previous pollutant loading and not exceed the cumulative limit.
(iv)
Annual Pollutant Loading Rate (APLR) Sludge Requirements
The labelling requirement for APLR sludge to be sold or given away in a bag or other container
(not bulk) is a label or information sheet accompany the sludge with the following minimum
information:
(v)
The name and address of the person who prepared the sludge for sale or giveaway in a
bag or other container.
A statement that prohibits application of the sludge to the land except in accordance with
the instructions on the label or information sheet.
An Annual Whole Sludge Application Rate (AWSAR) that will not cause pollutant or
nitrogen amounts to be exceeded.
Monitoring Requirements
Frequency: The USEPA requires monitoring of pollutant, pathogen, and vector reduction levels of
any sludge that are to be applied to land. Depending on the amount of sludge being applied to the
land (see Table 68), the monitoring must occur anywhere from once a year to once a month. The
samples used must be representative of the entire mass of sludge, and must be taken before
application or use, usually at the site of preparation. Additionally, the USEPA specifies the time
and temperature for sludge storage and the methods by which each pollutant or pathogen is
analyzed (see Table 69).
Table 68: Frequency of sludge monitoring
Amounts of Sludge (Dry T/365 day period)
Required Monitoring Frequency
<290
Once per year
290 to <1,500
Once per quarter (four times per year)
1,500 to <15,000
Once per sixty days (six times per year)
15,000
Once per month (twelve times per year)
Sampling Procedure: Although the USEPA establishes frequency of monitoring requirements for
sludge, it does not specify how many samples need to be taken. There is one exceptionfor
Class B, Alternative 1 pathogen requirements, the standard is that seven samples must be
collected. The appropriate number of samples to take depends on conditions at each site. More
than one sample is usually necessary to accurately represent a particular stream or batch of
sludge. The key objective is to obtain a representative sample.
There are two basic types of samples: grab samples and composite samples. Because a grab
sample is a single sample collected at a specific time and location, it is representative of the
composition of a material being sampled only at that particular moment and place. The other type
of sample, the composite sample, is made up of several grab samples taken over a period of time
and/or from different locations. In most cases, a composite sample is more representative than a
grab sample because the composite can reveal information about the composite's sub-samples of
material from several locations and time periods. Thus, whenever possible and appropriate,
Gauff Ingenieure
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ESIA Sanitation
composite sampling should be conducted (e.g. for metals). Take several grab samples, combine
them, and then send the composite sample to a laboratory for analysis.
Sampling and analysis should take place before use or disposal so that analytical results can be
available ahead of time.
Sampling Equipment: Sampling equipment (e.g. coring devices, pitchers, conduits, shovels,
trowels, containers) must be made of materials that will not contaminate or react with the sludge.
Suitable sampling equipment materials generally include glass, stainless steel, and plastic (Teflon,
polyethylene, polypropylene). Any steel equipment used must not be galvanized or zinc coated
because it will contaminate the sample. Moreover, all equipment should be kept clean to avoid
contamination.
Personnel Safety: Personnel handling sludge samples should take precautions to minimize
contact with pathogens and pollutants that may be present in sludge. Rubber or latex gloves and
waterproof garments should be worn to prevent direct contact. Personnel should follow
procedures that limit the production of explosive gases within the samples. Note that preserving
and refrigerating samples suppresses biological activity that produces explosive gases.
Table 69: Proper conditions for sludge sampling
Parameter
Wide-mouthed
container
Maximum storage
Minimum
time
Volume
Preservative
Metals
Solid and semi-solid
P, G
samples
Cool, 4C
6 months
300 ml
Liquid (mercury
only)
P, G
HNO3 to pH<2
28 days
500 ml
Liquid (all other

metals)
P, G
HNO3 to pH<2
6 months
1,000 ml
Pathogen Density and Vector Attraction Reduction
G, P, B, SS
Pathogens
(1) Cool in ice and

water to <10C if
6 hours
analysis delayed >1
hour; or
24 hours (bacteria
(2) Cool promptly to and viruses), one
<4C; or
month (helminth
ova)
(3) Freeze and
store samples to be
analyzed for viruses 2 weeks
1 to 4 l
at 0C
Vector attraction
reduction
Varies
Varies
1 to 4 l
a: Preservatives should be added to sampling containers prior to actual sampling episodes; storage times commence upon addition of
sample to sampling container.
b: Varies with analytical method.
c: Do not freeze bacterial or helminth ova samples.
P: Plastic (polyethylene, polypropylene, Teflon).
G = Glass (non-etched Pyrex).
B = Pre-sterilized bags (for dewatered or free-flowing sludge).
SS = Stainless steel (not steel - or zinc-coated).
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ESIA Sanitation
C. Transport Requirements
Sludge shall be transported to the reuse or disposal sites in such a manner so as to preclude
leakage, spillage or the creating of a sanitary nuisance. In the event a nuisance injurious to health
or causing environmental damage is created, the transporter is responsible for and must disinfect
the contaminated area and immediately notify ZEMA and LCC.
Trucks transporting sludge shall be equipped with tarping systems to contain the sludge and
prevent rain from entering the body.
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ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX I: LIST OF NHCC SITES
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335

ESIA Sanitation
Appendix I: List of NHCC Sites

No. Heritage Name
District
Coordinates
23 Allies mine smelters
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-16S 28-38E
Archaeological
24 Allies nine
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-16S 28-39E
Archaeological
25 Alymer May Cemetery
Lusaka
Lusaka
26 Alymer May Cemetery
Lusaka
Lusaka
58 Ayrshire farm
Lusaka
Lusaka
71 Bartletts Garden
Lusaka
Lusaka
395 Chilenje
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-27S 28-20E
Archaeological
No
Chilenje House,
House No. 394
Lusaka
Lusaka
0642952/8292455
Historical
Yes
618 E.W. Tarrys Building
Lusaka
Lusaka
0637460/8295622
Historical
No
Colonial
shop
621 Faxdale Estate
Lusaka
Lusaka
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Iron smelting
396
Gauff Ingenieure
Heritage Type Significance Legal Status Verification
Management
Category
Province
National
Period
Heritage Type
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Copper smelling
Destroyed
No
N/A
PH Later Iron
Age
Copper mine
Historical
Yes
Colonial
Building
0639289/8296341
Historical
Yes
Colonial
Cemetery
15-33S 28-05E
Archaeological
Archaeological
Archaeological
National
Protected
National
Monument
Yes
PH Later Stone
Engr. Open Finds
Age and Iron Age
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age to Modern
Burial site
PH Later Iron
Age
Iron smelting
Protected
house
336

No. Heritage Name
Province
District
622 Faxdale Estate
Lusaka
Lusaka
631 Ferngrove
Lusaka
Lusaka
639 First Lusaka School
Lusaka
Lusaka
Coordinates
15-21S 28-12E
ESIA Sanitation
Management
Category
Period
Heritage Type
Archaeological
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Iron Smelting
Archaeological
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Iron smelting
Protected
National
Monument
Yes
Colonial
School
POCOL
Cemetery
POCOL
Cemetery
Historical
National
647
Football Heroes Burial

Site
Lusaka
Lusaka
648
Football Heroes B.
Site
Lusaka
Lusaka
Historical
649
Former Charter
House
Lusaka
Lusaka
Historical
Yes
Colonial
Hall
650
Former Dutch
Reformed Church
Lusaka
Lusaka
Historical
Yes
Colonial
Church
665 Freedom House
Lusaka
Lusaka
Office
666 Freemans cave
Lusaka
Lusaka
0636200/8300757
0637227/8296762
Historical
National
Protected
National
Monument
Yes
Historical
National
Protected
National
Monument
Yes
POCOL
15-34S 28-18E
Archaeological
National
Protected
Yes
PH Later Stone
Cave plus Finds
Age
667
Freemans
concessions
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-46S 28-21E
Archaeological
National
Protected
Yes
PH Sangoan
Open site
668
Freemans Cave,
Kafue
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-50S 28-26E
Archaeological
National
Protected
Yes
Oldwan Only
Cave plus Finds
Gauff Ingenieure
337

No. Heritage Name
Province
District
Coordinates
Lusaka
Lusaka
0637323/8296549
1123 James farm Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
1169 Kabwata Rondavales
Lusaka
Lusaka
1210 Kakoma Hill Cleft
Lusaka
Lusaka
1249 Kaleya River
Lusaka
Lusaka
13-54S 27-41E
Archaeological
Lusaka
Lusaka
0638422/8294249
Historical
1325 Kandala
Lusaka
Lusaka
1448 Kanyembas Island
Lusaka
Lusaka
1454 Kapamagoma
Lusaka
Lusaka
1470 Kapwirimbwe
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-23S 28-2
Archaeological
1508 Kasisi Mission
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-16S 28-28E
Archaeological
986
1324
House No. 110D

(1932)
Kamwala Dutch
Reformed
Gauff Ingenieure
Period
Heritage Type
Colonial
PH Later Stone
Bored stones
Age
NAT
Historical
Traditional
15-57S 28-55E
Management
Category
Historical
Archaeological
0640034/8293701
ESIA Sanitation
Unprotected
National
Protected
Traditional
Unprotected
Archaeological
Protected
Archaeological
National
Traditional
Cave traditional
PH Later Stone
Open site
Age
No
Traditional
Traditional site
Yes
HI Portuguese
Settlement
No
PH Later Iron
Age
Chance Surface
Find
Protected
Yes
Protected
Yes
Later Stone Age

Open Site plus
and Early Iron
Settlement
Age
PH Later Iron
Age
Iron smelting
338

No. Heritage Name
Province
District
1516 Kasupe Mission
Lusaka
Lusaka
1582 King Edward Mine
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-22S 27-55E
Archaeological
King Edward Mine

MSA
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-30S 27-55E
Archaeological
Kenneth Kaundas
1591 Land Rover No.
K12848
Lusaka
Lusaka
1640 Leopards Hill Cave
Lusaka
Lusaka
1641 Leopards Hill Fossil
Lusaka
Lusaka
Geological
1642 Leopards Hill Road
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
National
1643 Leopards Hill Rd West Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
National
1644 Leopards Hill River
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
National
1645 Leopards Hill Stones
Lusaka
Lusaka
Traditional
1646 Leopards Hill View 2
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
1583
Gauff Ingenieure
Coordinates
ESIA Sanitation
Archaeological
National
Archaeological
No
Protected
Yes
National
Historical
15-36S 28-43E
Protected
Yes
Protected
National
Protected
National
Monument
Yes
Protected
No
Protected
Management
Category
A
Heritage Type
PH Later Stone
Bored stones
Age
PH Later Iron
Age
Burial site
PH Middle Stone Chance Surface

Age
Find
Colonial
PH Middle, Later
Stone Age &
Cave plus Finds
Early Iron Age
Vehicle
Not Applicable
Fossil wood
Chance Surface
Find
No
PH Stone Age
Yes
PH Middle Stone
Open site
Age
No
PH Sangoan
No
National
Period
Yes
Chance Surface
Find
Traditional Only Traditional site
PH Stone Age
Open site
339

No. Heritage Name
ESIA Sanitation
District
Coordinates
1657 Lilanda A
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-23S 28-19E
Archaeological
National
No
PH Later Stone
Bored stones
Age
1658 Lilanda B
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-23S 28-19E
Archaeological
National
No
PH Early Stone Chance Surface

Age
Find
1705 Luamba River
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
1802 Lusake east
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
1972 Mampompo pottery
Lusaka
Lusaka
2002 Mapepi farm
Lusaka
Lusaka
1753
Luembu House
No 280
1798 Lusaka District S
1799
Lusaka International
Airport
1800 Lusaka Mumbwa road
1801
Lusaka south
escarpment
Gauff Ingenieure
Management
Category
Province
Archaeological
A- 0641140/829274
Confirmed
PH Iron Age
Historical
National
15-20S 28-25E
Archaeological
National
15-26S 28-14E
Archaeological
National
Chance Surface
Find
Yes
PH Later Stone Chance Surface

Age
Find
Protected
No
PH Early Iron
Age
Protected
No
PH Later Stone
Bored stones
Age
PH Later Iron
Age
No
National
Archaeological
Archaeological
Heritage Type
Colonial
Archaeological
15-38S 28-25E
Yes
Period
Protected
No
Yes
National
No
Chance Surface
Find
PH Later Stone
Bored stones
Age
PH Iron Age
Settlement
Chance Surf.Find
PH Later Stone
Bored stones
Age
340

ESIA Sanitation
No. Heritage Name
Province
District
Coordinates
2020 Marrapodi House
Lusaka
Lusaka
0637968/8295445
Historical
2021 Marrapodi Kiln
Lusaka
Lusaka
0635916/8295393
Historical
2022 Marshlands farm
Lusaka
Lusaka
Matero House
No. 3144
Lusaka
Lusaka
0635925/8300068
Historical
Protected
National
Monument
2042 Matero Suburb Kilns
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-22S 28-16E
Archaeological
Protected
2047 Mayaburghs Farm
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
2049 Mayamo Stream
Lusaka
Lusaka
Historical
2233 Mukombwe River
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
National
2373 Munali School
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-23S 28-21E
Archaeological
National
2041
Mwanakantapa
Selting
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-16S 28-39E
Archaeological
2979
Nchuto Stream
Chipon
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-34S 28-18E
Archaeological
National
Period
Heritage Type
Yes
Colonial
kiln
Yes
PH Sangoan
Open site
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Iron smelting
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age to Modern
Chance Surface
Find
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Fortified Village
Protected
Yes
PH Later Stone Engraved Open

Age or Iron Age Finds
No
PH Early Iron
Age
Settlement
PH Later Iron
Age
Iron smelting
Archaeological
2495
Gauff Ingenieure
Protected
Management
Category
Protected
Yes
Protected
Yes
PH Early Stone
Age and Middle Open site
Stone
Age
341

No. Heritage Name
Province
District
2999 Neethling Bros Farm
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
3000 Neethlings Farm
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
3001 Neethlings Farm B
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
3002 Neethlings Farm Soli
Lusaka
Lusaka
Archaeological
3046 Njanji Commuter
Lusaka
Lusaka
0637719/8295179
Historical
3122 Old Freedom House-
Lusaka
Lusaka
0637229/8295401
Historical
3123
Old Fishers Building

Plot 109
Lusaka
Lusaka
3131
Old Lusaka Mumbwa

Road
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-21S 27-58E
Archaeological
3134
Old National
Assembly
Lusaka
Lusaka
28' 24' 80'E
Historical
Old Post Office3137 Freedom Way/

Katondo
Lusaka
Lusaka
0637310/8295060
Historical
3143 Old Secretariat
Lusaka
Lusaka
0640375/8294813
Historical
Gauff Ingenieure
Coordinates
ESIA Sanitation
National
National
Yes
Protected
Yes
Protected
Yes
Management
Category
A
Period
PH Later Stone
Open site
Age
PH Later Iron
Age
Heritage Type
Other rock imps
PH Later Stone
Bored stones
Age
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Burial site
Protected
Yes
Colonial
Office
National
Protected
No
PH Later Stone
Bored stones
Age
National
Protected
National
Monument
Yes
Colonial
Office
Colonial
office
Historical
Yes
342

No. Heritage Name
Province
District
3146 Old State House/
Lusaka
Lusaka
3148 Olympia Park
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
Lusaka
3282 Roma New Road
Lusaka
Lusaka
3355 Sharlands Farm
Lusaka
Lusaka
3360 Shimabala Quarry
Lusaka
Lusaka
3361 Shimabala Soinc
Lusaka
Lusaka
3362 Shimwengu Hill
Lusaka
Lusaka
3397 Silver King Mine
Lusaka
Lusaka
3172
Plot No. 13965 Chinika
3239 Reitfontein Ranch
3278
Robert Mugabe
House
Gauff Ingenieure
Coordinates
ESIA Sanitation
Management
Category
Period
Heritage Type
Historical
15-24S 28-18E
Archaeological
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Burial site
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Settlement
Protected
National
Monument
Yes
Colonial
House
Yes
PH Middle Stone
Open site
Age
Historical
15-28S 28-43E
15-23S 29-19E
Archaeological
Historical
National
Archaeological
National
PH Later Iron
Age
Iron smelting
PH Later Iron
Age
Burial site
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age to Modern
Chance Surface
Find
Archaeological
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Chance Surface
Find
Archaeological
No
PH Later Iron
Age
Copper mine
Archaeological
Protected
15-40S 28-14E
Archaeological
Destroyed
15-41S 28-15E
Archaeological
14-35S 26-48E
Yes
343

No. Heritage Name
ESIA Sanitation
District
Coordinates
3398 Silver Rest Farm A
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-22S 28-25E
Archaeological
3399 Silver Rest Farm B
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-22S 28-25E
Archaeological
3484 State House
Lusaka
Lusaka
B-0640945/8292807
Historical
3503 Sugar Loaf Mine
Lusaka
Lusaka
14-42S 26-53E
Archaeological
3577 Twickenham Road
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-24S 28-18E
Archaeological
National
Protected
National
Monument
Yes
3578 Twin Rivers Kopje
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-34S 28-08E
Archaeological
National
Protected
National
Monument
Yes
Wembley Road,
Olmypia Park
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-24S 28-18E
Archaeological
National
Protected
No
3634 Wienands Farm
Lusaka
Lusaka
15-22S 28-34E
Archaeological
National
Protected
No
PH Early Iron
Age
Settlement
National
Protected
Yes
Sangoan
Open site
Protected
Yes
PH Iron Age
Grinding Grooves
plus Finds
3629
Management
Category
Province
3640
Wotherspoons
Donga A
Lusaka
Lusaka
15042S 28-13E
Archaeological
3670
ZESCO Cooling
Tower
Lusaka
Lusaka
0637873/8296083
Historical
358 Chibolya
Gauff Ingenieure
Archaeological
National
Protected
Yes
Period
Heritage Type
PH Middle Stone
Open site
Age
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age to Modern
No
PH Later Iron
Copper mine
Age and Colonial
PH Later Stone
Age, Early &
Later Iron Age
PH Middle, Later
Stone Age &
Later
Iron Age
PH Later Stone
Age
Burial site
Open Site plus

Settlement
Cave plus Finds
Redeposited
344

No. Heritage Name
Province
District
Coordinates
663 Foxdale Estates Bore
Archaeological
National
Protected
National
Monument
No
Management
Category
A
Period
Heritage Type
PH Later Stone
Bored stones
Age
No
PH Later Iron
Copper mine
Age and Colonial
Protected
Yes
Later Iron Age
Iron smelting
Archaeological
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age
Iron smelting
Archaeological
Protected
Yes
PH Later Iron
Age to Modern
Cave plus Finds
3043 Nildesperandum Mine
13-58S 27-55E
Archaeological
3151 Pala River Kilns
15-13S 28-56E
Archaeological
3501 Stuparts Farm
3650 Zalo Cave
Gauff Ingenieure
ESIA Sanitation
345

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX J: JOINT PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING 14 JUNE 2011
Gauff Ingenieure
346

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX J1: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT JOINT PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING 14 JUNE 2011
Name
Designation
Institution/ Organisation
Tel/Cell
Janet Banda
Chairperson
Mwembeshi NHC Ward
0979189270
Felix Muwema
Director
Watho Civil Engineering
0964598070
Mouldreen Mwangala
Chairperson
Tuyeseko
0978787513
Mathen Mkandawire
WDC, Treasurer
Munkolo Ward 12
0977404266
Banda Msanikhuze
Chairperson
Munkolo NHC
0977875026
Miku Okada
Ass. Resident Representative JICA
0977740920
Boniface Chilieshe
Chairman
WDC
0977364475
Gonwe Hebert
WSS Expert
AFDB
0966556655
Jairous Mphande
Matero
NHCC
0979084886
Banda Paul
Kabwata WDC
WDC
0955764028
Jennifer Willis
SWV
SWV
Matildah Mwansa
Chairperson
Kaunda Square Clinic
0977564242
Ireen Taularli
Secretary
W.D.C munal
0966864180
Chabala Ghanda
Acting Head of Waste

Management
LCC
0966752531
T. ulumba
BFWF
BFWF
0977488203
Kennedy Sikachiba
W.B.C
N.D.C
0977645641
Andrew Kashile
Personal
PERSONAL
233336(11)1
Simasiku Malumo
DDES
LCC
251978
Ptros Mwale
WDC
LCC
0979996342
Frayon Sinyinza
WDC
LCC
0977649372
Jackline .C. Sakala
WDC
Tedddy Kobusta
Project Manager
Care
0977655952
Dorcas Kantomoya
WDC
LCC
0979456129
Adridbah Komwe Kapatamoyo Lusaka
ZANEC
0976210065
Edith Lusambo
NHC
Chipata
0977460347
Astridah Mwale
Silwizya Ward
Lusaka Central
0977807711
Kawonga C Obed
Director
NECOS
0978782060
Beatrice Kafue
CBE
Kutwano Swm
0979214535
C Chilufya
Reporter
Muza Radio
0979037134
C. Malambo
Principal Engineer
MLEH
0977828753
Sibongile M. Munguza
Reporter
New vision Newspaper
0975120246
Bwalya Paul
Chairman
WDC-Kabode
0955764028
J.K.Rennie
Tetra Tech
Consultant
0961190755
0975078712
Janet Hawmef
Gauff Ingenieure
347

Name
Designation
ESIA Sanitation
Tel/Cell
0971695197
N.Banda
Kapwelomba Basic
Teacher
0966623995
Julius B. Daka
MCAZ
Environment specialist
0955851073
L. Tigere
MCAZ
Soc and Geder spe
0977803367
N Hewer
Gauff
Consultant
09760775110
Eric Omuroll
Gauff
Consultant
Ethel Nkashi
Kayama Cowst
P.A representative for Mp
0977564522
Beatrice Chibalamuna
Mtendere Ward
Committee member
0977460725
Evelyn Makuwire
CYC Chelstone
Chairperson coordinator
0977870087
Queen Mwape
Mwembeshi
Chairperson
0963287139
Chupili Chikamba
LWSC
Assets manager
0968440142
Mwangala Mubita
Youth Alliance
Secretary
0978540959
Mathews Lungu
Roma Ward 17
Acting chairperson
0979217437
Prisca M. Chikwashi
ZACCI
CBU
0966757668
Nambamo Nyambe
ZACCI
Membership officer
0965366779
Nicholas Chitulanjoma
JICA
Programme officer
0966860222
Nadine Taze
UFW
Advisors
0979292407
Albinah. Lumwa
WDC
Women chairperson
0977415439
Whiteson Chibelye
NHCC
Pub. Secretary
0978290221
Adrian Nsefu
WDC
Chairperson
0977773476
Imakando Sinyama
Woodlands
Observer
0977885953
Beatrice Ngoma
Libach Ward 7
Chairperson
0955855373
David Silubanje
WDC
Chairperson
0979300671
Vahdai Alaman
Pankini
Director
0977770251
Shampeck Liche
NHC
Member
0977488224
Emmanuel Mkandawire
MCA-Zambia
MEE Specialist
0977445002
Obed C Kawanga
NECOS
Ex Director
0978782060
H. Machina
Zambia and alliance
Director
0977240823
Casuas Tembo
NHC Tahiwa
Chairperson
0977600443
Allan M Tamba
Dakan Dev Services
Acting secretary
0973483912
Andrew Mwanaliulya
L.C.C
Tomon Clerk
0966926601
Melody N Mwale
W.D.C
Vice chairperson
0977458678
Yamda S.v
Lilayi
Chairperson
0969988241
Pascalina. M
N.H.C
Chairperson
0978215825
Agripina Ngoma
LWC
Secretary
0978853948
Christina M
Gauff Ingenieure
348

ESIA Sanitation
Name
Designation
Tel/Cell
Lukwesa Kaemba
PPu-MOFNP
Chief planner
0977795190
George Phiri
WDC Mtendere
Chairperson
0977311313
Bornwell Shea
NHC
Chairperson
0977377521
Silvia Gaf
UMCEF
Chief of Wash
0977740394
Mrs E Zulu
WDC 3
Chairlady
0969988135
Mr M Situmbeko
Concerned citizen
0977772951
A.M Bwalya
NHH Topchaic
Chairperson
0977238477
Masauso Ngombe
WDC Ward 25
Chairperson
0977932614
S.M Mulimiwe
Libala
LDA
0955772105
Peter C Chanda
Chairman
WDC
0977713886
Severino T Chisanga
SCAZ
SCAZ
0977718874
Donald Mbolela
WDC Secretary
WDC
0974134556
Edna Mwale
Kanyama
Women group
0979077277
Mary kaira
Chazanga
NHC chair
0965150647
Doctor Nkulumbe
Kanyama
NHC chair
0977508521
John P. Ngoma
Libala Ward 7
Ward chair
0955855373
Davies Zulu
Acting director/DHID
DHID/MLGH
252335
Margret Daka
Lilanda Ward Mwembeshi
NHCC Mafono
0977924721
John Kanyembo
Matero
MRHC
0979776681
Msusa Nicholas
Regional coordinator
P.U.S.H
0977499615
Andrew Banda
Head IMS
DMMU
0955838380
Charles Kapembwa
Senior Engineer LWSC
LWSC
0978697541
Crispin F Nkhoma
Chilenje
DHAKAN
0966455290
BB Chirwa
AB
MLGH
251143
Nkumbu Siame
PE (R)
MLGH
251128
Wamulume J.N
Infrastructure Specialist
MCAZ
256004
Patrick M Phiri
Dc
DC.LSK
0977875794
Lucky Sunkutu
Personal
Personal
0977232322
Elijah Kamena
Chairperson WDC
WDC
0977684478
Mary Nachilima
Senior Engineer
LWSC
0979703806
Mweelwa Mulenga
Com Specialist
MLGH
0977871207
Martha Mwitumwa
A/DC
Dist Admin
0979278580
Raina Chiyala
C/L
Lilayi
0979215839
Elizabeth Zimba
V/Secretary
Chaisa
0977324519
Queen Tembo
V/treasurer
Misisi
0977865053
Joyce Chibuta
NFZ
0976722414
Monica Sainela
Kamwala
Gauff Ingenieure
349

Name
Designation
Mwape Lubilo
C.E.O Push
Chitoshi Annastasia
Member
Taskforce
0979305628
Jonathan Phiri
Director
WASAZA
0977846246
Lesson Chibalamuna
Kayama
WDC Chairman
0966324716
Geoginah Mwanda
Twakula C.C
Women group
0979675307
Elizabeth Tembo
Secretary
WDC Kalingalinga
0978634662
Prisca P Dube
V/Secretary
WDC Kapwepwe
0977570830
Anne Imasiku
Consultant
Freelance
0955600114
Kelvin Chitumbo
Director
NWASCO
0977766647
John M Kamanga
CCDO
LCC
0977802379
Nundwe ceee
Operating
World Bank
0955906558
Beauty S Mbale
DWO
LOWA/ GRESP
0979068018
Lubinda L Brian
Citizen
Marble Villa
0974783701
Sinyangwe FB.R
MP
Matero
0977799592
Emmaron D Dube
Bishop
BFT Ministries
0977751438
Grace M Mushinge
Coordinator Director
Zambia Collect We and Comm. P.O box

Dev
350136
Chilanga
Grace Banda
Chairlady
Garden Ward
0976337958
Natalie Brown
Consultant
Gauff
0977
Given Lubinda
MP
Kabwata
0977863244
Mule Balasi
Tetra Tech
Consultant
0979547516
Stanley E Banda
Chaise H/Centre
NHC Chairman
0962441857
A Ngambi
Org for useful youth only

(Kalundu)
Coordinator
0966439546
Paul Kapotwe
Wateraid
Director
0977689172
Danny Banda
Tetra Tech
Civil and Environmental

Engineer
0977625563
Vavehan Palmer
Gauff
Engineer
Fredrick Kunda
Gauff
Engineer
0967438783
Daniez Siwo
National Assembly of Zambia
P.A to them P
0977663828
Probby Mumba
Neighborhood
Secretary
0979397962
George Kambaka
Neighborhood
Former Secretary
0978212134
Peter Tembo
National Assembly
P.A
0966598208
Wavell D Mwila
WDC Garden
Chairperson
0969871011
Billy Muwaika
WDC Chilenje
Chairperson
0977215960
E Chungu
Gauff Ingenieure
ESIA Sanitation
Tel/Cell
251076
0963769145
350

ESIA Sanitation
Name
Designation
Tel/Cell
ORT Sambo
WDC Kamwala
Vice Treasurer
0977134738
Anthony Kasanda
WDC
Chairperson
0976311326
Paul B Mulengachozy
WDC Chankunkula
Ward c Chairman
0977698060
Andrea N.D
BGR/ GDC
Senior Hydro list
0979041624
Konnie Josphet
Consulting in town
Environmental scientist
0976133554
Goma Ezekiel
Taskforce
Secretary
0966468486
Strueten Punenga
NHC
Chairperson
0977987552
Xavier Mulenga
company
CEO
0975755125
Thomson Simuzosha
WDC
Chairperson
0978785790
Feston Siame
NHC
Chairperson
0979685301
Amos M Musonda
LCC
DPH
252941
Lucas Banda
NHC
Chairperson
0979357597
Roy Kaludo
Gauff
Sociologist
0977882515
Charity Muleya
NHC
Chairperson
0977395288
Musanya D kasalwe
D.A
Ag DWS
0977881962
John K Njovu
WMA
Chairman
0977849351
Florence Mwanza
(NAZ)munali const office
P.A
0977372727
Rodway Kalde
DMMU HQ
p-ops
0966645286
Charity Phiri
Chawama market
Chairperson
0978679303
Lyson Gondwe
WDC
Chairperson
0977530784
Theresa Tembo
Womens group
Chairperson
0977987480
Febby Jere
Chairperson ward
Womens group
0977783883
Rex L Zimba
In dependence
Vice
0977209564
Emson Mbewe
NHC
Vice chairperson
0977209554
Maritinyana Njobvu
WDC
0974416061
Jennipher Nachande
WDC
Chairperson
0977237799
Christine K Saby
ZDC
Chairperson
0977844176
Rey Aaron Mulunda
WDC
Chairperson
0977492691
Nyonge Phiri
LWSC
Senior engineer
0979281183
Don Mulirith
WDC
Chairperson
0978351666
Bernard Tembo
WDC
Treasurer
0977622018
Wilson Shane
Director of engineer
LWSC
0966440448
Kennedy mayumbolo
Manager peri Urban
LWSC
0968440135
Yvonne M Siyeni
Head Sanitation
LWSC
0955642165
Tesa Mulota
Graduate Student
Cavendish university
0979447054
John L Bukoole
WDC chair
WDC
0977104124
Leslie Chikuce
Chairman health kamwala
Kabwata health
0976586141
Gauff Ingenieure
351

ESIA Sanitation
Name
Designation
Tel/Cell
James Madalitso Tembo
Environmental Scientist
Gauff Consultant
0973190310
Lubinga Handia
Environmental Scientist
Tetratech
0955901974
Gauff Ingenieure
352

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX J2: FACILITATORS GUIDE FOR GROUP DISCUSSIONS AT JOINT PUBLIC CONSULTATION 14
JUNE 2011
The purpose of this group discussion is to undertake the following:
1. Bring out all the issues, suggestions and concerns on the individual projects that have been
presented in plenary.
2. The process of this group work is that each one of you will be given three Cards
Pink Card for Water Supply related issues
Blue Card for Sanitation related issues
Yellow Card for drainage related issues
In this regard, you should write one concern/issue per card in Uppercase after which you
should write your name and organization at the back of the same card.
If you feel that you have more than one idea on a particular issue please do not hesitate to
ask for an extra card.
3. You will then be required to choose 3 key issues from each project area which will be
presented for discussion in plenary.
4. Each group to choose a group representative to present the selected key issues in plenary.
5. Issues that will not go to plenary for discussion will still be considered in the ESIA Report.
Gauff Ingenieure
353

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX J3: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS AT JOINT PUBLIC CONSULTATION 14 JUNE 2011
Water Supply
No.
Issue
Presenter
Name
Forced eviction of residents
LCC
Kamanga
Employment of locals/ use of community based labour
LCC
Kamanga
Involvement of leaders at implementation stage and not just

the consultative stage
WDC Chairperson Pastor Mulunda
Increase water supply
WDC Chairperson Pastor Mulunda
The Project to involve Zambian business houses to supply

goods and services
ZACCI
Chikwashi
Need to consider rain water harvesting for areas not

connected the water network
Imakando
Sustainability of the activities
Imakando
Projects to be given to Zambian companies to do the work
No Name
Improving water supply in the community
No Name
10
Removing old pipes and putting new ones
No Name
11
Erratic water supply
Resident
Situmbeko
12
Low pressure
Resident
Situmbeko
13
Strengthen legislation regarding illegal connections and

construction on water infrastructure
Resident
Situmbeko
14
Renovate and improve the existing water supply system
Resident
Sunkutu
15
Continuous monitoring and maintenance
Resident
Sunkutu
16
More net-works and kiosks
Resident
Mate
17
Putting up of storage tanks which reduce water supply for

others
Resident
Mulengachozi
18
Resident
Mulengachozi
19
Supply of water to people using shallow wells
Resident
Mulengachozi
20
Employ people to manage kiosks to avoid vandalism
Resident
Everline Zulu
21
Need more kiosks
Resident
Everline Zulu
22
Better to have house connections than kiosks or stand pipes
Resident
Margret Daka
23
Resident
Emanuel Chungu
24
Residents to have more say on water supply
Resident
Emanuel Chungu
25
To provide training to residents
Resident
Emanuel Chungu
26
Define the role of residents during construction, maintenance PUSH

and future works
Lubilo
27
How the burying of wells will be done
PUSH
Lubilo
28
What measures will be put in place to ensure water is

affordable
PUSH
Lubilo
29
ESIA to include consultations on innovations of water (use, re- PUSH

use)
Lubilo
Gauff Ingenieure
354

No.
Issue
30
Define the role of residents during construction, maintenance PUSH

and future works
Lubilo
31
Address issues of pollution
PUSH
Lubilo
32
Avoiding water contamination from sewer disposal

(septic tanks, pit latrines)
Resident
C Nkhoma
33
Demolish structures built on water supply line
Water Aid
P Kapotwe
34
Need for a funded maintenance plan
Water Aid
P Kapotwe
35
Involve town and country planning authorities to design and

lay pipes
Water Aid
P Kapotwe
36
Need for more water supply
NHC
Msanikhuze Banda
37
Need to repair leakages
NHC
Msanikhuze Banda
38
Need for quality works to be done (not like

Matero)
Resident
Nambayo Nyambe
39
Resident
Nambayo Nyambe
40
During construction, notify residents of termination of water

supply
Resident
Nambayo Nyambe
41
Identify stakeholders through wdcs to support project

ownership
NAZ
Peter Tembo
42
NAZ
Peter Tembo
43
Need to repair leakages
NAZ
Peter Tembo
44
NAZ
Peter Tembo
45
Engage the water trusts in areas they operate
NAZ
Peter Tembo
46
WMA
John Njobvu
47
Factor the growth of the population by 2035
WMA
John Njobvu
48
Consider management of the system
WMA
John Njobvu
49
The short term plan is focused on maintenance and not

volume
WMA
John Njobvu
50
WDC
Leonard Cheelo
51
Workers employed to have protective materials
WDC
Leonard Cheelo
52
WDC
Leonard Cheelo
53
Avoiding water contamination from sewer disposal

(septic tanks, pit latrines)
Resident
Beatrice Ngoma
54
Need for reliable water supply
WDC
Elizabeth Zimba
55
56
WDC
Kaunda Square
57
Illegal connections
Olympia
Kambaila
58
Construction of buildings without LWSC water service
Olympia
Kambaila
59
Leakages in system
WDC
John Ngoma
60
Gauff Ingenieure
Presenter
ESIA Sanitation
Name
No Name
Masauso Ng'ombe
355

No.
Issue
61
Need to bury shallow wells
62
Resident
Kanyama Womens Edna Mwale

group
WDC
Thomson
Simuzosha
65
WDC
Sylvester Punsuka
66
Increase connections
WDC
Sylvester Punsuka
67
WDC
Moldreen Xxangala
68
Supervise construction and use durable materials
69
WDC
Bishop Yamba
70
Need for more taps
WDC
Queen Tembo
Feasibility of project
Chainda Womens Theresa Tembo

Group
Chilenje Health
Centre
63
64
71
72
Presenter
ESIA Sanitation
Name
Masauso Ng'ombe
Ewin
No Name
Whiteson Chibolye
73
Wastage of water through leakages
74
Need for individual house connections
WDC
Illegal settlements face risk of demolition
neighbourhood
Cosmas Tembo
committee chainda
76
WDC
77
No Name
78
No Name
79
Need for reliable water supply since dug out wells will be
buried
Kaizen onsulting
international
Konnie Josphat
80
Concerned with diseases due to contaminated water from

shallow wells
university student
Tesa Mulota
81
Rehabilitation of existing systems
university student
Tesa Mulota
75
82
No Name
Petro Mwale
Febby Jere
Lesson
Chibolamena
83
WDC
Moffat Mulile
84
DNHC
A Bwalya
Munali constituency Florence Mwanza

office
Poor quality water from boreholes located close to septic

tanks
MCC
No Name
Install boreholes for water supply
Zambia National
Environmental
Concern
Agrippah
Kapatamoyo
88
WDC
Mantiyana Njobvu
89
WDC
Raphael Chota
85
86
87
Gauff Ingenieure
356

ESIA Sanitation
No.
Issue
Presenter
Name
90
Install boreholes for water supply
WDC
Raphael Chota
91
Need to bury shallow wells
WDC
Raphael Chota
Dakan
Development
Services
Allan Tamba
Need for capacity building for leak detection team
Dakan
Development
Services
Allan Tamba
94
Womens group
Christine Sabu
95
WDC
Billy Muwaka
96
Space for new water lines since houses are not orderly
WDC
John Bukoole
97
WDC
Jenniphe
98
Rainwater harvesting to be included
DMMU
Anderson Banda
99
Need to supply areas not mentioned in the

LWSSD Project
WDC
Georgina Mawanda
100
Involve community in construction of LWSSD Project
101
Tariff increase without consulting consumers
WDC
E Tembo
102
WDC
Obed Kawanga
103
WDC
Jackline Sakala
104
consultant
Anne Imasiku
105
Need for capacity building at LWSC
No Name
106
Affordable water price after burying of shallow wells
No Name
107
WDC
Roina Chiyaba
108
WDC
Matthews Lungu
109
110
Need for individual house connections
WDC
Wavell Mwila
111
WDC
K Sikachiba
112
NHC
Janet Banda
113
WDC
Don Mulikita
114
WDC
Elijah Kamfwa
Need for equity in water supply between rich and poor
Neighbourhood
Committee
Robber Mumba
92
93
115
No Name
116
Robber Mumba
117
Need for announcements when supply is disrupted due to

repairs
Robber Mumba
118
Jairous Mphande
119
Include water trusts in the LWSSDP
A Nsefu
120
No Name
121
No Name
Gauff Ingenieure
357

ESIA Sanitation
No.
Issue
Presenter
Name
122
Need for capacity building at LWSC
WDC
Sihibanje Davi
123
Spelling out of roles between community, water trusts and

LWSC
NHC
Doctor Ngulube
WDC
Matthew
Mkandawire
WDC
Matthew
Mkandawire
124
125
126
Poor water quality from water trusts
127
WDC
George Phiri
128
Who will manage the system after construction
WDC
Lucinio Phiri
129
WDC
Albina Mwila
130
WDC
Albina Mwila
Boreholes should be abandoned as water sources
Warthog
Engineering
Felix Muwema
132
LWSC to rehabilitate existing infrastructure using own

resources
Warthog
Engineering
Felix Muwema
133
ZCHCDF
Grace Mushinge
134
ZCHCDF
Grace Mushinge
135
Use rainwater harvested for industrial purposes since quality

need not be high
O Sambo
Preference of borehole water to tap water
Mwangala Mubita
Harry
131
136
Beatrice Kafula
137
Capacity building for community
WDC
R Tembo
138
Community needs to work with LWSC
WDC
R Tembo
139
WDC
Ezekiel Goma
140
Protection of boreholes from contamination by pit latrines
DC
Patrick Phiri
141
142
Even distribution of kiosks
WDC
Borniface Chileshe
143
WDC
Fraxon Sinyinza
144
Use blue water and Ngwenya reservoirs as water sources
WDC
Shadreck Liche
145
Risk new boreholes being encroached by squatters
Andrea Nick
146
Protection of boreholes from contamination
Andrea Nick
147
148
Protection of infrastructure from vandalism by having by laws
Xavier Mulenga
149
Xavier Mulenga
150
Periodic maintenance
Gauff Ingenieure
Evelyn Makuwire
NHC
WDC
Edith Lusambo
Nicholas Sibutali
358

No.
Issue
151
Transport raw water from Kafue and treat it in Lusaka to avoid LWSC
losses of treated water during transmission
Charles Kapembwa
152
NCH
John Kanyembo
153
NCH
John Kanyembo
154
WDC
Ireen Palacvhi
155
WDC
Ireen Palacvhi
156
WDC
Charity Muleya
157
Develop resettlement plans for displaced households
DMMU
Rodney Chilakalata
Gauff Ingenieure
Presenter
ESIA Sanitation
Name
359

ESIA Sanitation
Sanitation
No. Issue
Name
Poor sanitation in Kanyama compound and Chibolya because of illegal and/or poor
planning by residents. During rainy season maggots are seen coming out of toilets
Mwanga Mubita
How are you going to improve sanitations in compounds
Boniface Chileshe
Has there been any inquiry made to ascertain whether people with borehole position
them according to law to reduce health hazards not only to the family but surrounding Anne Imasiku
communities
Garden in particular has got no proper sanitation, what measures are being taken
Lucas Banda
Project should target all the 33 wards in Lusaka in order to reduce under ground
water contamination
Silubanje David
Lot of sewer blockages in Matero posing a great health danger, something needs to
Prolsby Mumba
be done to control the situation
Part of Kalingalinga has sewer pipes and another without, is it that project was
abandoned by donors?
E. Tembo
Propose that communal septic tanks are put in some areas to reduce under ground
water contamination and reduce project cost
George Phiri
How sensible is it to manage sanitation facilities in areas where there are no water or
erratic water supply- where is land to upgrade Garden sewer pond going to be
Mary Bukali
acquired because existing land has been encroached
10
How will the upgraded treatment plants look like- was the whole sanitation chain
Nick Andrea
considered- where will sludge from treatment plants be disposed of (will it be reused)
11
Why are most areas unserviced
R T Sambo
12
Need all houses in Mtendere East to be connected to sewer line
Ezekiel Goma
13
All areas under MCAZ should have water bone toilets, no latrines to facilitate uniform
service and promote sanitation. By-laws should be put in place to promote
Xavier Mulenga
compliance of sanitation standards according to law
14
Keep Lusaka Clean is a very good campaign but not much has been done, need
more effort if it is to be successful
15
Connect all to sewer grid, construct more sewer lines, garbage collection must be per
John Kanyembo
each house, need to shift capital city in future
16
What is going to be done to houses that have being built on Matero ponds
Albina M Mwila
17
Need expansion of Kaunda Square sewer shed, need upgrade of Ngwerere West
interceptor
Ireen Taulashi
18
Expansion of sewer line is needed because people are drinking contaminated water
Charity Muleya
due to leakages
19
Improvement of existing sewer line and construction of new ones needed in all areas Fraxon Sinyiza
20
Need communities to be taught on hygiene, no throwing of waste anywhere
Everlyn Makuwire
21
Rehabilitation of blocked sewer lines to reduce disease out breaks (cholera)
Edith Lusambo
22
Need multi functional sewerage treatment plant constructed, construction of wetlands

Felix Muwema
and abandon sewer ponds
23
What measures are going to be put in place for sustainability of sanitation facilities
especially in peri-urban areas.
Need to consider distance from water supply to sanitation facility (toilet)
Gauff Ingenieure
Grace M Mushinge
Nicholas Sibutali
360

No. Issue
ESIA Sanitation
Name
24
Need for proper sanitation in areas like Linda Compound and Bonaventure. What is Mathew
the future for such areas
Mkandawire
25
Sanitation is the most important thing in the community and government must
consider all areas
26
What is going to happen to houses that that have been built on top of sewer lines
D Mulikita
27
Need to invest in educating population in peri- urban areas on need to construct

better pit-latrines or even provide them with loans for construction to help reduce
diseases
Elijah Kamfwa
28
What plans are there for prisons
K S Kachula
29
What kind of sanitation is being considered for peri-urban areas
Doctor Ngulube
30
No water supply for Ngombe Compound, what plans are there to connect Old
Ngombe water pipe to New Ngombe?
Mathews Lungu
31
What plans are there for peri-urban areas using pit-latrines- to address desludging
A Nsefu
32
How are sanitation facilities in highly populated areas like Chaisa and George
Compounds going to be constructed
Mary Kaira
33
Why is it that some peri-urban areas that are next to LWSC sewer ponds, do not
have sewer lines
Wavell Donald
Mwila
34
Need for good sanitation in Lilayi Gondwe Compound for better health
Roina Chiyaba
35
Repair old sewer system and need for periodic maintenance
Lucy Sunkutu
36
New for areas to be connected to LWSC sewer line
Beatrice Ngoma
37
Do not have good sanitation due to blocked sewer lines

Poor health because of LCC waste management dumping site (near grave yard)
which is a health hazard during the rainy season
Janet Banda
38
Reliance on ground water for >50% of water supply- how sustainable is the ground
water
39
Build more sanitation facilities to reduce number of pit latrines
40
Include sanitation education under social programs- explore ways of ecological

sanitation to re-use human waste- start connecting households to water borne
sanitation
41
Contamination from septic tanks to boreholes needs to be addressed- limited number

Mwiya Situmbeko
of water borne toilets in communities
42
Need to have sewer system in John Howard
Everlyn M Zulu
43
Must have many sewerage dams and pipes and pipes must be well repaired and
need to have flushing toilets or good clean latrines
Msanikifuze Banda
44
Bad sewer System with a lot of leakage in pipes. Problems of Pit latrines and shallow
Christine Sabu
wells.
45
Non existence of sewer lines or system in the area.

Whitesone
Pit latrines are close to Boreholes which might lead to under ground contamination of Chibelya
water.
46
No sewer system in the area but pit latrine, Septic tanks and soakaways have been
John Philip Ngoma
dug close to boreholes.
47
Creation of community groupings responsible for refuse or garbage collection.(Each

Tesa Mulota
group having at-least 10 House holds).
Gauff Ingenieure
Paul Kapotwe
361

No. Issue
ESIA Sanitation
Name
Rampant garbage/refuse dumping.

48
Pit latrines are there but no proper toilets and its disastrous during rain season.
Tembo Queen
49
The whole area is filled with faeces due to leakages of sewer pipes.
Mbolela D
50
No drainages such that floods enter houses during rain seasons. Construction of
Drainages in urgently needed.
Mwale Peter
51
No sewer system and a few house holds with pit latrines.

No proper dumping sites for solid waste its dumped on roads and drainages.
Construction of communal toilets in public places e.g. Market would be helpful.
Masauso Ngo'mbe
52
Improving inflow of water to accommodate an increasing number of inhabitants.

Sewer lines or pipes dont function because of water shortages.
Pit latrines are a few and no proper designated dumping sites for solid waste.
Jere Febby
53
A few pit latrines, no sewer system and no proper designated dumping sites hence
huge Garbage is in streets.
Edna Mwale
54
Some compounds have no space for expansion. So how is this project going to help. Tembo Cosmas
55
Remember us also in Chainda.
Tembo Theresa
56
Lack of sewerage system. No piped water in homes.
Sylvester PM
Nj'mka
57
Sanitation is very bad.
Jennipher
58
Increasing population but no sewer lines hence the use pit latrines which will
contaminate ground water.
Georginah
Mawanda
59
Construction of buildings without considering sanitation.
Sturse Kamabaila
60
Sewerage system must be put including with water supply.
Anderson Banda
61
Some households have no pit latrines ever since they were built.
Elizabeth Zimba
62
Plan the settlement to avoid blockages and garbage dumping sites.

There is need for check-ups on each and every household to see how they are
disposing of waste.
N/A
63
How is the project going to benefit people of Kamwala because good sanitation is
important. During the rain season the area becomes a no go area.
Mulile Moffat
64
No toilets.
Rampant garbage dumping anywhere.
Many pit latrines have been constructed using sacks.
Rapheal Chota
65
Sewer system is very bad. No piped water.
Simuzosha
66
Pit latrines are built near rubbish pits and shallow wells.
Need for guidance whenever constructions of such structures are about to start.
N/A
67
Very poor sharing of communal toilets among house holds.
Feston Siame
68
Full overhauling of sewer systems and connect those with septic tanks to main sewer
Billy Mulwaika
system including those using pit latrines.
69
Improve number of house holds to be serviced by LWSC as you expand treatment

plans.
Too many diseases due to lack of LWSC connections to sewer lines.
70
There are only shallow pit latrines and in some cases people nearby hidden places. Bishop Yamba
Gauff Ingenieure
N/A
362

No. Issue
ESIA Sanitation
Name
Houses are closely together hence makes it difficult to construct septic tanks and
soakaway.
Burying the existing pit latrines and come up with a water borne type.
71
To improve in sewer system.

To construct Pit latrine in urban area.
Lesson
Chibwamabwa
72
Poor and Inadequate supply of water

Lack of awareness campaign.
Mulunda
73
Participation of Zambian businesses/companies

Burying pit latrines.
Chikwashi PM
74
Considering recycling non-biodegradable waste e.g. Plastics. Considering methods

of waste disposal.
Nkhoma CK
75
Develop necessary technology to ensure cost effective use of water and easy
maintenance, which is affordable and readily available.
Defining the role of community in construction and maintenance of sanitation
system.
Include alternative plans/emergency measures in the event that there's a critical
water shortage/disruption.
Mwape Lubilo
76
Consider working on existing sewer systems first before starting new construction.
Nambayo Nyambe
77
Educating the community first.
Emanuel Chungu
78
Un planned settlements have no space to undertake the project. Sewer ponds have
become death traps.
More network needed.
Sewer ponds have bad smell, the area could become a breeding place for
mosquitoes.
Peter Tembo
It will improve the sanitation situation for Lusaka and reduce disease for
Lusaka.
Use local people and improve their livelihood
Sustainable, how?
79
Water should always be treated with chlorine.

Shallow wells should be buried because are mostly contaminated.
To drill more boreholes and tap stand through water trustee in the community.
Edward Cheelo
80
How will the communities that depend on the ponds for their livelihood be affected
with the expansion plans??
Imakando
81
Some houses are not in proper order, what will happen to the affected households?
Paul Mulengachozi
What will be the cost to be connected to the new sewer line?
82
In the context of disaster risk reduction, you must focus on highly populated areas
which are normally high risk.
Rodney Chola
Improve on the project coverage as rampant use of septic tanks may lead to ground
water pollution.
Gauff Ingenieure
363

ESIA Sanitation
Drainage
No.
Issue
Name
Designation and
Address
The areas mentioned in the presentations are not the only

ones affected in the city, Other areas like Chunga where
Donald Mbolela
there is a serious drainage problem should also be
considered.
We have very poor drainage in Linda Compound
Mantiyama Njobvu WDC Linda
Digging of furrows for drainage systems
Agrippah Kombe Zambia National

Kapatamoyo
Environmental Concern
How are you going to put the drainages in the

communities so that the water can move?
Theresa Mambo
Chairperson, Womens
Group Tadhiwa
I think you should also assess the sustainability of ground

water extraction in Kamwala South, Libala South and
Chalala areas in your feasibility study. This is because the
current levels of consumption of this resource is greater
than the recharge rate which can result in depletion of the
aquifers.
No outlet of water flow drainage which are existing keep

stagnant water
Edna Mwale
Kanyama Womens
Group
Water wasting. Build Fish Ponds

Recycle the water
Industrial Wastewater should have ponds to be sucked
out.
Mr. John
Kanyembo
NHC Church Rep,

Matero
Do the Drainages around the City
Ezekiel Goma
Secretary-Mtendere East
Task Force
Upgrade existing primary outfall Infrastructure
Ireen Tailasha
Secretary, Ward 33,

Munali.
10
Where public sewers are not available and domestic

sewage disposal is the only answer, consideration and
methods of safe disposal should be imposed by councils C. F. Nkhoma
to residents by giving recommendations or giving designs
best suited to such environments
Chilenje
11
In our community we need adequate permanent

drainages.
Everlin M. Zulu
Ward 3
12
The drainage system in our area John Howard is a poor

state. It has no outlet. The only outlet is the Batuka Dam
which also doesnt have adequate capacity to
accommodate all the runoff from South East of John
Howard. There is need for a lined drain with adequate
culverts
Dan Mulikita
Ward 3 John Howard
13
Why are there no proper drainages in Ngombe, Roma,

and Kalundu?
Mathews Lungu
Roma 17 Ngombe
14
How is the drainage system going to be constructed in

Mulongoti Mateo
Matero as there are water pipes on the sides of the roads
Gauff Ingenieure
Mwembeshi Ward 27
Neighbourhood
364

Designation and
Address
No.
Issue
15
Why is it that the drainage from Arakan Barrack through

Kabwata to Independence Road has been left out for
K. Sikachila
sometime without being attended to. What plans are there
for that drain in this project?
16
In my zone in Chunga at the junction, the drainage is too

small such that during the rain season, water from the
Janet Banda
Industrial area floods the system and water finds its way
into the houses. How will this project help us?
17
Drainage in Kaunda Square is very poor
Feston Sikanyika Kaunda Square
18
The poor state of the roads in Lusaka is as a result of

planting grass and trees in drainages a practice that is
common in high cost areas
Seorse Kambaila
19
There are no drainages in our area - Chilenje
Jennipher
20
Raising up of roads by adding earth will allow water to run

along existing drainages.
S. N. Yamba
Most roads are washed away allowing water to stagnate
on them
Chairperson Lilayi
21
Drainage system in Chilenje is very poor. Currently,

drainages are just along the main roads. The streets have
no drainages e.g. Libala stage 3, Libala stage 2 and
Whiteson
Chilenje catchment areas 5, 7, and 9. Along Kalomo
Road, the drainage has been buried completely so when Chibolya
it rains water gathers in the yards. This poses dangers of
disease outbreaks. Therefore drainages should be
constructed to save the communities.
NHC Chilenje Health

Centre, Kabwata
Constituence
Gauff Ingenieure
Name
ESIA Sanitation
NHC- Chairperson, Zone

8
Chilenje
365

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX K: WARD LEVEL CONSULTATION
Gauff Ingenieure
366

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX K1: NOTICE OF WARD LEVEL CONSULTATIONS

NOTICE OF WARD LEVEL CONSULTATIONS
To All Ward Development Committee Chairperson Lusaka
RE: Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Project Zambia.
I refer you to the Public Consultation Meeting concerning the above project which was held on
Tuesday, 14th June at Lusakas Nakatindi Hall. You will recall that during that meeting you were
informed that a team of Consultants would visit your respect wards to undertake further
consultations with you and the community members. Preparations to carry out these consultations
have now reached an advanced stage.
I am therefore pleased to inform you that the Consultations will be held during the period
commencing Tuesday 9th August to Thursday 1st September, 2011. The detailed programme is
attached for your information.
As you can see from the attached programme, two teams will visit the wards simultaneously and
the members will be as follows:
Team Coordinator: Dr. Gene Owens
Team A
Team B
Esther Mbawo
Roy Kalinda
James Tembo
Lubinga Handia
Annie Temba/Muze Balasi
Patrick Khunga
Note taker/Enumerator
Note Taker/Enumerator
I wish also to inform you that 2 Focus Group Discussions will be held in each ward. One with the
ordinary community members/beneficiaries living in the area to be affected by the project and the
other with the community leaders including members of CBOs. The criteria for the selection of
participants to these meetings have been outlined in the attached documentation.
I will be grateful if you could ensure that your people are mobilised accordingly.
Your cooperation will be highly appreciated.
Yours faithfully,
George Ndongwe
Managing Director
LUSAKA WATER AND SEWERAGE COMPANY
cc
The Permanent Secretary
Attention: Director DHID
The Town Clerk
Lusaka City Council
Gauff Ingenieure
367

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX K2: PROGRAMME FOR WARD-LEVEL CONSULTATIONS

Date
Team A
Team B
09/08/2011
Nkoloma Ward
Chawama Ward
10/08/2011
Silwizya Ward
Independence ward
11/08/2011
Ngwerere Ward
Chaisa Ward
12/08/2011
Matero Ward
Muchinga Ward
16/08/2011
Roma Ward
Raphel Chota Ward
17/08/2011
Kamwala Ward
Kabwata Ward
18/08/2011
Libala Ward
Chilenje Ward
19/08/2011
Kanyama Ward
Harry Mwanga Nkumbula ward
23/08/2011
Mwembeshi Ward
Munali Ward
24/08/2011
Kapwepwe Ward
Chainda Ward
25/08/2011
Mtendere Ward
Justin Kabwe Ward
26/08/2011
John Howard Ward
Lubwa Ward
08/08/2011
13th and 14th

Weekend
15/08/2011
20th and 21st

Weekend
22/08/2011
27th and 28th

Weekend
29/08/2011
30/08/2011
Kabulonga Ward
31/08/2011
Kalingalinga Ward Munkolo Ward
Gauff Ingenieure
Mulungushi Ward Lima Ward Mpulungu Ward

Chakunkula Ward
368

ESIA Sanitation
APPENDIX K3: TOOLS FOR FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT FOR FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS FOR COMMUNITY
MEMBERS (FGD TOOL (1))
LUSAKA WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE PROJECT (LSSDP) COMMUNITY
CONSULTATION MEETINGS
PART 1:
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. NAME OF GROUP:
2. NAME OF WARD:
3. SETTLEMENT:
4. DATE:
5. NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS:
Introductions
The visiting team introduces themselves and briefly explains why they are visiting.
The WDC Chairman introduces his team and leaves
Proposed Projects
Let the group explain what they already know about the proposed project. (Afterwards,
Consultants give background to projects (about 15 minutes)
-
Water Supply
Sanitation
Drainage
Some pictures should also be shown on how these will look like. This will enable the FG to
respond with knowledge to the issues raised.
PART 2:
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
Stakeholder Collaboration
List the Key Stakeholders in this community.
Outline their various roles and
responsibilities. What is their relationship (if any) with the WDC?
Disease Patterns
Describe the most common diseases found in these areas and why. Any coping
strategies? Common diseases among children, the youth (male and female) and adults
(male and female).
Gauff Ingenieure
369

ESIA Sanitation
Social Problems
Describe the general problems faced by the community and how they affect every day
living in these areas. (Robbery, fighting, alcoholism, gender based violence, vandalism
etc,)
PART 3:
PROPOSED AND PAST PROJECTS
Past Projects
Describe the projects that have been implemented in the past 5 years and the
Successes/Challenges experienced during implementation.
What were the roles of the community in these projects (genderised). How did the WDC
perform in these projects?
What were the benefits (for women/men)?
expanded?What could have been done better?
Have these benefits since been
Was there any gender consideration on the part of the Contractor in employment?
How were capacity issues amongst men and women dealt with in previous projects?
How were the health and hygiene awareness campaigns handled?
What contributions if any did the community/households make towards these projects?
How was this arrived at and what was the response?
Have these projects been sustainable? Explain
PART 4:
PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE ROLE OF LOCAL BENEFICIARIES IN THE
PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
How do you want the project to be organised and managed?
How do you perceive the sharing of roles and responsibilities between women and men?
What type of decisions concerning the project do you hope to make at this level and why?
What specific problems will this project solve? At community and household level.
How do you hope to benefit as men/women? How do you think these benefits can be
expanded?
What capacity (skills) is available in the communities and what areas would need capacity
building for both women and men?
Technical aspects on maintenance and operation (by the WDC).
How willing are communities in paying for maintenance of the infrastructure?
PART 5:
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ON THE COMMUNITY
Gauff Ingenieure
370

ESIA Sanitation
Can you describe the major environmental impacts you foresee in this project.
Such as those related to construction.
Tell people about the proposed construction methods
Get their views
How best can the construction be done
How community can benefit
Should there be issues of displacement, are you willing, under compensation, to

move out. Explain
From the past experiences, how were issues of relocation addressed?
and those related to the operation phase

Like after people are shown how the infrastructure will look like
Get their views and concerns on health issues
Get their views on safety issues
Any other concerns
WRAPING UP
Ask for burning questions from the communities and burning suggestions
Thank the community for their cooperation and look forward to working with them in
future.
Gauff Ingenieure
371

ESIA Sanitation
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT FOR FOCUSSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS FOR STAKEHOLDERS

(FGD TOOL (2))
LUSAKA WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE PROJECT (LSSDP) COMMUNITY
CONSULTATION MEETINGS
PART 1:
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. NAME OF GROUP:
2. NAME OF WARD:
3. SETTLEMENT:
4. DATE:
5. NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS:
Introductions
The visiting team introduces themselves and briefly explains why they are visiting.
The WDC Chairman introduces his team and leaves
Proposed Projects
Let the group explain what they already know about the proposed project. (Afterwards,
Consultants give background to projects (about 15 minutes)
-
Water Supply
Sanitation
Drainage
Some pictures should also be shown on how these will look like. This will enable the FG to
respond with knowledge to the issues raised.
PART 2:
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
Community Organisation
Describe the role of the WDC/Zones. Do you feel adequately represented by them?
Explain. Mention the positive/negative experiences you have in working with the WDC
(effectiveness of the structure). Make suggestions on how the performance of the WDC
could be improved. What is the representation of women in WDCs and Zones? What
challenges do they face?
Stakeholder Collaboration
List the Key Stakeholders in this community.
Outline their various roles and
responsibilities. What is their relationship (if any) with the WDC?
Gauff Ingenieure
372

ESIA Sanitation
Government Services
Describe the main services provided by Government in this area (schools, hospitals, roads,
Water etc)? Mention the positive and negative aspects you encounter in accessing these
services.
Ability/Willingness to Pay
Which of these services require a contribution? Did you take part in setting the amount of
contribution? Are community members willing and/or able to pay? Explain. Who is prone
to default between male and female headed households and what could be the reasons?
Education Levels
Give an indication of the levels of education among the people of this area. Would you say
majority have reached Grade 12 (men/women) or otherwise? Would you say the women
are relatively educated/literate? Give reasons.
Employment/Occupation
Describe in general the employment situation in your area. What is the most common type
of employment (formal/informal). Which of these is most common to women and why/why
not? Which gender category is more unemployed?
Household Income/Expenditure
How would you describe the income levels in this community (high, medium or low?).
Explain. Are there any income differences between men and women? Explain. Do men
and women have the same expenditure patterns? Who spends more and why? Explain
Status of Housing
Describe the status of accommodation.
Men/Women/Absentee Landlords? Explain.
Who
owns
the
housing
units?
Disease Patterns
Describe the most common diseases found in these areas and why. Any coping
strategies? Common diseases among children, the youth (male and female) and adults
(male and female).
PART 3:
PAST PROJECTS
Describe the projects that have been implemented in the past 5 years and the
Successes/Challenges experienced during implementation.
What were the roles of the community in these projects (genderised). How did the WDC
perform in these projects?
What were the benefits (for women/men)? Have these benefits since been expanded?
What could have been done better?
Was there any gender consideration on the part of the Contractor in employment?
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How were capacity issues amongst men and women dealt with in previous projects?
How were the health and hygiene awareness campaigns handled?
What contributions if any did the community/households make towards these projects?
How was this arrived at and what was the response?
Have these projects been sustainable? Explain
PART 4:
PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE ROLE OF LOCAL BENEFICIARIES IN THE
PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
How do you want the project to be organised and managed?
How do you perceive the sharing of roles and responsibilities between women and men?
What type of decisions concerning the project do you hope to make at this level and why?
What specific problems will this project solve? At community and household level.
How do you hope to benefit as men/women? How do you think these benefits can be
expanded?
What capacity (skills) is available in the communities and what areas would need capacity
building for both women and men?
Technical aspects on maintenance and operation (by the WDC).
How willing are communities in paying for maintenance of the infrastructure?
PART 5:
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ON THE COMMUNITY
Can you describe the major environmental impacts you foresee in this project.
Such as those related to construction.
Tell people about the proposed construction methods
Get their views
How best can the construction be done
How community can benefit
Should there be issues of displacement, are you willing, under compensation, to

move out. Explain
Where would you prefer to go? And why?
From the past experiences, how were issues of relocation addressed?
and those related to the operation phase

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Like after people are shown how the infrastructure will look like
Get their views and concerns on health issues
Get their views on safety issues
Any other concerns
WRAPING UP
Ask for burning questions from the communities and burning suggestions
Thank the community for their cooperation and look forward to working with them in
future.
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APPENDIX K4: WARD LEVEL CONSULTATIONS KEY ISSUES

(a) Sanitation
Inadequate Facilities: Many areas lack adequate sanitation facilities, with most people using pit
latrines. Some households have dug and filled so many pit latrines that there is no more space
around the house to dig a new one. Further, the latrines pose a health hazard as there is
sometimes shallow wells nearby which become contaminated by the seepage from the pit latrines.
During the rainy season, these latrines flood (Kanyama) and pose a danger to health.
Shared Latrines: The shared latrines are not easy to maintain as more than one family uses
them. The risk of disease cannot be over-emphasized.
Collapsing Latrines: This problem was echoed in most of the wards. Some latrines collapse due
to weak construction materials; others flood and cannot withstand the pressure.
Latrine Emptying: Most of the residents cannot afford to empty their latrines; the average cost for
a Vacuum Tanker is around K400,000.
Odour: Improperly maintained latrines subject residents to noxious odours. Some of these
latrines are poorly positioned as well, facing either the kitchens or front doors of homes.
Flying Toilets: Because of non-existent or inadequate toilets, some residents resort to using
flying toilets, i.e., plastic containers which are used for defecation and afterwards thrown
indiscriminately. Some are thrown in the drains causing blockages.
Broken/Blocked Pipes: In the low-density area of Olympia Park (Mulungushi Ward 18), residents
complained of a sewer line which has been blocked and broken for a long time without attention
from LWSC. The effluent from the broken pipe even flows into some of the nearby houses. Other
areas also complain of blocked or dilapidated sewer lines.
Challenges of Alternative Sanitation Methods: It was observed that over the years, various
sanitation options have been tried in these areas, including ventilated improved pit (VIP) Latrines
and Ecosan toilets. Although the VIP latrine has been identified as a more appropriate technology,
it also faces the challenge of getting full at some point. In the case of Ecosan toilets, the challenge
that remains is the sludge removal process, whose mechanisms are yet to be defined.
(b) Environmental Issues
Lack of Prior Notification: In most cases, the community pointed out that contractors were
undertaking works in their areas without prior notification. As a result, there was no discussion
between community and contractor on the possible consequences that would arise from these
works. They hoped that the coming project would adopt a more participatory approach in this
aspect.
Failure to Mitigate Disturbances from Construction Works: As a result of this lack of
communication between community and Contractor, the community voiced a number of complaints
regarding the works. Residents say they suffered noise, dust, etc. without any display of care from
the contractor. In Kamwala Ward 5, the community said that even pupils at a school had been
forced to stop classes as the works on a road rehabilitation project had intensified. Visitors to the
nearby clinic were also affected. Some houses also suffered damage but there was no
compensation given.
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Working Relationship with Stakeholders (LCC): In relation to working with other stakeholders,
the communities indicated that the LCC was their key stakeholder. However, they pointed out that
the working relationship could be strengthened through frequent consultations and interactions.
(c) Resettlement Issues
The problem of people building houses on top of water and sewer lines is quite common. Most of
these people know the consequences but have still chosen to build on top of the lines. Apparently,
community members know the culprits but are not able to do anything about it; even if reports are
made to the LCC, nothing happens at all. The only thing they can do is to warn them.
Displacement was not a new phenomenon in some of the Wards, as they shared that in the 1970s
and 80s some people had been displaced to make way for the construction of a road network
(Chaisa). They were compensated with plots on which to build their houses.
It was interesting to hear that during the ward consultations that the community members are
actually quite willing to be displaced and compensated. They pointed out that they need to be
consulted adequately before being asked to move out. However, some community members were
of the view that those who had built illegal structures should not be compensated at all.
(d) Gender Aspects
The women were able to speak out on issues that affected them specifically. It is important to note
that during the consultations, some of the women who were participants were actually members of
the Water Committees in their respective areas.
Delays at Kiosks Interfering with Other Duties: For water supply, women clearly indicated their
dissatisfaction concerning the service. They pointed out that the number of facilities (kiosks) was
inadequate. They complained that the inadequate number of stand points requires more time
standing in queues thereby losing time for other chores.
Frustrations with Timing and Rationing: Women also complained of having to rise as early as
04:00am to fetch water. They also did not like the idea of rationing as this left them with insufficient
water. This forced most of them to resort to shallow wells.
Weak Supervision, Unpredictable Hours: Another complaint was that some tap attendants were
failing to keep to the agreed hours of operation for the kiosks. Many felt that the mechanism for
supervision by the service provider was weak.
Pros and Cons of Employment as Tap Attendant: On the other hand, the women were also
happy that some of them were tap attendants and this gave them a sense of belonging. They
indicated that as tap attendants, they were able to earn something which enabled them to buy food
for their children. On this aspect however, they still complained that the percentage commission
they were given by their employer was minimal. In most cases, the commission is around 30-40%.
However, due to poor sales arising from inadequate water supply, the money realized is so little
that in the end, the 40% commission does not make much sense. They were also happy that they
had undergone some training and had therefore built confidence on the job.
Danger to Health and Safety: As regards sanitation, women said they were not happy with the pit
latrines as they filled up very quickly. Further, in places like Kanyama, the latrines get submerged
in the rain season, posing a danger to health. They complained that most of the time children were
not only inconvenienced but were also in danger of falling into the latrines. Hygiene was also a
challenge as insufficient water posed difficulty for proper washing of the body and of the latrines.
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Issues Regarding Drainage: Similar sentiments were echoed concerning drainage. The women
said they are the ones who have to sweep the water from around their houses during floods. They
also expressed concern that their children were at risk of drowning in the flooded drains.
(e) Employment
Opportunities for Gender Equality: Most of the work in previous projects has involved digging
trenches, construction of latrines, clearing of drains, and health and hygiene sensitization. Both
men and women have participated in these activities. During the ward meetings, some women
even boasted that they worked just like the men as they handled shovels and picks as well.
Incentive for Employment: The community members clearly indicated the need for an incentive
for any work carried out in the projects. They observed that volunteer work (without any incentive)
would not attract sufficient participation as people are very poor. They indicated that they needed
to be paid something which could enable them to buy food for their families. Moreover, most of
them are engaged in informal businesses, so the time they spend on voluntary work means a loss
to their business.
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APPENDIX L: COMMUNITY QUESTIONAIRE
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APPENDIX L1: CONTRIBUTORS TO COMMUNITY QUESTIONAIRE

Ward
Mtendere
Munali
Ward 33
Compound
Mtendere
Kuanda
Square
(Zone 3)
Contributor name
Mr Clement Nonde
Contributor position
WDC Chairman
Mr Matafusli Chingwagwe
WDC
Mr Joseph Mutale
WDC
Mr Benjamin Chands
Ward Councsellor
Mr E Mulenga
Ward Chairman
Mr H Banda
LCC
Mrs Mary Mazimba
Stakeholder, Kuanda Square
Mr David Chongwe
Secretary WDC
Ms Ireen Tailsoni
Vice Secretary WDC
Mr Clifford Mulenga
Mrs Mutonge Silvia
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APPENDIX L2: COMMUNITY QUESTIONAIRE
CHECKLIST FOR COMMUNITY PROFILE
Lusaka Water, Sanitation and Drainage Project

Community Level Socioeconomic Survey
This form is to be filled out by the community leaders in the meeting. The answers to the
questionnaire will reflect the water, sanitation, drainage and socioeconomic situation in the specific
local community. A maximum of 3 hours should be allowed for this.
1.
General Information:
Date:
Name of the Enumerator

Name of the Community
Other Names the

community is
known by
Name of the Zone(s)
Name of Ward
List of participants in this group
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
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2.
Composition of the Community:
2.1
Livelihood and Ethnicity

Livelihood Group (%)
Ethnic
Group 1
Ethnic
Group 1
Ethnic
Group 1
Above 60
years
Between
15 and 60
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Ethnic
Group 1
Total
State ethnicity here

Total population in the Settlement
(no. of people)
Land owners - land lords
Land owners land-lady
Tenants male
Tenants female
Farmers Livestock (%)
Landless Farm Labourers (%)
Construction Labourers (%)
Factory Labourers (%)
Factory Labourers (%)
Government Employees (%)
Private Sector Employees (%)
Cooked food vendors (%)
Road market vendors (%)
Fish Mongers (%)
Shopkeepers and Traders
Shop owners and Traders
Taxi/bus owners (%)
Transport owners (%)
Tourism Employees (%)
Working and Living in Other Areas
of Zambia (%)
Working and Living in Other
Countries (%)
Unemployed (%)
Description
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Between
5 and 15
Less
Than 5
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Demography and Literacy

Above 60
years
Total
Description
M
Between 15
and 60
years
M
Between 5
and 15
years
M
Less Than 5
years
M
Number of
Households
Number of
Households with
nuclear families
Number of persons
per household
(Average)
Total Population
% completed
Primary School
% completed High
School
% completed
University or
Technical School
% of Children going
to school
Literacy (%)
2.3
Religion
Religion
% population
Christian
Catholic
Anglican
Presbyterian
Churches of Christ
Apostolic
Apostolic Life Ministries (ALM)
Seventh Day Adventists (SDA)
Assemblies of God (AOG)
Neil Thomas Ministries (NTM)
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New Covenant Church

New Life Ministries
Christian Outreach Centre
Church of the Latter Day Saints (Mormons/LDS)
Other religions
Bahai
Muslim
Other (Please state)
3.
Income and Employment
3.1
What are the main employment and average monthly income in the community
No
Type of
Employment
opportunity
% population
Average monthly
income (Kwacha)
Male
Average monthly
income (Kwacha)
Female
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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3.2
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Average monthly income

Average Kwacha
per month - Male
Type
Average Kwacha
per month - Female
Professional
Government
Construction Labor
Other Non-farm labor
Tourism Industry
Remittance
3.3
Perceived Poverty Profile
Type of
Household
% of households
Perceived Characteristic (please specify)
Very Rich
Well Off
Poor
Very Poor
(Community definition of the 4 Wealth Levels)
4.
Gender
4.1
Who among the household member do the following activity?
Activities
Household Member (male head,

female, young boys/girls)
Frequency (hours
per day
a. Decision Making
b. Income generation
cl. Disbursement of income
d. Cooking
e. Washing Clothes
f. health of household
g. fetching water
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h. child care
i. food shopping
j. Banking
k. fetching fuel for cooking
l. others, specify
4.2
Who makes majority of the decisions in the HH?

a. Female
c. Both
b. Male
4.3
Who has control of the following resources (tick as appropriate)?

Access
Control
Resources
Women
Men
Women
Men
Land
Labour
Cash
Outside income
Assets
Ownership
Land ownership
Politicspolitics
4.4
Common source of help in the Household

Parent/Brother/Sister
Men
Women
Relatives
Men
Women
Friends/Others
Men
Women
Financial
Physical
Spiritual
Emotional
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4.5
Who of the family members would do physical labour activities if available?

a. female household head
b. both
c. male household head
d. both
e. grown male children
f. grown female children
5.
Accessibility to social services
5.1
How many of the following are in the community

Number in
community
Institution
Number in
community
Institution
Primary School
Pharmacy
High School
Aid Post
Technical college
Dispensary
Rural/Urban Training Centre
Market
University
Clinic
Hospital
5.2
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Distance of the Settlement from the Physical and Social Infrastructure and
Other Institutions outside of village/area
Institution/
Infrastructure
Example:
Tourist facility
Provincial
Centre
Area Council
HQ
Ward Council
HQ
Pharmacy
Main Road/
Highway
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Time & km
Approx 3 h
Institution/
Infrastructure
Primary
School
Time & km
Institution/
Infrastructure
Aid Post
High School
Dispensary
University
Clinic
Training
Centre
Technical
school
Main market
Time & km
Hospital
Church
Other
(please state)
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6.
Community Infrastructure: Water
6.1
Does your area have access to water supply?
Yes
Average cost per month?
No
What is the source of water?
6.2
Is the water supply mostly (tick one box)?
6.3
6.4
Yard connection? Serves an average of

Kiosk? Serves an average of
(1)
Piped water to house
(2)
Well
(3)
Tube well
(4)
Piped gravity fed water
(5)
River/creek/stream
(6)
Rainwater
(7)
Bottled water from shop
(8)
Other: specify
households
households
Drinking Water Sources serving what % of the population in the community
Example:
6.5
for individual households
What is the main water facility in your area? (tick one box)
Piped
65%
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Bore hole
Unprotected Spring
Protected
well
Unprotected Well
Canal
River
35%
The main dry season water supply is ___ m away from the houses.
It takes _____________________ (household member) ____ hour(s) to make one trip with
an overall ______ trips per day.
6.6
The main wet season water supply is ___ m away from the house.
It takes _____________________ (household member) ____ hour(s) to make one trip with
an overall ______ trips per day.
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6.7
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Would people in your community be willing to pay for access to an improved water
supply?
How much would you be willing to pay?
100 ZMK -500ZMK
500 ZMK -1000 ZMK
1000 ZMK -2500 ZMK
2500 ZMK -3500 ZMK
3500 ZMK -5000 ZMK
5000 ZMK -6500 ZMK
6500 ZMK and above
6.8
What are the main sources of water used by household?
Source
Wet Season *
Dry Season*
a. Drinking (Boil: Yes/No)

b. Cooking
c. Bathing
d. Washing Clothes
e. Sanitation purposes
f. Other (specify)
6.9
Who is the main collector of water for the households and at what times?
Who?
Men
Young boys
Women
Young women
Children
What times? Morning

Lunch
Afternoon
Evening
Other time?
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6.10
What would the main collector of water in the households do if they were not
collecting water?
6.11
What other benefits would a closer, more reliable water supply have on the collector
of water?
What benefits to the household?
6.12
Is the LWSC or a Water Trust currently operating in the community area?

Yes
No
If yes is the community happy with the service?
Why? Or why not?
6.13
In the last 12 months, how many households in your community area have
experienced water cuts?
None
Less than 10 households
More than 50
6.14
What is the main reason for the water cuts?
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7.
Community Infrastructure: Sanitation
7.1
Does the population in the community generally have access to a toilet?

(1)
Yes
Individual homes?
Communal?
(2)
serves an average of
homes
No
What do community members use?
7.2
7.3
Type of toilet facilities is most common is your community area?

(1)
Pit
(2)
Ditch
(3)
Water Sealed toilet
(4)
Septic Tank
(5)
None
(6)
Other (Specify):
Sanitation Facilities % No. of each type of latrine in the village; Latrine facilities
that are outhouses, not internal to house/apartment structure.
Flush to
Sewerage
Water
sealed
Septic
Systems
Open Pit
Bush/ Field
/ None
Other
5%
65%
Example:
30%
7.4
Water
Sources
used
Piped
Would your community in your village/area be willing to support or contribute to the

Construction and maintenance of a sanitation facility?
Type of support/contribution:
(1)
Financial
(2)
Manpower
(3)
Materials
(4)
Other? Specify
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(place a tick where community is willing to provide support or contribution for the facilities listed)
Support or
contribution
Individual
latrine
Communal
Water
Sealed
Communal
Pit Latrine
Septic Tank
None
Other
Financial
Manpower
Materials
Other
(state)
Other
(state)
7.5
Rank the timing in which you would be willing to support/contribute for Sanitation (1
being your first priority):
Before or at time of construction
(a)
0 to 6 months
(b)
7 to 12 months
(c)
2 to 18 months
(d)
19 to 24 months
(e)
25 months and above
(f)
(place a tick where community is willing to provide support or contribution for the facilities listed)
Individual
latrine
Timing
Communal
Water
Sealed
Communal
Pit Latrine
Septic
Tank
Other
0-6
7-12
12-18
19-24
25 and above months
7.6
Would people in your village or community be willing to contribute/support

financially to the access to an improved sewage service?
How much would you be willing to pay?
100 ZMK -500ZMK
500 ZMK -1000 ZMK
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1000 ZMK -2500 ZMK

2500 ZMK -3500 ZMK
3500 ZMK -5000 ZMK
5000 ZMK -6500 ZMK
6500 ZMK and above
8.
Community Infrastructure: Drainage
8.1
What is the current natural drainage flow through the community?
8.2
Is there any man-made drainage infrastructure developed?
8.3
a)
By the community
Yes
No
b)
By the Government
Yes
No
c)
By individuals
Yes
No
What drainage problems does the community area experience?

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
8.4
What issues in the community are a direct result of the lack of drainage?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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8.5
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What improvements has the village/area seen after the development of drainage
infrastructure by:
(a) Government?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(b) the community?

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(c) individuals?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
8.6
What improvements does has the community/area see after the development of
drainage infrastructure is constructed by the project (for drainage sector areas only):
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
8.7
What positive issues occur each year because of lack of drainage?

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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8.8
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Would people in your village or community be willing to contribute/support

financially to the construction and maintenance of a drainage system? How much
would you be willing to pay?
100 ZMK - 500ZMK
500 ZMK - 1000 ZMK
1000 ZMK - 2500 ZMK
2500 ZMK - 3500 ZMK
3500 ZMK - 5000 ZMK
5000 ZMK - 6500 ZMK
6500 ZMK and above
8.9
Rank the timing in which people in your village/area would be willing make
contribution for drainage systems and their maintenance? (1 being your first
priority):
Before or at time of construction
(a)
0 to 6 months
(b)
7 to 12 months
(c)
2 to 18 months
(d)
19 to 24 months
(e)
25 months and above
(f)
9.
Other Infrastructure
9.1
Does your village/community have electricity?

Yes
No
How many household are connected (estimated) __________ households
9.2
What is the average cost per month?
ZMK
What was the installation fee?
ZMK
per month
In the last 12months, how many households in your community area have
experienced electricity cuts?
None
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More than 50
What is the main reason for the electricity cuts?
9.3
What problems do you face with your housing?

(1) Disrepair
(2) Vermin and insects
(3) Flooding/drainage
(4) Other (Specify):
9.4
Where is household solid waste deposited in your community/area?
9.5
How does the solid waste get taken away from the community area, by whom, how
frequently and is there a cost?
10.
Health and Hygiene
10.1
Have any children who are less than 1 year within your community area, died in the
past 6 years?
Yes
No
What are some of the causes of the deaths?
(1)
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(2)
(3)
(4)
10.2
Have any children who are less than 5 years old died, within the past 10 years?
Yes
No
What are some of the causes of the deaths?

(1)
(2)
(3)
10.3
In the past 6 months, have anyone in the community area been sick?
Yes
No
Unsure
If yes what type of illnesses and how many episodes of the disease has occurred in the
past 6 months?
Illness:
(a) Male:
Episodes:
(1)
Dengue fever
(2)
Diarrhoeal
(3)
Dysentery
(4)
Malaria
(5)
Skin Diseases (Specify)
(6)
Others (Specify)
Was Treatment Sought?

Yes
No
Unsure
Average cost of treatment?
Illness:
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ZMK
Episodes:
397

(b) Female:
(1)
Dengue fever
(2)
Diarrhoeal
(3)
Dysentery
(4)
Malaria
(5)
Gynaecological (Specify)
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What is thought to have caused this?
(6)
Skin Diseases (Specify)
(7)
Others (Specify)
Was Treatment Sought?

Yes
No
Unsure
Average cost of treatment?
10.4
Complete the table
Illness
Perceived
Cause
Affected
Group
(adult/child
& M/F)
Example:
Infected
Female/
Malaria
Mosquito bite
child
10.5
ZMK
Mortality In
the past 12
months
3 cases
Treatment
Sought
(Y/N)
Y
Type of
medical
facility
hospital
Cost (ZMK)
1,800
Are families in your community area aware of the linkage between clean environment
and good health?
Yes
How?
No
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10.6
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Are families in your community area aware of the linkage between cleanliness and
good health?
Yes
How?
No
10.7
Have you heard of any cases of HIV/AIDS in your village/area?

Yes
No
What knowledge does your community area have of HIV/AIDS?
11.
Development in the Community
11.1
Do you know of any development schemes currently active in your community area?
Yes
No
Unsure
Are any of them targeted to the poor?

Yes
No
Unsure
11.2
Are there any development schemes that you have heard of that you would like to
see active in your community area?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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11.3
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What agency is financing these, what agency is implementing this and what
contribution is the community making to these?
Agencies:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Community contribution:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
11.4
What are the Development Priorities of your community area? (1 being the most
important)
Development
Ranking
a. Local roads
b. Access to town centre
c. Public toilets in/near markets or community structures
d. Storm water drainage upgrade
e. Health facility access
f. Walking access through community
g. Improved Water Supply
h. Other (specify)
i. Improved footpath
11.5
NGOs and Aid Organizations Working in the Community
NGO / CBO Name
Projects and activities conducted by specific agency
Example: CARE
Support for womens small business and micro-credit scheme
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12.
General Consultation & Observations
12.1
What do you think will be the result of improved water supply and/or sanitation?
What do you think will be benefits?
What do you think would be a negative impact?
What dont you want to see with improved water supply and/or sanitation?
12.2
How is it going to help women and children and people with disability?
Women?
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Children?
People with disability?
12.3
With the improved drainage what benefits and negative impacts do you anticipate?
What do you think will be benefits?
What do you think would be a negative impact?
What dont you want to see with improved drainage?
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12.4
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Would there be a particular group (farmers, traders, ethnic group, people with
disability etc.) that may be benefit or have problems with the water supply, sanitation
and/or drainage development? If yes, please elaborate.
Those who will especially benefit
How?
Those who will have problems?
Why?
12.5
Any further comments or views on the project?
Thank you for your time and participation in this meeting
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13
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Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and

Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

2.3.9 The Zambia Wildlife Act ............................................................................................. 29

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

7.6.1 Mortality ................................................................................................................... 138

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

10.2.5 Hydrological regime and flooding ............................................................................. 184

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Table 12: Stratigraphy of the Lusaka area .................................................................................. 109

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Table 65: Vector Attraction Reduction Method Summary ............................................................ 330

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Figure 46: Wealth and Poverty .................................................................................................... 151

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION

Australian Aquatic Ecosystem Guidelines

African Development Bank (ADB)

Annual Pollutant Loading Rate

Acute Respiratory Infection

Central Business District

Community Based Organizations

Community Based Enterprise

Contractors Environmental and Social Management Plan

Cumulative Pollutant Loading Rate

Central Statistics Office

Direct on Line (starters)

Department for International Development

Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit

District Metered Area

Drainage Priority Improvement Plan

Department of Water Affairs

Electrical and Mechanical

Environmental Council of Zambia

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Environmental and Social Management Plan

Focus Group Discussions

Gender in Development Division

Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit

Global Positioning System

Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (LWSSD) Project

Instrumentation and Control

Integrated Development Plan

Information, Education and Communication

International Finance Corporation

Japan International Cooperation Agency

Local Access Point

Lusaka City Council

Lusaka Karst Aquifer

Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Limited

Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (Project)

Lusaka Water Works

Millennium Challenge Account-Zambia

Millennium Challenge Corporation

Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development

Ministry of Finance and National Planning

Mobile Telephone Networks