Microbiology

By
Faisal Mehboob

Shape of Bacteria
Divided in three types based on shape

a. Cooci

(round)

diplococci (in pairs)

streptococci (in chains)
staphyococci (grapelike clustors)

a. Bacilli (rods)

b. Spirochetes (spiral)

Shapes of bacteria
Cocci
Diplococci (e.g
streptococcus pneumoniae)
Streptococci (e.g
streptococcus pyogenes)
Staphylococci (e.g
staphylococcus aureus)
Tetrad
Sarcina (sarcina ventriculi)

Bacilli
Chain of bacilli (e.g
bacillus anthracis)
Flagellate rods
(salmonella typhi)
Spore-former
(clostridium botulinum)
Others
Vibrios (e.g vibrio
cholerae)
Spirilla (H.pylori)
Spirochaetes (e.g
treponema pallidum)

Size of Bacteria
Ranges from 0.2cm to 5um
smallest is mycoplasma (same size as the largest virus.
longest bacteria ARE 0.7um( are like size of yeast and human RBC)

Difference
Exotoxin

Endotoxin

Produced by both gram

+ve and ve bacteria
Polypeptide
Location of genes is
plasmid
Highly toxic
Typical diseases are
tetnus, botulism,
diphteria

Produced only by gram

ve bacteria
Lipopolysaccharide
Location of genes
bacterial chromosome
Moderately toxic on fatal
dose
Typical disease
Meningococcemia sepsis
by Gram ve rods

Steps of gram stain

FC I

DC

Structure of Bacteria
Cell wall
constitents
1. Peptidoglycan
2. Lipopolysaccharide
3. Teichoic acid
cytoplasms
constituents
1. Ribosomes
2. Granules
3. Nucleoid
4. Plasmids
5. Transposons

structures outside cell wall

1. capsule
2. Flagella
3. Pilli (Fimbriae)
4. Glycocalyx (Slime Layer)
Bacterial Spores

Imp structures and their

functions
1. cell wall peptidoglycan (Gives rigid suppourt , protect, provide
site for action of pencilin and cephalosporins)
2. Plasma Membrane (site of oxidative, transport enzymes)
3. Ribosomes (50s, & 30s, protein syn, site of action of
aminoglycodises, erthrosin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol)
4. Nucleoid (genetic material)
5. Mesosome (participate in cell division & secretion)
6. Periplasm (contain B.lactamase)
7. capsule (protect against phagocytes)
8. Pilus ( two types a. mediates cell surface attachments, b. mediate
attachments of two bacteria during conjugation)

cell wall differences in Gram +ve and Gram -ve

In Gram +ve

1. Peptiglycan thick,
multilayer
2. Telchoic Acid
present
3. Lipopolysaccharid
e absent

In Gram -ve

1. Peptiglycan thin,
single layer
2. Telchoic Acid
absent
3. Lipopolysaccharid
e present

Growth cycle
Binary fission takes place
Growth cycle of bacteria consist on four major
phases.
1. Lag phase (vigirous metabolic activity occur)
2. Log phase(cell mass no. inc , lasts for 20min)
3. Stationary Phase(lasts for several hour, new no.
produce until steady state)
4. Death Phase(decline in number)

Sterilization and Disinfection

killing or removal of all microorganisms
including bacterial spore called sterilization.
killing of many, but not all pathogenic microorganisms( some
organisms and bacterial spores may survive) called as
Disinfection.

Mechanism of bacterial resistance

Mechanism of antibiotic resistance

Inactivation of drug by enzymes
Activation of drug efflux of pumps
Modified drug target

Conjugation
The transfer of genetic material b/w bacterial cells by direct cell to cell
contact or by bridge like connections between the cells.

Mutation
A permanent alternation of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of
the organism or other genetic elements is term as mutation.
Types of mutation are
1. Point mutation
2. Deletion
3. Insertion
4. Frame shift

Classic stages of clinical infection ii pic

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Invasion by pathogen
Incubation period (pathogen replicates in host)
Prodromal period (early sign and symptoms like fever and fatigue)
Illness period (clinical signs and symptoms)
Convalescent period (sign and symptoms recede, person return to
health)
Host may become chronic carrier of infectious agent

Mechanism of invasion
There are two mechanisms of bacterial invasion
1. Zipper mechanism
2. Trigger mechanism

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic

Binding of RNA polymerase

and local DNA unwinding
Initiation of RNA synthesis
Elongation of RNA
Termination of RNA
synthesis

Initiation factors and GTP bind to

the 30 ribosomal subunit
Inhibitor t RNA and m RNA, bind
to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
50S ribosomal subunit becomes
bound to the 30S initiation
complex.

transcription biet

translation ii50

Resident flora
Many areas of the body have a resident population of mixed
microorganisms termed as normal flora.
These organs are skin, nasal cavity , mouth , Gut , vagina , urethra.
The role of resident flora of the skin and mucous membranes is
To prevent colonization by pathogens and possible disease through bacterial
interference
The mechanism of bacterial interference is CCMM
Competition for receptors
Competition for nutrients
Mutual inhibition by metabolic or toxic products
Manual inhibition by antibiotic materials

Classification of Bacteria

Gram positive
Cocci
In clusters (staphylococci)
In pairs (streptococci, enterococci)
Coccobacilli
Listeria

Anaerobic

Gram negative
Cocci
Neisseria & Moraxella
Coccobacilli home board
Homophiles Bordetella
Rod
Lactose fermenting (ay coli, club mei enter howa) (E.coli,
clubsella, enterococcus)
Non Lactose fermenting (sada monda, pari sy sarta)
(pseudomonas, proteus, stenotrophomonas)
Lactose slow fermenting (sar na, sit back) (Serratia,
Citrobacter)

class teri, papa tery tun aac gai ha

Clostridium, bacteriodes, peptostreptococcus, actinomyces

Atypical my ko pta chala, hamary rackets ly Janay ay ho tm

mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, legionella

Gram variable coccobacilli ay seny (chest) tu back kr

Acinetobacter

Gram +ve COCCI

STAPHYLOCOCCI
Coagulase -ve

Classification. (aureus Ki epidemiology separate ha)

Staphylococcus aureus
Catalase +ve, coagulase +ve
Osteomyelitis, arthritis, endocarditis, impetigo, hospital acquired pneumonia,
sepsis
It produce the beta lactamase. So penicillin G and V not work on them.
Staphylococcus Epidermidis Catalase +ve, coagulase ve, novobiocin sensitive
Endocarditis, prosthetic heart valve, Hip infection ,catheters , immune
compromised patients, hospital acquired infections, neonatal sepsis, CSF shunt
infection
Staphylococcus saprophyticus Catalase +ve, coagulase ve, novobiocin resistant
Community acquired urinary tract infections.

Streptococci
catalase -ve

Lancefield classification

Streptococci are arranged into

groups A-U called Lancefield
Vir ka nam pai b ha, or agla bai b ha
groups on the basis of Antigenic
differences in C-carbohydrate
Alpha hemolytic
strep viridians (endocarditis, Brain abscess, Anaerobes, Dental caries),
strep pneumoniae (Adult Pneumonia, Adult Meningitis, sinusitis)
Beta hemolytic
strept.pyogenes (pus producing disease, Rheumatoid fever, Fringitis,
immunological diseases) penicillin G is used for its treatment,
strept.agalactiae (neonatal meningitis, sepsis) Bacitracin resistant
Gamma hemolytic
strept.bovis (endocarditis)

Classification On the basis of

hemolysis

Imp points about

streptococcus pneumonia

It causes pneumonia , typical lobar pneumonia which

consist on a rusty sputum
It also causes Meningitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis
, conjunctivitis.
Pneumococcus, meinigococcus, H.influenza are imp causes
of meningitis after the age of 2 months.
Imp properties of streptococcus pneumonia are (*gram +ve
lancet type shaped diplococci, *alpha hemolytic *optochin
sensitive *bile soluble *polysaccharide capsule)

Imp points

Viridans streptococci is catalase +ve and alpha hemolytic.

St. mitis, st. mutans, st.sanguins, st. salivarius causes endocarditis.
St. anginosus, St.milleri, st.intermedius causes brain abscess.
Streptococcus agalactiae is in Group B, Can cause neonatel meningitis and
sepsis
E.coli, enterococcus and Listeria monocytogenes are B haemolytic, bacitracin
resistant, shows hippurate hydrolysis, also causes neonatal meningitis.
Enterococcus and strep bovis are in Group D, these are nomal flora of colon
and causes endocarditis, UTI, biliary tract infections.
Staphylococcus epidermidis is normal flora of skin ,adhere to prosthtic implant
material because it produces glycocalyx, it causes sepsis in neonates, peritonitis
in dialysis patients, CSF shunt infections.
Staphylococcus saprophyticus causes UTI, particularly in sexually active young
women.
Streptococous pyogenes causes (pharyngitis, cellulitis, erysipelas, necrotizing
fasciitis, lymphangitis, endometritis, impetigo, pyoderma)

Imp points
imp cell wall components are (protein A, teichoic acid, capsule,
receptors for phage typing)
Imp enzymes are (catalase, coagulase, DNAse, proteases, lipases,
hyaluronidase, fibrinolysis)
Toxin mediated diseases are (food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome,
scalded skin syndrome)
Pyogenic infections are (impetigo, furuncle, carbuncle, paronychia,
post surgical wound infections, pneumonia, lung infections,
conjunctivitis, endocarditis)

Parasitology
Introduction to protozoan
Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
Protozoa is define as the single celled organisms with animal like
behaviors, such as motility and predation.
The diseases caused by the protozoan are
1. Amoebiasis
2. Ciliary dysentery
3. Giardiasis
4. Malaria
5. Kala azar
6. African sleeping sickness

Complications of plasmodium falciparum

Renal impairments
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Hypoglycemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hematological abnormality
Other complications like jaundice
Hypotension / shock

Lab diagnosis of M.TB

LAB diagnosis of staph aureous

Lab diagnosis of staph aureous

Pathogenesis of amebic dysentery

Pathogenesis of clostridium tetani

Pathogenesis of poliovirus

Toxins of staph aureus

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