10/18/2016

BernoulliEquation

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BernoulliEquation
Conservationofenergynonviscous,incompressiblefluidinsteadyflow
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Thestatementofconservationofenergyisusefulwhensolvingproblemsinvolvingfluids.Foranonviscous,incompressiblefluidinasteadyflow,thesumofpressure,potentialandkineticenergiesperunitvolumeisconstantatanypoint.
AspecialformoftheEulersequationderivedalongafluidflowstreamlineisoftencalledtheBernoulliEquation:

ForsteadystateincompressibleflowtheEulerequationbecomes(1).Ifweintegrate(1)alongthestreamlineitbecomes(2).(2)canfurtherbemodifiedto(3)bydividingbygravity.

HeadofFlow
Equation(3)isoftenreferredtothe"head"becauseallelementshastheunitoflength.

DynamicPressure
(2)and(3)aretwoformsoftheBernoulliEquationforsteadystateincompressibleflow.Ifweassumethatthegravitationalbodyforceisnegligible,(3)canbewrittenas(4).Bothelementsintheequationhavetheunitofpressureandit'scommontorefertheflow
velocitycomponentasthedynamicpressureofthefluidflow(5).
Sinceenergyisconservedalongthestreamline,(4)canbeexpressedas(6).Usingtheequationweseethatincreasingthevelocityoftheflowwillreducethepressure,decreasingthevelocitywillincreasethepressure.
Thisphenomenacanbeobservedinaventurimeterwherethepressureisreducedintheconstrictionareaandregainedafter.Itcanalsobeobservedinapitottubewherethestagnationpressureismeasured.Thestagnationpressureiswherethevelocity
componentiszero.

ExampleBernoulliEquationandFlowfromaTankthroughasmallOrifice
Liquidflowsfromatankthroughaorificeclosetothebottom.TheBernoulliequationcanbeadaptedtoastreamlinefromthesurface(1)totheorifice(2)as(e1):

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Since(1)and(2)'sheightsfromacommonreferenceisrelatedas(e2),andtheequationofcontinuitycanbeexpressedas(e3),it'spossibletotransform(e1)to(e4).

Ventedtank
Aspecialcaseofinterestforequation(e4)iswhentheorificeareaismuchlesserthanthesurfaceareaandwhenthepressureinsideandoutsidethetankisthesamewhenthetankhasanopensurfaceor"vented"totheatmosphere.Atthissituationthe(e4)
canbetransformedto(e5).
"Thevelocityoutfromthetankisequaltospeedofafreelybodyfallingthedistanceh."alsoknownasTorricelli'sTheorem.
Exampleoutletvelocityfromaventedtank
Theoutletvelocityofatankwithheight10mcanbecalculatedas
V2=(2(9.81m/s2)(10m))1/2
=14(m/s)

PressurizedTank
Ifthetanksispressurizedsothatproductofgravityandheight(gh)ismuchlesserthanthepressuredifferencedividedbythedensity,(e4)canbetransformedto(e6).Thevelocityoutofthetankdependsmostlyonthepressuredifference.
ExampleOutletVelocityfromaPressurizedTank
Theoutletvelocityofapressurizedtankwhere
p1=0.2(MN/m2)
p2=0.1(MN/m2)
A2/A1=0.01
h=10(m)
canbecalculatedas
V2=((2/(1(0.01)2)((0.2106N/m2)(0.1106N/m2))/(1000kg/m3)+(9.81m/s2)(10m)))1/2
=19.9(m/s)

CoefficientofDischargeFrictionCoefficient
Duetofrictiontherealvelocitywillbesomewhatlowerthanthistheoreticexamples.Ifweintroduceafrictioncoefficientc(coefficientofdischarge),(e5)canbeexpressedas(e5b).
Thecoefficientofdischargecanbedeterminedexperimentally.Forasharpedgedopeningitmaybeeaslowas0.6.Forsmoothorificesitmaybeebetween0.95and1.

EnergyLossthroughaReductionValve
Whenfluidflowsthroughareductionvalveandpressureisreducedthereisaenergyloss.Byneglectingthechangeinelevation(h1=h2)andthechangeinpipevelocity(v1=v2)thepressureenergybeforethevalveandthepressureenergyafterthevalve
includingtheenergylossthroughthevalveisconstant,andtheBernouilliequationcanbemodifiedto
p1/=p2/+dE(7)
where
dE=energylossthroughvalve(J)
(7)canbetransformedto:
dE=(p1p2)/
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BernoulliEquation

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