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FaultCalculations
Introduction
Three phase fault calculations
4.1
4.2
4.3
of a three-phase network
Equations and network connections
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
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4 Fault
Calculations
4.1 INTRODUCTION
A power system is normally treated as a balanced
symmetrical three-phase network. When a fault occurs,
the symmetry is normally upset, resulting in unbalanced
currents and voltages appearing in the network. The only
exception is the three-phase fault, which, because it
involves all three phases equally at the same location, is
described as a symmetrical fault. By using symmetrical
component analysis and replacing the normal system
sources by a source at the fault location, it is possible to
analyse these fault conditions.
4 . 2 T H R E E - P H A S E F A U LT C A L C U L AT I O N S
31
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Figure 4.2:
1 and Z
1.55
2.5
0.39
A
B
1.2
0.97E '
0.99E ''
Z ''1
Fault Calculations
I
N
Figure 4.2: Reduction of typical
E'
E''
V = 0.97 E - 1.55 I
1.2 2.5
N
Figure 4.1: Network with fault at F
V = 0.99 E '' +
2.5 + 1.2
V = E - I Z = E + I Z
Z1 + Z1
''
'
= V
Z ' Z ''
Z1
1 1
and, since no current was flowing into the
network from F prior to the fault, the fault current
flowing from the network into the fault is:
''
'
Z1 + Z1
If =I=V
'
+ 0.39 I
''
1 1
E 1.207I . Hence E E V.
E by
1.55I
and
the load
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Figure 4.3
1.2 0.563
1.55
2.5 0.563
1.2
=
0.38 p.u.
3.7
0.39
0.183 p.u.
3.7
and the current in 1.2 ohm branch
2.5
Figure 4.4
N
(a) Three - phase fault diagram for a fault at node A
Busbar
Circuit breaker
A
X
4 . 3 S Y M M E T R I C A L C O M P O N E N T A N A LY S I S
1.55
1.21
N
(a) Impedance viewed from node A
1.1
1.79
N
(b) Equivalent impedances viewed from node X
Ea =
Eb = a E
+ aE 2 + E
2
+
E c = aE1 + a
2.76
There is a parallel branch to the right of A
E1 + E2 + E0
33
E2
0
0
Equation 4.1
Fault Calculations
OF A THREE-PHASE NETWORK
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E1 = 3 E a + aE
1
b +a
2
1
=
E a + a E b + aEc
3
1
= E a + E b + Ec
3
E2
E0
Eo
2
to I
I =
Equation 4.3
1
follows that
I . Therefore:
Ea
Equation 4.4
Ec
aE1
E1
a E1
V V
Equation 4.2
Eo
E2
Figure 4.5
Eb
V1 = V - I1 Z1
is the relationship between positive sequence currents
and voltages in the fault branch during a fault.
aE2
Fault Calculations
- V1 )
and I
of the fault branch. The voltage V is equal to the opencircuit voltage in the system, and it has been shown that
E
E
(see Section 3.7). So the positive
sequence
voltages in the system due to the fault are greatest at the
V
Figure 4.6
Z '
Z S1
Z ''1
I '1
Z'
I ''1
I1
E'
E'
V1
N
(a) System diagram
I '1
N
X
I '1 Z '1
V
F
V '1 +I '1 Z '1
N
'
(b) Gradient diagram
V1
34
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I2
2
Equation 4.5
Z2
Z '1 I '2 F
S1
I ''
b. phase to phase
c. phase-phase-earth
d. three-phase (with or without earth)
The above faults are described as single shunt faults
because they occur at one location and involve a
connection between one phase and another or to earth.
2 Z ''1
I2
Z '1
V2
N
Fault Calculations
Chap4-30-45
a. Single-phase-earth (A-E)
V2
Ib 0
V2 + I '2Z '1
Ic
b.
Equation 4.6
Ib
Ic
V b Vc
Equation 4.8
c. Phase-phase-earth (B-C-E)
Ia 0
Vb
V0 = - I0 Z0
Vc
Phase-phase (B-C)
Ia 0
Equation 4.7
V a
0
0
Equation 4.9
Ia
Ib Ic
V a Vb
V b Vc
Equation 4.10
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Equation 4.18
Equation 4.19
Equation 4.15
Equation 4.16
V - I1 Z1 = I2 Z2
from Equation 4.15:
Fault Calculations
Ib =0
Ic =0
Va = I a Z f
Equation 4.11
Figure 4.8
A
Va
Ia
Ib
F1
F2
F0
F
Z1
Vc
Z2
N2
N1
Z0
Va
FigureA 4.9
F1
N0
Ia
Ib
Va=0
(a) Definition of fault
N1 V
Vb=-Vc
(a) Definition of fault
V1 = - (
V2
Substituting for V1 ,
= 1
3
Ia
+
V )
V2 and V0
Equation 4.12
= I2 = I0
V = I1 ( Z + Z2 + Z3 )
, therefore:
Z0
N0
and
I1 = -( I2 + Io )
V1 = V 2 = V 0
Substituting for V2
and and 4.6:
I2 Z2 = I0 Z0
thus, using Equation 4.18:
1
I0
Equation 4.14
I2
Z2
Z0I
=
Z
Now equating V1
Equation 4.21
+ Z2
V - I1 Z1 = - I2 Z2
V = I1 Z1
- I2 Z 2
Z Z
V = Z1 +
or
V1 = V 2
Equation 4.20
and
or
Z +Z
2
0
N2
Equation 4.13
I0 = 0
Z2
Ib =Ic
F0
Ia =0
Ic =0
Z1
Vc
Ic
F2
Vb
Ib =0
Equation 4.17
Vb
Ic
V = I1 ( Z1 + Z2 )
V - I1 Z1 = I2 Z2 + I0 Z0
Z 0 + Z2
=V
Z0 +
Z2
Z1 Z 0 + Z1 Z 2 + Z 0 Z2
Equation 4.22
36
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or
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V = I1 Z1
Equation 4.26
Va
Figure 4.10 Phase-phase-earth fault
F
Ia
=0
Vb
Z1
Vc
Ib
Ic
Z2
N2
N1
N0
I0
Ia+Ib+Ic=
Equation 4.24
Va+Vb+V
(a) Definitio
Figure 4.11: Three
I =0
2
Vb=0
0 = V1 - I1 Z1
(b) Equivalent circuit
4.4.5 Single-
Ia=0
Vc=0
(a) Definition of fault
Figure 4.11
Equation 4.23
and
Ic
V2
V 0 Va
V1
Equation 4.25
The single-p
dia
gra
mm
atic
V b Vc
Equation 4.27
V0 = 1/3 Va
V1 = 1/3 Va
V2 = 1/3 Va
and therefore:
V1 V 2 V 0
1 3 Va
Ia I1 I2 I0
0Equation 4.28
From Equations 4.28, it can be concluded that the
sequence networks are connected in parallel, as
shown in Figure 4.12(b).
P
Va
Q
a
a'
Ib
b
Ic
b'
c'
c
(a) Circuit diagram
N1
I1
I2
N2
+ve
Sequence
Sequence
Network
Q1
P0
Zero
Sequence
Network
I0
N0
-ve
Q2
Network
Q0
Fault Calculations
Equation 4.29
Therefore:
a1
a2
a0
V a1 V a 2 Va0 0
b) At point F
I ' a I' c
Equation 4.30
V 'b 0
Equation 4.31
and therefore:
I b1 = I b2 = I b0
Equation 4.32
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F'
a-e
b-e
a1
I'
a1
F '1
F1
V'
a1
a1
N '1
N1
2
I 'a2
a
F2
I'
a2
a2
F '2
12
a
2
a2
N '2
Fa ult Calculations
a V 'a2
V 'a2
V
2
F0
aI 'a0
I'
a0
a0
F '0
1
a
V 'a0
aV 'a0
a0
N '0
N0
(b) Equivalent circuit
Figure 4.13: Cross - country fault - phase A to phase B
a2 I a1 = aI a2 =
I a0 or
I a1 = a2I a2 = aI a0
Equation 4.33
Equation 4.34
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a
1
a. single-phase-earth (A-E)
I ' a 2C1
C0 I 0
I 'b C1
C0 I 0
I ' c C0 I
C1
b. phase-phase (B-C)
I'a 0
I ' b a 2 a C1 I1
C 1 I1
I'c a
a
c. phase-phase-earth (B-C-E)
I ' a C1 C 0 I
0
I'
a a
unit, etc.
I'
Z
1
a C1
Z
Equation 4.35
2C
I'b a C I
= (0.746 + 0.112)
Ia
and
I0
= 0.858 I0
= -0.261 I0
= j0.68 ohms.
Z1 = Z0
Therefore, from Equation 4.14, the current in fault
branch I
V
a
39
I b = I c = -(0.373 + 0.112) I0
Equation 4.38
I ' c aC1 I1
Fault Calculations
I' a
4.5.1 Current Distribution
0.68
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B
O
Fault
Load
(a) Single line diagram
j7.5
0.08
j0.9
'
V1 V I1 Z1
j0.4
C1n Z1n
A j2.6
j1.6
B
0.165
0
0.112
1.0
0.755
1
n
j4.8
0.192
V2 '
0.053
I 2 Z1
C1n Z1n
V0 ' I 0 Z0 C0 n Z0 n
0.183
1
j1.6
A
j0.75 0
0.395
1.0
0.422
j0.45
0.373
j18.85
0.556
Fault Calculations
0.022
(c) Positive and negative sequence networks
'1 V
I 1
Z1 j
Equation 4.39
j0.4
3x
0.68
= 26.8
I
-90
V ' 2 V I1 Z1 j0.464
From the zero sequence distribution diagram Figure
4.8(b):
V'0 I0
Z0
I b = I c =8.15 -90 A
Z 0 j0.608
=I
=I
= j31.2A, when
0
Figure 4.15
V'c
=61.5-116.4
V=63.5-0
V ' a =47.8-0
volts
= 2.25
V0
180
and, using Equations 4.1:
V ' b =61.5-116.4
V b = a2 V 1 + aV 2 + V 0
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Vc = aV1 + a V2 + V0
= 56.75a -(6.74a2 + 2.25)
then:
, Vcn =aVan
Equation 4.43
3Vne
116.4 volts
c = 61.5
VR =
= a2 Van
Ia
Ib
Ic
ae
Vbe
Vce
V
(a) Residual current
Hence:
Ib Ic
V R V ae V be
Also, from Equations 4.2:
V
V
ae V an
be
ce
bn
V cn
Z0 / Z1 ratio.
Equation 4.40
ce
V R 3V0
It should be further noted that:
V
IR 3I
Equation 4.41
Vne
Equation 4.44
ne
Vne
Equation 4.42
Fault Calculations
IR Ia
and
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a. Single-phase-earth (A-E)
IR
3V
2 Z1 + Z0
where K = Z0 / Z1
2.5
2 + K Z
3.0
= V
Z1
1.5
1.0
Thus:
2.0
Equation 4.45
2 +K
Double-Phase-Earth fault
andI
I R =
I 3
0.5
Residual current for
b. Phase-phase-earth (B-C-E)
=
IR =3I0
I1 =
Hence:
3
Z1
Z1 + Z0
V Z1 + Z
I1
K=
Fault Calculations
3V Z1
=
2
Therefore:
2 K + 1 Z
+1
Equation 4.46
2K
3K
2 K + 1
Iab+Iac F
ab
ac
2 Z1 Z 0 + Z1
IR
I3
2 Z1 Z0 + Z1
Z1
3
IR
Double-Phase-Earth fault
1
2
I +I
Equation 4.47
ab
ab
ac
ac
ac
Equation 4.48
=E ac
cF
a(F)
V bF
ab
-VbF=Eab
b
(b) Vector diagram
cF
VR
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=
VR = VbF + VcF since VFe 0
At source:
VaF = 0
and
VR = VbF + VcF
= -3 Ean
At source:
since
at fault.
VR at source and VR
Ia X ZL
At relaying point X:
ab
ac
VR = 3Vne = -3Ean
an
Ia
ab
ab
ZS
ZL
IF
A
B
C
Fault Calculations
Chap4-30-45
IF
ac
IF
(a) Circuit diagram
-Vcf
c
cX
a(F)
Ia
L
-Ia Z
an
bn
an
-IFZS
Xn
Fn
F -I Z
F L
IF
bF
V cX
cF
VR
(at source)
VR (at fault)
V bX
bf
ab
-Vbf
cF
ac
- V Xn
ab
cn
cn
Fn
bn
VR
cn
Xn
bn
V aX
bX
at fault
relaying point
43
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4 . 7 REFERENCES
4.1 Circuit Analysis of A.C. Power Systems,
Volume I. Edith Clarke. John Wiley & Sons.
4.2 Method of Symmetrical Co-ordinates
Applied to the Solution of Polyphase
Networks.
C.L.
Fortescue.
Trans.
A.I.E.E.,Vol. 37, Part II, 1918, pp 1027-40.
4.3 Power System Analysis. J.R. Mortlock and
M.W. Humphrey Davies. Chapman and Hall.
Fault Calculations
44