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INTRODUCTION
In the practice of hydraulic engineering piping systems are very
complex that is why in these course of mechanics fluid a previous
study is done to understand the system.
In all cities pipes are important for transporting flows like water,
effluent, natural gas and others.
Through this research we will study and analyze networks open pipes.
These types of networks are widely used because they are often
economic, through each node is supplied by a single pipe as examples
of these are: rainwater collectors.

PRINCIPAL AIM
Study and know the different applications in the field of civil
engineering open networks.

SPECIFIC AIMS
Understand the issue of Open Network equations, analysis of design
and profits in the real world.
Study and know the subject well about Open Networks taking into
account many problems of hydraulic structures.
Solve

application

knowledge given.

exercises

about

Open

Networking

with

the

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OPEN NETWORKS
Matrix Networks tubes or express lines in water systems, are
characterized by having no "closed loop" in the system.
Open networks are branch conduits which are nourished from one or
more supplies (reservoirs) and conduct fluid from them or between
them and the final ends by a single possible route.
At certain points of the network discharges or water outlets, plus the
possible ramifications may occur. These points are called nodes
consumption. But it is also a node point where they change the
characteristics of the conduit as its diameter or roughness, and no
consumption or branching.

Knot equation (Mass conservation)

Flow in the knot j:

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Q i = Qi+1+Q
N

Q
i 1

+Q

i+2

Far equation or Energy conservation

Applying the energy equation between Reservoir "R1" and "i" th end

R1
of the network, is:

VR1 PR1
V
P

Z R1 i i i Z i h f hL
2.g

2.g
1 2
1 2

Boundary Conditions:

Vi = 0
Vi > 0
Pi/=0
Pi/>0

(permanent flow, if you download a reservoir)

(If discharged to the atmosphere)
(If all available charge is lost)
(If pressure is required to exit)

Replacing into the above equation, we have:

2

V
P
Z R1 ( i i Z i ) h f hL
2.g
1 2
1 2
This expression takes the name of "Far equation" can raise many
equations such as have the number of extreme Red (7). In the case of
the above scheme, you may arise seven equations end.

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Problems that can be solved in Open Networks:

Calculation of pressure: In this case the characteristics of all

sections (L, D, e), the coordinates of the nodes and flows

discharged at each node are known (q). It is necessary to know
the operating pressure at each end of the (psi / g) network,
which requires calculating energy losses in all sections. They
should raise the equations of continuity, one for each node, and
equation of energy between the highest tank and each of the
ends of the network.
Revising hydraulic capacity: In this case the characteristics of
all sections (L, D, e), the operating pressure at each end (psi / g)
and the network topography (HTI) are known. It is necessary to
know the flow is discharged at each node and flow in each
section. They should raise the equations of continuity, one for
each node, and equation of energy between the highest tank
and each of the ends of the network.
Network Design: Here are some characteristics of all sections

(L, e), the operating pressure at each end (psi / g), the network
topography (HTI) and consumption at nodes (qj) are known. It is
required to know the diameter of each section (D). They should
present the equations of continuity, one for each node, and
equation of energy between the highest tank and each of the
ends of the network. This problem has multiple solutions.
Minimum cost is preferred.

PIPE SYSTEMS
The other applications that are commonly seen in practical
applications for duct systems are:
The problem of the three reservoirs.
A reservoir pumping two others.
Pipes with two or more branches discharge arrangement independent.

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THE

THREE-RESERVOIR

PROBLEMS
Consider the case where three reservoirs are connected by a
branched-pipe system. The problem is to determine the discharge in
each pipe and the head at the junction point D. There are four
unknowns (VAD, VBC, VDC and pD/ ), and the solution is obtained by
solving the energy equations for the pipes (neglecting velocity heads
and including only pipe losses and not the minor losses) and the
continuity equation. The physical characteristics of the system such
as lengths, diameters and f friction factors of the pipes, the geometric
elevations of the water surfaces at the reservoirs and the piezometric
head at the junction D are given. The reservoirs are located as, zA>
zB> zC. There are three possible solutions of this problem:
a)

( z + p ) =Z

Since

( z + p ) =Z
P

there will be no flow from or to reservoir A, and

therefore,
Q AD=0,V AD =0, J AD =0

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QBD =QDC
The relations between the reservoir levels B, and D and the
piezometric head at the junction D are:

Z Bh L =Z D +
BD

PD
=Z C +h L

CD

Energy line slope (JBD) of the BD pipe can be found as:

J BD =

Z B Z D

PD

LBD

Z BZ A h L
=
L BD
LBD
BD

Using the Darcy-Weisbach equation:

J=

f V2
D 2g

The flow velocity in the BD pipe can be calculated by:

2 g D BD J BD
V BD =
f BD

1
2

And the discharge is:

QBD =A BD V BD
The energy line slope, the velocity and the discharge of the CD pipe
are then:
J CD =

Z A Z C h L
=
LCD
LCD
CD

2 g D CD J CD
V CD =
f CD

1
2

QCD = ACD V CD =Q BD

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b)

( p ) < Z < Z

Z c < z+

The continuity equation for this case is:

QBD =Q AD +QDC
The relations between the reservoir levels B, A, and C and the
piezometric head at the junction D are:

( p ) =Z +h

Z Bh L = z +
BD

L AD

=Z C + hL

CD

The energy line slopes of the pipes are:

( p ) = h

ZB z +
J BD =

LCD

LBD

L BD

J AD

p
z+ ) Z
(
h

=
=

J CD

p
z + ) Z
(
h

=
=

L AD

c)

L AD

L AD

LCD

L CD

LCD

( p ) < Z < Z

Z c < z+

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The continuity equation is:

QBD +Q AD =QDC
The relations between the reservoir levels B, A, and C and the
piezometric head at the
junction D are:

( p ) =Z h

Z Bh L = z +
BD

L AD

=Z C +h L

CD

The energy line slopes of the pipes are:

( p ) = h

ZB z +
J BD =

LCD

J CD

LBD

L BD

( p ) = h

Z A z+
J AD=

L AD

L AD

L AD

p
z + ) Z
(
h

=
=
D

LCD

L CD

LCD

Example:
The water surface levels at the A and C reservoirs are respectively
zA=100 m and zC= 70 for the given three-reservoir system.
Reservoirs A and B are feeding reservoir C and QA = QB . Calculate

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the water surface level of the reservoir B. Draw the energy line of the
system. The physical characteristics of the pipes are:

Pipe
AD
BD
DC

Length (m)
500
1000
1500

Diameter (mm)
150
200
250

Solution: The head loss along the pipes 1 and 3 is:

h L +h L =Z A Z c =10070=30m
1

--------(I)

Q1=Q2=Q
Q3=2 Q
Using the Darcy-Weisbach equation for the head loss:

h L=

f . L V2 f .L
4Q
x
=
x
D 2 g 2g
D2

h L=

8 f LQ 2
x 5
2
g
D

( )

Using Equ. (I)

f
0.03
0.02
0.03

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8 f LQ f LQ
h L= 2 1 15 1 + 2 25 2
g
D1
D2

30=

8 x 0.03 500 x Q2 1500 x (2 Q )

+
2
2
2
9.81 x
0.15
0.25

Q=0.0308

V 1=

4 Q1
D

2
1

m3
=30.8
s
s

=Q1

4 x 0.0308
m
=1.74
2
s
x 0.15
3

Q3=2 Q1=2 x 0.0308=0.0616

V 3=

4 Q3
D

2
3

m
s

4 x 0.0616
m
=1.26
2
s
x 0.25

Head losses along the pipes are:

f 1 V 21 L1 0.03 x 1.74 2 x 500
hL =
=
=15.43m
2 gD 1
19.62 x 0.15
1

f 3 V 23 L3 0.03 x 1.26 2 x 1500

hL =
=
=14.57 m
2 gD 3
19.62 x 0.25
3

h L +h L =15.43+ 14.57=30 m
1

For the pipe 2:

V 2=

hL =
2

4 Q2
D

2
2

Q1=Q2=0.0308

m
s

4 x 0.0308
m
=0.98
2
s
x 0.20

f 2 V 22 L2 0.02 x 0.982 x 1000

=
=4.90 m
2 gD 2
19.62 x 0.20

Water surface level of the reservoir B is:

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( z + p ) =Z h =10015.43=84.57 m
D

L1

( z + p ) =Z +h =70+14.57=84.57 m
D

L3

( p ) +h =84.57+ 4.90=89.47 m

Z B= z+

L2

Branching Pipes.

Consider the reservoir

and

BD

supplying Water with branching pipes BC

to a city. Pressure heads

( p / ) are required to be over 25

m to supply water to the top floors in multistory buildings.

pC
p
25 m , D 25 m

Using the continuity equation,

Q AB=Q BC +Q BD
Two possible problems may arise for these kinds of pipeline systems;
a) The physical characteristics of the systems such as the lengths,
diameters and frictions factors, and also the dischargers of each
pipe are given. Water surface level in the reservoir is searched
to supply the required ( p/ )min pressure head at points C
and D . The problem can be solved by following these steps.

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1) Velocities in the pipes are calculated using the given

dischargers and diameters.

Q 4Q
V= =
A D2
2) Head losses for the

BC

BD

and

pipes are calculated.

h L=

f V

L
D 2g

Piezometric head at junction

is calculated by using the given

geometric elevations of the points

( Z+ p ) =( p )

+ Z C h I ( 1 )

( Z+ p ) =( p )

+ Z D h I ( 2 )

min

min

and D .

BC

BD

Since there should be only one piezometric head

( Z + p/ ) at any

junction, the largest value obtained from the equations

(2)

(1)

and

B . Therefore

is taken as the piezometric head for the junction

the minimum pressure head requirement for the points

and

has been achieved.

3) The minimum water surface level at the reservoir to supply the
required pressure head at the points C and D is calculated
by taking the chosen piezometric head for the junction.
p
Z A= Z +
+h
B L

( )

AB

b) The physical characteristics and the discharges of the pipes are

given. The geometric elevations of the water surface of the
reservoir and at points C and D are also known. The
minimum pressure head requirement will be checked,
1)

V AB ,V BC , and

VBD

velocities in the pipes are calculated.

2) Head losses along the pipes

AB , BC

and

BD

are calculated.

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3) Piezometric heads at points

( Z+ p ) =Z h
B

B ,C

and

are calculated.

L AB

( Z+ p ) =( Z+ p ) h ( p )
C

L BC

min

( Z+ p ) =( Z+ p ) h ( p )
D

L BD

min

4) If the minimum pressure head requirement is supplied at points

C and D , the pipeline system has been designed according
to the project requirements. If the minimum pressure head is
not supplied either at one of the points or at both points.
a) The reservoir water level is increased up to supply the minimum
pressure head at points C and D by following the steps
given above.
b) Head losses are reduced by increasing the pipe diameters.

PUMP SYSTEMS
When the energy (head) in a pipe system is not sufficient enough to
overcome the head losses to convey the liquid to the desired location,
energy has to be added to the system.
This is accomplished by a pump. The power of the pump is calculated
by,
N=QH
Where

= Specific weight of the liquid (N/m3 ), Q = Discharge (m3

/sec), H = Head to be supplied by pump (m), N = Power of the pump

(Watt). Calculated pump power should be divided by = Efficiency
factor of the pump.
N=

QH
n

Example:

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Reservoir A is feeding reservoirs B and C by a pump and pipe

system. The discharge to reservoir C is Q2 = 0.10 m3/sec. If the
efficient coefficient of the pump is = 0.70 n, what will be required
power of pump? Draw the energy line of the system. The physical
characteristics of the pipe system are:
Pipe
1
2
3

Diameter (mm)
300
150
200

Length (m)
400
300
1000

Solution: Beginning with pipe 2:

V 2=

Q2 4 Q2
=
A 2 D22

V 2=

4 x 0.10
m
=5.66
2
s
x 0.15

f 2 x L2 V 22
hL =
x
D2
2g
2

0.015 x 300 5.662

hL =
x
=49 m
0.15
19.62
2

Energy level at the outlet of the pump is:

( p ) =Z +h =90+ 49=139 m

hP = z +
outlet

L2

f
0.020
0.015
0.025

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Pipe 3:
Head loss along the pipe 3 is:
h L =hP Z B =139110=29 m
3

outlet

f 3 x L3 V 23
hL =
x
D3
2g
3

V 23
0.025 x 1000
29=
x
0.2
19.62
V 3=2.13

m
s

D 23
x 0.202
m3
Q 3=
x V 3=
x 2.13=0.067
4
4
s
Pipe 1:
Q1=Q2 +Q3
Q1=0.100+0.067=0.167

V 1=

hL =
1

4 Q1
D

2
1

m
s

4 x 0.167
m
=2.36
2
s
x 0.30

f 1 x L1 V 21 0.020 x 400 2.362

x
=
x
=7.57 m
D1
2g
0.3
19.62

Energy level at the entrance to the pump is:

h P =Z A h L =657.57=57.43 m
ent

The energy to be supplied by pump is:

H p=hP hP =13957.43=81.57 m
outlet

ent

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The required power of the pump is:

NP=

Q H p
n

NP=

9.81 x 1000 x 0.167 x 81.59

=190952 W 191 KW
0.70

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CONCLUSIONS
It concluded that for optimal design of a water supply system in
open

networks

is

necessary

to

recognize

the

physical

characteristics of the pipes and achieve set values for the

required flow rates

We conclude that the network operation is determined by the

pressure, as well as the pump power.

Also it concluded that for a good design of open networks some

characteristics (L, e, etc.) are known, and is required to know
the diameter of each section (D) must be raised the equations
of continuity, one for each node, and the energy equation which
has several ways to solve however that will prefer minimal cost.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.slideshare.net/muhsenbd/local-energy-head-losseslecture-notes-03
pag 11
https://es.scribd.com/document/179218774/ACUEDUCTOS-Teoria-yDiseno-Corcho pg. 391