1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Ciy, Califor, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, email support@adaptsof.com DESIGN EXAMPLE THREE SPAN, SINGLE LEVEL PARKING STRUCTURE HAND CALCULATION FOR TYPICAL POST-TENSIONED BEAM Dr Bijan O Aslam Structural Engineer, Califor Berta Profesor, San Francitco State University Roman Stioe 2+50l 0 2693-3906-8 Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Cty, California, 94061, USA, Tat: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsof. com This Page Left Intentionally BLANK, 2+ 0 2693-39068 Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants11733 Woodside Road, Sute 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, 4061, USA, Te: (650) 306-2400 Fax (B50) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoft.com 2+Eo POST-TENSIONING DESIGN STEPS *72%6¢ PRELIMINARY STEPS MEMBER THICKNESS COVER TO REBAR AND PRESTRESSING COMPUTATIONAL STEPS |. GEOMETRY AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM . MATERIAL PROPERTIES . LOADING , DESIGN PARAMETERS . ACTIONS DUE TO DEAD AND LIVE LOADING . ACTIONS DUE TO POST-TENSIONING . STRESS CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY . MINIMUM PASSIVE REINFORCEMENT 9, STRENGTH CALCULATION FOR BENDING 10. SHEAR DESIGN 11. DEFLECTION CHECK 12. STRESSES AT TRANSFER 13. TENDON AND REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT 14. COMPARISON OF HAND AND COMPUTER SOLUTION 15. COMPUTER SOLUTION Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calo, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4672, e-mail support@adaptsof.com This Page Left Intentionally BLANK 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 Date Design FESS ES 7 = Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, California, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsof.com THREE SPAN, SINGLE LEVEL PARKING STRUCTURE T-BEAM EXAMPLE ROSTAM' PARKING ® @ @@ oy xO I4B0 x 4505] 20m Tm (a) BEAM ELEVATION (c) SECTION GEOMETRY OF THE BEAM Figure 1-1 ‘A good natured legendary strongman of Persian culture 2+Boma 0 2693-39065 Corporation eA. Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants2+50 906-8 1.__GEOMETRY AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: ‘The parking structure floor consists of a one-way slab supported on parallel beams as chown in Fig, 1-1. Dimensions and Support Conditions: © Geometry is as shown in Figure 1-1(a) & (b) © Beam cross section ae shown in Figure 1-1(c) © Total tributary width = 5 m typical © Columns extend below deck only Effective Width: (not exceeding the total tributary width = SOOO mm) Assume effective width = 24 times flange thickness plus the stem width Effective width = 24°125+460= 3460 mm ACI-318 code is mute on the effective width of prestressed beams. For an interior non- prestressed beam it specifies 8 times the flange thickness on each side of the stem. For prestressed beams the determination of effective width is more involved. For precompression from post-tensioning the entire tributary is effective at a typical midspan location [Aalami 1989, 1993]. For flexure a lesser width is generally valid. The practice among many engineers i to assume 12 times the flange thickness on each side of the stem, but not greater than the tributary of the beam, when calculating the stiffness of beams for the determination of internal actions (moments and shears). The restriction of effective width being less than one quarter of span is not strictly adhered to, since the presence of post-tensioning distorts the design values in situations similar to the current example, where the spans are of widely different values. For this reason 3460 mm is used for the entire beam. One quarter of the last span is 1250 mm. Section Properties: Area = 7.246e+5 mm* Moment of Inertia = 3556e+10 mm* 41733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 264-4678, e-mallsupport@adaptsoftcom ‘Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants2+50l = 215.7 mm from top of section 0 2693-3906-8 = 544.3 mm from bottom of section Volume/Surface Ratio: vis (3460 * 125 + 635 * 460)/(2 * 3460 + 2 * 635) 88.5 mm ¢, weight Elastic Mod. Creep Coet. Low Relaxation, Unbonded System Strand Diam. = 12mm Strand Area 99 mm? Elastic Mod. 200,000 MPa f, 1860 MPa pe Nonprestieassed (Passive) Reinforcing: f, = 460 MPa Elastic Mod. = 200,00 Mra 1733 Woodside Read, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adapisoft.com Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants‘1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Cty, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tet (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsof.com 2+Bol 0 2693-1906-8, 0.125 m * 2400 kg/m? * 500m * 9.806/1000 14.71 kN/m 0.635 * 0.460 * 2400 * 9.806000 G.BLkN Im Total dead Load Due to Self Weight 21.58 kNim Superimposed Dead Load due to Mechanical, Sealant and Overlay: OS kim? * 5m 25 kNim Total Dead Load 24.08 kNim LiveLoad: 2.395 kN/m’, reducible per UBC tet Span: Reduction = 0.861 * (20m * 5m ~15.94) TANG > 40% max ‘Live Load (1.0-0.40)*2.395, kN/m?*Sm_ 719 kKN/m 2nd Span: Reduction = 0.861*(17m * 5m ~ 13.94) 61% > 40% max Live Load = (10-0.40)'2.395 kN/m@*Sm 7319 kim rd Span: . Reduction = 0.861 * (5m *Sm—13.94) 95% Live Load = ([.0-0,095)'2.595 kN/m®*5m 10.84 kN/m Adapt Structural Engineering ConsultantsMaxLL/DL ratio = 10.84/24.08 = 0.45 < 0.75 +. Do Not Skip Live Loading The relationship used for reduction of live loading is from UBC (Uniform Building Code) as follows: R=0.861(A- 13.94) ‘Where, R = reduction factor equal to less than 40%; and A= tributary if square meters. Strictly speaking, live loading must be skipped to maximize the design values. But, when the ratio of live.to dead loading is small (not exceeding 0.75 times dead loading), for hand calculations it is adequate to determine the design actions based on live loading on all spans. 4,_DESIGN PARAMETERS: "Cover to rebar and prestressing strands Minimum rebar cover = 50mm, Top and Bottom ‘The cover selected is higher than the minimum code requirement to allow for top bars over the beam cage in the transverse direction. Minimum Prestressing CGS = 70 mm, All spans The cover and hence distance to the CGS (Center of Gravity of Strand) is determined by the fire requirements and corrosion protection [ACI 423, 1996]. The CGS distance (70 mm) is slightly higher than the minimum required. Its selection is based on ease of place- ment. * Effective stress in prestressing strand: 1733 Woodside Road, Suite 20, Redwood City, Califomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsof.com 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 == Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfrmia, 4061, USA, Te: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaplsoft.com f. = 1200 MPa ‘The design of a post-tensioned member can be based either on the “effective stress” concept, or the “tendon selection” concept. In the effective stress concept, the average stress in a tendon after all losses is used in design. The concept provides and expedi- tious and simple design procedure for hand calculations. It is valid if used for: @ members with dimensions common in building construction; i) tendons equal or less than 36 m long stressed at one end, or for tendons up to 72 m when stressed at both ends; ii) generic 12 mm extruded tendons with industry common friction coefficients; and (iv) tendons stressed to 0.8fpu The effective stress (fse) is the average stress in tendon after all losses. Its value is as- sumed as 1200 MPa. The assumption is again based on the premise that tendons up to 36 m are stressed from one end, tendons up to 72 m are stressed from both ends. For other conditions, a lower effective stress is assumed. In the current design, the total length of the tendon is 42 m. The tendon is stressed at both ends. Detail calculations (refer to the computer run at the end of this design example) indicate that the effective tendon stress is actually 1255 MPa. The design prestressing force in each span is chosen based upon the following as- ‘sumption: 1. Aconstant effective force is assumed for each epan. The design prestressing force is chosen as a multiple of the average force in each tendon. Force/tendon= 1200 MPa * 99mm/1000 = 118.8 kN/tendon Use multiples of 119 KN when selecting the post-tensioning forces for de- sign. . Tendon profiles are chosen to be simple parabolas. The parameters 6e- lected for the parabolas are such that in each epan a uniform upward force will result. 2+Boa 0 2693-1906-8 sob = Corporation ‘Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants‘1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Califia, 4061, USA, Te: (850) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoft. com For ease of calculation the tendon profile in each span is chosen to be a concave upward, simple parabola from support centerline to centerline, as shown in Fig. C4-1. The position of the low point is selected so that the upward force generated by the tendon is uniform, using the relationship in Fig. C4-1. For exterior spans, where the tendon high points are not usually the same, the resulting low point will be away from the span midpoint. For interior spans, where tendon high points are the same in most cases, the low point will fall at the midpoint, Obviously, the chosen profile is an approximation of the actual tendon, since the sharp kinks in the tendon would be impractical to reproduce. The actual tendon would have a reversed parabolic profile as shown in Fig. C4-2. The profile shown in part (b) of Fig, C4-2 is the profile likely to be used when placing the tendon. This profile is used in the computer run at the end of hand calculations, Whee S TLN8)/(# 0] Ww 2a BALANCED LOADING OF A PARABOLIC CABLE Figure C4-1 2+ 0 2693-3906-8 = Corporation ring Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Cy, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (850) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoft com Figure C4-1 (b) ACTUAL TENDON PROFILE USED IN CONSTRUCTION (mm UNO) TENDON PROFILES COMPARISON OF SIMPLIFIED. AND ACTUAL 2+Bol 0 2693-1906-8 = Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Califia, 94061, USA, Te: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaplsofl.com Figure C4-2 "Other Design Parameters: 3. Minimum Avg. Precompression = 1.4MPa 4, Target Balanced Loading 60 “4 of Total Dead Load 5. Allowable Stresses 0.45 * f, Compression (final) 0.75 * VP, Tension, Top 1.00 * VP, Tension, Bottom 6. Minimum Rebar Req'd 0.004 * Aergstezoe For beams a minimum precompression of 1.4 MPa is assumed, In the manual design process, the minimum precompression is used as the entry value (first trial) for design. For economy, viewed herein as minimum weight of prestressing, the next criterion is the maximum tension stress under service loading. For one-way systems, ACI-318 has a limit of 1.0 * sqrt f'c. Other codes generally do not have such a restriction for building construction. For the top fi- ber 0.75 * sqrt f'c is selected to ensure smaller crack widths under service loading. For de- flection control the selfweight of the critical span is balanced to a minimum of 60%. Other spans need not be balanced to the same extent. As it will become apparent, for the current beam it is beneficial if the tendon exerts a downward force on the third span, as opposed to an upward force in the critical (first) span. ‘The minimum reinforcement is an ACI-318 code requirement for one-way systems, such as the current beam example, using unbonded post-tensioning systems. The minimum is not re- quired when a grouted system is used. 7. Load Combinations: Service: MDL +1°LL + 1"PT Strength: 14*DL + 1.7L + I"HYP Observe that the dead (DL) and live (LL) loading appear with identical values in the service- ability and strength load combinations. For serviceability the post-tensioning (PT) actions are used. These are due to “balanced loading.” For strength combination, however, the hyperstatic (Hyp) actions (secondary) due to prestressing is used. The background for this is explained in detail in reference [Aalami, 1990]. 2+50l 0 2693-3906. FESS ES = corporation rc Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants41733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Cty, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoft.com 8,_ACTIONS DUE TO DEAD AND LIVE LOADING: ‘The structural system of the frame and its dead and live loading ie shown in Fig. 5-1 ade 20 STRUCTURAL FRAME AND ITS DEAD AND LIVE LOADING (kN/m; m) Figure 5-1 Actions due to dead and live loading are calculated for this example by a standard frame analysis program, using the loading and geometry as input data. The members are assume prismatic and of uniform cross section throughout the length of the frame. Centerline to cen- terline distances are used for span lengths. No allowance is made for stiffening of the mem- bers over the support. Some software account for this stiffening and increase the moment of inertia of the beam over the support region. The centerline moments calculated are reduced to the face-of-support using the static equilibrium of each span, The computed moments from the frame analysis are reduced to the face of the eupport us- ing statics of each span. The face-of-support moments and the moments at midepan are summarized in Table 5-1. 2+50l 0 2693-3906-8 FEST E SS” = corporation BA. Adapt Structural Engineering ConsultantsTABLE 5-1 MOMENTS AT FACE-OF-SUPPORT AND MIDSPAN (kN-m) Span #1 Span #2 Span #3 Left Mid Right | tefe | mid | Right [tet | Mid Mo. 1358 -on9 | -6002 -338.0 | -2928 Me -406 29 | 2382 xorg | -893 Moc + Ma “176.4 -1838 | 1038.4 4549 | 3821 1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City Califomia, 94064, USA, Te: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e mal support@adaptsot com The distribution of moments is shown in Fig. 5-2 1184 DL + LL MOMENT DISTRIBUTION (kN-m) Figure 5-2 t Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tal (650) 306-2400 Fax 650) 364-4678, e mail support@adaptsofL.com The critical design moments are not generally at midspan. However, in the common hand cal culation, the midspan location is selected for stress and strength check. The approximation is acceptable when spans and loading are essentially uniform. (0. POST-Tr The following steps are used as a guideline when designing for post-tensioning in a hand cal- culation procedure. (i) determine the amount of post-tensioning and hence the number of strands to satisfy the post-tensioning based on minimum average precompression; (ii) position the number of strands selected with the maximum drape in the critical span; ii) assuming a simple and continuous parabola between the supports, determine the up- ward force of the prestressing tendons; from the upward force determined in the preceding, calculate the percentage of the balanced loading in the critical span. If the value is more than 60% accept is as first trial, Else, increase the force to balance 60% of dead loading. If it is more than 90%, increase the value of CGS to reduce the percentage to 70 and use it as first trial. having selected the first trial for post-tensioning of the critical span, use engineering judgment to reduce its value in other spans if necessary, or raise the drape in other spans. Post-tensioning Design: Tendon Forces and Balanced Loading: 1. Tendon Force Based on Minimum Precompression: 1.4 Nimm?*724600mm*000 = 1014.4kN Equivalent # of strands 1014.4 /119 852, -. cay 9 strands Force in 9 strands 9719 = —1O71KN 2+ El 0 2693-1906-8 sob Corporation Do Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants2. Design Forces and Balanced Loading: Span #1: ‘The profile of span #1 is chosen so that the upward force on the structure due to the tendon is uniform. This is done by choosing the location of the low point so that the profile is of a sin- gle simple parabola, as shown in Fig. C4-1. Since span #1 is the longest span, it is designed with maximum drape, in order to utilize the maximum amount of balanced loading in the most. critical span. If the low point of the tendon is not selected at the location determined by “c”, two distinct parabolas result. The resulting upward force will be as shown in Fig. 6-1, Try maximum drape and force based upon P/A above a = 544-70 = 474mm 690-70 = 620mm 20.0m {{4741620}°* / [1 + (4741620)°"} * 20.0 932m JO71 KN * 2* 0.474 / 9.32? 1071 * O.01091/m = 1.68 kKN/m DL balanced = 1.68/24.08= 49%<60% NoGaad Prorated # of strands 60% /4914"9 = 11.02 strands Try 1! etrands * 119 Kn 1309 kN W, = 1309*O.01091/m == 14.28 kN/im T %DLbalanced = 1428/2408. = 60% OK Balanced Load Reaction, Left = 14.26kN/m*932 = 133,09 kNL 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 ‘1733 Woodside Road, Suite 20, Redwood City, California, 94061, USA, Te: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mall support@adaptsof.com Corporation Da Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Ciy,Calfomia, 4061, USA, Tel: (850) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail suppert@adaptsoftcom Balanced Load Reaction, Right = 14.26kN/m*10.68= 162.51 kNL Fig. 6-1 shows the distribution of balanced loading for span #1 ‘SEH-030M We= 14.28 kN/im | kN (a) BALANCED LOADING TENDON stm _L | from 432 m 10.68 m (o) SIMPLE PARABOLA TENDON AND BALANCED LOADING FOR SPAN | Figure 6-1 Span #2: Continuous Tendons: 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 Do Adapt Structural Engineering ConsultantsThis span is shorter and not the most critical span. Therefore, 9 tendons adequate to satisfy the minimum precompression are used. In addition, recognizing balancing a lower percentage of selfweight will be beneficial to the critical span (span #1) the minimum 60% used as guideline is waved for this span. A smaller percentage (50%) is used. The dead load in span #2 helps with the actions of span #1, so balancing more dead load in span #2 would not be beneficial to the design. Also note that the tendon low point is located at the span midpoint. Ww, 50%* 24.08 kNim = 12.04kN/mT a W,* LB *P [(12.04* 17) (8 * 1071)] 1000 405 cos 690-405 = 285mm Balanced Load Reactions = 12.04kN/m*6.5m = 10234kNL (Left. and Right) Added Tendons: Reduction of tendons from 11 in span 1 to 9 in span 2 means that 2 tendons from span #1 terminate in span #2. The terminated two strands are dead-ended in span #2. The dead end is located at a distance 0.20*L from the left support, at the centroid of the beam section. The tendons are assumed horizontal over the support and concave downward to the dead end. Hence the vertical balanced loading of these tendons will be downward, with a concentrated upward force at the dead end. 690 - 544 = 146 mm 02017 = 34m 2°119*(2*0.146 13.4) 2°119* 0.02526 = 6.01kNimt Force @ DeadEnd= 601*3.4m = 2044kNT ‘1734 Woodside Road, Sute 20, Redwood City, Calf, 94061, USA, Tek (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364.4678, email supporf@adaptsof.com 2+50l 0 2693-3906-8 Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering ConsultantsSpan #3: The tendons in this span are chosen to be straight (harped) from the highpoint at the interior support to the section centroid at the exterior support. The aim is to prevent any uplift in the short span (in fact a downward force would be beneficial to the design of the adjacent span). CGS Left 690 CGS Right 544 CGS Center (690 +544)/2 = 617 (say 620) The Vertical Balanced Loading forces are limited to concentrated forces acting at the supports only; they are equal and opposite: W, = 1071 kN* (690-544) / (6 * 1000) = BA2Z7KN T(right); L (left) The complete tendon profile, effective force and balanced loading diagram is shown in Fig. 6-2 Verify the computed balanced loading ()) Sum of vertical forces must add up to zero: “133.09 — 152.51 + 14.28°20 — 102.34 + 20.44 - 6.01°3.4 + 12.04°17 - 102.34 -31.27 +3127 = 0,006 OK (ii) Sum of moments of the forces must be zero. Taking moments about the first ‘support gives: 1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Califoria, 94061, USA, Te: (850) 206-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, email support@adaptsoft.com 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calforia 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoftcom *182.51°20 + 14.28°20" / 2 — 102.54°20 -.6.01°.4"(2043.4/2) + 20.44°23.4 + 12.04°17"(20417/2) -102.34°37 - 31.2737 + B12T42 = 2.97 OK 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, California, 94061, USA, Te: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsft.com ‘10 922m) 106m) 65m | 85m 20m lim 5m (a) SIMPLIFIED TENDON PROFILE 1304 KN 3.4m IoTl KN Il STRANDS 4 STRANDS! (0) FORCE DIAGRAM 4.28 kin (12.04 kNin (TIT MTT a M—6.01 kin r }~ 20.44 KN 10234 kN 133,04 kN 102.34 kN (c) BALANCED LOADING Figure 6-2 TENDON, FORCE AND BALANCED LOADING 2+Bl 0 2691-3906-8 Corporation eA. Adapt Structural Engineering ConsultantsIt is essential to verify that the balanced loading constructed satisfies static equilibrium. And, that the concentrated forces over the supports are correctly computed and accounted for. In particular the force due to the short length of the terminated strands in the second span must be included to satisfy equilibrium. Simplifications in the balanced loading diagram that do not satisfy equilibrium are not permissible. Equilibrium must be satisfied for correct solutions. The wrong solutions may not be conservative. This will become more apparent in the impact ithas on the values of hyperstatic moments. Many engineers use the expression given bellow to compute hyperstatic moments. This ex- pression gives the correct answer, only if the balanced loading used in the determination of My satisfies equilibrium, Mnyp = Mpe~ Pte Actions due ta Past-Tensioning: Actions due to post-tensioning are calculated using a standard frame analysis pro- gram. The same frame geometry used for dead and live loading (Fig. 5-1) is subjected to the balanced loading ehown in Fig. 6-2(c). The resulte shown in Fig, 6-2. The mo- ments shown in the figure are reduced to the face of support. Midepan moments are also marked. SEM-028M POST-TENSIONING MOMENT DISTRIBUTION (kN-m) 1733 Woodside Road, Suite 20, Redwood City, California, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax 650) 364-4678, email support@adaptso.com. Figure 6-3 2+Eo 0 2693-1906-8 Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, 34061, USA, Tal (650) 306-2400 Fax (660) 364-4678, email support@adaplsof. com Z_SIRESS CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY: Critical Locations for Stress Check: By inspection, locations marked in Fig. 7-1 as sections A through E are considered as critical. These are the midspan locations and the face-of-support of the first interior col- umn, E | I t ro ~~ |} dF 20. 11.0 m 5.0m CRITICAL LOCATIONS FOR ANALYSIS Figure 7-1 The moment diagrams of due to the combined actions of dead and live loading (Fig. 5-2) and the moment distribution due to post-tensioning (Fig. 6-3) are used as a guide for the determi- nation of the critical locations. 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 Corporation DEA Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Sute 20, Redwood iy, Cao, 4061, USA, Tot: (50) 206-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, emal supportadaptsf.com Stresses: = (My-+M, + My)/S + P/A S= IN, Srp Sree where Ye Yo 3.555eH10/216 1.646e+8 mm? 3.555eH10/544 6.536e+7 mm? Stress Limite: Top Tension 0.75 * 28 3.97 MPa Bottom Tension 1028 5.29 MPa Compression 0.45 * 28 “12.60 MPa Point A: Mo + M, + Mer PIA = (6315 +188.7-379.0) = -1809"1000/724600 -441,2000°N1.64Ge+8 — 1.81 MPa -4.49 MPa Compression< 12.60 MPa OK 441,21000°/6.536e+7 — 1.81 MPa 4.94 MPa Tension < 5.29MPa OK Stresses at the other sections are calculated in a similar manner and listed in the Table 7A. 2+ 0 2693 Corporation BA. Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfoia, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 206-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, email support@adeptsot com TABLE 7-1. SERVICE EXTREME FIBER STRESSES AT SELECTED POINTS Point A Point B Point C Point D Point E Mp (kN-m) 6315 O19 -800.2 2578 -819 M, (kN-m) 188.7 209 “238.2 764 64 Mer (kN-m) -379.0 528.7 ABTA A252 66.6 Stop (mmm?) 1646e+8 1.646018 1.646018 1646e+8 1.646e18 Sq (mamm?) 6536047 65360+7 6536e+7 6536047 6536e+7 ‘Area (mm?) 724600 724600 724600 724600 724600 P (kN) 1309 1309 ton ton ton PIA (MPa) ABI ABI A181 148 148 f, (MPa) f, (MPa) “449 494 217 84 172 10.70 “2.75 in 4B 148 F, (MPa) “12.60 3.97 3.97 12.60 “12.60 F, (MPa) 5.29 “12.60 “12.60 529 12.60 OK OK OK OK OK Note: F, and F, are the respective top and bottom allowable stresses Since the post-tensioning selected satisfies the stresses, no revision in post-tensioning necessary. Note that in the critical span, the ratio of the calculated to the maximum allowable stress is (5.2915.29) = 1.0. 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants8, MINIMUM PASSIVE REINFORCEMENT: Use 22 mm bare (Area = 387 mm; Minimum Required, Top: A 0.004 * Acony The minimum requirements are taken from ACI-318-95 code. Avens is the area of the section between the tension fiber and the section centroid. 0.004 * [125 * 3460 + (216 ~ 125) * 460] 1897 mm? 18971687 490; Use 5-22 mm bare 5° 387 1985 mm? Minimum Required, Bottom: 0.004 * Asong 0.004 * (460 * 544) 1001 mim? 10011387 2.58; Use 3-22 mm bare 3°387 1161 mm? 1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Cty, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4878, e-mail support@adaptsoft.com 2+50l 0 2693-3906-8 Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants‘1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfonia, 4061, USA, Te: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adapisoft.com @_ STRENGTH CALCULATION FOR BENDING: ‘The design moment (Mu) is the factored combination of dead, live and hyperstatic mo- ments. Hyperstatic Mamente: ‘The hyperstatic moments are determined from the reactions of the frame analysis when ‘the frame is subjected to balanced loading (Loading shown in Fig. 6-2). The reactions ob- tained from a standard frame analysis are shown in Fig. 9-1(a). The reactions shown re- sult in hyperstatic momente in the frame as shown in Fig. 9-1(b).. The hyperstatic (secondary) reactions must be in self-equilibrium, since the applied load- ing (balanced loading) was in self-equilibrium. Check the validity of the solution for static equilibrium. LVertical Forces = ~—«-13,68-30.50+19.07-2.45 = O OK EMoments about Support #1 102.90 + 82.00 - 29.18 -5.02- (80.30°20) + (19.07°37) - (2.45°42) 005 = O OK ‘Support reactions due to post-tensioning are applied to the beam in order to construct the hy- perstatic moment diagram shown 9-1(b). The support reactions are shown in part (a) of the figure. Reduce hyperstatic moments to face of support using linear interpolation. For Right Face of Support (FOS) of epan #1: Mer = 37650-[(37650 102.90) /20]*0.46/2 = 375.42 kN-m 2+Bol 0 2693-4906 Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants916 kN (a) SUPPORT REACTIONS DUE TO PT \400 kN a kN (>) HYPERSTATIC MOMENT DISTRIBUTION HYPERSTATIC (SECONDARY) ACTIONS Figure 9-1 14? Mg 417° M, + 1.0* Mage Design Moments are compiled in Table 9-1 1728 Woodside Road, Site 20, Recwood Cy, Cafe 84061, USA, Tt (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, emai support@adaptst.com 2+ 0 2693-39068 Date ob Design Corporation Page 29 Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants | o! Check1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calforia, 4061, USA, Tel: (850) 306-2400 Fax (0) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaplsoft. com TABLE 9-1 ULTIMATE DESIGN MOMENTS Point A Point B Point C Point E My (k-ft) 6315 “11.9 -8002 “B19 M, (Kft) 188.7 -2n9 “238.2 “154 Mie (k-ft) 2386 3n7 2694 a My (k-ft) 1443.5 1367.2 1235.8 151.9 Capacity and Reinforcement Calculations: For hand calculation, the capacity of a post-tensioned member can be approximated for most. ‘common sections by assuming a conservative ultimate stress for the prestressing tendons. The approximated solution is validated by ensuring that the reinforcing index is not exceeded. The approximate procedure is based on the following limitations: f. 2 28MPa P/A S$ 1.72MPa ald, < 0.4, where dis the depth of the center of the tensile force from the compres- sion fiber Tendon Length © <_38 m for single end stressing < 76m for double end stressing fyx is conservatively assumed to be 1500 MPa if span is less than 11 m in slabs fys_is conservatively assumed to be 1350 MPa if span is greater than 11 m in slabs fyx_ is conservatively assumed to be 1400 MPa if span is less than 11 m in beams fyx_ is conservatively assumed to be 1300 MPa if span is greater than 11 m in beams Figures C9-1 and C9-2 below illustrates the forces and dimensional parameters used in the calculations below 2+ 906-8 Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants‘1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Ciy, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoft.com pases lene 5 Sect | b GEOMETRY AND REINFORCEMENT Figure C9-1 LT DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES - IN PRESTRESSED MEMBER Figure C9-2 oe 0 2693-1906 sob Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants‘At Point A (Midepan of Span #1): = 760mm = n*99 = 1089 mm? = 760-70 = 690mm = NGI mm? (From minimum computation) = 760-50-22/2 699 mm tim f, 1300 MPa ve Total Tension Force T+ (1089 * 1300 + 1161 * 460) /1000 1415.7 4534.06 = 1949.76 kN 1949.76 * 1000 /(3460°0.85*28) = 24mm approximately G95 mm 241695 < 04 Ok touse approximation 0.9°[1415.7"(690 - 24/ 2) + 534.06"(699-24/ 2) 1000 = 11941kNm = << M, = 1443.5kN-m NoGaod ‘Add Supplemental Rebar: Since supplemental rebar must be added the depth of compression zone must be prorated to approximate the added compressive stress in the section. Prorateda = 24°1477/1194 = 30mm = 14766-11941 = 282.5 kNem = 282.5 kN-m"000* / [0.9*4GOksi*(699-30/ 2)] = 998 mm? +99 mm? (10% more for conservatiom) = 1097 mm? 2+Bol 0 2693-1906-8, Meceperta A eoppeentt 1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (B50) 306-2400. Fax (0) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoftcom sob Corporation eA. Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants‘1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Cty, Califomia, 94061, USA, Tek: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsof.com Since this is an approximate method for expeditious hand calculation, add 10% more rebar in lieu of iterating the solution. 1161 +1097 2257 mm* 22571 387 5.8: Say 6-22 mm bars 6° 387 2322 mm* 2322*460/1000 = 1068.12 kN 0.9°[1415.7*(690 - 30/ 2) + 1068.12"(699-30/ 2)]/1000 1517.6 kN-m > My = 443.5kNm OK At Point B (Right: Face of Support, Span #1); Ap = 1°99= 1089 mm? , = 670mm At the face of support the tendon height is approximated to be slightly less than the maximum tendon height. A 1935 mm? a * 760 - 50-2212 699 mm ‘Span Om fn 1300 MPa Total Tension Force heh (1089 * 1300 + 1935 * 460) / 1000 1415.74 89010 = 2305.8 kN 2305.8 KN * 1000 /(460*0.85*28MPa)= 2it mm approximately BO mm 2+50l 0 2693-3906-8 Corporation DBA Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (€50) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsof.com 211/680 032 < 04 OK to.use approximation 0.9°[1415.7*(670-211/ 2) + 890.10"(G99-211/ 2)}1000 11947 kN-m M, = 1367.2 kN-m OK ‘At Point C (Left Face of Support, Span #2): Use same # of bars as point B; by inspection point C is OK. 2+50l 0 2693-3906-8 ob Corporation BA. Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, California, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400. Fax (650) 364-4678, e mal suppori@adaptsoftcom At Point D (Midspan of Span #2): 9799 = Amn? 760-285 = G1 mim? 760-60-22 12 1.0m G Total Tension Force y+ Te (8911300 + 1161*460)/1000 1168345341 = 16924KN (1692.4"1000) / (3460 "0.85" 26MPa) = 21mm 0.4 byinspection, OK ta use approximation O.9"[1158.3°(475 - 21 / 2) + 534.1°(699-21 / 2)] 1000 BIS2kN-m > M, = — G42.8kNm OK At Point E (Midspan #3): By inspection point E is OK. Chosen bare: Bar lengths are based upon the ACI-318 minimum requirements that state that bars at midspan be 1/3 span length and bars over supports extend 1/6 of span length into éach span, except when needed for strength. When required for strength, one third of bars at exterior spans, and one-fourth at interior spans should extend to the supports. 2+50l 0 2693-3906-8 sob Corporation BA. Adapt Structural Engineering ConsultantsPoint A: barlength = 20000/3 6667; say 6700 mm Chosen bar at: midpoint span it: = 4-22 mm x 6700 mm 2-22 mm continuous Pointe B &C: barlength = 2*(20000+17000) | (2°6) = 6167; say 200 Chosen bar at eupport #2: 8-22 mmx 6200 mm Summary of bar lengthe: Location Top Bars Bottom Bars Support #1 22mm x 3400 - Span #1 - 22mm x 6700 22mm continuous Support #2 22mm x 6200 - Span #2 - 22mm x 5700 Support #3 22mm x 3700 - Span #3 - 22mm x 1700 Support #4 22mm x 1000 - Strength computations performed herein were limited to points considered critical by inspec- tion. When spans and loading are not regular, the selection of critical points by inspection be- come difficult. In such cases, stress and strength checks must be performed at a greater num- ber of locations. ‘1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, $4061, USA, Tel: (50) 306-2400 Fax (650) 964-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoft com 2+Bol 0 2693-1906-8 SESE Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants10. SHEAR DESIGN: Distribution of design shear is shown in Figure 10-1. The Design shear (V,) is computed from the results of the standard frame analysis performed for the loading conditions D, L and PT. The following combination was used. 1A Vy 417° V, 41.0 * Vine DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR (kN) Figure 10-1 Span #t: point of zero shear 396.32"20 | (396.32 + 522.38) = 863m Design at distance (column width +h) /2 isorr] (350 +760)/2 = 555mm from exterior column CL 0 2693-1906-8 41733 Woodside Road, Sule 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, 4061, USA, Te: (850) 306-2400, Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoft. com Date Corporation BA. Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants10. SHEAR DESIGN: Distribution of design shear is shown in Figure 10-1. The Design shear (V,) is computed from the results of the standard frame analysis performed for the loading conditions D, L and PT. The following combination was used. 1A Vy 417° V, 41.0 * Vine DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR (kN) Figure 10-1 Span #t: point of zero shear 396.32"20 | (396.32 + 522.38) = 863m Design at distance (column width +h) /2 2+Eoua (350 +760)/2 = 555mm from exterior column CL 0 2693-1906-8, 41733 Woodside Road, Sule 220, Redwood City, Calfomia, 4061, USA, Te: (850) 306-2400, Fax (650) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoft. com Date Corporation BA. Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants11733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood Cy, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Tel: (650) 306-2400 Fax (B50) 364-4678, e-mail support@adaptsoft.com (358.48"1000) / (0.85"°460°608) 1.50 MPa exterior (463.66"1000) / (0.85°460"608) 1.95 MPa interior (192.21"1000) / (0.85"460*608) 0.81 MPa @ 1/3 point: Assume 15 mm stirrups w/ Zlege: A, = 2129 mm* = 258 mm* At exterior column v, Tt x ule 0019 -1Non Sa al ames coax mgt “woo weet es ore says | SONVALLS+UNZI-IL Coalooee” * UH ‘OTE JOOTE" WOS WoL! Woot oO Figure 13-1 3 Q 3 8 EB s 5 3 s s 3 é é 3 & i 5 2g Bo] g : 5 3 5 = é & woo yosidepe@poddns yew-o ‘ezor-498 (0s9) x24 O0¥2-90E (08) 32. “YSN "190% "ewOHIED “xO poonpey ‘9zz ayNs ‘peOY epIspOOM CELLTERMINATED TENDONS STAGGER AT 300MM AT BANDS (ANCHOR AT CENTROIDAL AXIS) Ww C5 O6L! |OALI |O5L2 | 0512 !o415 | 0613 i i Ll 2 Ls JOR SPAN: INTERIOR SPAN | EXTERIOR SPAN ! L EXTER! WITH STRESSING NO STRESSING NOTES: a= O1L PROFILE FOR TENDONS Figure 15-2 1733 Woodside Road, Suite 220, Redwood City, California, 94061, USA, Tel: (850) 306-2400 Fax (650) 264-4678, e-mallsupport@adaptsot com 2+50l 0 2693-3906-8 Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants1733 Woodside Road, Suits 220, Redwood City, California, 94061, USA, Tel: (850) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, e mail support@adaptsofcom (a) BUNDLING OF TENDONS (o) TENDONS SUPPORT CHAIRS PLACEMENT OF TENDONS IN BEAM Figure 15-3 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 Corporation eA. Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants3, e-mail support@adaptsofL.com ‘1733 Woodside Road, Suite 20, Redwood City, Calfomia, 94061, USA, Te: (650) 306-2400 Fax (650): 14. COMPARISON OF HAND AND COMPUTER SOLUTIONS: Hand Calculation Computer Solution 4— 22mm x 6700 mm bars, bottom | 4— 22mm x 16,600 mm bare, bottom 8- 22mm x 6200 mm bars, top | 7— 22mm x 9850 mm bare, top 8-22mm x 6200 mm bars, top —_| 7— 22mm x 6200 mm bare, top 3— 22mm x 5700 mm bars, bottom | 3~ 22mm x 9100 mm bare, bottom 3—22mm x 1700 mm bars, bottom | 3-22mm x 1850 mm bare, bottom 2+ 0 2693-1906-8 ESE SE corporation Adapt Structural Engineering Consultants15,__COMPUTER SOLUTION The following pages are printout of a computer solution of the same example using ADAPT-PT version 6.xx. The computer model uses a reversed parabola profile for the tendons compared to the hand calculation in which simple parabolas are used. The com- puter output is broken into three parts. Text output of the primary results Text output of detailed results. This section is appended to afford verification of the solution by interested readers Graphical ouitput of principal items, such as stresses and reinforcement 0) 306-2400 Fax (650) 364-4678, mal supportadaptsof com 1733 Woodside Road, Suite 20, Redwood City, Cafomia, 4061, USA, Tel: 2+Bol 0 2693-4906 == Corporation Adapt Structural Engineering ConsultantsWv-L SHNLONYLS ONDIHVd WVLSOH 2+BOml 0 2693-4906-8, 8 2 i 2 3 3 z al ‘woo yos\depe@yoddns yeurs ‘guop-y9¢ (G9) xe 00v2-906 (099) 01 ‘WSN ‘190%6 "eRUOMED ‘uD poompey ‘OZ aHNS ‘PEoY epispOoM EE/),‘ADAPT - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SOFTWARE SYSTEM ‘ADAPT-PT Version 6.05. Date: 772000" Timer 1:02300 PM. le: rostamm 4; PROJECT TITLE DESIGN EXAMPLE -1- ADAPT PT 1.4 DESIGN STRIP Rostam Parking (Real Tendon Profle) 2- MEMBER ELEVATION (rm) 2 m0 re b a a 3- TOP REBAR 3.1 User selected c— L i a] | 82 User selected C a T 1 133 ADAPT eelocted Deore 020 0m D710 908800 Dsseom ree ‘24 ADAPT selocted 00m x5850 mm Geren 518 X80 ro 4- TENDON PROFILE 42Daum Line 43 268 Distance [mm] 7 ieee ea oe ar ‘$4 Sear tartbean, 10803109 (ese zee 5- BOTTOM REBAR 5.1 User selected c t c 1 5.2 Usor selected or 5.3 ADAPT selected an 0800 DQevrorseeonm | S4ADAPT slaves Gsronaxareta me D199 191099 Baro x3050 6 - REQUIRED & PROVIDED BARS 6.4 Top Bars re 2708 2 Ss _ Cai 6.2 Bottom Bars RR "1297 7- SHEAR STIRRUPS 74 ADAPT soloctes 7.3 Required area {rnin} 8- LEGEND ‘9- DESIGN PARAMETERS. 8.1 Code: ACI fe 28.Ninm™ t= 400.Nimm* (ongitudina) f,= 460 Nimm* (shear) f= 1880 Nit 8.2 Rebar Cover: Top = 60mm Bottom = 50mm Rebar Table: ASTM- US SI bars. (Non-resistibuted Moments) | 9.3 Stossing f= 8 oy 9.4 Strnd Area = 99 mm 10 - DESIGNER'S NOTES 2+Bol 0 2693-1906-8B-906E-£690 0 EEG + 2 49307 Aman yeorgse une pe 2 51$-906E-£697 0 HEH +z 52‘Moment [kN] ‘Moment {kNm] Dead Load Moment Diagrams File: rostamm — Live Load Min Dea Load _Live Load Min_Live Load — Live Load Max \ Spent ‘Span Span Moment Diagrams File: rostamm — — Post-Tensioning Secondary 400 eo £7 ‘om Ef ; ame | otf soo ff. 2 200 avo ae oS ip . 500 Span ‘Span Span 8 2+Eo 0 2693-3906-8Stress Diagrams File: rostamm [(+)Tension (Limit=3.97) (-)Compression (Limit=-12.60)} caw a Combinawtep Max: Contingtties Mac Alowatl reese 5 E ba £2 & 3 Service Sttess Combination: 1DL#1LL+1 “PT Stress Diagrams File: rostamm {(¢)Tension(Limit=5.29) (Compression (Limit=-12.60)} a Combined Bottom Max-T Combined Batom Max-C__Alowable Sreseos sof ae 25 00 E 25 z 2 50 78 10.0 “125 Span 2 Span 3 Service Stress Combination: 1.°DL#1.*LL#1."PT Span 1 2+B 0 2693-3906-80.0 + 25 S Deffection [mm] a 10.0 12.8 15.0 1250 Deflection Diagrams File: rostamm ‘Span 1 Span 2 Service Combination: 1.*DL44.*LL#1.°PT Post-Tensioning Diagrams File: rostamm — Post-Tensioning Required Span 3 3 750 8 Post-Tensioning [kN] ‘Span 1 Span 2 Span 3 2+B 0 2693-3906-80 2693-3906-8 2+Bol 3906: 2+B0l 0 2693. Ti ay ESE NEE ge i a a . seseenenrecey jp lmeammnennerenens jg eeztteteecSoi 8 + 0 2693-3906: 2 ae A a Ha # LE a TE 2 TE bE HEE WE Hf (DP | bejsvestaeseesacenes fe ssveeesressee H Re HEHE SHTETE ce ee a eas Hd HT HHS2+B0l 0 2693-3906-8 2+B0l 0 2693-3906-8 esaneenantes SUAREEHETTETGT