PT2

ESE-2017 PRELIMS TEST SERIES
Date: 9th October, 2016
ANSWERS
1.
(d)
21.
(b)
41.
(a)
61.
(d)
81.(d)
101. (c)
2.
(c)
22.
(b)
42.
(a)
62.
(a)
82.(d)
102. (b)
3.
(c)
23.
(c)
43.
(a)
63.
(d)
83.
(d)
103. (a)
4.
(a)
24.
(b)
44.
(c)
64.
(b)
84.
(c)
104. (d)
5.
(a)
25.
(d)
45.
(c)
65.
(c)
85.
(c)
105. (c)
6.
(c)
26.
(c)
46.
(b)
66.
(a)
86.
(a)
106. (d)
7.
(c)
27.
(d)
47.
(b)
67.
(d)
87.
(a)
107. (a)
8.
(b)
28.
(c)
48.
(d)
68.
(c)
88.
(c)
108. (c)
9.
(d)
29.
(b)
49.
(b)
69.
(a)
89.
(a)
109. (d)
10.
(d)
30.
(a)
50.
(d)
70.
(c)
90.
(b)
110. (c)
11.
(d)
31.
(c)
51.
(d)
71.
(a)
91.
(b)
111. (b)
12.
(a)
32.
(c)
52.
(b)
72.
(c)
92.
(d)
112. (a)
13.
(d)
33.
(a)
53.
(b)
73.
(d)
93.
(b)
113. (b)
14.
(d)
34.
(c)
54.
(a)
74.
(c)
94.
(d)
114. (a)
15.
(c)
35.
(d)
55.
(b)
75.
(c)
95.
(a)
115. (a)
16.
(c)
36.
(b)
56.
(c)
76.
(a)
96.
(c)
116. (d)
17.
(a)
37.
(c)
57.
(d)
77.
(b)
97.
(b)
117. (b)
18.
(b)
38.
(c)
58.
(c)
78.
(c)
98.
(b)
118. (a)
19.
(b)
39.
(c)
59.
(a)
79.
(d)
99.
(d)
119. (b)
20.
(b)
40.
(d)
60.
(c)
80.
(c)
100. (b)
120. (c)
(Test-2 Solution) 9th Oct 2016
131. (b)
141. (c)
151. (a)
161. (a)
171. (d)
122. (d)
132. (d)
142. (b)
152. (b)
162. (d)
172. (b)
123. (a)
133. (c)
143. (c)
153. (a)
163. (a)
173. (a)
124. (b)
134. (c)
144. (b)
154. (a)
164. (a)
174. (a)
125. (b)
135. (c)
145. (a)
155. (c)
165. (d)
175. (d)
126. (c)
136. (a)
146. (a)
156. (a)
166. (a)
176. (a)
127. (c)
137. (d)
147. (c)
157. (b)
167. (a)
177. (a)
128. (c)
138. (b)
148. (b)
158. (b)
168. (a)
178. (a)
129. (d)
139. (d)
149. (c)
159. (d)
130. (b)
140. (b)
150. (d)
160. (a)
169. (b)
179. (a)
170. (d)
180. (a)
IE
121. (d)
(2)
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1.
(d)
3.
= E
A
L
= E
L
1
1
x
1 1 1
= = 1: 4
2 2 4
If 1 is acting alone in x-direction
Strain hardening : Strain hardening is

when a metal is strained beyond the yield
point. An increasing stress is required to
produce additional plastic deformation and
the metal apparently becomes stronger and
more difficult to deform. Strain harderning
reduces ductility, which increases the
chances of brittle failure.
1
E
If stresses are acting in all direction, then
strain in z-direction.
2 2
1
E
E
E
By question,
z
(c)
1
E1 L 2
=
2
E 2 L1
1 1
2 2 1
2 E
E
E
E
1
2 ( 1) 1
or,
2
1
1 2 ( 1)
or,
2
1
2 (1 )
or,
2
1
2 2(1 )
Hysteresis : All piezoelectric materials

exhibit a mechanical hystersis as the
strain does not follow the same track
upon charging and discharging. The
hysteresis is expressed as the maximum
strain divided by the maximum difference
between the two tracks.
Creep: Creep describes the slow,

progressive deformation of a material
under a sustained loading.
4.
(a)
Visco-Elasticity : It is the property of

materials that exhibit both viscous and
elastic characteristics when undergoing
deformation. Viscoelastic materials
exhibit time-dependent strain. Some
phenomena in visco-elastic materials
are:
IE
2.
(c)
y
for the same deflection
(3)
if the stress is held constant, the strain

increases with time (creep).
tan2
/2
(x y ) / 2 x y
Where is maximum or minimum strain

i.e. principal strains.
5.
(a)
if the strain is held constant, the stress

decreases with time (relaxation)
if cyclic loading is applied, hysteresis (a
phase lag) occurs, leading to a dissipation
of mechanical energy.
Since,
E = 2G (by question)
We have,
E = 2G (1 + )
E = 3K (1 2)
E
9K
9KG
2
E =
=
E
G 3K
3K
2

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E
9
3K = K
2
2
E = 2 1.5 K
K =
= 40 N/mm 2
E
3
9.
(d)
Water content,
weight of water
9
100%
=
weight of solid
28
w=
6. (c)
stress = E strain
Elongation =
Specific gravity, G s =
1
l
lAB 2 CD
E
E
1 lCD 6
2 :1
2 lAB 3
s.e =
Force on differential element of length dy

and cross-section area A is the weight of
bar below the differential element.
10. (d)
dy
(L-y)
Elongation of the differential element
A(L y)dy
AE
IE
Total elongation,
A L y dy
AE
L2
2E
where, unit weight of the material =
Weight of rod = W = AL
WL
2AE
8. (b)
= 0.03 mm
L = 150 mm
E = 2 10 5 N/mm 2
Stress = E
Ws
Vs
Vs =
28
2.7
Vv 10
10 2.7
2.7 =
=
Vs 28
28
wG
wG
9
28
9
s = e = 28 100 2.7 10 2 7 = 10 100
(c)
G s w = 2.7 1
length of CD = 6 m.
where lAB length of AB = 3m and lCD
7.
0.03
200 103
=
150
50 100
or,
= 2 10 5
10 2.7
28
10 2.7
1
28
10 2.7
=
28 10 2.7
e
=
=
1 e
Adsorbed water : Adsorbed water is either

supplied or due to the hygroscopic action
of the mineral it keeps water in it. This
adsorbed water cannot be removed by
ovendrying at 105 to 110C and may
therefore be considered to be part of the
solid soil grain. That is the reason why,
while determining water content, oven
around 105 to 110C is maintained
otherwise structure of the soil get
disturbed. In order to remove adsorbed
water the soil is required to be heated
more than 200C. Adsorbed water is a layer
of water which is surrounded very tightly
to the clay particle by powerful forces of
electrical attraction and is virtually in a
solid state. This layer is of very small
thickness which is equivalent to 10. This
cannot be removed by oven drying at
temperature around the order of around
105 to 110C and may therefore be
considered to be a part of the solid soil
grain.
Capillary water : Water that is left in
soil, along with hygroscopic moisture and
water vapour, after the gravitational water

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has drained off. Capillary water is held by
surface tension as a film of moisture on
the surface of soil particles and peds and
as minute bodies of water filling part of
the pore space between particles.
Hygroscopic water : Water adsorbed
from the atmosphere and held very tightly
by the soil particles so that it is
unavailable to plants in amounts sufficient
for them to survive. It is the water lost
from an air-dry soil when it is heated up
to 105C.
y
18. (b)
A
x
D
D60 D10
The particle size distribution curve is used

in the classification of coarse- grained soil
Peat and muck are also called cumulose
soils.
14. (d)
The link between different structural units

is through non-exchangeable potassium
(K+) and not through water. The space
between different structural units is much
smaller, as the potassium ions just fit in
between the silica sheet surfaces.
By question,
Direct stress due to loading, d = + 15 t/m2

Maximum bending stress due to
eccentricities about xx-axis, x = 5 t/m2
Maximum bending stress due to
eccentricities about yy-axis, y = 8 t/m2
13. (d)
15. (c)
Stress at B, B = d + x y = 15
+ 5 8 = 12 t/m2 (Compressive)
y
19. (b)
With vibration, cohesionless soil can be

compacted efficiently.
x
(c)
IE
16.
Pe .Pc
1000 1500
= 600 kN
Pe Pc 1000 1500
12. (a)
Pr =
Cc =
1
1
1
Pr Pe Pc
11. (d)
D30
(5)
dry
side
x
e
wet
side
d b 0 for no tension to develop
Let the compressive load be applied, P at

an eccentricity of e.
OMC
On dry side of OMC for a given compactive effort,

the permeability decreases with increase in water
content. The minimum permeability reaches at
maximum dry density at OMC.
17. (a)
or,
Eulers load = Pe = 1000 kN
P
2
P
R2
(P.e).R
0
R 4
4
4Pe
R3
R
4
Crushing load = Pc = 1500 kN

Rankine load = Pr = ?
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Kern is a circular cross-section of radius R
is a concentric circular area with a radius of
D
e 16
1
42 4
0 = 2
D D12
D D1
R
.
4
(b)
Types of section
21.
Shape of core
Rectangular
Rhombus
I-section
Rhombus
Circular
Circle
Square
Square
e =
23.
D4 D14
D2 D12
1 D2 D12
8D
8D
(c)
RB
Pcr
(b)
(C 1)
(C2)
20.
or
Leff
2EI
L2eff
Critical Load, PCr =
By Eulers formula,
Critical load for C2 ,
PCr
PC
r2
22.
22EI
L2
2EI
L2
IE
2EI
2EI
Critical load for C1 , Pc r1 =
L2
PCr
4
R B 3l = 2 El 2l R B El
3
The critical load may then be computed by

means of the bending moment needed to
introduce a rotation 3 into the rotation
spri ng. Ex pressi ng thi s m om ent as a
function of the force acting on node B, we
get
4
3G 2
Pcr 2l El l = 3G Pcr =
El
3
2l 3
1
22EI
=
2
L2
24. (b)
Deflection of a closed spring,
(b)
D1
The critical load of this structure may also

be computed by means of the balance
condi tions of the f orces acting on the
structure in the def ormed conf iguration
defined by angle . The moment balance
condition with respect to point A yields the
value of the reaction force in support B(the
elongation of the spring is 2l .
Leff = L
64PR3n
Gd 4
where
P = Axial load
R = Radius of coil of spring
n = Number of turns
Let P be the compressive load

I =
G = Shear modulus
(D4 D14 )
64
d = Diameter of wire of spring
P
P.e. (D/2)
Stress at outer fibre =
(D2 D12 )
(D4 D14 )
4
64
1
G

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Stiffness of a closed spring,
=
K =
P
Gd
64 R3n
27. (d)
1
K G and K
R
25. (d)
K1
(2)
K2
Keqv
Leaf Spring / Laminated Spring

This type of spring are commonly used
in carriages such as cars, railways
wagons etc and they are also termed as
carriage springs.
It is made up of a number of leaves of

equal width and thickness but varying
length placed in laminations and loaded
as a beam.
The lengths of the plates are so adjusted

that the maximum bending stress remains
same in ev ery plate and thereby it
behaves like a beam of uniform strength.
It is assumed that each plate is free to

slide relative to the adjcent plates as the
spring deflects and the ends of each plate
and tapered to provide a uniform change
in effective breadth. Further it is assumed
that the plates are bent to the same
radius so that they contact only at their
edges.
(1)
80 4 84

N / mm2

Let spring (1) and spring (2) elongate by

1 and 2 respectively..
(7)
Total deflection, 1 2 let stiffness of
springs is P only
P
P
P
K eqv K1 K 2
1
1
1
K eqv K1 K 2
(c)
Above figure shows a carriage carrying a

central vertical load W, which is balanced
Maximum shear stress, max =
IE
26.
the composite spring be K eqv forces in both
16PR 4P
2
d3
d
w
.
2
by equal end reaction
where P = axial load of spring

Let
R = radius of coil of the spring

d = diameter of wire of spring
w = load on the spring
here by question,
R = initial radius of curvature of plates

= initial central deflection
P = 100 N
R=
b = width of each plate
100
= 50 mm
2
t = thickness of each plate

n = number of leaves (plates)
d = 10 mm
max =
16 100 50
103
4 100
102
L = span of the spring

f = bending stress

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Section modulus for a single plate =
30. (a)
bt 2
6
Section modulus for the whole spring (having
bt 2
n laminates) = n
6
Maximum bending moment,
WL
4
M =
f
M
=
M = f.z
y
I
But
31. (c)
d t
d2
2
t = p
2
4
neglecting t2 term as compared to d t;
3 WL
2 nbt 2
f =
From force equilibrium,
nbt 2
WL
= f
4
6
radius
loop stress distribution
inner radius
dt = p
28. (c)
pd
4t
d2
4
Loop stress will be maximum in the pipe

pd
2t
2 800
2 800
t
8mm
2t
2 100
In this case major and minor principal

stresses are same and Mohr circle reduces
to a point.
100
IE
hoop stress h =
29. (b)
Hence all planes are principal planes.
Hoop strain (h) =
where,
l = longitudinal stress
h h
E
E
h =
Hoop strain, h=
h
l
E
E
( l h )
h
pd
(1 )
(1 )
E
4tE
pd
(1 )
4tE
d Chanage in diameter
= d original diameter
h = loop stress

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Change in diameter,
pd
(1 )
4tE
d =
32. (c)
(9)
XC =
If centroidal axis of an area have one or

more than one axis of symmetry, self
product of inertia will be zero.
I-section, T-section, section and circular
section have minimum one axis of
symmetry thus their self product of inertia
will be zero.
x4
4
34.
a 3
0 x(ydx) 0 x dx
a
a 2
0 ydx 0 x dx
x3
a
0
3
a
4
(c)
y
Both axis of
symmetry
Vertical axis
of symmetry
CG
_
y
Horizontal axis
of symmetry
The plate has to suspend through its CG to

make the plate horizontal.
2p q h
y = p q 3 from the smaller edge
Both axis of
symmetry
35.
(d)
(a)
x2
For n-degree curve like the figure shown below:

ah
Area =
n 1
a
x =
n2
x2
1m
x1
x1
2m
x
Area
=1.0 m2
n-degree
curve
IE
33.
No axis of symmetry
Ix1x1 = 10 m 4
Using parallel axis theorem,
xc
but by the question, the curve is parabolic.

n = 2 for a parabola
a
a
x =
22 4
Ix1x1 = I xx + 1 2 2
I xx = 10 4 = 6 m 2
Ix2x2 = I xx + 1 3 2
= 6 + 9 = 15 m 2
Centroid from origin = a a 3a

4
4
Alternatively,
equation of parabola x2 = y (assumed)
36. (b)
Pondage required = 12m3/s 6 hr
= 12 6 3600 m3
= 0.259 Mm3

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37.

(c)
0.19 1 1
T
0.81 1
0.9 1
0.1
Qs 1m3 / s
Rainfall intensity = 1 cm/hr

1
m/ sec
100 3600
Area Rainfall intensity = discharge
1
T
1
T
Q =A
1
T
1
3600 100
A 0.360km2
T = 10 year
45. (c)
38. (c)
Snyder selected three parameters for

development of SUH. They are :-
(i) Basin time width T

39. (c)
(ii) Peak discharge QP
Hortons equation is
(iii) Lag time i.e., basin lag time tP
= fc t fo fc e
Kh t
0 e
K h t
dt
1
Kh
fo fc
FP = 18 cm, f o = 10 cm/h,
Kh = 1
41. (a)
Albedo is as non-dimensional quantity that

indicades how well a surface reflects solar
energy. It varies between 0 and 1.
Ice covered with snow has an albedo of 0.9

which means it reflects 90% of incoming solar
radiation A typical ocean albedo is only 0.06.
(2)
Avg. density of snowfall is 0.1 gm/cc and

intensity of drizzle is usually less than 0.1
cm/hr.
(3)
The record from tipping bucket type gives data

on intensity of rainfall.
(4)
Water drops of size greater than 0.5 mm and

less than 6 mm is called rain and size of 5
mm to 50 mm is called hail.
47. (b)
Weighing bucket type gauge and natural

syphon guage give a plot of the mass
curve of rainfall. But tipping bucket type
gauge gives data on the intensity of rainfall.
48. (d)
There are four basic conditions which have

to be satisfied for the precipitation to occur.
They are:
(i)
Accumulation of moisture of sufficient

intensity to account for observed ratio of
precipitation.
42. (a)
43. (a)
44. (c)
T
Base width
If rainfall in a day is 2.5 mm the day is called

rainy day.
h1
IE
40. (d)
18 = (1 9) + (10 1)/Kh
QP
tP
(1)
f c = 1 cm/h and t = 9 h
P net = 1cm
46. (b)
Kh
Here,
For large t values,

FP = fc t
dt
As t ,
unit duration
tr
0 fp t dt
FP =
and
fp = fc fo fc e
K h t
More infiltration will lead to decrease in

area under curve with same base period.
It will result in smaller peak and flatter
recession limb.
Q = lim 1 1 t e t
Qs = lim
t
t

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(ii)
Cooling of air to the dew point

temperature to produce saturation
condition.
(iii)
Condensation
(iv)
Growth of small water droplets to

precipitable size.
(11)
intensity
50 hr
10 yr
2 yr
49. (b)
Duration
53. (b)
Thiessen polygon method is reliable only for

plain areas.
(ii)
Thiesen polygon method take care of nonuniform distribution of rain-gauges
(iii)
Arithmetic mean method does not take into

account the rain gauges outside the catchment.
50. (d)
53
0.101 .
59
55. (b)
56. (c)
(i)
Probability that rainfall is less than 60 cm

= 1 probability that p(X 60) = 1
54. (a)
It is common for the first three conditions

to occur but not the fourth, in which case
the clouds will gradually dissipate without
producing any precipitation.
57. (d)
Residence time is the time taken by a

particle in crossing a phase in hydrological
cycle.
P + R LS LP LR LC = moisture retained
where, LS, LR, LP = Losses due to seepage, runoff,

and loss due to percolation
Tr =
15 + 5 2.5 2 3 Le = 1
51. (d)
30 min
58. (c)
1h
IE
Maximum intensity
Duration
Residence time of oceans >

Groundwater > Rivers > Atm. Vapours.
If the residence time increases, the
difficulty in predicating behaviour of that
phase also increases.
Le = 11.5 mm
Total volume in that phase

Discharge from the phase
2h
Exaplanation: The rate of evaporation is

proportional to the difference between the
saturation vapour pressure (ew) at the
existing water temperature and the existing
actual vapour pressure in the air (ea).
59. (a)
Return period
Maximum rates of evaporation from a

shallow water body will be experienced
during summmer months.
Larger the lake, lesser will be the

evaporation
Maximum intensity
Return period
100
50
20
60. (c)
Class A land Pan
ISI pan
Colorado sunkenpan
US GS floating pan
0.70
0.80
0.78
0.80
Duration
52. (b)

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61. (d)
67. (d)
62. (a) Infiltration capacity of a soil under given

conditions is defined as the maximum rate
at which it is capable of absorbing water
and is denoted by fc. The actual infiltration
rate observed in a given soil, f, depends
on intensity of rainfall.
68. (c)
f ,
f = P
i,
if i fc
if i fc
69. (a)
AI =
where f p= ff (fc fc )e
= 20%
70. (c)
If a sediment rating curve is available for a

given stream, the flow duration curve can
be converted into cumulative sediment
transport curve by multiplying each flow
rate by its rate of sediment transport. The
area under this curve represents the total
amount, amount of sediment transported.
71. (a)
Coefficient of correlation
fp
ff
(d)
r =
Runoff = 4.8 cm
11.4 4.8
= 0.275 cm/hr
24
1.8
< 0.275 cm/hr so
8
it will not contribution runoff
but rainfall intensity =
N( PR) ( P) ( R)
[N(P2 ) ( P) 2 ] [(N( R2 ) ( R)2 ]
Total rainfall = 1.8 + 5.6 + 4 = 11.4 cm
5.6 4 4.8
So =
= 0.3 cm/hr
16
72.
r lies between 0 to 1 and value of 0.6 < r < 1.0

indicates good correlation.
(c)
73. (d)
In plains 1 station per 520 km 2 is

recommended
No. of rainguage station =
(b)
64.
(horton equation)
fc
-index =
PET AET
50 40
100
100
PET
50
and
kt
63.
An ephemeral stream does not have any

base flow contribution.
Total direct runoff
74.
6240
= 12
520
(c)
IE
= (3 3 1) + (6 3 1) + (9 3 1)
75. (c)
+ (5 3 1)
Stilling well gives protection to the float

and counter weight from floating debris
= 11 cm
76. (a)
65. (c)
Depletion (m)
100
AET
(%) 50
PET
0
100
FC
80
60
40
20
% available moisture
0
pwp
3.5
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
Vs
1.0
66. (a)
2.0
3.0
Velocity m/s
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Velocity distribution at a vertical
87. (a)
77. (b)
In unit hydrograph precipitation must be from

rain fall only.
Unit hydrograph can not be used for the area

greater than 5000 km2.
78. (c)
79. (d)
80. (c)
The duration of rainfall should be
1
1
to of
5
3
the basin lag.
88. (c)
89. (a)
91. (b)
Principle of linearity (or superposition):

the ordinates of direct runoff hydrgraph of
a common base period are directly
proportional to the total volume of direct
runof f represented by respectiv e
hydrographs.
As the duration of unit hydrograph

increases its peak ordinate decreases and
base period increases.
In case of IUH the unit rainfall of 1 cm is

visualised as it is applied instaneously over
the basin. Of course, this is only a fictious
situation and a concept to be used in
hydrograph analysis. The advantage of IUH
over DUH is that it elimanates the problem
of unit duration and the restriction of
uniform distribution of rainfall in time.
90. (b)
A
2
= 4 km
l 0.5
Width
4
Form factor =
= 8
Length 0.5
Width =
83. (d)
2.778 A 2.778 360
=166.68 m3/s
D
6
Qeq =
82. (d)
81. (d)
(13)
The duration of the storm is always less

than time of peak.
85. (c)
In synthetic unit hydrograph
W50 133
76 hours
=
1.75 1.75
tp
D hr UH will have rainfall intensity of

i =
Let
92. (d)
IE
86. (a)
84. (c)
W 75
Principle of time invariance: The shape

of a runoff hydrograph remains same
irrespective of at whatever time it may
occur as long as duration of rainfall
producing it is same.
1
D
tpk
S1 = S curve of rainfall intensity i

S2 = S curve of rainfall intensity i delayed by
time T
Then ordinates of zero hr UH (IUH) =
S S2
lim 1
T
T 0
t
6
= 50 53 hours
2
2
93. (b)
94. (d)
95. (a)
dS 1 dS
= D
dt i dt
IUH (t) D
tpk = tp +
dS 1 dS
dt i dt
Area under DRH total runoff volume
1
1
1
A = 10 10 (10 60) 20 (60 +100)
2
2
2
1
1
10 + (100 50) 20 50 40 3600

2
2
= 14580000 m3
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MOB = DFOB 230
14580000
= 3.645 cm
Rainfall excess =
400 106
MOC = DFOC 230

MOB
DFOB
80
2
=
MOC
DFOC 120 3
96. (c)
97. (b)
DFOB = EI
OB
l
What ever is the loading we can always find

the vertical reactions at A and B by equilibrium
equation only i.e., MA or MB = 0 and by knowing
the vertical reactions we can find BM and shear
force at any point.
So,
98. (b)
Similary, DFOC = EI
OB
l
EIOC
l
EIOC EIOA
l
l
DFOC 3 IOC

DFOB 2 IOB
101. (c)
EIOB
l
EIOC EIOA
l
l
B 20
MAB
Stiffness of joint B = KBA + KBD + KBC
Ds = 3C R
C = No. of cut required to make open tree like

structure
R = No. of restrains required to make support
fix
C= 3
R = MA, HF, MF, MD, HD, VE = 6
EI
1
l
= 4EI
4
l
So, DFBA
So, MBA = 80
Ds = 3 3 6 = 3
IE
Dk = No. of free displacements at joints

Dk = A , B , XB , F , C , D ,YE [axially rigid]
So, XC, YC, YB, XF, XD = 0
EI 3EI
0
l
l
1
20kN m
4
Now by considering equilibrium of member AB

MB 0
20 MAB = 0
MAB = 20
DK = 7
102. (b)
99. (d)
50 kN
50 kN
BM at C = 0
So, RD = 0 and Bm in CD = 0
So, no. curvature in CD
4m
4m
HD also zero.
So, portion BC and CD will not carry any B.m
hence will not have any curvature and B.m. in
BA = Py (will have curvature)
50 kN
200 kNm 50 kN
200 kNm
Only 50 kN will act on one column
100. (b)
so moment = 50 4 = 200 kNm
MBO = 40, So,MOB = 40 2 = 80

MCO = 60, So,MOC = 60 2 = 120

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103. (a)
MCD
10 kNm
FCD
21 C
FBA
5m
7m
l3
A
HD
M = 0
A
FBA 5 10 = 0
FCD 7 21 = 0
FBA = 2 kN
FCD = 3 kN
MCD MDC
()
l3
HD =
From horizontal equilibrium of BC

P
MDC
FH 0 , HA HD P = 0
FCD
M AB MBA MCD MDC
P 0
l1
l3
P FCD + FBA = 0
P 3 + 2 = 0
106.
(d)
P = + 1
FBA
M2 dx
U = 2EI
0
104. (d)
M
MB = 0
M + MA = 0
U = UAB + UBC
MA = M
and carry over factor
Pl
l
dx l/2 (Px)2 dx
U = 2

2EI
2EI
0
0
U =
7 P 2l3
48 EI
107. (a)
108. (c)
40
IE
M
M
induced moment at A(far end)

= applied moment at B (near end)
[due to bending only]
MA
= 1
4m
105. (c)
HA
M AB
HA
MBC + MBA = 0
MBA = MBC = +40
l1
So, HA =
MBA
HA =
40
10kN()
4
So, HD = 10 kN () [HA + HD = 0]
M AB MBA
()
l1

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10
80 3 1.5 50 3
15kN
6
MC 0 RA
112. (a)
3m
So,
DFBC
MCD
MCD = +30
109. (d)
3EI
1
3
DFBA
=
3EI 4EI 2
3
4
So, MBC = 20
wl 2
wl 2
, MFBA
30
20
10
1 wl 2
to support A.
2 20
2
So, MAB =
So,
113. (b)
wl
wl
7wl
30
40
120
6EI B
5
wl 2
96
l2
6EIB
5
wl 2
96
l2
MA 0
wl 2
0
4
MAB MBA
wl
0,
4
12EI B
MBA =
wl
48EI
7
wl 2
96
B
VA
MB = 0
4VA 2HA = 80
Now, BM at C = 0
VA = 2HA
So, 2HA 4 2HA = 80
10HA = 80
80 kN/m
3m
HA = 8kN
HA
S.F. at middle of AB = reaction at A(VA)

3m
So, 2VA + 4HA = 0
111. (b)
VA 4 HA 2 40 2 = 0
IE
So,
10
(tension)
3
40
MBA =
6EIB
110. (c)
MAB = MFAB
R =
wl 2
at B and taking carry over
20
So applying
3m
R
R
But as B is hinged support so MBA should = 0
MFAB =
1
10
2
EI constant
C
1
5
80 64 225
2 384
EI
EI
114. (a)
M0
RB
a
FEMA
RB 63 225
48EI
EI
M0 b (3a l )
l2
RB 50 kN
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By superposition
MA =
20 7.5(3 2.5 10)

10 2
20 2.5(3 7.5 10)
10 2
MA = 10 kN-m
BA
BC
yA 0
yB
yE
xB 0
xE 0
118.(a)
E
D
A
xA 0
C
D
xC 0 xD 0
ED
EF
Hence degree of kinematic indeterminacy = 9

F
115.(a)
(17)
I
H
The number of members with a rigid joint at

one end and pin joint at other end is 2
Total number of unknown member forces
= 9 3 + 2 2 = 31
The number of members with rigid joints at

both ends is 9
Total number of external reaction

components
No. of joints, J = 11
= 3 3 = 9
No. of reactions, R = 7
The number of rigid joints = 9 and number

of pin joint = 1
kinematic indeterminancy, Dc = 3J R n
= 3 11 7 11 = 15
7 J7 8
13 14
J5
J6
116. (d)
J4
Total number of equation of static

equilibrium is 9 3 + 1 2 = 29
degree of static indeterminacy of the

structure is 40 29 = 11
Again,
9
12
J
3
9
J
15
6
8
11 8 10
2
1
J1
J3
J2
number of independent reaction components

= 9
RB
IE
No. of equilibrium equations = 3
119.(b)
(M = 0, Fx = 0, FV = 0)
External indeterminacy, Dse = R 3 = 0

m = 15 ; r = 3 ; J = 9
Ds = 15 + 3 9 2 = 0
Internal degree of indeterminancy
Total number of external reaction components

= 2 + 1 = 3
117. (b)
C
Total number of unknown member forces

= 6 3 + 2 + 1 = 21
Dsi = Ds Dse = 0 0 = 0
Number of members with rigid joints at both

ends = 6
Number of members with rigid joint at one
end and pin joint at other end = 2
Total degree of indeterminacy, Ds = m + r 2j
degree of kinematic indeterminacy

DK = 3 9 + 1 4 (9 + 11) = 11
No. of external reactions, R = 3
number of rigid joints = 9 and number of

pin joint is 1 and
Total number of members = 11
RA
Total number of unknowns = 31 + 9 = 40
No. of inextensible members, n = 11
Total number of unknown = 21 + 3 = 24

Number of rigid joints = 6 and no of pin
joint = 2
E
F
Total number of equation of static

equilibrium
= 6 3 + 2 + 1 = 21

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Degree of static indeterminancy, Ds

= 24 21 = 3
Two cuts are required to make it determinate
Determination of kinematic indeterminacy
Number of rigid joints = 6
degree of indeterminacy = 2
Number of pin joint = 1

Number of roller support = 1
Total number of members = 8
Degree of kinematic indeterminacy

DK = 8 3 (2 + 1 + 8)
= 13
120. (c)
2EI
(2QC )
l
l
2
QC = 0
Pl
8
121. (d)
2W/length
MCA = MFCA = M
M =
W/length
For the structure to be stable, M about the

hinge = 0

Degree of indeterminacy = 6 (one moment, one
horizontal reaction and one vertical reaction at
each end).
123. (a)
2 wy2
x2
wx2
y2
=
2
2
2
Free body diagram of a structure is a

diagram showing all the forces acting on
the components of the structure by
removing all the external supports to the
structure.
B
IE
Degree of indeterminacy = 4 (one moment and

one shear force at each cut)
MCA = MFCA
l
2
P
A
x 2y
x=
2y
122. (d)
A
One cut is required for making it determinate
Three forces ie. one moment, one horizontal

thrust and one vertical reaction are redundant.
Degree of static indeterminacy = 3

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As the point c is fixed, three forces (one
moment, one horizontal force and one vertical
force) must act at c. The point B is a pin joint,
one horizontal and one vertical force must act
at B.
(19)
127.(c)
If a body is sufficiently constraint by external
reaction such that rigid body movement of
structure does not occur, then the structure is
said to be stable externally.
Necessary condition for this is that :
124. (b)
There should be three reactions that are neither concurrent nor parallel (in plane structure).
W2
W1
Concurrent : meeting at a single point

W3
W4
Degree of static indeterminacy,

Ds = m + r 2j
Parallel reaction : Inclined loading will lead to

rigid body movement. Hence unstable externally.
Where r = no. of support reactions

= no. of joints
m = no. of members
here m
Ds = 22 + 5 2 11 = 5
125. (b)
Basic structure of a planar truss is a triangle.
= 22; j = 11; r = 5
Concurrent Reaction : Hence unstable
128.
(c)
A
IE
MB
129.
126. (c)
W3
R1
R2
R3
3E(2I) 3E(2I) l 6EI
l2
l2
l
(d)
2 t/m
B
W5
W4
MB
if n < (2j 3), truss is internally unstable for

simple truss.
W2
if n > (2j 3), truss is internally indeterminate

and stable
W1
l,I
To this triangle, two members and one joint are

added to build up the truss further. Hence stable
configuration of this simple truss is obtained.
When n = 3 + 2 (j 3) = 2j 3.
Thus,
R4
Nos. of reactions (unknown) = 4 (ie. R1, R2, R3,

& R4) but nos. of equilibrium equations available
= 2 (ie. one Fv 0 and another M 0)

degree of indeterminacy = 4 2 = 2
C
6m
6m
EI is constant
wl2 2 62
6 tm
MFBA =
12
12
MFBC = 6tm
130.(b)

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10kN
loads are conveniently handled using this

technique. The starting point for macaulays
method is the relation between bending
moment and curvature from Euler-Bernoulli
beam theory.
10kN
D
C
I
1m
4m
1m
d2 y
=M
dx2
This equation can be integrated twice to
find y if the value of M as a function of x
is known.
EI
2I
2I
6m
Column analog method : This method

of structure analysis is used to analyse
the indeterminate structures, specially the
fixed beams, arches etc. It is based on
the analogy between the fixed end
moments induced in a fixed beam to the
pressure induced at the base of a column
subjected to loading of the bending
moment diagram of the basic determinate
structure of the given fixed beam. It means
that first we have to make the fixed beams
a determinate structure and then we have
to find out the bending moment diagram
for that structure and that diagram is used
as a loading on the top of a column having
cross-section as that of the beam, means,
length equal to the span of the beam and
width is kept as one. The pressures
induced at the two ends of the column
base are calculated and they are equal to
the fixed end moments induced at the ends
of the fixed beams. They are superimposed
with the simple supported bending
moments and the final bending moment
diagram is got.
supports in the frame are not symmetrical,

the f rame will sway towards right.
Because stiffness of far end pinned is
less.
EI = 10000 kN-m
L = 10 m
Here B = 0.001 radians
A = 0
Using slope deflection method,
2EI
MAB = 0
2A B
L
2 10000
0.001
= 0
10
= 2 kN-m
132.
131 (b)
(d)
6EI
L2
Simply supported
6EI
IE
L2
Kanis method : The Kanis method is

self correcting, that is, the error, if any, in
a cycle is corrected automatically in the
subsequent cycle. The checking is easier
as only the last cycle is required to be
checked. The end moments are calculated
by the application of rotation contribution
method i.e. kanis method for the analysis
of portal frame.
3EI
L2
RB
M A 0
3EI
2
LR B R B
3EI
L3
133. (c)
134. (c)
Macaulay method (the double integration

method) is a technique used in structural
analysis to determine the deflection of
Euler-Bernoulli beams. Use of macaulays
technique in very convenient for cases of
discontinuous and/or discrete loading.
Typically partial uniformly distributed loads
(udl) and uniformly varying load (uvl) over
the span and a number of concentrated
Analysis of trusses : Method of sections:

the method of joints is good if we have to
find the internal forces in all the truss
members. In situations where we need to
find the internal forces only in a few specific
members of a truss, the method of section
is more appropriate.
Method of sections:

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Imagine a cut through the members of

interest.
Try to cut the least number of members

(preferably 3)
Draw FBD of the 2 different parts of the

truss
Enforce equilibrium to find the forces in

the 3 members that are cut.
distribution. The method offers an iterative

scheme for applying slope deflection method
of structural analysis. Whereas, the moment
distribution method reduces the number of
linear simultaneous equations and such
equations needed are equal to the number
of translator displacements, the number of
equations needed is zero in the case of
Kanis method.
This method can be used in determinate

truss only.
In this method, sum of the restrained

moment of a joint and all rotation
contributions of the far ends of memebrs
meeting at that joint is multiplied by
respective rotation factors to get the required
near end rotation contribution.
135.(c)
W
A
B
l
R
MFAB
0
M FAB
M FAB
Adding
Slope Deflectction Method : This method

was devised by Heinrich Manderla and Otto
Mohr to study the secondary stresses in
trusses and was further developed by G.A.
Maney and extended its application to
analyse indeterminate of this method is to
moments. Its assumed that the effects of
shear force or axial force deformations are
negligible in indeterminate beams or frames.
M FAB
2
M FAB M FAB
2
Balancing
as A is hinge
= M BA
For determining reaction R at A, we have to

write down the equation for BM at B and equating to MBA.
136.(a)
Examples of Force Method :
Castiglianos theorem (method of least

work).
Virtual work method / unit load method.
Column analogy method (used in rigid

frames with fixed supports).
Flexibility matrix method.
Analysis of statically indeterminate

structures are generally done either by force
or by displacement methods. In the force
method, we initially determine unknown
forces and then joint displacements. In the
displacement method, we initially determine
joint displacements and then the forces such
as reaction, axial forces, shear forces
bending moments, etc.
137.(d)
B
IE
Eamples of Displacement Methods :
(21)
Slope deflection method.

Moment distribution method.
Stiffness matrix method.
Kanis method.
Moment distribution method is the most

suitable manual method for analysis of
continous beams and plane frames. The
method was presented by prof. Hardy cross
of USA in 1930 and also sometimes referred
to as Hardy Cross method.
Kanis Method : This method was first
developed by Prof. Gasper Kani of Germany
in 1947. The method is named after him.
This is an indirect extension of slope
deflection method. This is an efficient
method due to simplicity of moment
D
As the joint E is rigidly connected, all
members at joint E will rotate by the same
amount if C slips and rotates (moment is
applied at C).
Total moment applied at E due to slip at C
will be distributed in all connected members
(i.e., in EA, EB, ED, EC).
138.(b)

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Distribution factor for
So we apply 100 kN-m to make it 80 kN-m

10kN
5kN/m
A
So
MBA = 100
EI= constant
8m
3m
3m
and
BA =
I/8
I/8
=
= 0.5
I 3 I
I

I/ 8
8 4 6
8
Distribution factor for give BC = 1 0.5 =

0.5
MAB =
MBA
= Carry over to A
2
MAB =
100 4
= 28.57 kN-m
2
7
141.(c)
as the beam has larger cross section near
139.(d)
x
support A So carry over factor >
2EI
B
L
4EI
A
L
x
6EI
L
only option C is > 45
4EI 2EI
L
L
So Ans = (C)
This can be calculated by slope deflection or

moment distribution method.
4EI 6EI
2 x
=
L
L
contraflexure)
6EI
L2
4L
2L
x =
=
6
3
(f o r
poi nt
MA = C.O 90 =
The beam can be treated as

600 kN/m
So
DFBA =
DFCB =
4
1
3
MFBC =
= +
20 m
C
3
20
3
,
7
DFCD =
3
4
20 20
Net fixed end moment at c
2EI
2 (2EI)
EI
=
l
4
4
3
24 kN/m
10 m 10 m
4EI 4EI
=
=
l
3
KBC =
40
IE
KBA
2
90 60 kN m
3
142. (b)
140.(b) The given frame is symmetrical and loading

is also symmetrical
So
1
2
MA > 45
L2
MA = 0 RB.L =
RB =
So mA > 90
6EI
RA
RB
1
2
MX
4
7
4
7
So
Pl
40 4
8
8
= 20 kN m
MFBA = 0
Net moment at B should be + 80 kN-m
4
7
40 20 600 24 202
1000 kN m
8
2
12
40 20 600
1000
8
2
228.57 kN-m
7
24 202
4
MCD
1000
12
7
228.57 kN-m
MCB
143.(c)

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MFBA =
Physical properties of carbon steel

Material
Density
0.2% C
Steel
0.4% C
Steel
0.8% C
Steel
15 102 3
187.5 kN-m
12
2
Tensile
strength
106 K 1
GNm2
MNm2
%
Explanation
7.86
50
11.7
210
350
30
7.85
48
11.3
210
600
20
7.84
46
10.8
210
800
Carbon content reduces the fracture toughness
(b)
With more addition of carbon leads from

ductile to brittleness
4
4
15
=
4
4
3 11
15 15 15
MAC =
147. (c)
Principle of superposition is applicable only

when stress is within proportional limit and
for small deformation.
4
36.36 kN m
11
So MCA = 100
Both yield strength and ultimate strength can

be increased with the carbon content.
148. (b)
36.36
18.18 kN m
2
ave = max 0.001

2
2
36.36
= 0.0005
The total clongation is
15 m
HA
Since the strain is proportional to the cable

length, it waries from 0 at the end to the
maximum value of 0.001 at the supports.
The average strain is
DFCA
Thermal
Thermal
Conductivity Expansion
Corrosion resistance reduces with more

addition of carbon.
300
1.6
So ratio =
187.5
144.
Youngs
Modulus
Jm1 K 1 5 1
103 kgm 3
MFBC
15 102 60 10 3
=
300 kN-m
12
8 2
(23)
= ave L = (0.0005)
18.18
= 0.10 m.
HA = Base shear at
149. (c)
IE
36.36 18.18
3.64 kN
A =
15
145. (a)
150. (d)
Fine-grained soils are divided into two

types :
(1)
soils of low compressibility (L) if the liquid

limit is 50% or less. These are given the
symbols ML, CL, and OL
(2)
soils of high compressibility (H)if the liquid

limit is more than 50%. These are given
the symbols MH, CH, and OH
w kN/m
lI
lI
R
due to displacement and 2 in BC
151. (a)
Failure in Torsion
146.
(a)
Reaction will be
2 developed downward
so RC < R
A round bar of a low carbon steel can be

twisted through several revolutions before it
fails. When it does fail, the failure is in a
plane of maximum shear stress at right
angles to the axis of the bar and there is
little reduction in area and little, if any,
elongation. On the other hand, when a round
bar of brittle material such as gray cast iron

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(24)

is twisted to fracture, the strains involved
are much less and the failure is of a helical
nature. The fracture plane is at 45 to the
axis of the bar, perpendicular to the direction
of principal tensile stress. It has been noted
that when the hardness of a tool steel is
above 720 vickers hardness (HV), it behaves
more like cast iron and fractures in a helical
manner.
Critical buckling stress, pcr =
leff
= slenderness ratio = r
min
pcr
or,
pcr
1
2
1
2
leff
Description
2
r
min
leff =
l
2
2E
l
2
leff =
leff = 2l
leff l
l / 2
r
min
2E
2l
r
min
2E
l
r
min
IE
Effective
Length (leff)
Critical
buckling
stress
2E
The majority of enginnering failures are

caused by. Fatigue failure is defined as
the tendency of a material to fracture by
means of progressive brittle cracking under
repeated alternating or cyclic stresses of
an intensity considerably below the normal
strength. Although the fracture is of a brittle
type, it may take some time to propagate
depending on both the intensity and
f requency of the stress cycles.
Nevertheless, there is very little, if any
warning before failure if the crack is not
noticed. The number of cycles required to
cause fatigue failure at a particular peak
stress is generally quite large, but it
decreases as the stress is increased. For
some mild steels, cyclical stresses can
be continued indefinitely provided the peak
stresses (sometimes called f atigue
strength) is below the endurance limit
value.
Where,
The cyclic loading of a round bar of a ductile

material subjected to fully reversed torsion
in the low cycle regime will also result in a
flat fracture that is perpendicualr to the bar.
However, the fracture surface of the same
material that develops in high-cycle fatigue
has been described as a factory roof
because of the zigzag nature of the cracking
process as cracks grow under the influence
of the principal tensile stress.
152. (b)
2 E
156. (a)
Columns fail by buckling when their critical

load is reached. Long columns can be
analysed with the Eulers column formula
P =
153. (a)
2 EI
L2
Where,
154. (a)
155. (c)
Since flow through one large channel will

be much greater than flow through a
number of small channels having the same
size of total channel area as the one large
channel.
P = allowable load
E = Modulus of elasticity
L = effective length of column
I = moment of inetia
As per Eulers buckling stress for a long

column,

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Cast iron, class 20

Cast iron, class 25
Cast steel
High carbon iron
High strength alloy steel
r = Re and pr = 0
Modulus of elasticity
6
(E) 10 psi
11.6
14.2
30
30
30
Substituting these values in equations (i) &

(ii) we get
A = p
and
29
Structural steel
R2e R2i
Ri2 R2e
R2e R2i
Thus, Lames constant A and B are both

positive for internal pressure
As the the values of E for high strength alloy

steel and that of ordinary structural steel are
approximately equal, the allowable load for both
the columns are approximately the same.
Case-II When an external pressure p is

applied on the cylinder these for this case,
Lames theorem conditions are
When
Euler buckling loads represent the

theoretical upper limit for compressive
loading in the elastic range. In practice,
actual buckling loads may be much less
than Eulers theoretical value due to the
great influence of crookedness, eccentricity
and the instability to define end conditions
accurately. Accordingly, column loads are
estimated using formulas which have one
or more empirically adjusted terms.
r = Ri , pr = 0
When
r = Re, pr = p
Substituting these values in equaiton (i) &

(ii) we get
R 2
R2 R2
e
and B = p e i
p
2
A = 2
2
2
Ri R e
Ri R e
Thus, Lames constant A and B are both
negative for external pressure.
157. (b)
B = p
R2i
Material
(25)
158. (b)
159. (d)
Case I Let pr be the internal radial pressure

on the annular ring.
fr be the loop stress acting on annular ring
Difference between thin and thick cylinders
In the thin cylinders, the hoop stress is

assumed to be constant across the thickness
of the cylinder wall.
In thin cylinders there is no pressure gradient

across the wall.
pr p
In thick cylinders, neither of these assumptions

can be used and there are variations of hoop
and radial stresses across the thickness of
wall of the cylinder.
dr
pr
Re
IE
Ri
160. (a)
For coplaner area,

y
As per lames theorem,

dA
B
pr = 2 A
r
...(i)
A
y
fr =
B
A
r2
...(ii)
x
x
In above equations, pr is compressive stress

whereas fr is tensile stress
Centroidal co-ordinate is given by (x c, yc)

Where
Let p be the internal pressure. For this,

Lames theorem conditions are
when
r = Ri and pr = p
xC =
xdA
A and yc =

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ydA
A
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(26)
161.(a)
response of structure.
162. (d)
174. (a)
Vegetation cover tends to increase infiltration

by
2EI
P
L/2 L/2
(i) retarding surface flow and thus allowing

more time for water to enter the soil,
PL
4
PL
4
(ii) shielding the soil surface from direct impact

of rain drops, thereby reducing surface
compaction.
4EI
P
L/2
L/2
163. (a) W-index : The W-index is a refined version
Slope deflection method is a stiffness

method in which unknown joint displacement
are found out by applying the equilibrium
condition at end .
P R Ia
te
W =
175. (d)
storage and interception from the total

losses. It is the average infiltration rate
during the time rainfall intensity exceeds
the capacity rate. That is
164. (a)
166. (a) When a solute is dissolved, the vapour

pressure of the solution is less than that
of pure water and hence causes reduction
in the rate of evaporation.
170. (d)
176. (a)
177. (a)
179. (a)
If the duration of unit hydrograph increases,

its peak ordinate decreases and base
period increases.
171. (d) Given plane frame is an example of

collapse mechanism.
172. (b) A fixed beam has zero degrees of freedom.
Hence DK = 0.
A simply supported beam (axially rigid)
has two degreeds of freedom ( A and B );
values of which cannot be determined by
equilibrium equations alone.
173. (a)
Principle of superposition is valid for the

material which behaves in a linear-elastic
manner so that Hookes law is valid i.e.
load displacement.
178. (a)
IE
169. (b)
Unit hydrograph theory is applicable on

areas greater than 2 km2 and less than
5000 km2.
168. (a)
In slope deflection equation we use the

principle of superposition by considering
separately the moments developed at each
support due to each of the displacement
A , B , and then the loads, so
displacement at joint are independent.
165. (d)
167. (a)
PL 4EI
4
L
PL 2EI
4
L
of -index. It excludes the depression
Slope def lection equation uses

superposition of moments due to kinematic
Kanis method Gaspar kanis method of

structural analysis is similar to cross
moment distribution in that both these
methods use Gauss-seidel iteration
procedure to solve the slope deflection
equation without explicitly writting them
down. However, whereas the moment
distribution method obtains the unknowns
(i.e., the end moments of the structural
members) by iterating their increments,
Kanis method iterates these unknowns
themselves. This method essentially
consists of a single, simple numerical
operation performed repeatedly by the
joints of a structure in a chosen sequence.
Results of any desired accuracy may be
obtained by peforming this operation a
sufficient number of times using the

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required number of significant digits. Kanis
method is specially useful for the analysis
of multistorey f rames. It has the
advantages of simplicity, speed, economy
of time, labour and space and of accuracy.
However, perhaps, the two most attractive
features of this method are as follows:
to all types of continuous beams and frames.

Moment distribution method.
This method consists of solving slope deflection
equations by successive approximation that
may be carried out to any desired degree of
accuracy. Essentially, the method begins by
assuming each joint of a structure is fixed.
Then by unlocking and locking each joint in
succession, the internal moments at the joints
are distributed and balanced until the joints
have rotated to their final or nearly final
positions. This method of analysis is both
repetitive and easy to apply. Manual analysis
of gable frames mostly uses the moment
distribution or slope deflection methods. These
methods are usually lengthy and have no builtin-error elimination capability.
180. (a) The lattice of illite is stronger than that of

montmorillonite, and is, therefore, less
susceptible to cleavage. The link between
different structural units is through nonexchangeable potassium (K+) and not
through water. This bonds the units more
firmly than in montmorillonite.
IE
The above advantages make Kanis method

one of the most powerful techniques applicable
It has a built-in error elimination so that

computational errors automatically disappear
in subsequent operations. This also makes
possible the introduction of any changes in
loads or member lengths that may become
necessary during calculations without
necessitating a new analysis. Such changes
are inserted in the computational scheme
wherever required and the analysis simply
continued.
It requires only one table of calculations even

for highly irregular frames with multiple side
sway. Compared to most other methods,
Kanis method involves substantially less labour
and time in the analysis of such frames.
(27)

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ESE-2017 PRELIMS TEST SERIES

Date: 9th October, 2016

(Test-2 Solution) 9th Oct 2016

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(Test-2 Solution) 9th Oct 2016

If 1 is acting alone in x-direction

Strain hardening : Strain hardening is

Hysteresis : All piezoelectric materials

Creep: Creep describes the slow,

Visco-Elasticity : It is the property of

for the same deflection

if the stress is held constant, the strain

Where is maximum or minimum strain

if the strain is held constant, the stress

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E-mail: ies_master@yahoo.co.in, info@iesmaster.org

(Test-2 Solution) 9th Oct 2016

Force on differential element of length dy

Elongation of the differential element

where, unit weight of the material =

where lAB length of AB = 3m and lCD

Adsorbed water : Adsorbed water is either

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E-mail: ies_master@yahoo.co.in, info@iesmaster.org

(Test-2 Solution) 9th Oct 2016

The particle size distribution curve is used

The link between different structural units

Direct stress due to loading, d = + 15 t/m2

With vibration, cohesionless soil can be

d b 0 for no tension to develop

Let the compressive load be applied, P at

On dry side of OMC for a given compactive effort,

Eulers load = Pe = 1000 kN

Crushing load = Pc = 1500 kN

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(Test-2 Solution) 9th Oct 2016

Critical Load, PCr =

Critical load for C2 ,

The critical load may then be computed by

The critical load of this structure may also

Let P be the compressive load

d = Diameter of wire of spring

Stress at outer fibre =

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(Test-2 Solution) 9th Oct 2016

Leaf Spring / Laminated Spring

It is made up of a number of leaves of

The lengths of the plates are so adjusted

It is assumed that each plate is free to

Let spring (1) and spring (2) elongate by

Total deflection, 1 2 let stiffness of

Above figure shows a carriage carrying a

Maximum shear stress, max =

the composite spring be K eqv forces in both

by equal end reaction

where P = axial load of spring

R = radius of coil of the spring

w = load on the spring

R = initial radius of curvature of plates

b = width of each plate

t = thickness of each plate

L = span of the spring