MULTIPLEXING:

Multiplexing is a scheme that sends multiple signals or

stream of information in the forms of analog data or digital
data combined into one signal over a shared medium. This
term is also known as muxing.

APLLICATIONS:

In environment, which have One path many users.

It is used for maximum utilization of channel capacity.

To accommodate more data channel user.

It is used to increase the bandwidth to exploit the capacity of an

optical fiber.

Automatic test equipment (ATE) systems.

Audio signal routing.

Battery powered systems.

Medical instrumentation.

Single supply systems.

TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING:

FDM: Frequency division Multiplexing

(oldest Multiplexing technique).
PREPARED BY: MOMINA IDREES

WDM: Wavelength division Multiplexing.

TDM: Time division Multiplexing.

FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing):

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a type of multiplexing technique
where multiple signals of different frequencies are passed over a certain
range of frequencies each separated by a guard band on a channel.
FDM concerns with analog signals. It allows transmitting multiple data
stream simultaneously over the same channel. Figure shows how three voice
grade telephone channels are multiplexed using FDM.

PREPARED BY: MOMINA IDREES

When many channels are multiplexed together, first the voice channels are
raised in frequency, each by a different amount then they can be combined
with some gaps (guard bands) between the channels. Even though there are
gaps between the channels, there is some overlapping between adjacent
channels, because the filters do not have sharp edges. This overlapping
means non-thermal noise between the two channels.
Example:

Radio broad casting (AM and FM) provides multiple signals or stations
of different frequencies with the inter channel separation to prevent
interference.
Cable TV or Television transmission relay center transmits all channels
simultaneously and at the receiving end the TV tunes in to select a
particular channel for watch.

Pros:

FDM is used to multiplex continuous signal.

Each user transmits with no limitations in time, but using only a
portion of the whole available frequency bandwidth.
Different users are separated in the frequency domain.

Cons:

The major disadvantage of FDMA is the relatively expensive and

complicated bandpass filters required.

PREPARED BY: MOMINA IDREES

TDM (Time Division Multiplexing):

In TDM, the bandwidth concept is still same as FDM except for the
allocation. Here instead of frequencies, time is allocated to each signal
source. so, each source is given few micro seconds each and only in that
time slot, it is allowed to send the signals.
TYPES OF TDM:
In synchronous TDM, a frame consists of one complete cycle of time slots.
Thus, the number of slots in a frame is equal to the number of inputs.

In asynchronous TDM, a frame contains a fix number of time slots. Each slot
has an index of which device to receive.

Example:
TV channels and advertising, they use entire bandwidth for short time. first
program then advertises; again program, advertise and so on.
Pros:

TDM provides greater flexibility and efficiency, by dynamically

allocating more time periods to the signals that need more of the
bandwidth, while reducing the time periods to those signals that do not
need it. It requires a centralized control node.
PREPARED BY: MOMINA IDREES

It can handle digital data, so it has become more widespread.

TDM provides much better flexibility compared to FDM.
Cons:

Each user is allowed to transmit only within specified time intervals

(Time Slots). Different users transmit in different Time Slots.
When users transmit, they occupy the whole frequency bandwidth.
The frame so-defined is divided into time slots, and each user is
assigned a Time Slot in which to transmit its information.
FDM proves much better latency compared to TDM.

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing):

The concept was first published in 1978 and by 1980 WDM system were
being realized in the laboratory. The first WDM system combined only two
signals. Modern system can hand-up up to 160 signals. More popular in
telecom because they allow to expand the capacity of the network without
laying more fiber.
A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the several
signals together, and a demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart.
With the right type of fiber it is possible to have a device that does both
simultaneously, and can function as an optical add-drop multiplexer.

In fiber-optic communications, (WDM) multiplexes a number of optical

carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e.,
colors) of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications
over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity. It increases
bandwidth by using different colors of light, each considered its own channel,
to transmit and receive signals at the same time.
PREPARED BY: MOMINA IDREES

Example:
WDM is used in the FTTC (fiber to the curb). Initially, a telephone company
used fibers between the end office to nearly junction box where it met up
with twisted pairs from the houses.
WDM systems are divided into two different wavelength pattern coarse and
dense WDM.
CWDM

DWDM

Short-range communications
Wide-range frequencies
Wavelength spread far apart
20nm
Breaks the spectrum into big
chunks
Light signal is not amplified
Low cost compared to DWDM
Simple implementation

Long-haul transmission
Narrow frequencies
Tightly packed wavelengths
0.8nm
Breaks the spectrum into
small pieces
Signal amplification is used
High cost
Complex Implementation

PREPARED BY: MOMINA IDREES