Final Thesis - 1

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The existing land-use arrangement of most of Indian villages presents a snippy by location
and quantity. The land-use distribution is improper whether it is used for residential
settlement, commercial, recreational and agriculture purposes. Rural land-use planning is a
technique for monitoring variations land use in temporal and spatial domain. It encompasses
plan preparation and development control. The nucleus of this process is sustainable
development. Formerly in the planning process much attention was not given to natural
environment leading to inappropriate development. Present day the objective of rural
development is to move in the direction of convincing development rather than compulsory
approach. Further planning should reduce the social inequities and environmental damage at
the same time improves the economic base.
The rural land use planning should be supported by allocating the land use on its capability.
The focus of the aims is to facing challenge of rural decline, maximize the use of cultivated
land, and improve the quality of built environment.
1.2 Need of the study
Agriculture is the backbone of social and economic fabric of the study area and domestic
composting will go a long way in maintaining sanitation and health. In turn it will increase
the socio-economic and environmental position of the people. In this area there are cluster of
ten villages have been found. The ground truth data for these villages have been collected
through interaction with progressive farmers and Gram Pradhans. The data so collected is
annexed in Annexure-7
A close analysis of the villages condition brings out the fact that
As per site visit the infrastructural facilities appear to be sufficient, may be colleges,
schools, roads network, medical facilities and others. However ground surveys and
interaction with the local populace clearly brings that they are not sufficient and
adequate. This may be witnessed that the road conditions are not good, drainage and
sanitation is just not visible. During rainy seasons, to get medical facilities available
at Roorkee, Bahadarabad and Haridwar are difficult to avail.
Infrastructures in schools are gradually decreasing. English medium schools are
emerging.
Development activities are coming up gradually.
Keeping these entire ambient environments, it has been decided to consider only
agricultural land suitability and domestic composting in the study region as the
land use planning for development of interfluvial region.
1|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

Planning using Geomatics Tools
1.3 Thesis Objective

To develop a model for dominant rural land uses specifically Agricultural land
suitability and domestic composting for rural health and wealth. The model
appearances the impact of physical, socio-economic and environmental features and
resolves for challenging land use and assigns land to its particular use with regard to
its fitness.
Demonstrate the process of locating suitable sites of different land-use requirement in
the rural area for development.
Effective Analysis of variable importance allowed to decision factors, and site
restrictions on availability and distribution of potential domestic composting areas.
In this area, a model has been developed, calibrated and finally implemented for
agricultural land suitability and domestic composting siting in interfluvial region
using GIS, MCDA, AHP and Boolean Logic Model.
1.3 Frame of the thesis
Chapter: 1 Introduction- This section gives general introduction about the subject and
dissertation followed by need of the study, objectives of the present study and structure of the
dissertation.
Chapter: 2 Land Evaluation, Rural Land-Use Planning and Geomatics toolsThis chapter deals with scope of land evaluation in rural land use planning and challenges
with present day rural development approaches in India. Brief introduction about Gandhian
approaches, PURA, and Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana with development in rural area.
Chapter: 3 Methodology- The chapter explains the procedure adopted for processing the
data for the study carried out.
Chapter: 4 Study Area and Data Integration- This chapter deals with study area and
explains the procedure of procuring the input data and data integration with Multi-Criteria
Decision Analysis (MCDA) and A.H.P.
Chapter: 5 LESA for Agriculture -This chapter deals with the Agricultural land suitability
for Ravi, kharif and zaid season that depicts suitable areas for agricultural land for rural
livelihood of the villagers. In this method Boolean logic model (BLM) is used for finding
highly suitable, moderate suitable and least suitable land for Agriculture land suitability and
in other hand also find the FAO approaches to depicts the agricultural land suitability by
using AHP and MCDA in ArcGIS environment to its land suitability classes (S1,S2,S3,N1
and N2).
Chapter: 6 LESA for Rural Sanitation - This chapter deals with the sitting of domestic
composting to identify the optimum available disposal location of each villages having
standard size of compost pit. The sanitation and cleanliness condition of villages are very
poor. Therefore the first priority is the need for sanitation and cleanliness in the rural villages
situated in the study area. This task is solved by MCDA using AHP in ArcGIS environment.
Chapter 7 Conclusion and recommendation- This chapter presents the overview and
summarizes the conclusion drawn from the study.

Chapter 2
LAND EVALUATION, RURAL LAND-USE PLANNING AND

GEOMATICS TOOLS
2.1 Land Evaluation and site assessment
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) presented Land Capability Classification
in 1961. It was created on the features of land and mostly used in agricultural land evaluation
technique. It reflects the parameters of current land use and the regular change of the yield of
crops. In1981, the USDA introduced Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) to
analyze the effects of suggested national projects involving agricultural land use changes.
LESA is a field-based approach for ranking the relative significance of agricultural land
resources based upon specific computable features.
Many of the data inputs to the LESA model are derived from remote sensing imagery (e.g.,
land use and surface hydrology), but many are drawn from other map and tabular sources
(e.g., zoning, sewer lines, soils data). Integration of the many varied data sources for a
particular site is therefore a tedious and inefficient manual process.
The LESA technique has two parts, land evaluation (LE) and site assessment (SA):
1.
Land Evaluation- In this technique, soils of a particular area are ranked and placed
into groups extending from the best to the worst suitable for agricultural use, i.e., agricultural
land, forest land, or rangeland. A comparative value is determined for each group: the best
group is allotted a value of 100 and all other groups are allotted lower values.
2.
Site Assessment- It identifies factors other than soils that contribute to the value of a
site for agricultural use. Each factor selected is stratified into a series of possible values in
accordance with local needs and goals. This process provides a complete basis for making
land-use assessments as well as consistent and rational.
2.2 Land Suitability

Land suitability is the ability of a particular land for distinct use. The land has been
considered in its existing situation or later developments. The procedure of land suitability
ordering is the review and combination of particular areas of land for their suitability of
definite usages (FAO, 1993).
Structure of suitability classification
Suitability classification categorizes in to four categories these categories are listed below:
Table: 2.1 Land suitability classifications
i. Land Suitability Orders: Reflecting kinds of suitability.
ii. Land Suitability
Reflecting degrees of suitability within Orders.
Classes:
iii. Land Suitability
Reflecting kinds of restriction or kinds of improvement
Subclasses:
measures, within Classes.
iv. Land Suitability Units: Reflecting slight differences in required management within
Subclasses.

Land Suitability Orders

Land suitability Orders specify whether land is evaluated as suitable or not suitable for the
use under concern. There are two orders symbolized by the symbols S and N respectively.
Table: 2.2 Land suitability orders
Order S
Suitable:
Order N Not
Suitable:
Land on which sustained use of kind under concern is estimated to yield

benefits which justify the inputs, without unacceptable risk of damage to
land resources.
Land which has qualities that appear to prohibited sustained use of the kind
under concern.
Land can be classed as Not Suitable for given use of various reasons. The proposed use is
technically unfeasible. Frequently still, the reason is economic: the value of the expected
benefits does not confirm the probable costs of the inputs that would be required (FAO,
1993).
Land Suitability Classes
Land suitability Classes recommends the amounts of suitability. Three Classes are expected
within the suitable order, they are as follows. (Nisar Ahamed, T et al., 2000).
Table: 2.3 Land Suitability Classes
Class S1
Highly
Suitable:
Class S2
Moderately
Suitable:
Class S3
Marginally
Suitable:
Land having no restrictions to continuing particular use, or only negligible

restrictions that will not considerably decrease yield or profits
Land having restrictions which in aggregate are temperately simple for
sustained use of a given land; the restrictions will decrease yield or benefits
and increase required inputs to that amount so that total benefit to be
increased from the use, even though quiet attractive, will be significantly
low-grade to that expected on Class S1 land.
Land having restrictions which in aggregate are simple for sustained use of
a given use and will so decrease yield or benefits, so that this costs will be
only slightly defensible.
It must be predictable that the boundaries between fittingness classes will need further
evaluation and modification with economic and social development (FAO, 1993).

There is not suitable class in Order Not Suitable.

Class
N1
Currently not suitable
N2
Permanently not
suitable.
Land having restrictions which seem as simple as to prohibit any

possibilities of constant use of land.
Permanently not suitable.
Suitable and Not Suitable boundary is expected to be flexible over time due to economic and
social changes.
2.3 Rural Land-use planning
It is continuous and organized land assessment as well as evaluation of potential of water,
social and economic conditions and land use alternative in order to adopt and select the
preference of land use. The key objective of rural land use planning stands safeguarding
future resource as well as putting the land into use which can meet the peoples needs.
In the process of planning there are many factors which acts as a force, they are need for
different land use pattern dictated by changed circumstances, advanced management use
need and last but not least the need for change. Forestry, pastoralism and agriculture are the
different rural land and the use of all type of rural land is involved. It is known fact that the
process of planning works as a guidelines for conflict resolution among urban land use, rural
and industrial expansion by explaining the valuable and less valuable land (FAO, 1993).
2.4 Role of LESA in Rural Land Use Planning

LESA defines the capability of land for particular usages (FAO, 1976).
LESA is a development approach to avoid ecological encounters by
separation of opposing land uses (Eastman et al., 1993).
LESA is determined by capability of the land for a specific use of principles
and awareness of investors in an area (Steiner et al., 2000)
The quantitative and qualitative methods are used in land suitability assessment. In the land
suitability evaluation, collective knowledge including mathematical model expertise and GIS
has been used. (Malczewski, 2004).
The land suitability evaluation approach is alike in maximum case studies.
In general, the evaluation procedure is organized by three steps.
Selecting the prompting causes and ranking the weights and relative values for the
factors.
Combining maps and data in ArcGIS.
Includes suitability map of land.

2.5 Land use planning and land evaluation

Land use planning comprises assessment of land. The land use planning process contains
following sequences which are as follows:
i.
Identifying need for change.
ii.
Aims recognition.
iii.
Proposals formulation, including other land use form and identifying their
significant requirement.
iv.
Delineation and recognition of various land existed in the place.
v.
Evaluation and comparison of all land types.
vi.
Choosing the land which is preferred.
vii.
Detailed analysis of project to particular preferences for individual area; may take
the form of a possibility of study.
viii. Implementing estimate
ix.
Execution.
x.
Operations checking.
Land evaluation demonstrates significant role in the step iii, iv and v of the above process, as
well as information contribution to upcoming activities. The need identification is followed
by recognition of objectives of the change as well as design of specific proposals. Therefore,
assessment of land is sharply preceded by requirement recognition in the land use need. It
can be developed in the form of dynamic uses, such as forestry plantations, and cultivation
schemes.
2.6 Challenges for current rural land use planning
Land use change is an increasing challenging strategy, planning and decision making at all
levels. It relates difficulties and opportunities in rural people for socio-economic growth and
environmental quality (Skole, 2002). Land use conversion is a thoughtful linking between
socio-economic and environment.
In rural areas it includes the permanent loss of agricultural land, rural incomes, and open
space (Skole, 2002).

2.7 Literature Review

2.7.1 Domestic composting site selection
In the literature review, a summary of five case studies is summarized. This has been done in
order to study the contribution of authors who have contributed in the field of geomatics for
the Landfill sites in the recent years.
Table: 2.4 Literature review on domestic composting site selection
1
Topic Name
Municipal
Solid Waste
Landfill Site
Selection
Using AHP
Landfill Site
Selection by
Combining
GIS and
Fuzzy MCDA
Location
Tafresh Iran
Authors Name
Elahi A. et
al.
2014
Bandar Abbas,
Iran
Akbari V. et
al.
2008
0.027
0.16
Serial No.
Date of Publication
Criteria
Geomorphology Map
Slope Map
Drainage Map
Road Network Map
Soil Map
LU/LC
Geology Map
Underground Water
Table map
Distance from
residential areas
Water bodies / Surface
Water Map
Forest Area Map
Wind Orientation Map
Distance from Wells
Distance from Surface
Water
Distance from faults
Lithology (Limestone,
Distance from sensitive
ecosystems
Distance from cities
main- roads
Coastline zone
Industrial Centers
Agricultural Centers
Water Permeability
Proximity to River
Proximity to waste
production centers
Proximity to Airports
0.18
3
Siting MSW
landfills with a
WLC
methodology in
a GIS
environment
GIS and Remote

Sensing For
Landfill Site
Selection
Sanitary
Landfill Site
Selection by
Using GIS
Dharmanagar
Tripura, India.
Salman Mahini Subhrajyoti
A. et al.
Choudhury et al.
2006
2012
Relative Weights
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.12
0.31
0.08
Varanasi,
North India
Anurag Ohri
et al.
2015
Gorgan,Iran
0.006
0.20
0.15
0.026
0.15
0.11
0.37
0.295
0.15
0.04
0.093
0.32
0.051
0.13
0.12
0.154
0.027
0.093
0.006
0.026
0.006
0.093
0.11
0.07
0.16
0.295
0.059
0.04
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.058
0.236
0.026

2.7.2 Agricultural land suitability

In the literature review, a summary of five case studies is summarized. This has been done in
order to study the contribution of authors who have contributed in the field of geomatics for
the Agricultural land suitability in the recent years.
Table: 2.5 Literature review on Agricultural land suitability
Serial No.
Topic
Name
1
Land
Suitability
Analysis for
Rice
Production:
A GIS Based
MultiCriteria
Decision
Approach
Land Suitability
Analysis for
Different Crops:
A Multi Criteria
Decision Making
Approach using
Remote Sensing
and GIS
GIS-based
fuzzy
membershi
p model for
crop-land
suitability
analysis
Identificatio
n of suitable
sites for
organic
farming
using AHP
& GIS
Land suitability
analysis for
agricultural
planning using
GIS and multi
criteria decision
analysis
approach
Kalyanake,
Karnataka,
India.
Uttarakhand
Master Plan
20072022.
Greater Karu
,Nigeria
Location
Ethiopia
Kheragarh,Agra,I
ndia
Authors
Name
Getachew T.
Ayehu et al.
Mustafa A. A. et
al.
Nisar
Ahamed
T.R. et al.
Ashutosh
Kumar
Mishra et al.
JOSHUA, Jonah
Kunda et al.
2011
2000
2010
2013
MCE,GIS
Fuzzy
membershi
p; GIS,
MCDA
AHP,
(MCDM)
(GIS),
suitability
analysis, (AHP)
Date of
2015
Publication
Techniques AHP,
MCDM, GIS
used
Criteria for Selecting Map

Slope Map
Drainage
Map
Temperatue
Rainfall
soil PH
Soil Depth
Geology
Map
Soil texture

Land Use
/Land
Cover Map
Electrical
conductivity
organic
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
Exchangea
ble sodium
percentage
(ESP)
Gr SS
Surface
gravel
ECE
base
saturation
road
topography
Water
bodies
Elevation

2.7.3 LESA approach

Table: 2.6 Landmarks in LESA approach (source: http://www.fao.org/)
Pre-FAO (before 1976)
USBR
(Bureau
of
Land
Reclamation)
Capability
Land
Classification
Suitability
for Irrigation
Post-FAO (after 1976)

FAO
framework
(1976)
LESA
Soil
Prospective
Ratings
Fertility
AEZ (Agro- Dynamic
Fitness
Ecological
simulation
Classification Zoning)
models
Expert
systems
PURPOSE
Capability
Capability
Suitability
Capability
Suitability
Capability
Suitability
Suitability
Variable
USES
CONSIDERED
General
agricultural
use
Irrigation
schemes
Specific Uses
General
agricultural
use
Specific Uses
General
agricultural
use
Specific
crops
Specific
crops
Variable
Physical
Physical
(productivity) Physical
Socioeconomic
Economic
Physical
Physical
Variable
INFORMATION
Physical
REQUIRED
Physical
Physical
(productivity)
Socioeconomic
Economic
PROCEDURE
Qualitative
Qualitative
Quantitative/
Qualitative
Quantitative
Quantitative
Qualitative
Quantitative/
Quantitative Qualitative
Qualitative
RESULTS
8 capability
classes
6 suitability
classes
5 suitability
classes
Continuous
capability
classification
Continuous
suitability
classification
Several
capability
classes
5 suitability
classes
Crop yield
predictions
Variable
10 | L a n d E v a l u a t i o n A n d S i t e A s s e s s m e n t f o r R u r a l L a n d U s e P l a n n i n g u s i n g G e o m a t i c s T o o l s
2.8 Present day Rural Development Approaches in India

2.8.1 Gandhian approach to rural development
The Gandhian philosophy believes that the rural backwardness are linked to the basic needs
of the people, such as Anna (livelihood), Akshar (literacy), Arogya (health) and
Acharan (moral values).
In the Indian framework rural development may be defined as maximize production in
agriculture and related activities in the rural areas including development of rural industries
with emphasis on village and cottage industries. It attaches importance to the generation of
maximum possible employment chances in rural areas, especially for the weaker sections of
the community so as to enable them to improve their standard of living.
Gandhian approach to rural development may be labeled as
Ideal Village
Decentralization (micro-level planning)
Self-sufficiency
Industrialization
Trusteeship
Gandhijis concept of development is focused on to the uplift of the common man. He
favored village habitats to megalopolises and Swadeshi craft to introduced technology for the
economic well-being of the common man. (Village Swaraj, Gandhi MK).
2.8.2 Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA)

Background:
City migration from countryside resulted due to services for attired living, modern amenities,
and deficiency of opportunities in living. The urban rural gap in terms of social and physical
infrastructure is very wide in Indian sub-continent. For the purpose of reducing the problem,
in 2003 Abdul Kalam, the ex- President of India, introduced dream of improvement in
villages leading to village development like development of town , PURA, a mission for
urbanizing villages was introduced. (Source: http://rural.nic.in/)
The concept of four connectivity was visualized by Dr. Kalam; they are
1. Knowledge connectivity
2. Electronic connectivity
3. Physical connectivity and
4. Economic connectivity
.
Mission:
Accelerated and holistic development problem of areas which is compact in and around the
potential center of growth in Gram Panchayats through the scheme of PPP that means Public
Private Partnership , this is for the purpose of giving the opportunities of livelihood and
amenities of urban areas for the purpose of increasing life quality in the rural areas.
11 | L a n d E v a l u a t i o n A n d S i t e A s s e s s m e n t f o r R u r a l L a n d U s e
Objectives:
Main objectives of this scheme is livelihood opportunities provisions as well as for bridging
urban rural gap, developing urban amenities.
.
Strategy:
PPP (Public Private Partnership) Salient characteristics: There is agreement between
Gram Panchayats and Private Parties regarding the proposed scheme of PURA. There is
support for this scheme of PURA which the additional aid from Government i.e. both central
and state government.
Implementation and Planning
Any Gram Panchayats having 40000-25000 population is selected under this scheme by
private partners under PURA. There shall be clusters and for the purpose of implementation
of projects sub-projects may be included in the clusters which would cover Gram Panchayats.
However, the very Gram Panchayats may help in providing project a successful.
Recognition of Infrastructure and Urban Facilities:

List of infrastructure, urban facilities and commercial activities to be delivered under PURA
are as follows:
Table: 2.7 List of Infrastructure and Urban Facilities delivered under PURA
(a)
Facilities / Actions
to be and Ministry
of Drinking Water
& Sanitation
(MDWS)
(Required)
(b)
Amenities to be
providing under
Orders of
Governments
(non-MoRD and
State Schemes)
Government
descriptive list
(c)
Add-on Projects
(Revenue earning,
people centric
projects)
illustrative list
Sewerage
and Water
Maintenance
and
Construction
of Village
Roads
Village
Road
Telecom
Illumination
10.
Village
based
tourism
11
Combined
Rural Center,
Rural
Marketplace.
Drainage
Solid
Compost
Management
Skill
Development
Development
of Financial
Activities
Power
generation,
etc.
12
Agri
Collective
Facilities
Centre and
Warehousing
13
Any other
rural- budget
based
scheme
2.8.3 Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)

Background
Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana is a village development and sanitation programme generally
aiming the growth in the villages which comprises social and traditional development also
spread inspiration amongst the populaces on social mobilization of the villagers.
Aim
SAGY aims at implant certain values in the villages and their populaces therefore they obtain
changed into models for others.
Dream of an Adarsh Gram (Ideal Village)
An Ideal village has acceptable physical and organized infrastructure, in which bottom needs
of all sectors of the society are completely fulfill; they lived in coordination with all other, as
also with the surroundings, and a village which is generous and active. These villages must
be enclosed with all the amenities essential for noble living, making thus an environment in
which all its populaces are facilitated to use their concealed to the completest.
http://www.saanjhi.gov.in/
Key features
The objective of this Yojana is turning villages into ideal villages not only by
infrastructure growth but also by sex equality, self-respect of women, collective
justice, municipal service, sanitation, eco-friendliness, peace and harmony.
Co-cooperation, self-sufficiency, local self-governance, transparency and
responsibility in community life will be expected.
Improve the quality of life and standard of living of all sectors of the populace
The scheme focuses on empowering the poor household to come out of poverty by
evolving a plan for every known gram panchayat.
Identification of Adarsh Gram
A Gram Panchayat has been assumed as the basic unit. For selection in plain areas its
population should of 3000-5000, whereas in hilly areas, tribal and difficult areas it may be
1000-3000. Where this unit size criterion does not satisfy, Gram Panchayat approaching the
desired population size might be selected (Ministry of Rural Development, Government of
India. New Delhi: 2014)
2.9 Rural Development Approaches A critical view
The goal of the above aforesaid approaches is to uplift the Livelihood, health, literacy and
moral values of common man in villages of India. They should provide with livelihood
chances and urban facilities in rural area. The PURA and SAGY follow the approaches of
Gandhian philosophy of Rural development and they are the extended view of Gandhian
concept.
Keeping above in view present study has been carried out for LESA for the agricultural and
sanitation in context of rural land use planning.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Proposed Methodology
Requirement
Analysis
Phase -1
Data requirement for
Implementing LESA
Data Requirement
Domain (Above
Surface, Surface and
Sub-Surface)
Assessment of requirement
for Land use (Agricultural
land suitability and Domestic
composting sites)
P
L
A
N
N
I
N
G
Optimal requirement for LESA

(criteria and data for individual
land use)
Finalization of additional data collection program and Field Survey
Phase -2
Data Compilation and
finalization of decision criteria
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
Local ByeLaws/Standard
Guidelines
Data Generation
Phase -3
Implementing LESA for Rural Land

use (Agricultural land suitability and
Domestic composting sites)
Verification and
Validation
Phase -4
Application of results to
rural land use planning
Fig: 3.1 Methodology

3.1.1 Requirement Analysis (I Phase)

This analysis is very important for the practical study and implementation what resources we
have required. The following tasks are to be done in this step.
Select area of interest(AOI) or study Area
Tools & technology selection.
Various maps and satellite image of AOI required.
3.1.2 Data Acquisition or Generation (II Phase)
In this phase our aim is to generate the data in large volume for this purpose we do the
following.
Downloading 10 year Satellite data of Landsat-7(2006-2012) and Landsat-8 (20132015) Imagery (30m Resolution) from http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ , obtain 15 m
spatial resolution after applying resolution merge command in pan sharpen tab in
Erdas Imagine 2014 for enhance image.
Procurement of various other Maps.
Digitization of village boundary, Road & other Utilities in diff Layers.
Data Compilation and finalization of decision criteria
Local Bye-Laws/Standard Guidelines (if applicable)
3.1.3 Implementation (III Phase)
Implementing LESA for Rural Land use especially agricultural land suitability and
Domestic composting sites. Firstly the reason for selecting agriculture land suitability
is that the main livelihoods of the local communities are agriculture dependence.
Therefore there will be a need for sustainable land-use management for proper
suitability of land with their capacity. The villages face poor cleanliness, their roads
and connecting lanes are very narrow and water logged in the rainy season. Mostly
they dump the household compost on the road. Because of that there are possibility of
disease may occurs to the villagers and passengers. So first priority of village is free
from diseases and should be neat and clean near their surrounding
3.1.4 Testing & Finalization (IV Phase)

Various Tests applied & get results if results are not up to desired then repeat the
process from upper phase(I, II or III)
Chapter 4
THE STUDY AREA AND DATA INTEGRATION

4.1 Location and Extent
The study area situated between interfluvial lands, which is situated in the western part of
Haridwar district in northern India. The site map of the study region is illustrated in (Figure:
4.1). It is located just south of the Shivalik foot hills, north of Ganga canal near Dhanauri
village, East of Kota Murad Nagar village and Gholna Rao, west of Roshnabad village and
Pathri Rao. The area is located between latitudes 2955'45.76"N and 30 1'9.77"N and
longitudes 7755'26.76"E to 78 3'52.74"E and the total study area spreads over 45.93 km2
(4593ha).
As the study area had some degree of variation of geomorphological elements. The terrains
are mostly undulating and higher slope from the north east to lower slope from the south
west. The altitude ranges from 269 m to more than 336 m above MSL.
Fig: 4.1 Location of study area
4.2 SWOT Analyses of the study area

SWOT analysis of the study in the context of rural land use planning is shown in table 4.1
Table: 4.1 SWOT Analyses of the study area
Strengths
Weaknesses
Ample agricultural land

Sufficient social forestry
Social capital
Strong family structure
Local businesses
Poor soil and

profitability.
Land and
established.
Manufacturing
production.
Lack of information
marketing facilities.
Low infrastructure
Shortage of agricultural produce stores.
Migration of young workers.
Imbalance between
livelihood cast.
Opportunities
low
agricultural
markets
are
under
small
to
mass-
and
Wages
poor
and
Threats
Optimal use of natural resources
Frequent Threat from natural disasters
Increasing demand for local produce.
Demand for Agriculture/ at local

Market
Poor economic condition leading to

migration
Huge unskilled work force
Scope for local market.
Poor ambient environmental condition
Need for Road connectivity to the

nearest village and widening the road
for easy and safe driving to the
vehicles.
Air and Water Pollution. Lack of

resources to tackle flooding.
Poor condition of cleanliness of the

villages.
Weekly Haat
Support from many

development scheme.
Government
The above table indicates that the study area needs a careful and dedicated approach for the
development.
4.3 Required database for land use planning

The data required for the rural land use planning is tabulated in table: 4.2
Table: 4.2 Required Database for Land Use Planning
S.No.
1
Level-1
Above
surface
Level-2
Meteorological
data
Level-3
Temperature, precipitation,
rainfall, wind
Sandy soil( SD4/CE2
SD5/AE1)
Soil
Soil mineralogy
Bhabhar
Tarai
Geomorphology/
Alluvial area
geology
Climate
Flood plane
Forest
Land
Agriculture
LU/LC
On
surface
Non- agriculture
Barren land/un used land

Topography
Surface
Water
Sub-surface
Community facility
Economic status
3
Subsurface
Active flood plain

Old flood plain
Plantation
Single crop
Double crop
Fodder crop
Habitation
Road
Mini Industry
Degraded land
Open space
Grazing land
Slope/ Contour/ DEM

Canal ,Drainage Density
River, Drainage
Pond
Underground water,
Underground strata
Demographic data
Social groups
Social status
Socio-economic
Level-4
Recreation areas
Water and sewer
services
Education
and
religious facilities
Cemeteries
Economic viability
Business, jobs
Soil depth, Subsurface geology
4.4 Status of Existing data for Micro level Planning

Cadastral map
For the preparation of base map using toposheet map/cadastral map they need updating with
the present ground reality for current land use at micro level planning.
The Cadastral maps or land records have been evolved on a varying scale from 1:3500 to
1:8000 for the purpose of revenue collection by British Empire in India. These maps have
become obsolete due to irregular statutory surveys. Therefore, the cadastral maps sometimes
do not represent the true picture of ground reality with respect to ownership and possession.
The accuracy of cadastral maps is less due to use of conventional chain and compass
surveying at that time. The conventional cadastral system is a multi-purpose system catering
to the needs of legal, fiscal, planning and other administrative requirements. A village is the
lowest administrative unit having distinct physical boundary and separate land records.
Mapping standards:
In India the mapping standards are set through the Survey of India (SOI) and ideally all the
mapping tasks at local level cadastral level have to follow these standards. But the existing
maps do not conform to the general mapping standards practiced by SOI.
Problems for non-availability of maps

In framework of spatial planning support in India, following difficulties are encountered
non-availability of rural extensive latest topographic and cadastral database
Shortage of organized back-up for applying and observing the development ideas.
Safekeeping restriction problems interrelated to the use of topographic database or

high resolution spatial data.
Topographical maps:
Using these topographic map and Cadastral map we cannot analysis micro- level planning
because these maps are out dated and they have of less use in the present scenario of village
level planning (1:5,000 to 1:500). so as per micro- level planning is concern we
use/download rectified georeferenced Google Earth satellite image (of one meter spatial
resolution) by the help of Elshayal Smart GIS software. And then mosaic all the maps in
Erdas Imagine 2014 to digitizing the individual features class of the existing study area.
Topographical map of study area

Survey of India (SOI) topographic maps on scale of 1:50000 have been used for
identification of villages and Topographical feature of study area and surrounding (fig: 4.2).
Table: 4.3 SOI maps
SOI Map
Scale
Year of Survey
53K/1
53G/13
1:50000
1:50000
1966-67
1970-71
Year of
publication
1972
1973
Source
Survey of India,
Dehradun
Topographic Map of Study Area
Fig: 4.2 Topographic Map of Study Area
4.5 Data collection

4.5.1 Above surface data
Climatological data
Climatic data for previous 10 years of the interfluvial area were collected for the study from
Bahadarabad observatory, SIDCUL. Preliminary study revealed that the region is
characterized by composite climate with an average annual rainfall of around 1156 mm, and
furthermost of the rainfall occurs from June to September. From climatic consideration the
area is suitable for a variety of crops and other infrastructure development.
Table: 4.4 Temporal variation of climatological data
Above surface data

Humidity (grams of
water vapor per
cubic meter volume
of air)
Temperature (C)
Month
Maximum
Minimum
Morning
Evening
Rainfall
(mm)
No. of
rainy
days
Wind PET (Potential

Speed evapotranspiration
(km/h) (mm))
Jan
20.4
6.1
85
53
36.5
3.2
3.9
42.8
Feb
23.5
8.2
78
43
33
1.8
4.9
62.4
Mar
29.1
12.8
53
34
34.5
2.3
5.6
110.4
Apr
35.7
16.3
44
24
8.4
0.9
6.4
152.7
May
39.2
22.1
40
24
19.2
1.9
7.4
198.9
Jun
38.1
24.9
59
42
128.7
5.8
7.2
192
Jul
33.5
24.5
82
68
342.6
12.3
5.8
135.3
Aug
32.4
24.5
85
79
336.8
13.1
4.7
123.8
Sep
22.7
22.9
82
65
157.8
4.1
121.6
Oct
31.4
17.2
74
58
39.4
1.7
3.1
99.4
Nov
27.1
10.5
79
49
5.5
0.5
2.6
55.5
Dec
22.3
6.7
82
54
14.3
38.5
Mean/
Total
38.5
18.8
71
48
1156.4
50.5
4.9
1333.8
4.5.2 On Surface Data

4.5.2.1 Land
A. Soil types
The study area mainly consists of sandy soil. The soil map in Fig: 4.4 are prepared from
1:50,000-scale available soil map of Saharanpur District.
Table: 4.5 Data availability of Soil map
Data type
Specification
Source
Soil Map
Scale 1: 250,000
(Soil Map of Uttar
Pradesh)
National Bureau of Soil

Survey and Land Use
Planning , 1999
Step to generating Soil map
Soil Map
(1:250,000)
Geo-referencing
using (ERDAS
Imagine)
Soil Map of Study

area Using
ArcGIS
Digitization
Using
Arc GIS
Extract AOI
Fig: 4.3 Step to generating Soil map
Fig: 4.4 Soil Map of Study area

Study area of fig: 4.4 depicts that the northern portion of the area that is situated in Bhabhar
zone belongs to sandy soil of soil depth 45-90cm at the slope range of 3-5%with moderate
erosion. The soil of study area is sandy soil type. It has two categories
1. SD4/CE2 (spreads over 10.19 km2 (1019ha) in the study area)
2. SD5/AE1 (spreads over 35.74 km2 (3574ha) in the study area)
Where S=Sandy Soil, D4=Soil Depth (45-90 cm or less), C=Slope Range (3%-5%)
E2=Moderate Erosion, D5=Soil Depth (Above 90 cm), A= Slope Range (0-1%)
E1=Slight Erosion
B. Soil mineralogy
It is well established facts that minerals present in the soil have impact on suitability of land
on the crop types and its production. For this study various soil minerals such as copper,
electrical conductivity, iron, potassium, manganese, nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorous,
pH value, sulphur and zinc have been collected from Department of Agricultural Research
and Education (Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare) Government of India, and used
to assess the agricultural land suitability.
(Source: http://www.dare.nic.in)
1. Copper (Cu)
Fig: 4.5 Status of copper in the soil

The figure 4.5 depicts that the copper content is uniformly distributed in the study area.
It contains copper greater than 0.4 mg/kg.
2. Electrical conductivity (Ec)
Fig: 4.6 Status of electrical conductivity in the soil

The figure 4.6 depicts that the Electrical conductivity is uniformly distributed in the study
area. It contains non saline less than 1.0 Ec (dS/m).
3. Iron (Fe)
Fig: 4.7 Status of Iron in the soil

The figure 4.7 depicts that the Iron element is uniformly distributed in the study area.
It contains iron less than 4.5 mg/kg uniformly.
4. Potassium (K)
Fig: 4.8 Status of Potassium in the soil

The figure 4.8 depicts that the Potassium element present in to two categories.
These two categories of Potassium contain.
1. Contains 110-280 kg/ha K in 91.43% (4230 ha) area of the whole study area
2. Contains greater than (>280 kg/ha) K in 8.57% (363 ha) area of the whole study area
5. Manganese (Mn)
Fig: 4.9 Status of Manganese in the soil

The figure 4.9 depicts that the Manganese element present in to two categories.
These two categories of Manganese contain.
1. Contains 3.5-7.0 mg/kg Mn in 33.41% (1549 ha) area of the whole study area
2. Contains greater than (>7.0 mg/kg) Mn in 66.59% (3087 ha) area of the whole study
area.
6. Nitrogen
Fig: 4.10 Status of Nitrogen in the soil

The figure 4.10 depicts that the Nitrogen element is uniformly distributed in the study area.
It contains Nitrogen less than 280 kg/ha uniformly.
7. Organic Carbon
Fig: 4.11 Status of Organic Carbon in the soil

The figure 4.11 depicts that the Organic carbon present in to two categories.
These two categories of Organic carbon contain.
1. Contains 0.5-0.8% OC in 84.78% (3894 ha) area of the whole study area
2. Contains greater than (>0.8%) OC in 15.22% (699 ha) area of the whole study area.
8. Phosphorus (P)
Fig: 4.12 Status of Phosphorus in the soil

The figure 4.12 depicts that the Phosphorus element is uniformly distributed in the study
area. It contains Nitrogen less than 10-25 kg/ha uniformly.
9. pH value of the soil
Fig: 4.13 Status of pH in the soil

The figure 4.13 depicts that the pH of soil exists in to two categories.
These two categories of pH of soil contain.
1. Contains the range of 6.0 -8.0 (Neutral) in 96.42% (4429 ha) area of the whole area
2. Contains greater than (>8.0) (Alkaline) in 3.58% (164ha) area of the whole study area
It shows that the pH is almost good for crop growth in the study area.
10. Sulphur (S)
Fig: 4.14 Status of Sulphur in the soil

The figure 4.14 depicts that the Sulphur present in to three categories.
These three categories of Sulphur contain.
1. Contains less than 10 mg/kg S in 61.03% (2810 ha) area of the whole study area.
2. Contains 10 20 mg/kg S in 29.79% (1372ha) area of the whole study area.
3. Contains greater than (>20 mg/kg) S in 9.18% (423ha) area of the whole study area.
11. Zinc
Fig: 4.15 Status of Zinc in the soil

The figure 4.15 depicts that the Zinc present in to two categories.
These three categories of Zinc contain.
1. Contains 0.6 1.2 mg/kg Z in 62.30% (2860ha) area of the whole study area.
2. Contains greater than (>1.2 mg/kg) Z in 37.70% (1732ha) area of the whole study area.
From mineralogical considerations the area is suitable for a variety of crops and other
infrastructural development. However it needs a carefull and dedicated approach for its
development.
C. Geology
There are three types of geological feature present in this region they are as follows
1. Bhabar, 2.Tarai and 3.Gangetic Alluvial Plains
Bhabar: The Piedmont Plains are formed lengthwise the bases of Siwaliks. It is made by
flooding mountain downpours and nallahs (called locally as Rao). Sedimentary fans in the
piedmont zones are broader and extended when shaped along settled rivers. The Mature
Alluvium contains polycyclic order of brown to grey sediment, soil with boulders and
gravels. Bhabhar area spreads over 13.48 km2 (1348ha) in the study area.
Tarai: Lower Piedmont Lies between Upper Piedmont and Gangetic Alluvial Plains contains
clay, silt and kankar with boulders. Tarai area spreads over 14.62 km2 (1462ha) in the
study area.
Gangetic Alluvial Plains: The south region of the piedmont plains contains Gangetic
Alluvial Plains, occupies major land in study site. The alluvium is made by unconsolidated to
semi-consolidated deposits of sand, silt, clay and kankar.
The geological drawing of study area is prepared from the geological map of Haridwar
district prepared by ONGC in 1965 and the same has been modified incorporating well log
data and analysis of high resolution image (Google earth).(fig:4.16)
Gangetic Alluvium Plains area spreads over 17.81 km2 (1781ha) in the study area.
Fig: 4.16 Geology Map of Study Area

Source: Geological map of study area (ONGC, 1965)
D. Land use / land cover (LULC)

Land use / land cover (LULC) classification scheme (Adopted)
LAND USE / LAND COVER

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Agricultural
Land
Built-up land
Residential
Crop land
Barren land
Commercial
Kharif Crop
Forest
Fallow/openland
Composteland
Water Bodies
Dense forest
Waterlogged
Land
River /
Stream
Social forest
Eroded land
Canals
Sandy area
Pond
Road
Rabi Crop
Kharif + Rabi
(Double cropped)
Table: 4.6 LULC Scheme of Study Area
Land use - Land cover Map

Downloading 10 year Satellite data from 2006 to 2015 of Landsat-7 (2006-2012) and
Landsat-8 (2013-2015) Imagery (30 m Resolution) from http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/, and
analyze these data according to Ravi, Kharif and Zayad crop seasons. Due to non-availability
of temporal data and presence of cloud cover of particular season the best 30 temporal data of
10 years have been selected for analysis the land-use/land-cover change. Applying resolution
merge obtain 15 m spatial resolution using pan sharpen tool in Erdas Imagine 2014 for
enhance image to analysis the land use and land cover map for increasing accuracy of the
classified image.
Satellite Image Processing using Erdas Imagine 2014
Landsat-7 and landsat-8 satellite images remained used to develop the land-use and landcover map to evaluate land use changing pattern between the current land uses.
Stacking layers of eight bands (bands 17 (30m resolution) and Panchromatic band 8 (15 m
resolution) of satellite image to enhancing image for processed to the LU/LC mapping. Using
maximum likelihood classifier in supervised classification to classify these images into the
land use and land cover map according to Ravi, Kharif and Zayad crops seasons. The
classified maps found to vary between 75% to 76% accuracy. A stratified 100 random points
was employed to accuracy assessment process. (See Annexure-1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
LANDSAT-7 and 8
Imagery Download from
USGS Earth explorer
Land Use/ Land

Cover Map
Layer
Stacking
Accuracy
Assessment
Resolution
merge
Supervised
Classification
Figure: 4.17 Flowchart of obtaining LULC map

The LULC of the study area has been categorized as forest, Social forest, water bodies,
Eroded land, Water logged, road, sandy land, rural buildings and Crop land.
The accuracy report of LULC image of figure 4.18 is annexed in Annexure-6
LU/LC map of the study area
Fig: 4.18 Land Cover Map of Study Area (September 8, 2015)

I. Village cluster map
There are ten villages in the study area. Anneki and Aurangabad is the major in geographical
area. Rasoolpur, Kutubpur and Garh situated in Garh Meerpur village.
Fig: 4.19 Village Cluster Map of Study Area

A. Salient feature of villages (Annexure - 7)

Table: 4.7 Facts about Village data
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
No. of
Geographical Area (in
Houses in
Hectares)
the villages
Village Name
Dhanauri/Dhanaura
Tanda
Aurangabad
Teliwala
Jaswa Wala
Anneki
Rasoolpur
Garh
Kutubpur
Meerpur
Garh
479
128.29
752
789.15
298.1
816.66
50.93
93.96
307.18
568
141
692
963
374
1,275
107
104
1,482
Population
Total
2921
795
3,656
5742
2,196
6,843
607
627
9,130
Male
1542
432
1,989
3070
1,149
3,568
339
335
4,787
Female
1379
363
1,667
2672
1,047
3,275
268
292
4,343
Geographical Area Variations

Dhanauri/Dhanaura
1%
3%
8%
13%
Tanda
Aurangabad
4%
Teliwala
22%
Jaswa Wala
20%
Anneki
Rasoolpur
8%
Kutubpur
21%
Garh
Fig: 4.20 Village wise geographical area variations
Distribution of Houses
Dhanauri/Dhanaura
568
141
Tanda
Aurangabad
1,482
692
Teliwala
Jaswa Wala
Anneki
104
107
Rasoolpur
963
Kutubpur
1,275
374
Garh
Fig: 4.21 Village wise house distribution
Total Population Variation (Census2011)
6000
5000
Male
4000
3000
Female
2000
1000
0
Fig: 4.22 Village wise population variations
A.
Existing condition of road in the study area
There is a need for metalled road as well as non metalled road for proper communication
between neighbor villages and towns. The present condition of roads is very narrow and in
some places water is logged on the roads. Improper open drainage and compost is throw-outs
on the roads by the villagers.
Fig: 4.23 Condition of village road
Due to overflow of compost water through the open drain, the compost water is reaches on
the road and obstacle the pedestrian and vehicular movement.
Fig: 4.24 Condition of open drain in the village
II. Major Road map

Existing road layout in the study area.
Fig: 4.25 Road Map of Study Area

A map showing the road network in fig: 4.25 the road is classified as Metalled road & nonmetalled road. The Metalled road length in the entire area is 20.698 km. in running length
and in other hand the non-metalled road running length is 20.02 km. in the study area. The
metalled road links to Bhagwanpur-Haridwar road and Roshanabad-Anneki-Aurangabad
road.
There is a need for all weather roads and good geometry of wide roads.
E. Trend analysis of various LULC parameters of the study area in January 2006 to
December 2015
1. Urban/Rural buildings
The above graph clearly indicates that the habitation is increasing linearly due to
increasing the population of the villages.
Urban/Rural Buildings
5.00
4.50
4.00
Area(%)
3.50
y = 0.0001x + 2.0823
3.00
Urban/Rural Buildings
2.50
2.00
Linear (Urban/Rural
Buildings)
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0
1000
2000
Days
3000
4000
Fig: 4.26 Statuses of rural habitation of the study area

2. Crop lands
Cropland is increasing due to socio-economic growth of the villagers.
Crop Lands
70.00
60.00
50.00
Area(%)
y = 0.0068x + 32.127
40.00
Crop Land
30.00
Linear (Crop Land)

20.00
10.00
0.00
0
1000
2000
Days
3000
4000
Fig: 4.27 Statuses of crop lands in the study area
3. Social forests
Social forests are more are less stable.
Social Forests
30.00
25.00
Area(%)
20.00
y = -6E-05x + 15.858
15.00
Social Forest
Linear (Social Forest)
10.00
5.00
0.00
0
1000
2000
Days
3000
4000
Fig: 4.28 Statuses Social forest in the study area

4. Eroded lands
Eroded lands are decreasing over the period. Eroded lands are being converted in to
usable land for livelihood purposes.
Eroded Lands
40.00
35.00
Area(%)
30.00
25.00
20.00
y = -0.006x + 30.438
15.00
10.00
Eroded Land
5.00
Linear (Eroded Land)
0.00
0
1000
2000
Days
3000
4000
Fig: 4.29 Statuses of Eroded land in the study area
5. Water bodies
Waterbodies are shrinkages due to silting.
Water Bodies
0.40
0.35
Area(%)
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
y = -2E-05x + 0.2362
0.10
Water Body
0.05
Linear (Water Body)
0.00
0
1000
2000
Days
3000
4000
Fig: 4.30 Statuses of water bodies in the study area

6. Roads
Roads are slightly increasing due to providing better transportation facilities in the
interfluvial region.
Roads
25.00
Area(%)
20.00
15.00
y = 0.0002x + 5.9414
10.00
Road
5.00
Linear (Road)
0.00
0
1000
2000
Days
3000
4000
Fig: 4.31 Statuses of roads in the study area
7. Forests
Forest area is more or less stable in this study area.
Forests
12.00
10.00
Area(%)
8.00
6.00
y = 4E-05x + 4.818
4.00
Forest
2.00
Linear (Forest)
0.00
0
1000
2000
Days
3000
4000
Fig: 4.32 Statuses of forests in the study area

8. Water logged areas
Water logged area is decreasing due to climatic change and less rainfall, the peoples
uses these land for agriculture purposes.
Water Logged Areas

7.00
6.00
Area(%)
5.00
4.00
3.00
y = -0.0003x + 1.8642
2.00
Water Logged
1.00
Linear (Water Logged)
0.00
0
1000
2000
Days
3000
4000
Fig: 4.33 Statuses of water logged area in the study area
9. Sandy areas
Sandy area is decreasing due to crop farming of Kharif season in the bank of river/rao
for the livelihood generation of the villagers.
Area(%)
Sandy Areas
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
y = -0.0009x + 6.7502
Sandy Area
Linear (Sandy Area)
0
1000
2000
Days
3000
4000
Fig: 4.34 Statuses of sandy area in the study area

F. Topography Map
I.
DEM Of Study Area
CARTOSAT-1is used to generate a current, accurate and nationally consistent Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) of PAN (2.5m) spatial resolution. The DEM will be suitable in
providing an elevation reference of the existing topographic conditions. In the GIS
environment, DEM provides topographical model to help drainage network analysis and
contour generation.
Fig: 4.35 Digital Elevation Model of Study Area

Source: (http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/)
Study of fig: 4.35 bring out the fact that the elevation decreases from North-east to Southwest. The highest elevation is 341m in North-east region and lowest elevation is 268m in
South west region.
II.
Slope Map
Using CARTOSAT-1, DEM for the study area has been generated taking the area of interest
from the above DEM. Using Arc GIS10.2.2 for Preparing slope map from slope in surface
tool using Arc Toolbox and categorized it in to four classes expressed in degree.
They are as follows
Table: 4.8 Slope map classes
Class-1
Class-2
Class-3
Class-4
0-5
5-10
10-15
>15
Flowchart of the Slope map

DEM
(From BHUVAN)
Extract DEM
Using AOI
Contour
Map
(Using ArcGIS)
Slope Map
(In degree)
Fig: 4.36 Flowchart of the Slope map
Fig: 4.37 Slope Map of Study Area

Source: CARTOSAT-1, NRSC, ISRO
Fig: 4.37 clearly depicts that the area is situated in Shiwalik foothills with decreasing slope
from North-East to South-West.
III.
Contour Map (5 m interval)
Contour map of 5 m interval is prepared by surfer-9 software using control point / bench
mark locating in SOI toposheet of 53G/13,53k/1.
Fig: 4.38 Contour Map of Study Area
4.5.2.2 Water
A. Surface Water
I. Surface Water Resource Map
In the study area surface resources are ponds and flashy streams.
Fig: 4.39 Surface Water Resource Map of Study Area
Fig: 4.39 represents that the study area is enclosed by flashy river on both side of east and
west and Ganga canal by south direction.
II.
Drainage Map
Drainage map is prepared in Arc GIS environment using spatial analyst tools in ArcGIS.
Using CARTOSAT-1, DEM as input data for generating the drainage map.
DEM
(CARTOSAT-I)
DEM Fill
Flow
Direction
Flow
Accumulation
Drainage Network
Stream Order
Figure: 4.40 Flowchart of the drainage and drainage density map
Fig: 4.41 Drainage Map of the Study Area
III.
Drainage density map
Drainage density defined the total sum of all the stream length in drainages basin divided by
the whole region of the drainage basin. It measures that how poorly a watershed is drained by
stream channels. Minimum to maximum drainage density is 0.23km/km2 to 0.83 Km/Km2.
Drainage
Network
Focal Statistics
Reclassify
Drainage Density
Map
Figure: 4.42 Flowchart of drainage density map
Fig: 4.43 Drainage Density Map of Study Area
4.6
Data Integration
I.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (A.H.P.)
1. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was introduced by Thomas L. Saaty in 1980.

2. It aim of AHP is to resolve difficult complications containing multiple criteria.
3. The benefit of the AHP is to handle conditions in which particular decisions of
individuals make important role in the decision process.
A.
Need for Analytic Hierarchy Process (A.H.P.)
In the complex world, we are enforced to manage new difficulties than we resources
to handle.
1. What we need is not difficult to awareness however a frame that can allow us to think
of difficulties in diffident way.
2. The AHP offers, frame that supports us to make active decisions on difficult
problems by shortening and advancing our normal decision processes.
3. Mostly our decisions are on blurred impressions of truth so that we use judgment to
defend our conclusions.
4. The AHP manages emotional state, awareness, and reason in an organized way of
decision making.
B.
AHP is a method of
1. Breaking down a composite, formless situation into its element.
2. Assembling these parts or variables into a hierarchical order;
3. Allocating numerical values in to particular decisions on the relative significance of
each variable; and
4. Combining these decisions to regulate variables of highest significance and have been
acted upon the impact of outcome of situation.
C.
Stage of A.H.P.
1. Make graphical arrangement of the problem in terms of goal, criteria, and decision
alternatives. (i.e., the hierarchy of the problem)
2. Require decisions about the relative significance of every criterion in terms of its
influence to achieve the goal.
3. Specify importance for each decision alternative in terms contribution of each
criterion.
4. Specify the data on relative importance for preferences, a mathematical procedure
which creates the information (including consistency testing) and also deliver a
priority ranking of all choices in terms of their preference.
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Advantages of the AHP

Unity- It provides a single, easily agreed, elastic model for a wide range of formless
problems
Complexity- It assimilates deductive and systems approaches for solving complex
problems
Independence- It deals with the interdependency of components in a system and
does not hold linear thinking
Hierarchic Structuring- It reveals the natural inclination of the mind to sort
elements into different stages.
5. Measurement- It provides a scale for assessing intangibles and methods for forming
priorities
6. Consistency- It helps the logical consistency of judgments used in defining priorities
7. Synthesis- It leads to an overall assessment of the interest of each alternative
8. Judgment and consensus- It does not insist on compromise but creates a
demonstrative outcome from various judgments
9. Process repetition- It enables people to enhance their problem and improve their
decision through repetition
E.
Pairwise Comparisons
1. It is necessary for AHP. Pairwise comparison is the building block of AHP.
2. It works with scale of values from 1 to 9 to rate the relative preferences in two
element.
F.
Pairwise Comparison Matrix
1. Element Cij of the matrix is the measure of preference of the item in ith row when
compared to the item in jth column.
2. AHP allocates 1 to all elements on diagonal of pairwise comparison matrix.
3. When we compare alternative against itself criterion the judgment are equally
preferred.
4. AHP obtains the preference rating of Cji by computing the reciprocal (inverse) of Cij.
5. The number of items actually filled by decision makers in pairwise comparison
matrix is (n2 n)/2, where n is the number of elements to be compared
G.
Preference Scale
Research and practice have defined the nine-unit scale as per practical basis for
discriminating between the preferences for two items.
1. Even figures (2, 4, 6, and 8) are transitional values for the scale.
2. A value of 1 is used where the two items are judged to be equally preferred.
Table: 4.9 Preference Scale used in Pairwise Comparison (Saaty and Vargas 2001)
Verbal
Judgment
of
Preference
Extremely
preferred
Numerical
Rating
9
H.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Very
Very
strongly to
strongly
extremely
preferred
preferred
Strongly
to very
strongly
preferred
Strongly
preferred
Moderately
to strongly
preferred
Moderately
preferred
Equally to
moderately
preferred
Procedure for Synthesizing Judgments

Sum of each column of the pairwise comparison matrix.
Divide each element by its column total.
The resultant matrix is formed the normalized matrix of pairwise comparison.
Computing the average each row of the normalized matrix.
These averages form the relative priorities of the elements to be compared (relative
weight of individual element).
This result represented as (relative) priority vector.
Equally
preferred
The perfect consistency is very difficult to attain.

1. If the degree of consistency is acceptable limit, i.e. less than 0.10, then the decision
process can continue.
2. If the ratio exceeding 0.10 then the judgments is inconsistent and unacceptable.
3. If it is unacceptable, then revise the comparison judgments before preceding the
analysis.
I.
Method for Estimating Consistency Ratio
Step 1: Multiply each value in the first column of the pairwise comparison matrix by
the relative priority of the first item considered. Apply same procedures for other
items. Sum the values across the rows to obtain a vector of values labeled weighted
sum.
Step 2: Divide the elements of the vector of weighted sums obtained in Step 1 by the
corresponding priority value.
Step 3: Compute the average of the values computed in step 2. This average is
denoted as max .
Step 4: Compute the consistency index (CI):
CI
max n
n 1
Where n is the number of elements.

Step 5: Compute the consistency ratio (CR):
CI
RI
Where RI is the random index, which is the consistency index of a randomly
generated pairwise comparison matrix.
CR
J.
Random Index
1. Random index (RI) is the consistency index of a randomly generated pairwise
comparison matrix.
2. RI depends on the size of pairwise comparison matrix and takes on the subsequent
values:
Table 4.10 Consistency indices (RI) and number of criteria, (Saaty, 1980)
Number of
criteria (N)
Random
consistency
indices (RI)
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.0 0.0 0.58 0.90 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.51 1.54 1.56 1.57 1.59
II.
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)
In Geographical Information System (GIS), MCDA is used to add layers of spatial data
indicating the criteria and to specify how the layers are combined. MCDA methodologies
tackle real world problems that are multi-dimensional in nature. Decision-making is a logical
procedure for evaluation and selection between alternatives. The strategy splits a problem
into small parts, analyzing respective part and aggregating them for meaningful solution.
MCDA consist a set of options that are estimated on the basis of conflicting and insufficient
criteria. Criterion can be an attribute or objective. Accordingly MCDA can be classified into
two categories, namely Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis (MADA) and Multi-Objective
Decision Analysis (MODA).These categories are subdivided into deterministic, probabilistic
and fuzzy decisions. (Malczewski J. et al., 2003).
Deterministic judgment problems adopt the compulsory data and information with
certainty for deterministic relationship between decision and corresponding conclusion.
Probabilistic analysis deals with an assessment condition under uncertainty with

respect to available data and decision making sequence but treats uncertainty as randomness.
Fuzzy decision analysis deals with an assessment condition under uncertainty with
respect to available data but consider essential inaccuracy of information involved in decision
making.
III.
Boolean Logic Model (BLM)
In Boolean technique, the variables are true or false, and site selection is founded on three
operators as shown in Fig: 4.44
1. Union (OR),
2. Intersection (AND) and
3. Complement (NOT).
Input of Boolean operators is integers. Boolean maps has been created with a raster cell value
for each area that covers the criteria of sustainability (suitable in all the maps of the area) and
zero for all areas that are not considered as suitable output for that particular alternative. This
approach combines all criteria through one or more logical operators such as AND OR and
NOT. The results are then used to create restriction maps. (Malczewski et al.1999).
AND (A*B)
OR (A+B)
NOT
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fig: 4.44 Operation of Boolean techniques, adapted from Malczewski (1999).
Therefore, the Boolean method is generally work as a method when the constraint maps have
been categorized in to Boolean Suitable (Yes) and Boolean unsuitable (No) classes.
Chapter 5
LESA FOR AGRICULTURE

5.1 Approach-1 FAO (1976) and AHP
I. Preamble
Identification of the spatial sharing of suitable areas for agricultural land might be sustainable
land-use idea in rural area. The sustainable development aims to depict those suitable areas
for agricultural land in the study area by a GIS-based multi-criteria decision making
methodology of Physical, socio-economic and furthermore environmental variable. GIS is
being used to mapping and analysis the factors, same time MCDA may be used to aggregate
them under land suitability index. The outcomes with location and amount agricultural
regions at different suitability levels are classified as, Highly suitable (S1), moderately
suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) Currently not suitable (N1) and permanently not
suitable (N2). (Robinov et al., 1989).
The current land use over the entire study area are natural forest, social forest, crop land,
rural habitation , water bodies, eroded land, water logged area and sandy land.
II. Basic input data and methodology
Table: 5.1 Suitable ranges used for fuzzy membership function.
Factor
Slope(degree)
Elevation(m)
Distance to water(m)
Soil depth(cm)
Soil texture
LULC
Geology
Membership
grade Non-membership
grade
(Suitable range)
(unsuitable range)
0-15
>15
268-310
310-341
100-1000
>1000
> 90 cm
< 90 cm
Sandy soil
---------Crop land, eroded land, Water logged, water bodies,
social forest,
rural habitation
Tarai, Gangatic
bhabhar
Flowchart of the Agricultural land suitability
Input
Data
Factor Map
Slope
Fuzzy
Membership
function
Field Survey
Elevation
Topographical
and water map
Distance to water
resources
AHP
Standardized
factor maps
Factor Weights
Soil Depth
WLC
Soil mineralogy
Soil Quality
Soil pH
Suitability map for

Agricultural land
Soil Texture
LULC
LULC and geology
Geology
Fig: 5.1 Flowchart of the Agricultural land suitability

The pairwise comparison matrix is used for evaluating the relative importance of factor for
different land-use requirement. (Table: 5.2)
Table: 5.2 Pairwise comparison matrixes for evaluating different land-use requirement
Part-A: Terrain and surface water
Distance to water
Slope
Elevation
resource
Weight
1
1
2/3
0.29
Slope
1
1
2/3
0.29
Elevation
Distance to water
3/2
3/2
1
0.42
resources
Consistency ratio (CR) = 0.00
Part-B: Soil quality
Soil mineralogy
Soil depth
Soil mineralogy
1
1/3
Soil depth
3
1
Soil pH
2
3/2
Soil texture Weight

3/2
0.41
2
0.24
Soil pH
Soil texture
1/3
2/3
2/3
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
0.14
0.21
Part-C: LULC and geology
LULC
LULC
1
Geological map
3/2
Weight
0.6
Geological map
2/3
0.4

Result: Land use requirement for the assessment of land suitability for Agriculture
Terrain and Surface water

Soil quality
LULC and Geology
Terrain and
Surface water
1
2
1/3
Soil quality LULC and

Geology
1/2
3
1
3
1/3
1
Weight
0.34
0.52
0.14

Going to field transect and discussion with progressive farmers and careful analysis of
factors, made all the pairwise comparison for the set of factors.
The calculated CR must be less than 0.1, which is the satisfactoriness cut-off. This means
that if the computed CR is less than 0.1, the calculated weights of the factors are reliable.
If CR is more than 0.1, the pairwise comparison matrix needs to be re-evaluated, and the
weights of the factors also need to be re-calculated accordingly.
Table: 5.3 Calculation for weight and consistency ratio of site suitability for agricultural
land.
Values
Decimal
TW SQ LC/G TW
SQ
Normalization
LC/G TW
SQ
Weight
LC/G
CI
RI
CR
TW
1
1/2 3
1
0.50 3
0.30 0.27 0.43 0.34
3.03 0.015 0.58 0.026
SQ
2
1
3
2
1.0 3
0.60 0.55 0.43 0.52
LC/G 1/3 1/3 1
0.33 0.33 1
0.10 0.18 0.14 0.14
Sum
3.33 1.83 7
1.00
TW = terrain and water, SQ = soil quality, LC/G = Land use land cover and geology.
1. Calculate lambda () by the following steps:

Step-1
(1*.34)+(.5*.52)+(3*.14) =1.02
(2*.34)+(1*.52)+(3*.14) =1.61
(.33*.34)+(.33*.52)+(1*.14) =0.42
Step-2
1.02/0.34 =3.00
1.61/0.52 =3.09
0.42/0.14 =3.00
Then, = (3.00 + 3.09 + 3.00)/3 = 3.03

2. The Consistency Index (CI) is ( n)/(n 1),
(3.03 3)/ (3-1) = 0.015
3. The Consistency Ratio (CR) is CI/RI, where RI is the Random Consistency Index.
4. For n = 3, RI = 0.58,
CR = 0.015/0.58 = 0.026 < 0.1(consistent)
Here, CR<0.1
So computed CR is less than 0.1, the calculated weights of the factors are
consistent.
The weighted linear combination (WLC) was used to combine the standardized factors and their
corresponding weights to obtain complete suitability map for the agricultural land.
All factors were combined as
Where
Grid i is the factor i, and Weight i is the relative weight of factor i.
(1) Terrain and water grid = Grid slope 0.29 + Grid elevation 0.29 + Grid distance to water
0.42
(2) Soil quality grid = Grid soil organic matter 0.41 + Grid soil depth 0.24 + Grid soil pH 0.14
+Grid soil type 0.21
(3) LULC and Geology grid = Grid LULC 0.6 + Grid Geology 0.4
Overall suitability grid = Grid
Geology 0.14
terrain and water
0.34 + Grid
soil quality
0.52 + Grid
LULC and
Suitability model for Agricultural land
Figure: 5.2 Suitability model for Agricultural land.

Agricultural land suitability map
Fig: 5.3 Agricultural land suitability map.

III. Result
The map contains pixels with varying degrees of suitability from 0 to 7. The higher pixel
score displays a higher suitability level See in fig: 5.3. The map is re-classified into five
classes based on the structure of the FAO suitability classification: Highly suitable (S1),
moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) Currently not suitable (N1) and
permanently not suitable (N2).
Table: 5.4 Area of Agricultural land suitability classes.
Suitability class
Highly suitable (S1)
Moderately suitable (S2)
Marginally suitable (S3)
Currently not suitable (N1)
Permanently not suitable (N2)
Area (ha)
1047
1395
1244
609
298
Proportion (%)
22.79%
30.38%
27.09%
13.25%
06.49%
Different factors play different significance levels for the site suitability of agricultural land.
Soil quality is regulates water-holding capacities, which is necessary for crop
growth
The slope affects the retention and movement of water and soil particles, the rate
of runoff, and accelerated soil erosion. These effects are closely linked to the soil
quality conditions.
Elevation relates to increased water-pumping costs for agricultural production.
Water availability is very important for crop growing in the area. Ponds, streams,
and rivers are major water providers for agricultural production in the area.
5.2 Approach-2 Boolean Logic Model (BLM)
I. Preamble
In the BLM approach, ten years LULC maps were prepared based on temporal satellite data
of Landsat-7 and Landsat-8. The pixel of agricultural land is assigned one and rest is
assigned to zero value, depending on the decision rule. The decision rules, which are a set of
logical conditions, were derived based on personal experience learnt during field visits. The
BLM approach consists of AND/OR operators, which works among two or more
variables/datasets. According to set theory, the AND operator results in the logical
intersection of two variables, whereas the OR operator calculates the logical union of them.
In this study, the AND & OR operator has been employed to find agricultural land suitability
which satisfies all the decision rules.
II. Basic Input Data and Methodology
10 years land use / land cover data have been used as basic input for agricultural land
suitability. The land use / land cover factors are used to select the optimum sites for
Agricultural land Suitability using the Boolean operation. The results in the Boolean
classification are based upon the Boolean logic that is applied for Agricultural land
Suitability with three crop seasons namely Rabi, Kharif and Zayad prevalent. However the
cropping intensity is different in each crop season.
Seasonal agricultural suitability is being described below.
Model for Agricultural land suitability For Rabi Season
Union of 12 Landsat-8 image

applying (or) operation in
Map Algebra using Raster
Calculator
Model for S2 and S3

using negative operation
(Union-Intersection)
Intersection of 12 Landsat-8
image applying (and) operation
in Map Algebra using Raster
Calculator
Fig: 5.4 Agricultural land suitability for Rabi season
Highly suitable land (S1) for Agriculture

Using 12 Landsat-8 image applying (and) operation in Map Algebra using Raster Calculator
we find the common traditional agriculture land which is used in all years.
Intersection of common Agriculture Field
Fig: 5.5 Highly suitable land (S1) for Agriculture

Allocation of Most Suitable Land (S1) for Agriculture purposes using Raster Calculator in
map Algebra tool in ArcGIS environment.
Fig: 5.6 Raster calculator using map algebra for (S1)

Con((("%Reclass_Ext27%" == 1)&("%Reclass_Ext28%" == 1)&("%Reclass_Ext29%" ==
1)&("%Reclass_Ext30%" == 1) &("%Reclass_Ext31%" == 1)&("%Reclass_Ext32%" == 1)
& ("%Reclass_Ext33%" == 1)&("%Reclass_Ext34%" == 1)&("%Reclass_Ext35%" == 1)&
("%Reclass_Ext36%" == 1)&("%Reclass_Ext37%" == 1)&("%Reclass_Ext38%" == 1)),1,0)
Suitable Land (S1, S2, S3) for Agriculture and Non Suitable Land (N)
Union of 12 maps applying (or) operation in Map Algebra using Raster Calculator we find
the traditional and non-traditional agriculture land and non-suitable land throughout years.
Fig: 5.7 Agricultural land suitability map (S1, S2, S3 and N).
Agriculture Field which is cultivated throughout 10 years (S1, S2, S3 and N)
S1=Most Suitable, S2=Moderate Suitable, S3=Least Suitable, N=Not Suitable
Raster Calculator of Suitable Land (S1, S2, S3) for Agriculture and Non Suitable Land (N)
Using map Algebra Tool in ArcGIS
Fig: 5.8 Raster calculator using map algebra for (S1, S2, S3 and N).
Con((("%Reclass_Ext27%" == 1)
1) | ("%Reclass_Ext30%" == 1)
1) | ("%Reclass_Ext33%" == 1)
1) | ("%Reclass_Ext36%" == 1)
1)),1,0)
|
|
|
|
("%Reclass_Ext28%" == 1)
|
|
|
|
("%Reclass_Ext29%" ==
Suitable Land (S2, S3) for Agriculture

Subtraction of 12 maps applying Subtract operation in Map Algebra using Raster Calculator
we find the Moderate suitable and least suitable (S2, S3) land throughout years.
Fig: 5.9 Moderate suitable and least suitable (S2, S3) land
Raster Calculator of Moderate Suitable and Least Suitable Land (S2, S3) for Agriculture
Using map Algebra using subtract operation (Union-Intersection) Tool in ArcGIS
Fig: 5.10 Raster calculator using map algebra for (S2 and S3).
Con ((("%rastercalc45%" == 1) - ("%rastercalc37%" == 1)),1,0)
Agricultural land suitability For Kharif Season
image applying (and) operation in
Calculator
Model for S2 and S3

using negative operation
Union of 9 Landsat-8 image

applying (or) operation in
Calculator
Fig: 5.11 Agricultural land suitability for Kharif season
Highly suitable land (S1) for Agriculture

Using 9 temporal satellites image of Landsat-8 image applying (and) operation in Map
Algebra using Raster Calculator we find the common traditional agriculture land which is
used in all years.

Allocation of highly Suitable Land (S1) for Agriculture purposes using Raster Calculator in

Con((("%Reclass_Ext39%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext40%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext41%" ==
1) & ("%Reclass_Ext42%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext43%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext44%" ==
1)& ("%Reclass_Ext45%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext46%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext47%" ==
1)),1,0)
Union of 9 maps applying (or) operation in Map Algebra using Raster Calculator we find the
traditional and non-traditional agriculture land and non-suitable land throughout years.
Con((("%Reclass_Ext39%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext40%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext41%" ==

1) | ("%Reclass_Ext42%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext43%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext44%" ==
1)& ("%Reclass_Ext45%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext46%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext47%" ==
1)),1,0)
Moderate suitable and least suitable (S2, S3) land

Using map Algebra using subtract operation (Union-Intersection) Tool in ArcGIS
Con((("%rastercalc40%" == 1) - ("%rastercalc39%" == 1)),1,0)
Agricultural land suitability For Zaid Season
Union of 9 Landsat-8
image applying (or)
operation in Map
Algebra using Raster
Calculator
Model for S2 and S3

using negative
operation
image applying (and)
operation in Map Algebra
using Raster Calculator
Fig: 5.18 Agricultural land suitability for Zaid season
Highly suitable land (S1) for Agriculture in Zaid Season

Using 9 Landsat-8 image applying (and) operation in Map Algebra using Raster Calculator
we find the common traditional agriculture land which is used in all years.

Allocation of highly Suitable Land (S1) for Agriculture purposes using Raster Calculator in

Con((("%Reclass_Ext49%" == 1) &("%Reclass_Ext50%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext52%" ==
1) & ("%Reclass_Ext54%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext55%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext56%" ==
1) & ("%Reclass_Ext57%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext58%" == 1) & ("%Reclass_Ext59%"==
1)),1,0)
Union of 9 LULC maps applying (or) operation in Map Algebra using Raster Calculator we
find the traditional and non-traditional agriculture land and non-suitable land throughout
years.
Con((("%Reclass_Ext49%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext50%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext52%" ==
1) | ("%Reclass_Ext54%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext55%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext56%" ==
1) & ("%Reclass_Ext57%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext58%" == 1) | ("%Reclass_Ext59%"==
1)),1,0)
Moderate suitable and least suitable (S2, S3) land in Zaid season
Using map Algebra using Subtract operation (Union-Intersection) Tool in ArcGIS
Con((("%rastercalc43%" == 1) - ("%rastercalc42%" == 1)),1,0)
Model for Agricultural land suitability For S2 & S3
Fig: 5.25 Agricultural land suitability model For S2 & S3
Agricultural land suitability for Moderate suitable land (S2)

Using intersection of (S2, S3) data for Rabi, Kharif and Zayad season as shown in fig: 5.25
We can generate the moderate suitable land for agriculture (S2) fig: 5.26
Moderate suitable (S2) for all seasonal crops
Fig: 5.26 Moderate suitable (S2) for all seasonal crops
Least suitable land (S3) for Rabi, Kharif and Zaid

Applying subtraction procedure in map algebra tool using raster calculator in ArcGIS for the
allocation of least suitable land in different crop seasons are as follows.
Least suitable land (S3) for Rabi/kharif/zaid = (Moderate suitable and least suitable
(S2, S3) land in Rabi/kharif/zaid) (Moderate suitable (S2) for all seasonal crops)
The map of least suitable class of agriculture with different crop seasons is given in fig: 5.27,
5.28 and 5.29.
Least suitable land (S3) for Rabi season
Fig: 5.27 Least suitable land (S3) for Rabi season

Least suitable land (S3) for Kharif season
Fig: 5.28 Least suitable land (S3) for Kharif season

Least suitable land (S3) for Zaid season
Fig: 5.29 Least suitable land (S3) for Zaid season
III. Result
The map is classified into four classes based on the structure of the FAO suitability
classification: Highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3) and
not suitable (N) (refer the table: 5.5). The area of Rabi and Kharif is almost similar in nature
in other hand highly suitable land (S1) in zaid season decreases and least suitable land (S3)
increases due to socio-economic need or livelihood of the local populace.
Table: 5.5 Area of Agricultural land suitability classes in various crop seasons
Crop Season
Suitability class
Highly Suitable(S1)
Moderate Suitable(S2)
Least Suitable(S3)
Not Suitable (N)
Rabi
Area(ha)
1019
1558
1225
790
%
22
34
27
17
Kharif
Area(ha)
878
1558
1309
842
%
20
34
28
18
Zaid
Area(ha)
576
1558
1760
698
%
13
34
38
15
5.3 A comparison between AHP, BLM Approach

Table: 5.6 Comparisons between AHP, BLM Approach
FAO
Data requirement
Data analysis
Various thematic layers were

used as input i.e. Land use land
cover, soil, geomorphology,
drainage density, slope etc.
AHP
BLM
LULC Temporal data
Boolean Logic
Complex Model
Simple Model
Decision making
Scientific Approach MCDM
Based on sustained use of

land
Ability
According to land capability
Capable/ may not be capable
Modeling
Results indicated that the area of classes for agriculture land suitability allocated by the
MCDM and BLM is almost equal but in the BLM technique the spatial distribution of
different class is variable in comparison to land classification by FAO (1976). Thus, the
agriculture land suitability allocated by the BLM approach is reliable to the local populace
and there is a need for modification in the FAO land suitability approaches as per
requirement of this study area.
Chapter 6
LESA FOR RURAL SANITATION

6.1 Preamble
Domestic composting is mostly biodegradable in nature. If the rural waste is not carefully
disposed of, it will have an impact on the environment, whether it is unappealing condition in
rural streets or contaminated air, soil or water. But what is equally important about compost
is that it is ecofriendly and biodegradable.
For example, if all human, animal and solid composts are recycled back to soil, then we
do not need chemical fertilizers to maintain the high earnings of crops. In this area the
kitchen waste produced 50 to 100 gram of per person per day and approx.4.5-5 kg of cattle
dung per cattle per day. The composition of average domestic dustbin has been broken down
as follows:
Table: 6.1 Composition of average domestic dustbin
1%
10%
1%
8%
3%
46%
31%
Glass
Paper/Cardboard
Metals
Textiles
Plastics
Vegetable waste, Agricultural waste
Dust, Cow dung , Miscellaneous
Composting is one of the best public methods for disposal of domestic compost. Rural
domestic compost (RDC) is commonly dumped in the nearest available low-lying areas and
inhospitable surroundings on the boundaries of the villages. Selection of these disposal sites
depend exclusively on availability of land and not on scientific and socio-environmental
criteria for a composting (Talyan et. al, 2008). More than 90% of (RDW) in villages are
directly dumped on land in an unsatisfactory manner.
Fig.6.1 The condition of compost in the Aurangabad Village
We have to implement the domestic composting in scientific manner in residential areas.

Various economic, environmental, and social factors needs to be considered when deciding
the suitable composting site.
6.2 Computation of domestic compost pit size
Average household (family) size is 5 people in individual homes.
Design of domestic compost pit for 500 household.
Number of people for 500 households
=5*500
=2,500 persons
Kitchen waste per person per day = 0.050 kg (says)
(50 to 100 gram)
Daily composting of solid waste/liquid waste
=2,500*0.050
= 125kg compost (per day)
---------------------------------------------------------- (A)
The estimated dung production for cattle is 4.5-5 kg/head/day according to (Ravindranath, et
al, 2005). The number of cattle per rural households in India, like in any other place, depends
on the fertility of the grazing lands and the wealth of the village inhabitants. Field survey
data says that 1-2 cattle per household as suggested by selective study (Motavalli P. P. et al,
1994).
Total cattle in the village = 2 * Number of households
(Suppose 2 cattle in each household)
= 2*500
= 1000 No.
Cattle dung manure per day in the village
1000*5 = 5000 kg/day
------------------------------------------------------------ (B)
Adding result A and B, we get
Total compost for organic composting
125 + 5000 = 5125 kg/day
As per design of the compost, it is utilized for 7-8 months for converting it in to organic
fertilizer for agricultural purposes. So we design the compost site in to eighteen sub part for
our convenience of dumping the domestic waste in numerically shown in figure.6.2
So, total domestic compost in 7 months
= 5125*30*7
= 10, 76,250 kg Compost
1liter = 0.897 kg
1 Cubic meter =1000 liters = 900kg (approx.)
Therefore, total volume of domestic compost (in cubic meter) = (10, 76,250) / 900
3
= 1195.83 m
~ 1200 m3
So, we design the compost of size = 40m x 30m x 1m (For 500 households and cattle)
In case if the household size is increasing then we proposed extra compost pit of master
size for that village as per need.
Fig: 6.2 Design of domestic waste compost model

Design a rectangular tank of individual size (10 m x 6.67 m x 1 m) made of brick walls and
floor with mud mortar. Leave holes in the tank walls for aeration (about four holes along
each side wall and two holes in each end wall). Plaster the inner walls and the bottom of the
tank with a mud and cow dung mixture.
Fig: 6.3 Perspective view of domestic waste compost model

Method of filling
First layer15cm compact layer of plant waste material.
Second layer Cow dung slurry: about 4 kg of cow dung mixed with 10 buckets of
water (drench thoroughly).
Third layer Add a 2cm layer of fine, sieved soil (60 to 65 kg).
Keep adding layers in this way until the material is heaped 15 cm above the lip of the
tank. Add another 7cm layer of fine soil on top of the heap.
Seal the tank with cow dung plaster.
For best results build a temporary shed of thatch and bamboo to shield your compost tank
from direct sunlight and rain. After three to four months, digestion (composting) is complete.
Do not disturb the pit during this crucial period. Compost is dark and has a pleasant smell.
Sieve this compost through a thick mesh and it is ready to use.
Fig: 6.4 Method of filling of domestic waste compost
6.3 Basic Input Data and Methodology

The main composting site selection process uses expert knowledge of AHP with GIS
functionalities and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). A flow chart of the
methodology used in this area is given in Fig:
Selection of criteria
Expert Knowledge
Literature, Bye-laws
(rules and regulations),
Experts etc.
GIS Database Generation
Preparation of
Constrain Maps
Preparation of
Criteria Maps
Normalization of
Criteria Maps
Multi Criteria Decision
Analysis using
Analytical Hierarchy
Process (AHP)
Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis
Suitability Index
Maps
Reclassification
of Suitability
Maps
Primary composting site for

Domestic Compost
Fig: 6.5 Methodology for domestic composting
Criteria for Domestic composting site selection

Sitting of domestic composting requires a wide-range of calculation process for identify
optimum available disposal location.
Two type of situation generated
1. Factors and
2. Restrictions.
A factor is a benchmark that develops or decreases from the fitness of an alternative for the
action under concern. A restriction helps to bind the options under concern. Restrictions
classify the areas into two classes: unsuitable (scale value 0) or suitable (scale value 1).
Spatial multi-criteria decision analysis
The aim of Spatial Multi Criteria Decision Making is to combine various criteria and
alternatives using Multi Criteria Decision Rules (Mendoza, 2005). Weighted Linear
Combination (WLC) is the most widely used technique for tackling spatial multi criteria
decision making because it has been implemented in raster or vector GIS using its overlay
capability (Carver, 1991; Malczewski, 1999).
In demand to work out at single suitability index S from multi attributes, WLC technique in
the following format has been used in the present study.
Where
S = suitability index values
W i = weight of factor i
X i = attribute score of factor i
= product
C i = constraints of factor i
Environmental and socio-economic parameters have been considered for assessing the
suitability of site for composting. Suitability index is calculated by using WLC technique.
Assignment of weights
Weights of different criteria are assigned by pairwise comparisons. In the study, 5
environmental and 3 socio-economic criteria have been selected on the basis of available
literature and ranking of criteria has been done independently by experts working in the area
of domestic compost management. After developing comparison matrix, the combined
weights are calculated by means of a sequence of multiplication.
Normalization of factor maps
Normalization is necessary in order to change the different measurement units of the factor
maps into comparable values. Several fuzzy set membership functions have been used in
standardization of factor maps. The factors are normalized to a scale value range of 0 100.
The choice of different membership function, zones and assignment of different attribute
scores for standardization is based on literature study. The given factor depends upon its
suitability for domestic composting. Summary of these zones are given in Table: 6.2
Table: 6.2: Summary of different zones for constraint and factors

S.No.
Name of the
criteria (i)
Data source/ Criteria

guidelines or Source
Type of
Criterion
1.*
Land
use SOI Toposheet, Satellite
/Land cover
Imsage.
2.*
Proximity
roads
3.^
4.^
5.^
6.*
7.^
to SOI Toposheet
Satellite Image.
and
Depth
to CGWB
ground water
table
SOI Toposheet and
Proximity to Satellite Image.
water bodies
SOI Toposheet and
river
SOI Toposheet and
settlement area
Type of soil
Soil map of District
Saharanpur
8.^
Slope
SOI Toposheet, NRSC,

Bhuvan
9.
Flood plain
CGWB, Satellite Image.

(ONGC, 1965), GSI
10.
Geological
Map
11.
Drainage
Density
CARTOSAT-1,NRSC
Zones
Forest
Social forest
Water bodies/Water
logged
Factor
Sandy land/Eroded land
Habitation/infrastructure
Crop land
0-50m
Factor
50-200m
200- 500m
500-1000m
>1000m
0-4m
Factor
4-6m
6-8m
0-100m
Factor
100-5000m
>500m
0-100m
Factor
100-500m
>500m
0-100m
Factor
100-500m
>500m
Factor
SD4/CE2
SD5/AE1
0-5
Factor
5-10
10-15
>15
Constraint 100 year flood plain
Non flood plain
factor
Bhabhar
Tarai
Alluvium
factor
0.47-0.83km/km2
0.23-0.47 Km/Km2
* Environmental Factor; ^ Socio-Economic Factors,

SOI: Survey of India, CGWB: Central Ground Water Board, India
Scale
Value
0
0-20
0
100
0
20-30
0
0-20
100-40
40-0
0
0
0-100
100
0
0-100
100
0
0-100
100
0
0-100
100
40-100
0-40
100
75
25-50
0
0
1
0-25
25-50
50-100
0-50
50-100
7
8
9
10
11
Proximity to
Settlement Area
Type of Soil
Slope
Flood plain
Geological Map
Drainage Density
3.00
3.00
5.00
5.00 7.00 5.00 4.00 0.19
1.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
5.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 0.20
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
4.00 5.00 8.00 5.00 0.13
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
4.00 5.00 6.00 4.00 0.13
0.33
0.33
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
3.00
3.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 0.08
0.33
0.33
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
2.00
2.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 0.09
0.20
0.20
0.14
0.20
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.17
0.17
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.13
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.20
0.20
0.25
0.50
0.50
0.14
0.17
0.20
1.00
1.00
0.20
0.20
0.33
1.00
1.00
0.14
0.17
0.13
5.00
7.00
1.00
0.33
0.17
Geological map
5.00
6.00
3.00
1.00
0.50
3.00
8.00
6.00
2.00
1.00
Consistency ratio = 0.088 < 0.10(Consistent)
Weight
2.00
Drainage Density
2.00
Flood Plain
1.00
Slope
1.00
Type of Soil
Proximity to
Settlement Area
Proximity to
River
Proximity to River
Proximity to Water
Bodies
Depth to Groundwater
Proximity to Roads
Land use Land

Cover
Proximity to
Roads
Depth to
Groundwater
Proximity to
Water Bodies
Land use Land Cover
Name of the criteria
Sr. No
Table: 6.3 Calculation of weights to different criteria by AHP (Annexure-8)

Saaty approach has been used in assessing the weight. The pairwise comparison is made and
weight assessed. In this process MS Excel has been customized to carry out the AHP.
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.02
Fig: 6.6 Model for domestic composting
Fig: 6.7 Part-A Weighted overlay
Fig: 6.8 Part-B Model for Final restriction map

Fig: 6.9 Part-C Model for optimal suitability map
6.4 Result
Based on suitability index values (Table 6.4) domestic composting suitability land is
classified into five classes: Excluded, Suitable but avoided, Moderately Suitable, Suitable
and Most Suitable.
Higher the Suitability Index indicates better suitability of site for domestic composting.
Table: 6.4 Suitability classes for domestic composting
Suitability Index Value
Suitability Class
0
0-3
3-4
4-5
5-7
Excluded
Suitable but avoided
Moderately Suitable
Suitable
Most Suitable
It is found that there are at least ten such places where adequate land available for the
composting and which fulfill all the criteria related to environmental as well as social
required for a Domestic composting site.
Based on the 11 input map layers and analysis performed, the constraints map and final map
for suitability of composting site in the study area is found as shown in Fig:6.10, Fig: 6.11
and Fig: 6.12 respectively.
Based on Suitability index, land is classified into five classes: Excluded, Suitable but
avoided, Moderately Suitable, Suitable and Most Suitable based on suitability index values
of 0, 0-3, 3-4, 4-5 and 5-7 respectively.
Suitable and not suitable areas for domestic composting
Fig: 6.10 Suitable and not suitable areas for domestic composting.
This map contrasts the areas to be excluded from considerations with respect to the areas
which may at all be considered.
Suitable areas for domestic composting
Fig: 6.11 Suitable areas for domestic composting

In fig: 6.11 the map classifies the whole area into excluded, to be avoided,
Suitable optimal areas for domestic compost composting
Fig: 6.12 Suitable optimal areas for domestic compost composting

In fig: 6.12 This map contrasts the suitable optimal areas namely suitable and best suitable
area for domestic composting.
An area and village wise distribution of these sites has been presented as given in Table: 6.5
Table: 6.5 Potential composting sites around study area.
Standard size No. of
Area (m2) of compost pit
compost pit required
Total No. of
Houses
S. No. Villages
providing
potential sites
Latitude
Longitude
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dhanauri
Dhanaura
Tanda
Aurangabad
1
1
1
2
568
Teliwala
7756'59.43"E
7758'3.75"E
78 0'48.15"E
78 0'12.34"E
7758'29.15"E
1200
1200
1200
1200
5.
2956'55.58"N
2956'43.20"N
2959'6.20"N
2958'48.99"N
2957'33.30"N
1200
963
6.
Jaswa Wala
2957'28.25"N 7757'52.86"E
Anneki
2958'9.59"N
78 1'36.20"E
1
3
374
7.
1200
1200
1,275
8.
Rasoolpur
2956'15.97"N 7759'33.60"E
1200
107
9.
Kutubpur
2957'33.79"N 78 0'0.80"E
Garh
2956'42.54"N 7759'60.00"E
1
3
104
10.
1200
1200
141
692
1,482
Serial (As above table) wise potential site for domestic composting location of each village in
interfluvial region.
These domestic composting sites are annotated on Google earth
Fig: 6.13 Annotated map representing composting sites.

Location of domestic composting site (Compost No-8)
Fig: 6.14 Location of domestic composting site (Compost No-8)

Chapter 7
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1 Conclusion
The prevalent land use practice of many villages of Bharat is not scientific. Rural land-use
planning is scheduling and regulates use of land based on its affordability. Modern rural
development is to move towards convincing development rather than compulsory. Rural land
use planning is multi-layered process involving reinforcement of economic structure for
lessening the social inequities and environmental degradation. The drivers to land use change
are intertwined by social need and ground breaking land management practices.
The essence of rural land use planning is that the land is utilized by its capability however
lack of awareness many a times constraints of the villagers force them to use their land
without any regards to its capability. For optimal use of land it is necessary that the land
evaluation exercise is carried out for different planned land use.
Land Evaluation and site assessment (LESA) is suitable for making the micro-level rural land
use planning. Execution of LESA includes many varied and large primary and secondary
data. Some part of map is easily accessible while some of them are difficult to collect.
Developmental activities and ambitions of rural populace are driving towards requirement of
additional domain of specific data. In LESA data from different sources is to be blended for
decision making. Therefore Multi criteria decision making is inevitable. Influence of a
parameter from one land use to another is variable and may be difficult to evaluate precisely.
Under these circumstances use of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an opportune
approach. LESA exercise has been carried out using GIS. It has been found that LESA
parameters are generally not available or accessible. Therefore the rural land use planning is
generally based on questionable data. Remote sensing techniques have been used to generate
the surface information data like LULC, geomorphology, terrain mapping like slope, contour,
DEM, and drainage pattern.
In this study LESA has been carried out for a part of foot hill area spreading over 45.93Sq
Km (4593ha) in Haridwar district, Uttarakhand. Agricultural is the dominant land uses. In
addition domestic composting has been suggested to humanizing the rural sanitation.
Decision making have been done using MCDA, AHP and BLM in GIS. The AHP is capable
of decomposing the complex problem in to smaller fragment that helps in quantitative
decision from the qualitative judgment. Whereas the Boolean logic model (BLM), which is
easy as compared to AHP, but this logic is limited to specific parameters. However this
method can incorporate the constraints of the local populace.
There are various thematic layers were used as input i.e. Land use land cover, soil,
geomorphology, drainage density, slope layers are used as model input. Model input was
generated through synergistic use of remotely sensed data and ancillary data and field
traversing and experimentation.
Agricultural land suitability Based on MCDA AHP on the basis of FAO, 1976 indicates that
suitability of various categories is re-classified into five classes based on the structure of the
FAO suitability classification such as Highly suitable (S1) about 23%, moderately suitable
(S2) about 30%, marginally suitable (S3) 27% Currently not suitable (N1) about 13% and
permanently not suitable (N2) about 7%.
In the second model of agriculture land suitability ten years land use/ land cover temporal
data have been used using Boolean logic based on sustained use of land. The area of Rabi
and Kharif is almost similar in nature in other hand highly suitable land (S1) in zaid season
decreases and least suitable land (S3) increases due to socio-economic need or livelihood of
the local populace. This model is easy in compare to AHP, but this logic is limited to specific
parameters, this method take care the constraints of the people. On the other hand AHP does
not account the constraints of the people.
Agriculture land suitability allocated by the MCDM and BLM is almost equal but in the
BLM technique the spatial distribution of different class is variable in comparison to land
classification by FAO (1976). Thus, the agriculture land suitability allocated by the BLM
approach is reliable to the local populace and there is a need for modification in the FAO
land suitability approaches as per requirement of this study area.
In other hand the domestic composting suitability sites are generated for each villages
depending upon village population. Best suitable sites are marked by using MCDA technique
applying AHP to customizing the MS Excel. Standard design has been adopted for domestic
composting. A design has been standardized of the size of 40mx30mx1m for the domestic
composting for 500 households and cattle. Domestic composting suitability index values are
classified into five classes: Excluded, Suitable but avoided, Moderately Suitable, Suitable
and Most Suitable. Higher the Suitability Index indicates better suitability of site for
domestic composting. It is found that there are at least ten such places where adequate land
available for the composting and which fulfill all the criteria related to environmental as well
as social required for a Domestic composting site.
The model output is the object oriented land suitability maps that suggest the appropriate use
of a particular land. Further land re-allocated in view of conflict if any from environmental
and local populace strength, weakness, aspirations and threats. Suitability study has been
carried out linking the current land use pattern and the suggested land use allocations from
the model through map algebra.
7.2 Recommendation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The LESA work should carried out on watershed basis.

FAO approach for land suitability should be tailored as per requirement of this area.
Fuzzy AHP approach be implemented and tested.
Strength weakness opportunity and threats of the local populace be considered.
Change management model be developed and implemented.
Capabilities of big data may be utilized for data processing and decision making.
Participatory mapping and Socio-economic consideration needs to be considered.
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ANNEXURE
Annexure-1 Metadata files information of Landsat 7 used in LU/LC analysis of the study
area
METADATA FILE INFORMATION OF LANDSAT 7 USED IN LU/LC ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY AREA
LANDSAT SCENE ID
DATE ACQUIRED
SCENE CENTER TIME
CLOUD COVER
(%)
ACCURACY
ASSESSMENT
(%)
METADATA FILE INFORMATION OF LANDSAT 7 IN 2006

LE71460392006058PFS00
2/27/2006
05:08:32.7162012Z
72
LE71460392006282ASN00
10/9/2006
05:07:49.2778222Z
74
LE71460392006346SGS00
12/12/2006
05:08:36.6242409Z
15
71

LE71460392007077SGS00
3/18/2007
05:08:59.0225446Z
73
LE71460392007157ASN00
6/6/2007
05:08:42.8561586Z
77
LE71460392007285PFS00
10/12/2007
05:08:11.7101823Z
71

LE71460392008064SGS00
3/4/2008
05:08:38.0666747Z
75
LE71460392008272ASN00
9/28/2008
05:07:13.8780072Z
77
LE71460392008352SGS05
12/17/2008
05:07:57.7329367Z
13
72

LE71460392009066SGS00
3/7/2009
05:08:32.7322456Z
24
74
LE71460392009146ASN00
5/26/2009
05:08:53.8011530Z
10
76
LE71460392009290SGS00
10/17/2009
05:08:37.4674292Z
15
77

LE71460392010277ASN00
10/4/2010
05:10:42.1018034Z
10
70
LE71460392010309ASN00
11/5/2010
05:11:01.9376870Z
11
73
LE71460392010357ASN00
12/23/2010
05:11:31.8454053Z
25
77

LE71460392011088PFS00
3/29/2011
05:12:02.9728353Z
22
73
LE71460392011136PFS00
5/16/2011
05:12:00.9482659Z
79
LE71460392011280PFS00
10/7/2011
05:11:39.8113539Z
77

LE71460392012075PFS00
3/15/2012
05:12:33.9860584Z
73
LE71460392012155PFS00
6/3/2012
05:12:49.5106521Z
11
70
LE71460392012299PFS02
10/25/2012
05:14:16.7360655Z
77
Annexure-2 Metadata files information of Landsat 8 used in LU/LC analysis of the study area
METADATA FILE INFORMATION OF LANDSAT 8 USED IN LU/LC ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY AREA
LANDSAT SCENE ID
DATE ACQUIRED
SCENE CENTER TIME
CLOUD COVER
(%)
ACCURACY ASSESSMENT
(%)

LC81460392013101LGN01
4/11/2013
05:22:06.3211803Z
6.08
70
LC81460392013149LGN00
5/29/2013
05:20:30.5105582Z
5.26
73
LC81460392013261LGN00
9/18/2013
05:20:24.3783473Z
1.84
72

LC81460392014072LGN00
3/13/2014
05:18:59.0582445Z
5.14
78
LC81460392014136LGN00
5/16/2014
05:17:59.4048414Z
1.26
68
LC81460392014328LGN00
11/24/2014
05:18:37.9587693Z
2.43
72

LC81460392015107LGN00
4/17/2015
05:17:50.2480656Z
2.48
64
LC81460392015139LGN00
5/19/2015
05:17:29.4433145Z
3.37
66
LC81460392015251LGN00
9/8/2015
05:18:19.1780214Z
1.16
79
Annexure- 3 Land Use and Land Cover data (in %) of study Area in Rabi Season (Nov-March)
Dates
Days
Urban/Rural
Buildings
Road
Crop
Land
Forest
Social
Forest
Water
Logged
Eroded
Land
Sandy
Area
Water
Body
Total
27-Feb-06
57
2.35
5.49
28.83
7.05
16.68
0.44
32.14
6.86
0.15
100.00
12-Dec-06
345
1.88
0.90
36.24
3.51
16.12
0.78
33.95
6.41
0.21
100.00
18-Mar-07
441
3.33
19.99
32.75
1.82
6.55
6.11
24.03
5.11
0.30
100.00
4-Mar-08
793
6.26
0.92
47.60
6.90
8.89
3.64
18.24
6.94
0.59
100.00
17-Dec-08
1081
0.80
3.20
58.88
0.63
14.43
0.17
17.10
4.41
0.38
100.00
7-Mar-09
1161
7.38
10.03
33.65
4.48
11.86
0.15
26.83
5.00
0.62
100.00
5-Nov-10
1769
6.26
3.38
29.43
5.09
25.74
0.86
22.70
6.03
0.49
100.00
23-Dec-10
1817
1.36
2.24
34.36
11.03
25.24
0.46
19.10
6.13
0.08
100.00
29-Mar-11
1913
1.91
6.93
48.97
3.56
20.88
0.59
9.55
7.37
0.24
100.00
15-Mar-12
2265
1.33
3.36
38.02
4.30
17.44
0.67
29.41
5.17
0.29
100.00
13-Mar-14
2993
4.63
10.28
61.50
3.30
9.71
2.37
5.08
2.80
0.34
100.00
24-Nov-14
3249
1.43
8.43
58.09
4.42
8.53
1.48
13.42
3.29
0.91
100.00
Average
3.24
6.26
42.36
4.67
15.17
1.48
20.96
5.46
0.38
100.00
median
2.13
4.44
37.13
4.36
15.28
0.73
20.90
5.60
0.32
100.00
max
7.38
19.99
61.50
11.03
25.74
6.11
33.95
7.37
0.91
100.00
min
0.80
0.90
28.83
0.63
6.55
0.15
5.08
2.80
0.08
100.00
Annexure- 4 Land Use and Land Cover data (in %) of study Area in Kharif Season (July-Oct)
Dates
Days
Urban/Rural
Buildings
Road
Crop
Land
Forest
Social
Forest
Water
Logged
Eroded
Land
Sandy
Area
Water
Body
Total
9-Oct-06
281
5.45
6.69
23.59
4.33
20.04
1.01
32.81
6.01
0.08
100.00
12-Oct-07
649
2.55
7.90
36.23
6.69
14.60
0.98
24.12
6.28
0.65
100.00
28-Sep-08
1001
3.30
2.06
44.99
6.47
12.39
0.37
24.32
5.31
0.80
100.00
17-Oct-09
1385
1.46
1.77
40.71
5.16
20.80
0.67
25.90
3.38
0.16
100.00
4-Oct-10
1737
7.26
11.43
29.34
7.59
14.89
0.64
23.68
4.30
0.86
100.00
7-Oct-11
2105
5.10
5.01
33.28
5.87
17.02
0.69
25.54
6.66
0.82
100.00
25-Oct-12
2489
2.51
5.86
30.45
5.54
23.37
3.01
23.47
5.41
0.36
100.00
18-Sep-13
2817
1.41
29.55
35.18
6.72
13.95
5.98
3.97
2.12
1.13
100.00
8-Sep-15
3537
2.26
3.89
66.98
7.65
8.34
1.82
6.30
2.44
0.32
100.00
Average
3.48
8.24
37.86
6.22
16.16
1.69
21.12
4.66
0.58
100.00
median
2.55
5.86
35.18
6.47
14.89
0.98
24.12
5.31
0.65
100.00
max
7.26
29.55
66.98
7.65
23.37
5.98
32.81
6.66
1.13
100.00
min
1.41
1.77
23.59
4.33
8.34
0.37
3.97
2.12
0.08
100.00
Annexure- 5 Land Use and Land Cover data (in %) of study Area in Zaid Season (April-June)
Dates
Days
Urban/Rural
Buildings
Road
Crop
Land
Forest
Social
Forest
Water
Logged
Eroded
Land
Sandy
Area
Water
Body
Total
6-Jun-07
521
6.28
1.63
59.17
1.84
7.40
0.70
14.48
8.06
0.45
100.00
26-May-09
1241
1.61
2.54
61.72
1.53
2.52
0.54
22.78
6.04
0.72
100.00
16-May-11
1961
1.22
9.40
51.58
1.83
6.43
0.40
24.31
4.55
0.29
100.00
3-Jun-12
2345
1.33
3.36
38.02
4.30
17.44
0.67
29.41
5.17
0.29
100.00
11-Apr-13
2657
1.28
11.73
68.95
2.45
3.69
3.67
3.21
3.99
1.03
100.00
29-May-13
2705
3.01
11.22
55.45
1.45
5.69
8.45
10.79
3.36
0.58
100.00
16-May-14
3057
3.12
7.24
62.30
0.68
5.03
4.99
12.91
3.10
0.62
100.00
17-Apr-15
3393
1.72
9.38
69.12
3.08
2.98
1.31
9.70
2.06
0.65
100.00
19-May-15
3425
1.77
15.17
63.21
2.23
4.71
3.20
6.29
2.89
0.53
100.00
Average
2.37
7.96
58.84
2.15
6.21
2.66
14.88
4.36
0.57
100.00
median
1.72
9.38
61.72
1.84
5.03
1.31
12.91
3.99
0.58
100.00
max
6.28
15.17
69.12
4.30
17.44
8.45
29.41
8.06
1.03
100.00
min
1.22
1.63
38.02
0.68
2.52
0.40
3.21
2.06
0.29
100.00
Annexure- 6 CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY ASSESSMENT REPORT

Classification accuracy assessment report
-------------------------------------------------Image File: d:/landsat 8 data/final 2015/8 september-----/supervise classification 8 September 2015.img
User Name: OM PRAKASH MAURYA
Date : Mon Feb 22 01:37:30 2016
ERROR MATRIX
Reference Data
--------------------
Unclassified
Eroded
land
Crop
land
Sandy
land
Road
Water
logged
Water
body
Urban/rural
building
Row total
Forest
Social
forest
Unclassified
Eroded land
Crop land
52
64
Sandy land
Road
Water logged
Water body
Urban/rural building
Forest
20
21
Social forest
Column Total
55
21
100
Classified Data
5
1
0
----- End of Error Matrix ----
ACCURACY TOTALS
------------------------------Class
Reference Classified Number
Name
Totals
Totals
Correct
--------------------------- -----Unclassified
0
0
0
Eroded land
7
2
1
Crop land
55
64
52
Sandy land
5
1
1
Road
1
4
1
Water logged
0
2
0
Water body
0
0
0
Urban/rural building 4
4
3
Forest
21
21
20
Social forest
7
2
1
Totals
100
100
Producers
Accuracy
----------14.29%
94.55%
20.00%
100.00%
----75.00%
95.24%
14.29%
Users
Accuracy
----------50.00%
81.25%
100.00%
25.00%
----75.00%
95.24%
50.00%
79
Overall Classification Accuracy =
79.00%
----- End of Accuracy Totals -----
KAPPA (K^) STATISTICS

----------------------------------Overall Kappa Statistics = 0.6492
Conditional Kappa for each Category
-------------------------------------------Class Name
Kappa
-------------Unclassified
0.0000
Eroded land
0.4624
Crop land
0.5833
Sandy land
1.0000
Road
0.2424
Water logged
0.0000
Water body
0.0000
Urban/rural buildings 0.7396
Forest
0.9397
Social forest
0.4624
----- End of Kappa Statistics -----
Annexure-7
(If amenities available code -Yes is given, If not available within the village code-No is given , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b
for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given).
Ground Truth Data (Collected Through Interaction with Gram Pradhan and local Populace)
Amenities and Land use
Garh Meerpur
Name village
Total area of the village ( in hectares
rounded up to one decimal place)
Total population ( 2011 census )
Number of households (2011 census)
Pre-Primary school (PP)
Primary school (P)
Middle school (M)
Secondary School (S)
Senior Secondary
school (SS)
Number of
educational Degree college of arts
science & commerce
facilities
(ASC)
available.
Engineering
college(EC)
Dhanauri
/
Tanda
Dhanaura
Aurangabad
Teliwala
Jasawa
Anneki Rasoolpur Kutubpur
Wala
Garh
479
128.3
752
789.2
298.1
816.7
50.9
94
307.2
2921
568
3
4
3
2
795
141
1
3
2
a
3656
692
2
3
1
1
5742
963
3
3
1
b
2196
374
2
1
1
a
6843
1275
2
5
1
a
607
107
2
1
a
a
627
104
a
1
a
a
9130
1482
6
5
1
1
Polytechnic (Pt)
Vocational training
school /ITI
Dhanauri
/
Dhanaura
Tanda
Hospital-allopathic
(HA)
Hospital-alternative
medicine (HO)
Dispensary (D)
Veterinary hospital
(VH)
Mobile health
clinic (MHC)
Name village
Community health
centre (CHC)
Primary health
centre (PHC)
Primary health sub
centre (PHS)
Maternity and child
welfare centre
(MCW)
Number of
Medical
Amenities
available.
Aurangabad Teliwala
Jasawa
Anneki Rasoolpur Kutubpur
Wala
Garh
Tap water
(Treated/Untreated)
Well water
(Covered /
Uncovered well)
Availability of
drinking water
- Yes / No
Availability of
toilet & others
Yes / No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Hand Pump
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tube wells / Bore

well
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Spring
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
River / Canal
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Tank / Pond / Lake
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Others
Community toilet
including bath.
Community toilet
excluding bath.
Community biogas or recycle of
compost for
productive use.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Tanda
Aurangabad
Teliwala
Jasawa
Wala
Anneki
Rasoolpur
Kutubpur Garh
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Bus service (Public

Yes
& Private)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Railway stations
Auto/Modified
Autos
Yes
Yes
Tractors
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cycle-pulled
rickshaws(Manual
& Machine driven)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Carts driven
animals
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Name village
Post office(PO)
Sub post office
(SPO)
Post & Telegraph
office (P&TO)
Telephones
(Land lines)
Public call office
(PCO)
Mobile
coverage
Communication
and transport
facilities
Dhanauri
/
Dhanaura
c
phone
by
Dhanauri
/
Dhanaura
Tanda
Aurangabad
Teliwala
Jasawa
Wala
Anneki
Rasoolpur
Kutubpur Garh
Yes
Connected to state
Yes
highway(SH)
Yes
Connected to major
Yes
district road (MDR)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Name village
Connected to
national
highway(NH)
Village
connected
to
highways,
village
roads,
banks & credit
societies
Connected to others
a
district road
Pucca roads
Yes
Kutchcha roads
Yes
Water
bounded
macadam(WBM)
Yes
roads
Footpaths (FP)
Yes
Commercial & CoYes
operative Banks
Name village
Self-Help
(SHG)
Availabilit
y of
miscellane
ous
facilities
Group
Dhanauri
/
Dhanaura
Tanda
Aurangabad Teliwala
Jasawa
Wala
Anneki
Rasoolpur
Kutubpur Garh
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Public
distribution
Yes
system (PDS) shop
Mandis / Regular
Yes
market
Weekly Haat
Yes
Yes
Agricultural
marketing society
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
ASHA
(Accredited
Social
Health Yes
Activist)
Availabilit
y of
electricity
(Yes/No)
Power Supply for

Yes
Domestic Use (ED)
Power Supply for
Agricultural
Use Yes
(EAG)
Power Supply for
Yes
Commercial Use (EC)
Name village
Land
Use
Forests
Area
under
Nonagricultural
Uses
Barren
and
Area
Un-cultivable
under
different land
types of Permanent
land use Pastures and
(in
Other Grazing
hectare). Lands
Land
Under
Miscellaneous
Tree Crops etc.
Cultivable
Compost Land
Dhanauri
/
Tanda
Dhanaura
0
0
Aurangabad Teliwala
Jasawa
Wala
Anneki
Rasoolpur Kutubpur Garh
0.3
146
7.6
225.3
154.4
50.7
197.4
4.1
23
68.9
1.4
10
26.2
1.2
35.5
17
19.7
246.6
10.5
3.4
122.9
0.2
Dhanauri /
Tanda
Dhanaura
Name village
Land
Use
Area
under
different
types of
land use
(in
hectare).
Area
irrigated
by
source
(in
hectare).
Aurangabad
Teliwala
Jasawa
Wala
Anneki
Rasoolpur
Kutubpur
Garh
Fallow lands other

than
current 0
fallows
0.2
Current Fallows
60.5
17.1
2.4
11.2
23.6
Net Area Sown
305
101.1
280.2
537.5
226.6
494.9
44.4
58.6
178.9
Total
Irrigated
305
Land Area
96.4
254.1
412
223.2
463.3
44.1
58
165.2
Total Un-irrigated
0
Land Area
4.7
26.1
125.4
3.4
31.6
0.3
0.7
13.7
Canals ( C )
96.4
254.1
194.2
58
165.2
Wells/Tubewells(W/TW)
305
412
223.2
269.1
44.1
Tanks/Lakes(T/L)
Water Falls(WF)
Others(O)
Flour
Flour
Gur
Gur
Gur
Name of three First

most important Second
commodities
Third
manufactured
Annexure-8 Calculation for weight and consistency ratio of site suitability for domestic composting
Saaty approach has been used in assessing the weight. The pairwise comparison is made and weight assessed. In this process MS Excel has been
customized to carry out the AHP.
Land use Land Cover

1
Proximity to Roads
1
1/2
Proximity to Water Bodies
1/2
Proximity to River
1/3
Proximity to Settlement Area 1/3
Type of Soil
1/5
Slope
1/5
Flood plain
1/7
Geological Map
1/5
Drainage Density
1/4
1
1
1/2
1/2
1/3
1/3
1/5
1/5
1/6
1/6
1/5
2
2
1
1
1/2
1/2
1/4
1/4
1/5
1/4
1/5
2
2
1
1
1/2
1/2
1/4
1/4
1/5
1/6
1/4
3
3
2
2
1
1
1/3
1/3
1/5
1/3
1/4
3
3
2
2
1
1
1/2
1/2
1/7
1/6
1/5
5
5
4
4
3
2
1
1
1/5
1/5
1/3
5
5
4
4
3
2
1
1
1/7
1/2
1/2
7
6
5
5
5
7
5
7
1
1/3
1/5
Drainage Density
Geological map
Flood Plain
Slope
Type of Soil
Proximity to Settlement
Area
Proximity to River
Proximity to Water
Bodies
Proximity to Roads
Land use Land Cover
Values in fraction
5
6
4
6
3
6
5
2
3
1
1/2
4
5
5
4
4
5
3
2
5
2
1
Land use Land Cover

Proximity to Roads
Proximity to River
Proximity to Settlement Area
Type of Soil
Slope
Flood plain
Geological Map
Drainage Density
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.33
0.33
0.20
0.20
0.14
0.20
0.25
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.33
0.33
0.20
0.20
0.17
0.17
0.20
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.25
0.20
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.17
0.25
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.33
0.33
0.20
0.33
0.25
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.14
0.17
0.20
5.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.20
0.20
0.33
5.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
0.14
0.50
0.50
7.00
6.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
7.00
5.00
7.00
1.00
0.33
0.20
5.00
6.00
4.00
6.00
3.00
6.00
5.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
0.50
Drainage Density
Geological map
Flood Plain
Slope
Type of Soil
Proximity to
Settlement Area
Proximity to River
Proximity to Water
Bodies
Proximity to Roads
Land use Land Cover
Values in Decimal
4.00
5.00
5.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
2.00
5.00
2.00
1.00
weight
Drainage Density
Geological map
Flood Plain
Slope
Type of Soil
Proximity to
Settlement Area
Proximity to River
Proximity to Water
Bodies
Proximity to Roads
Land use Land Cover
Normalization
Land use Land Cover

Proximity to Roads
0.21
0.21
0.11
0.22
0.22
0.11
0.25
0.25
0.12
0.25
0.25
0.12
0.22
0.22
0.15
0.22
0.22
0.15
0.19
0.19
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.13
0.19
0.20
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.15
0.10
0.14
0.10
0.13
Proximity to River
Proximity to Settlement Area
Type of Soil
Slope
Flood plain
Geological Map
Drainage Density
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.11
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.10
0.14
0.10
0.14
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.07
0.14
0.12
0.05
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.10
0.13
0.08
0.05
0.13
0.05
0.03
0.08
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.02
lambda()= 12.34, Consistensy index (CI) =(-n)/(n-1)= 0.13 , Random consistency index(RI)= 1.51, Consistency ratio(CR) =CI/RI= 0.088
CR =0.088 < 0.1(consistent)
Here, CR<0.1
So computed CR is less than 0.1, the calculated weights of the factors are consistent.

Final Thesis - 1

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Final Thesis - 1

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Chapter 1

1|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

1.3 Thesis Objective

2|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

LAND EVALUATION, RURAL LAND-USE PLANNING AND

2.2 Land Suitability

3|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

Land Suitability Orders

Land on which sustained use of kind under concern is estimated to yield

Land having no restrictions to continuing particular use, or only negligible

4|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

There is not suitable class in Order Not Suitable.

Land having restrictions which seem as simple as to prohibit any

Permanently not suitable.

2.4 Role of LESA in Rural Land Use Planning

5|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

2.5 Land use planning and land evaluation

6|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

2.7 Literature Review

GIS and Remote

7|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

2.7.2 Agricultural land suitability

Criteria for Selecting Map

8|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

9|Land Evaluation And Site Assessment for Rural Land Use

2.7.3 LESA approach

Post-FAO (after 1976)

2.8 Present day Rural Development Approaches in India

2.8.2 Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA)

Recognition of Infrastructure and Urban Facilities:

2.8.3 Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)

Optimal requirement for LESA

Implementing LESA for Rural Land

Fig: 3.1 Methodology

3.1.1 Requirement Analysis (I Phase)

3.1.4 Testing & Finalization (IV Phase)

THE STUDY AREA AND DATA INTEGRATION

Fig: 4.1 Location of study area

4.2 SWOT Analyses of the study area

Ample agricultural land

Poor soil and

Shortage of agricultural produce stores.

Migration of young workers.

Optimal use of natural resources

Frequent Threat from natural disasters

Increasing demand for local produce.

Demand for Agriculture/ at local

Poor economic condition leading to

Huge unskilled work force

Scope for local market.

Poor ambient environmental condition

Need for Road connectivity to the

Air and Water Pollution. Lack of

Poor condition of cleanliness of the

Support from many

4.3 Required database for land use planning

Barren land/un used land

Active flood plain

Slope/ Contour/ DEM

Soil depth, Subsurface geology

4.4 Status of Existing data for Micro level Planning

Problems for non-availability of maps

non-availability of rural extensive latest topographic and cadastral database

Safekeeping restriction problems interrelated to the use of topographic database or