Rubis Guided Session #1: A01 - Introduction

Ecrin v4.20 - Doc v4.20.
01 - KAPPA 1988-2011
Rubis Guided Session #1 RubGS01 - 1/33
Rubis Guided Session #1
A01 Introduction
This chapter is an introduction to the basic features of Rubis. The exercise is by no means
intended to reproduce a realistic scenario. It is assumed that you have installed the Ecrin
workstation to follow this session. An isothermal three-phase model will be built and simulated,
the scenario comprising a water injector and a producer.
The session will use the five following files installed in the example directory during the main
installation of Ecrin: RubGS01_FieldMap.bmp, RubGS01_TopHorizon.asc,
RubGS01_ShaleThickness.asc, RubGS01_SandPermeability.asc,
and RubGS01_SandPorosity.asc.
Key functionalities presented: creation of the reservoir contour and faults from a
bitmap, layers definition, use of external datasets to define layer horizons and
petrophysical properties, pre-gridding and post-gridding visualization of the
geometry, initial state, KrPc, wells, simulation and results visualization.
B01 Model Construction: New Document Creation and PVT Initialization

B01.1 New Document Creation
Start Ecrin and click on the Rubis icon
to make Rubis the active module. The main program
window is displayed with a control panel to the left, click on the new project button
the dialog for the identification of the new project is displayed:
Fig. B01.1 Field Infos dialog
and
Ecrin v4.20 - Doc v4.20.01 - KAPPA 1988-2011
Accept all default values and upon completion the 2D Map tab
toolbars at the top:
is displayed with several
Fig. B01.2 Startup screen

The control panel contains 3 different pages that may be activated by clicking on the
corresponding buttons:
,
and
. When the mouse
cursor is moved on top of any toolbar or control panel button, a brief description of the
corresponding option appears in a popup window and in the status bar (the status bar is the
bottom bar in the displayed screen). The project has been created and the
has been activated.
page
B01.2 PVT Initialization

Click on the PVT icon in the Simulation page to edit the PVT definition, and set the fluid type
to saturated oil with water:
Fig. B01.3 PVT Definition
In this simple example we will ignore the input of the PVT correlations that can be edited
phase by phase (
buttons), and proceed with the defaults. Click OK to validate.
B02 Model Construction: Defining the Reservoir Volumes

B02.1 Reservoir Lateral Definition: Contour and Faults
Click on the Load Bitmap icon (
) in the 2D Map (tab
) toolbar to load the field
bitmap representation of the reservoir. Select the file RubGS01_FieldMap.bmp in the load file
dialog:
Fig. B02.1 Field bitmap

Zoom on the map region representing the scale (
reset the 2DMap scale as indicated below:
) and click on the set scale icon (
Fig. B02.2 Setting the right scale: measure the distance with the mouse (left),
and enter the new distance as indicated on the map legend (right).
) to
Next, draw the contour (

) to fit the limits indicated by the field image. Starting anywhere
on the contour, proceed around the reservoir by moving the mouse and clicking until the
rubber band of the overlaid trace is complete. Double click to finish. Finally we will draw the
sealing faults indicated as inner black lines on the bitmap. Click on
same technique used to draw the contour.
and use exactly the
When the contour and the faults are created hide the bitmap by selecting the option show
nothing in the display settings (
) in order to visualize the current top view of the reservoir:
Fig. B02.3 2DMap after contour and faults creation

B02.2 Reservoir Vertical Definition: Defining the Layers
We will now complete the definition of the reservoir shape by setting the number of layers as
well as the individual layer horizons. This is achieved in the Geometry
in the Simulation page, which calls the Reservoir Geometry dialog:
Fig. B02.4 Reservoir Geometry dialog
option available
In the dialog above, change the number of layers to 3, and in the table rename the top layer
(Layer 1) to Sand, the middle layer to Shale and the bottom layer (Layer 3) to Bottom.
Then, change the top horizon of the Sand layer from Constant to Data Set. The dialog
should then present the following display:
Fig. B02.5 Reservoir Geometry dialog, 3 layers being now defined
Click on
to enter the data points
that will be used to define the
surface of the top horizon. The top
Sand Data Set definition dialog
will then show up:
In this dialog, click on

to load
the data points from the file called
RubGS01_TopHorizon.asc.
This file contains tabulated data for
the top horizon of the reservoir in a
{x,y,top} format. Select Load to
load the points.
After the load is completed the data

are displayed in the left-hand side
table and the current interpolated
map is displayed on the right-hand
side:
Note that this dialog can be resized
by dragging the bottom right corner.
The interpolation method that is

used
by
default
is
Linear
interpolation as can be seen when
clicking on the Interpolation tab
. Press OK to validate.
In a similar manner, change the thickness of the Sand layer from Constant to Data set, and
click on the
button again to define the corresponding data points. This time, we will not use
a predefined file, but pick the thickness points on the screen. Click on the
button to
directly define the data set point by point on the right-hand side plot. The desired thickness is
entered at the bottom left, and the points with this thickness value are picked next. Impose a
thickness of 50 ft in the south-west of the reservoir and 40 ft in the north-east, with a
maximum thickness of 70 ft in the center, as displayed below:
Fig. B02.6 Defining the data points for the Sand layer thickness
Click on OK to validate when a sufficient number of data points have been picked to reproduce
the desired trend.
To finish with the layers definitions, we are now going to load the thickness of the Shale layer
from the RubGS01_ShaleThickness.asc file. Change the thickness type from Constant to
Data set, and load the corresponding data as already performed for the top horizon of the
Sand layer. In this case also we will keep the default interpolation method (linear):
Fig. B02.7 Changing the interpolation method for the Shale layer thickness
After this step has been completed, the Reservoir Geometry dialog should now display the
following parameters or something fairly close:
Fig. B02.8 Reservoir Geometry dialog after the input of all data
Note that the numbers being displayed in the Value column of the table are obtained from a
simple arithmetic average of all points when the horizon is defined as a Data Set. As a result,
you should retrieve the very same numbers for the Sandtop and Shalethickness lines,
whereas the value for the Sand-thickness line will depend on the number of points you picked
to define the last horizon.
Click on OK in the reservoir geometry dialog to confirm the current layer definition.
B02.3 A First Preview of the Reservoir Geometry
Before moving on with the definition of the reservoir properties, we are going to visually check
the defined geometry. The 2D Map already displays a top view of the field that can be
completed by an unlimited number of vertical cross-sections. Click on the
button in the
2DMap toolbar to create a vertical cross-section in a South West North East direction by
drawing a multiple line (like a fault) double-click to finish:
Fig. B02.9 Cross-section created in the 2DMap
Then double-click on the created trajectory (red) to view the corresponding vertical
cross-section:
Fig. B02.10 Cross-section vertical display

This plot displays an intersection of the reservoir with the vertical plane identified by the red
polyline drawn in the 2DMap. The intersections with the faults are shown with thick black lines.
While the cross-section plot is displayed, you can change the red path in the 2DMap in order to
have a dynamic update of the plot (drag any existing pivot, or add new point and move them):
Fig. B02.11 Dynamic update of the vertical cross-section plot
B03 Model Construction: Properties Definition

B03.1 Defining Petrophysical Properties
Click on the Properties button in the Simulation page to access the Reservoir Properties
dialog:
Fig. B03.1 Reservoir Properties dialog

By default the entire reservoir carries the
same properties, as illustrated by a
unique property set called Default
same petrophysical properties, same
initial state description, same KrPc. But
here we are going to define specific rock
properties for each layer. To achieve this
change the
reservoir definition
to
Layered as shown opposite.
Then select the Sand layer in the table

located on the left-hand part of the
dialog:
Click on the
button below the table to
create a new property set, and rename it
Sand Rock. Proceed identically to create
a specific property set for the Shale layer
(Shale Rock), to finally get the following
display:
Select the Sand Rock property set in the

assignment table in order to edit its
petrophysical properties listed on the
right. In the petrophysics table change
the permeability (k) type from Constant
to Data set:
Click on
to get back to the data
load and edition dialog already
visited when defining the reservoir
layers.
Load (
RubGS01_SandPermeability.asc:
Proceed similarly to define the sand

porosity from the data contained in
the
RubGS01_SandPorosity.asc
file:
Once this is completed, select the shale rock

property set in the assignment table:
Enter the following properties for this rock type:

permeability of 0.001 mD, porosity equal to 0.05,
and leakage factor (modeling a reduction of the
layer to layer connection) of 0.05:
Let the property set for the bottom layer be the default values. Specific petrophysical
properties have been defined for the Sand and Shale layers. We will define a description of the
initial state and KrPc properties uniquely over the complete reservoir, although these
properties could be defined layer by layer or zone by zone.
B03.2 Defining the Initial State
While editing the sand rock and shale rock property sets, make sure that the Initial State and
KrPc buttons remain unchecked:
This implies that those two property sets do not redefine their own initial state and KrPc
properties but use the defaults. Select the Default property set in the assignment table
(Bottom Layer) and click on the (now enabled) Initial State button to edit the global reservoir
initial state description:
In the following dialog keep the reference initial pressure equal to 5000 psia at 6000 ft, let the
reservoir temperature unchanged (212 F), and change the GOC to 5500 ft and the WOC to
6080 ft:
Fig. B03.2 Reservoir initial state

In this case there is no gascap.
Click on OK to validate the changes.
B03.3 Defining the KrPc
Click on the KrPc icon to edit the reservoir relative permeabilities and capillary pressures:
Fig. B03.3 KrPc dialog
The first 3 tabs in this dialog define the water-oil, oil-gas and three-phase (Kro) relative
permeabilities. First check the No extrapolation flag located in the lower part of the first tab.
Then move to the Kr Two-phase tab

and
graphically
impose
the
(approximate) shape to the Water-Oil
system
relative
permeabilities
by
dragging the end points ( ) with the
mouse:
Select the Oil-Gas system in the Phases

droplist to proceed similarly with this
new set of curves:
Move to the Kr Three-Phase tab to edit

the total oil relative permeability, and
change the Three-phase model to
Geometrical:
The two last dialog tabs are dedicated to the definition of the water-oil and oil-gas capillary
pressure curves. We will keep the default curves available in Rubis:
Fig. B03.4 Water-oil and oil-gas capillary pressures

Click on OK to validate.
B04 Model Construction: Building the Wells

B04.1 Wells Creation and Naming
Click on
in the 2DMap toolbar to display the reservoir bitmap (show bitmap):
Fig. B04.1 Bitmap display before wells creation
Use the create vertical well

button in the toolbar to interactively place the
well on top of the P01 with a mouse click.
Proceed similarly to create the second vertical well on I02. You may now either double-click on
any well on the 2D Map or select the Wells button
the Reservoir Wells dialog:
in the
page to access
Fig. B04.2 Reservoir Wells dialog

Rename the wells with the names displayed in the bitmap- P01 for the eastern
well, and I02 for the one in the western part of the reservoir you can
achieve this by editing directly the well name in the corresponding table
column:
B04.2 Perforations and Controls for P01
Click on the first line in the table to select the P01 well (the line will be highlighted in blue),
and then click on the Perforations button
In the following dialog make the Cross-Section View tab active, automatically the perforation
extends on the complete reservoir thickness. Reduce it interactively to a unique perforation
located in the top (Sand) layer, by click and drag:
Fig. B04.3 Perforating P01 in the Sand layer
Once the perforation has been placed click on

layer:
to have the perforation span the entire top
Fig. B04.4 Final perforation for P01
Click on OK to validate. Then click on the Wellbore button

to edit the wellbore model
that will be applied to compute the pressure drop along P01. In the following dialog set the use
of All trajectory, means that the wellbore model will be used along the reservoir section of
P01 to the wellhead. Rubis has the ability to use a much more complex well model, including
total trajectory of the well, different IDs, different roughness, different thermal gradients and
different pressure drop models along the well. The use of third party lift curves is also
supported.
Fig. B04.5 Wellbore definition for P01
Click on the Controls button

in the Reservoir Wells dialog to define the production
schedule for the well P01. The following dialog displays all controls at this well in a tabular
format, the table is empty when viewed for the first time. Click on Add to create a new control
for this well.
Change the target type to P(Surf), meaning that the well will be produced at constant surface
pressure. In the corresponding Value cell (highlighted in red) enter 2000 psia.
Keep the corresponding constraint type to QTot(BH) (total bottomhole rate), and enter 15000
B/D for the value of this constraint:
Fig. B04.6 History schedule for P01

Click on
in the Conditional constraints window to activate the constraint that closes
the well when the total bottomhole rate reaches the zero value.
In practice, those numbers imply that P01 will be produced at a constant surface pressure of
2000 psia unless the total bottomhole rate gets above 15000 B/D, in which case the
production will switch to a constant rate production fixed at the later value (of 15000 B/D).
The well P01 is now defined, we can move on with I02.
B04.3 Perforations and Controls for I02
Select I02 in the Reservoir Wells dialog and click on Perforations. In the following dialog,
change MD start (starting measured depth for the perforation) to 6083 ft, and MD end
to 6096 ft.
Switch to the Cross-Section View tab to check that the perforation is located in the lower part
of the reservoir:
Fig. B04.7 Perforation for I02

While in the same page, click on
to visualize the fluid contacts and check that the I02
perforation is located below the water-oil contact:
Fig. B04.8 I02 perforation is located below the OWC
We will not use a wellbore model for this well (the pressure drop will be derived from the
hydrostatic gradient only), so we do not need to visit the Wellbore dialog.
Click now on Controls to create the following water injection control:
Fig. B04.9 History schedule for I02

Change the mode from Producer to Injector and the target type to QWat(BH) (water
bottomhole rate), enter a value of -5000 STB/D for the injection rate controlled by a maximum
surface pressure of 10000 psia.
Click on
in the Conditional constraints window to activate the constraint that closes
the well when the total bottomhole rate reaches the zero value.
Finally, click on OK to exit the Reservoir Wells dialog: both wells are defined.
B04.4 Checking the Well Positions
Before proceeding with the next simulation step the grid construction, we can have a last
check of the current geometry.
Back to the 2DMap, you can first hide the bitmap if you did not do so before (
). Then, move
the cross-section (red) line to make sure that it goes through each well you may add a new
node on the line with a single click, then use the attraction law of the well (its node will turn
green) to release the mouse when a cross-section node is moved close-by:
Initial situation:
New cross-section node created next to I02:
While moving the new node towards I02 the later turns green:
Release the mouse: the cross-section node goes through the well:
The final cross-section should approximately present the following shape:
Fig. B04.10 Cross-section running through I02 and P01

Double-click on the cross-section and select
fluid contacts:
in the following dialog to visualize the initial
Fig. B04.11 Initial fluid contacts compared to I02 and P01 perforations
P01 will produce the oil zone, whereas I02 will inject in the water zone.
Remove the display of the fluid contacts by clicking again on
as the Property to be displayed along the cross-section:
and, in turn, select k and phi
Fig. B04.12 Permeability (left) and porosity (right) display along the cross-section
C01 Simulation: Grid Construction

C01.1 Constructing the Grid
Click on the Grid button
dialog:
in the
page to edit the Simulation Grid
Fig. C01.1 Simulation Grid dialog

This dialog lists the various settings that control the construction of the Rubis grid: number of
cells in the background grid, number of sub-layers, etc... We will accept the defaults except for
the PV Max / layer parameter that we will reset to 1 (in order to save CPU time in this quick
exercise). Then move on with the grid construction by clicking OK. The 3D geometrical grid is
then built and specific plots (3D, 2D and cross-section) are created in the Simulation tab:
Fig. C01.2 Simulation tab after grid construction
Maximize the 3D Geometry plot to have it full screen. In the plot toolbar, keep the
button
pressed until the vertical rendering is satisfactory. Then zoom on the first grid cells around the
I02 well in the plot:
Fig. C01.3 3D grid around the I02 well

Change now the property to be displayed from No Display to Fine Grid:
Fig. C01.4 3D fine grid around the I02 well

The two figures above illustrate the fact that two grids have actually been constructed: the
coarse grid that will be used for the later flow simulation, and a reciprocal fine grid with finer
cells around each well that is used to compute each well index with a higher precision. The
later operation is performed during the initialization step: the coarse grid well index is adjusted
by comparing the results of a single phase flow simulation on each fine grid / coarse grid well
module.
Click on
to reset the current zoom and view again the complete reservoir.
C01.2 Visualizing the Grid and the Petrophysical Properties

In the 3D Geometry plot toolbar, change the property to be displayed from No Display to k,
and click on
to display the corresponding colorscale:
Fig. C01.5 Permeability field displayed in the 3D Geometry plot

Minimize the 3D plot, and now maximize the 2D Geometry plot instead. Select Phi as the
displayed property: the plot will show a horizontal cross-section of the reservoir at a depth
controlled by the Current Depth dialog (called by
be edited through the
) - the color scale of each property may
button.
Fig. C01.6 Porosity field displayed at different depths in the 2D Geometry plot
C02 Simulation: Run Settings and Problem Initialization

C02.1 Run Settings
We now need to define the duration of the simulation, and the type of results to be output.
Those options are set in the Simulation - Run Settings
dialog, called from the
page:
Fig. C02.1 Simulation - Run Settings dialog

This dialog contains 4 tabs:
The Time Settings tab controls the duration of the simulation and other related
aspects,
The Numerical Settings tab permits to tune the numerical solvers,
The Results tab allows for a finer selection of the desired output (gauges, well logs,
output fields),
The Restart Settings tab controls the storage frequency of numerical restarts.
In our case we will keep all defaults offered in Rubis, except for the run duration that needs to
be reset to 1000 days (slightly less than 3 years) in the first tab:
Once this modification has been made, click on OK to validate and proceed with the
initialization step.
C02.2 Initialization
Click on Initialize
in the
page to launch the problem initialization: the
initial state is computed, and a numerical upscaling is performed around all wells the
different steps are listed in the activity report located in the lower part of the Simulation tab.
When the initialization is over, maximize the 3D Geometry plot to display the initial reservoir
pressure and saturation fields. To achieve this, select in turn p and saturations as the
property to be displayed in a later version all saturations will be displayed using a ternary
color scale:
Fig. C02.2 Initial pressure field displayed in the 3D Geometry plot
Fig. C02.3 Initial saturations field displayed in the 3D Geometry plot
In the later display, one can clearly see that the bottom part of the reservoir is filled with
water, and that the reservoir does not contain any initial free gas.
This may also be checked in the Cross-section plot: maximize this plot, and select saturations
as the property to be displayed:
Fig. C02.4 Initial saturations field displayed in the Cross-Section plot
C03 Simulation: Run Simulation and Results Visualization

C03.1 Run Simulation
Click on Simulate
to start the simulation thread: the simulation is initiated and results
are displayed in real time as the run goes on. Note that it is possible to perform any action on
the output plots (delete, create new, maximize, zoom in, etc...) as the simulation runs. The
complete simulation should be performed with approximately 250 time steps. A run summary
and some primary results (reserves, total cumulative production at the wells, etc...) can be
obtained by double-clicking on the Simulation status window:
Fig.C03.1 Simulation status window (left) and Main Results (right)

C03.2 Looking at Well Results
Two specific plots (Gauges P01 and Gauges I02) contain the evolution of pressure and
rates simulated at the wells. Maximize the Gauges P01 plot:
Fig. C03.2 P01 output gauges
Click on
in the plot toolbar. In the
following dialog choose to display only the
surface oil, water and gas rates, along with
the surface pressure:
The curves remaining on the screen show

that water breaks through at the producer
after about 21000 hrs of production:
C03.3 Looking at Field Results

Maximize the 3D Geometry plot, and display the initial pressure field by selecting the first
output time (
in the plot toolbar). Click on
to access the plot display settings, and in the
Cross-Section tab choose to cut the reservoir along a horizontal plane at a depth of 5960 ft:
Fig. C03.3 3D Geometry plot display settings
Click on OK to exit, and display the last stored pressure field by clicking on
scale minimum and maximum values by clicking on
settings dialog, then
look like:
. Reset the color
first to access the property map display
in that dialog to reset the color scale values. The final result should
Fig. C03.4 Final pressure field at 5960 ft
Not surprisingly, Rubis shows that the strongest

pressure depletion is located in the vicinity of the
P01 producer. On the other hand, the North-West
region (located on the right in the zoomed region
below) exhibits higher pressure values, due to the
existence of the shale layer that crosses the 5960 ft
depth plane:
Maximize the 2D Geometry plot and set the current

depth to stratigraphic in the Current Depth dialog,
.
Select the Sand layer.
Set Sw as the displayed property, show the initial condition with

back the evolution of Sw with time:
, and click on
to play-
Fig. C03.5 Evolution of water saturation with time in the Sand layer
The animation and the final saturation field show that water invades the top layer by passing
across the null-thickness region of the shale layer:
Fig. C03.6 Comparison of the Shale thickness map (left)

with the final Sw field in the Sand layer (right)
Maximize the cross-section plot, set the display to saturations and replay the simulation using
again. When the animation is complete, move the mouse in the vicinity of the P01 well
(located on the right), in order to read the last saturation values:
Fig. C03.7 So,Sg and Sw simulated in the vicinity of P01 after 1000 days of production
As can be seen above, some free gas appears by pressure depletion around P01 during the
simulation.

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Rubis Guided Session #1

B01 Model Construction: New Document Creation and PVT Initialization

to make Rubis the active module. The main program

Fig. B01.1 Field Infos dialog

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is displayed with several

Fig. B01.2 Startup screen

B01.2 PVT Initialization

Fig. B01.3 PVT Definition

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buttons), and proceed with the defaults. Click OK to validate.

B02 Model Construction: Defining the Reservoir Volumes

Fig. B02.1 Field bitmap

) and click on the set scale icon (

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Next, draw the contour (

and use exactly the

) in order to visualize the current top view of the reservoir:

Fig. B02.3 2DMap after contour and faults creation

Fig. B02.4 Reservoir Geometry dialog

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Fig. B02.5 Reservoir Geometry dialog, 3 layers being now defined

In this dialog, click on

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After the load is completed the data

The interpolation method that is

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Fig. B02.9 Cross-section created in the 2DMap

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Fig. B02.10 Cross-section vertical display

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Fig. B02.11 Dynamic update of the vertical cross-section plot

B03 Model Construction: Properties Definition

Fig. B03.1 Reservoir Properties dialog

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Then select the Sand layer in the table

Select the Sand Rock property set in the

Proceed similarly to define the sand

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Once this is completed, select the shale rock

Enter the following properties for this rock type:

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Fig. B03.2 Reservoir initial state

Fig. B03.3 KrPc dialog

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Then move to the Kr Two-phase tab

Select the Oil-Gas system in the Phases