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_______________________________________________________________________________
VALHALLA
1.
2.
27.
53.
INDEX
STRUCTURAL SUMMARY
METHOD STATEMENT
STAKES AND ANCHORS
_______________________________________________________________________________
Atticbest Limited, Company Reg No: 02894293 - VAT No: 765 0221 50
Tensile 1
STRUCTURAL SUMMARY
The following is extracted from the Tensile 1 Operations manual from the
section titled Tensile 1 Basis of Design and Operation by Stuart C Holdsworth at
Cameron Holdsworth Associates
TENSILE 1 and VALHALLA are trading names referring to the same structure.
Technical data:
Weight .................. ....
Tensile strength ...........
Tear strength ..............
Adhesion ...................
Flame retardancy .......
3. MEMBRANE STRUCTURES:
1.1.1 INTRODUCTION:
There are no British Standards 1, written for Engineers, giving the requirements and
basis for the design of membrane structures. This is partially a reflection of the size
and scale of the industry, its relative youth, and specialism. Relatively few
permanent structures rely solely upon a membrane as the primary or sole means, of
providing a structural covering. Conventional structures rely on internal rigidity to
carry loads and achieve the required stability. Membranes must rely upon their form,
and prestress, to achieve the same balances in the absence of bending and shear
stiffness.
The following document is a synthesis of experience and best practice. It is not
intended to be a final statement on best design practice, but a snap shot at the
current position in the evolution of this branch of design. The safe operation,
maintenance and inspection procedures remain the province of the tent-master. The
following document is meant as an aid to the certification process, and gives
guidance as to the safe operating parameters.
Definitions: a glossary of the more commonly used terms, and a description of
some of the terms used to describe the various parameters, and parts of a
membrane structure is appended at the rear of this section.
1.1.2 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS.
The structure, including foundations and all components necessary to support the
structure, should be designed and constructed such that:
They safely sustain all forces imposed upon them during erection and the
period of intended use;
Use materials that have adequate durability; with regard to the erection
and dismantling, the intended use of the structure i.e. abrasion, etc., fire
resistance i.e. will not readily support combustion, biological and chemical
attack and weathering.
DIN and ASTM codes are further developed than the current BSI codes in this regard.
Drawings showing the layout of the fabric panels, typical seams, interfaces
with cables, webbing and the supporting structure, typical clamping plate
details, foundation and staking requirements, and pretensioning
requirements.
Designers Risk Assessment for the erection and dismantling and typical
use of the structure.
Operators specific risk assessment and H&S policy plus public safety
requirements and documentation specific to the venue.
The following will remain in the domain of the supplier and design team.
Detail fabrication drawings, fabric compensation, patterns, individual
fabrication drawings and clamping plates, cable and webbing patterns etc.
and copyright.
Membrane dead loads are less than 50N/m2 and can be ignored2 for the
purposes of the design.
Seismic loads can be readily resisted by membrane structures, as the low
mass of the membranes ensures that seismic resistance is an inherent
characteristic of that form of structure.
The curvature and pretension of the membrane are sufficient to prevent
ponding.
BS6661 Design, construction and maintenance of single-skin air supported structures, and ASTM
codes
were considered, and coherency and accuracy tests were performed utilising the
model for the Kayam, comparing results for part and whole system models. No
discernible differences were noted from this exercise.
Consideration has been given to erection loads, and failure modes or configurations
that my lead to wind stagnation within the tent. A wind of 25m/sec giving a pressure
coefficient of approximately1.5 to 2 will not exceed the design loads for the specified
system.
Other codes.
Equivalent static gust method, quasi-static assessment, time domain:
Examples: UK, BS CP3 ChV Pt2, France NV65:1976, Australia AS
1170:1983
Admittance method: quasi-static assessment, frequency domain:
Examples: Canada NRCC 17724:1980, Australia AS1170:1983, USA
ANSI A58.1:1982
Some wind data comparisons:
Location Sheffield.
Hourly-mean wind speed not exceeded for more than 50% of the time from
any direction. 4m/s
As above, but not exceeded 1% of the time 12m/s.
Hourly-mean wind speed maximum 5o year return period, 23m/s
Maximum gust speed not likely to be exceeded in a 50 year period 46m/s
1.1.8 WIND LOADS AND THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF
TENSILE 1.
The membrane design for Tensile 1 is designed for a very high gust speed of 50
m/sec. The structure is characterised by the use of a hyperboloid 3 support system
around the Kingpoles, divided by some large areas incorporating flattish anticlastic 4
panels. This shape is a function of the constraints placed upon the structure in order
that it may be transported and erected readily, meeting the required layout criterion
set by the client. The principals of this system have been proven in a series of
smaller tents made prior to Tensile 1 5 such as the Kayam.
Wind is the predominant loading on the membrane as designed. To resist the wind
loads, without excessive flutter, the membrane must have adequate curvature and
pretension. These curving streamlined forms make the adoption of the wind codes
loading formulae and requirements a problem. Wind tunnel testing can help define
the loads more accurately, but are incapable of modelling the large deformations,
which off load the structure through a combination of shape changes and the
alteration of the internal pressure caused by relatively large volumetric changes.
The code clauses are a basis for design, but must be treated with caution and laced
3
Conic shapes.
Saddle shapes.
5
Kayam, this has a 15m module and has been built to 130m x 40m internal dimension. Fabric
external boundaries are 5m outside of this.
4
with judgement derived from experience of the membrane and system under
consideration.
At the design wind speed the membrane of Tensile 1 is exhibiting relatively large
deformations as modelled. These deformations have the effect of significantly
changing the gradient of the anticlastic surfaces, from those liable to cause a local
suction to those capable of causing a positive pressure. Clearly the system will find
an equilibrium position between the two extremes, or potentially flutter between
them. The Kayam when modelled in the same program exhibits similar tendencies
to large deformations with the ability to change the pressure force vectors. Neither
these deformations, nor flutter, have been visible when operating in strong winds.
The loads for the Tensile 1 structure have been derived from the guidance given in
BS 6399 Part 3. A simple model and a more complex load pattern have been
derived, assuming the load system is static and in equilibrium at the commencement
of the gust striking the structure. No attempt has therefore been made to model
load vector changes resulting from the windflow altering with the geometric shape
change of the membrane.
The non-linear response and changes in the load path are reflected in the model.
This is liable to give a conservative estimate of the forces within the system, which
tend to be self-compensating in actual use. Traditionally a global wind force is
calculated and this is modified by a form factor C f , usually approximating to 0.7 or
that order. This is then applied to the whole structure and effectively allows for this
ability to compensate and redistribute loads.
Although membrane structures are for the most part excluded from the provisions of
the code by their dynamic characteristics, the provisions of the code have been
proven to give conservative results in practice and have therefore been adopted as a
basis for the design.
1.1.9 OTHER LOADS, INCLUDING IMPOSED LOADS, SNOW LOAD,
EQUIPMENT LOADS.
The system is required to carry an imposed load of 0.2kN/m2 . This load reflects a
basic requirement for robustness, to ensure the system has sufficient capacity to
deal with unforeseen climatic conditions, allow limited access in the event of, or need
for inspection or repair, and ensure that the design pretension is sufficient to cater for
these eventualities.
This load is not the maximum the system is capable of resisting, but is a reasonable
compromise on the likely everyday loads the structure is liable to be exposed to
whilst fulfilling its design function.
Temporary structures, which are designed to be portable and easily erected, are
often limited by their ability to derive the required support from the stakes and
anchors securing them. In many instances this practical limitation will set the
everyday operating parameters for the structure, long before the fabric or members
reach their limits. Special foundations and prepared sites will be required to achieve
the higher specifications and structural limits.
The structure has been checked to ensure that a concentrated load of 1.5kN is
capable of support. This simulates the action of a person walking on the tent.
The structure has not been designed to resist snow loads. This reflects the realities
of the hire market within which the tent is to be used. It is not a reflection on the
9
membranes ability to carry this load if required, although the Kingpoles are limited to
0.2kN/m2 when carrying 20 tonne loads from equipment suspended from flying
trusses on the balerings. With these loads removed there is a considerable ability to
carry higher vertical loads on the membranes. In reality many areas of the
membrane are capable of shedding snow loads because of the smoothness of the
material and the local gradient. Additionally the Tent master, responsible for the safe
operation and deployment of the structure, will clear the structure of snow
accumulations in the event of accidental exposure to snowloads, or dismantle the
structure when snow is forecast.
Gearhouse Structures has specified equipment loads equivalent to a 20 tonne load
on a truss. These loads will be applied rarely, and can be considered as an extreme
condition. This loading will not be a regular feature of the operation of the structure.
1.1.10 OBTAINING COHERENT FACTOR OF SAFETIES FOR THE STRUCTURE.
Tensile 1 is an amalgam of many parts, many of which have been fabricated or
manufactured to a British or Continental standard. Each set of standards has a set
of safety factors built in. These safety factors may be made up in a variety of ways,
but each global safety factor is met to incorporate the variables to which the system
or component is exposed.
Examples of these variables are:
Loads and load systems
Manufacturing tolerances
Material variations
Accuracy of the analysis
Accuracy of installation, wear and tear, and the use to which the
component is exposed, etc.
The present fashion, utilised by the recent British Standards and Eurocodes is to use
partial safety factors, each theoretically derived from a statistical probability analysis,
to access the risk associated with each stage of the processes outlined above.
Some of the older codes are not transparent, and the derivation of the FOS is not
immediately apparent, and may reflect use and custom rather than a detailed risk
assessment. Additionally the use to which the component or material is exposed in
the operation of Tensile 1 may not reflect that for which it was originally designed.
These requirements require factoring in if a coherent FOS is to be achieved in which
the likely hood of the failure of a component is equal, and the public is guarded from
risk of injury to the required standard.
An additional complication to be added to the adjustment and formulae, is the nature
of Tensile 1 and the requirements set by Gearhouse Structures for the design,
namely portability and a very high design wind speed
An example of how the FOS may vary with correction for use can be illustrated by
considering the load path from the anchors to the webbing belts and fabric.
Anchor system, minimum testing FOS=2
Shackle FOS=5
Cable FOS=7
10
Chains FOS=5
Steel clamping plate and connection FOS 1.5
Webbing FOS=7
Fabric FOS=6.
As considered by the National standards these theoretically, although not actually
have an equal probability of failing under the worst condition on which the standard
considers them appropriate to use, a use for which they are not likely to be exposed
in service on Tensile 1.
Consider also that be replacing the shackle by a fabricated steel plate system the
FOS could be reduced legitimately to around 1.5 and the need for appropriate
adjustments becomes apparent. The adjustments are listed below in the following
section.
The public should not be exposed, or indeed the work force during much of the
erection of the tent. Equally it would be inappropriate to allow public on the site
when winds were gusting above 20-25m/s as this is considered a dangerous level for
human exposure. At 25m/s the FOS of wind loads become 4 times greater than at
50m/s as the wind force is a function of the square of the wind speed. This
requirement when factored in sets an appropriate additional factor at times of public
use.
It is important that Tensile 1 is correctly and securely erected. Should large areas of
fabric be slack, maintenance poor, anchors insufficient, etc. then the margins
allowed as factors of safety will be severely eroded.
1.1.11 FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS), MATERIALS AND LOADS.
The following series of tables gives the factors used in deriving ultimate loads or the
FOS appropriate to a system or material. m is the material partial safety factor: l
loading partial safety factor. The combined factor ml is quoted below.
Dead +
Pretension
Imposed
Dead &
Pretension +
imposed
Wind
Dead &
Pretension +
wind
Dead &
Pretension +
Imposed + wind
1.4DP
1.6I
1.4DP+1.6I
1.4W
1.4+1.4
1.2DP+1.2I
+ 1.2W
Static Steel cables and other static cable and anchor systems: m l as below.
Breaking strength
6
11
Dead +
Pretension
Dead &
Pretension +
Imposed the
greater of
Dead &
Pretension +
imposed + wind
Erection and
dismantling
Dead &
Pretension +
wind
Shackles loaded
centrally and in
accordance with
code, static cable
systems
2.2DP
1.6DP+2.7I or
2.2DP+2.2I
2DP+2I+2W
2 Min with no
personnel
exposed to
danger
5 otherwise.
2DP+2W
2DP+2W or Min
of 2 on other
conditions.
Breaking strength .
Dead +
Pretension
Dead &
Pretension +
Imposed the
greater of
Dead &
Pretension +
imposed + wind
Erection and
dismantling
Dead &
Pretension +
wind
2.5DP
1.6DP+2.7I
or
2.5DP+2.5I
2.5DP+2.5I
+ 2.5W
2E
2.5DP+2.5
W
12
Breaking strength .
Erection only
Any static load
system
Erection +
pretensioning
5E
2.0 as
replaceable
cables
2.2
Breaking strength .
Erection only
Other load
systems,
minimum of
Erection +
pretensioning
5E
2.0 as
replaceable
cables
2.2
13
14
Snow loads
None.
A method of accurately forecasting and measuring site wind speed should be arranged.
Ideal conditions, i.e. Un-damaged fabric, properly erected, guyed to stiff foundations and anchors
capable of taking the loads, and all of the structure in as new condition.
9
15
When subjected to wind loads the poles are assumed to fail. By placing the poles
outside of the sidewall on the windward side this failure mode would be averted. This
would be an option for the tent-master under more extreme wind conditions.
For the axial loaded conditions the sidepoles comply with BS5950 in all regards with
the exception of slenderness.
There are guys and storm guys on the line of the sidewalls at 1.125 metre centres.
The number of potential side pole locations can be doubled if necessary. This facility
will also enable the Tent-master to move internal side poles outside when required,
or place additional external side poles on the windward side. By doubling the
number of sidepoles the ability of the tent to resist vertical loads is enhanced.
1.1.15 MATERIAL PROPERTIES, ANISOTROPIC BEHAVIOUR
The material supplied for the membrane has been obtained with the manufacturers
test certificates and performance data. Additional tests have been undertaken to
verify the manufacturers data, and to obtain information on the relevant data to use
for the purposes of setting the stiffness characteristics of the fabric in the computer
model, and also the stretch and compensation required during patterning. Further
information on testing and the manufacturers test date follows in the section on
testing and the Appendix.
The anisotropic material behaviour is illustrated in the following data.Typical values
for uniaxial test results for the Mehler material give mean warp strength of 80kN/mwidth warp strength and 60kN/m width on the weft. Biaxial strengths of 67% of these
values could be expected. The steepest slope and highest peak value represent the
warp strength and stiffness, and the others in ascending order represent the results
for the warp and bias.
16
The material is said to exhibit anisotropy because it behaves differently across the
two orthogonal axis, and yet differently again when strained across the bias. This
behaviour is a function of the fibre used to make the material, the yarn into which it is
spun, and the manner in which it is woven. For typical membrane fabrics there are
two common weaves. The first of these types include two different weaves; a plain
weave in which the fabric is loosely woven to form a scrim, or a tighter weave which
the yarns touch and form a cloth. Alternatively a fabric can be made in which the
yarn is directly laid over the top of each other. The advantages and disadvantages
of the differing types of fabric can be summarised as follows:
The reasons for the differing behaviour of the material across the warp and weft, the
anisotropic behaviour, will now become more apparent, but first we need to
understand some of the basic characteristics of fabrics and the manufacturing
processes in which they are made.
The long straight yarns of the plain weave are the warp yarns, the yarns interwoven
between the warp yarns are the weft yarns 10. The warp yarns are usually placed
under considerable tension during the weaving process by the action of stretching
them within the loom. The weft is crimped around the warp, adding to the thickness
of the material.
10
17
Type
Advantages
Disadvantages
Loosely woven
plain scrims:
Tightly woven
fabrics with plain
weave.
When tested under a uniaxial load parallel with the yarn, the predominantly straight
and partially pretensioned warp yarns stretch. The weft has to firstly straighten out,
or flatten, by attempting to crimp the warp. This straightening of the fibres before full
tensioning of the weft ensures that woven weft strains further under any given load.
When tested across the bias the fabric coating predominantly takes the loads. This
is not a recognised test, but can give some useful correlating data for estimating the
correction of deflections when comparing cable net computer models with real
membrane fabric behaviour.
When tested under biaxial loads the woven plain cloths will not reach the breaking
loads that are achieved when tested uniaxially. The act of crimping by the weft
against the warp causes cutting of the yarn fibres and damage to both the weft and
warp yarns. This then limits their strength by comparison with a uniaxial loading.
Typically the strength is 67% of that obtained by testing the weft and warp strengths
uniaxially. A laid up fabric will behave differently to a woven fabric under biaxial
loading. The crimping effect does no occur, and it is possible to balance the strength
in both directions of the cloth lay-up.
Pretensioning before coating, varying the characteristics of the warp and weft
material, and altering the tightness of the weave can also be used to further modify
the material characteristics. It is also possible to alter the angle between warp and
weft, or the lay-up of the plain weaves. It is not necessary to encompass the
behaviour of fabrics with these additional characteristics in this document.
1.1.16 MODELLING ANIOSTROPIC BEHAVIOUR.
The anisotropic behaviour of the fabric is modelled by giving the computer-input files
values for the angle between warp and weft, and also stiffness values for the warp
and weft. The stiffness values were obtained from manufacturers data for the
material, and by a series of tests on material samples that were used to calibrate the
values used in the programme with those obtained by testing. Further samples were
used to verify the manufacturers testing data. The manufacturer supplied test data
relevant to the material that is in the appendix or included in the section on testing.
18
Additional tests were used to confirm the design requirements with regard to
patterning and compensation.
The graphs that are appended, and shown in the section on testing, summarise the
calibration exercise and prove the mean values for strength used in the design. The
important characteristics of the graphs include:
The stiffness; or extension modulus of the fabric. This corresponds in effect
to the Youngs modulus, or modulus of elasticity of the material.
The manner in which the computer generated stiffness tracks the graph for
the tested material. Where the material has been repeatedly strained and a
hysterisis has occurred after the initial set, it can be seen that the line derived
by analysis closely correlates to this condition. A mobile structure is
constantly erected and dismantled, and it is also subjected to cyclic climatic
and environmental loading. Thus it will be subjected to repeated straining
and the material will stiffen as a consequence. The membrane has been
modelled with this stiffening effect allowed for. Any permanent set can be
taken out by adjusting the guys and by compensation allowances when
patterning the fabric.
20
5. TESTING.
It can be seen from the foregoing that fabrics can have varying characteristics
according to their composition and weave or lay-up. Manufacturing processes can
add another level of variability. There are several test standards for materials. In the
UK BS EN 22286 and BS 3424 are applicable. Parts of the test procedures in this
British Standard also conform to ISO 2286. The Mehler fabric also has DIN testing
certificates and ASTM ratings, which are given here.
Mehler the manufacturer of the Tensile 1 membrane material supplied the following
information for the Type 2 material Valmex 900. The full size copies are appended
for this and the Type 1 material Valmex 700.
Testing to correlate the computer modelled behaviour against that of the real
material gave the simulations that are graphically outputted after the manufacturers
data. It will be noted that once the material has stiffened the relative stiffness of the
model and tested fabric relate closely in all but the direction of the bias, i.e. across
the warp and weft.
As the fabric can load in this direction by combining actions in warp and weft,
without lozenging as much as much as stated by the simulation at working fabric
loads this offers a partial explanation as to difference between the predicted and
actual behaviour of the tent in the field. The background information for this comes
from visual observations on the Kayam when erected during winds that were gusting
up to 90mph, (45m/s.) The following graphs, appended at A4 size, show the
calculated material behaviour versus that obtained by testing.
21
6. PATTERNING.
Patterning is the process by which the calculated surface geometry, stretch and
prestress are integrated to give a manufactured membrane fabric form that acts as
designed, and has the prescribed shape, stiffness, strength and prestress.
Patterning also encompasses other elements such as the connecting members,
webbing and cabling that need integration with the membrane to ensure that the total
system acts in the prescribed manner.
Patterning is accomplished by breaking the three-dimensional surface geometry into
a series of strips that are related to the shape, cloth width and the orientation of the
yarn. The individual elements form 2D surfaces that when placed together form a 3D
approximation to the defined surface geometry.
Allowances must be made for the stretch in the fabric, the formation of joints and the
cut-outs required for clamps and cables and webbing.
The patterns for Tensile 1 were developed on in-house software 11.
11
22
23
24
1.1.23 ONE HOUR MEAN WIND SPEEDS EUROPE 50YR RETURN PERIOD
25
Tensile 1
Method Statement
The following is extracted from the Tensile 1 Operations manual from the
section titled Tensile 1 Basis of Design and Operation by Stuart C Holdsworth at
Cameron Holdsworth Associates
TENSILE 1 and VALHALLA are trading names referring to the same structure.
1. ERECTION METHOD
2.1.1 Anchors and setting out:
In most cases all anchors and the correct setting out and marking will have been
undertaken prior to the arrival of the components to the site. This work will be
undertaken by the setting out team (T1Prelim). For completeness the methods for
setting out have been added to this document.
2.1.2 Erection Procedure
The following section covers the erection of Tensile1. A previous version may be
referred to in the Tensile 1 Design and Operations Manual which was written by
Mr Rudi Enos.
There are seven major areas of concerns for those responsible for the erection of
Tensile 1. . These are:
The safety and welfare of all those working on the erection. Those not
required, or who have no immediate need to be present, should not be
within the safety zone, and those within the area should be trained,
competent personnel who clearly understand the risks and dangers that
are involved. The safety zone should be clearly established, and marked
on the ground. Only those authorised should be within this zone, and this
authorisation should be clearly labelled by the displaying of a photographic
pass appended to the clothing. PPEs, as identified by the risk analysis,
should be worn at all times.
The use of the correct rigging equipment and procedures with correctly
rated and maintained equipment with valid certification.
Ensuring that the system does not become overloaded and that all of the
major components are erected correctly and the loads remain within the
stated design limits.
The anchorage and stakes are correctly rated for the fitting and loads that
are liable to occur.
When the roof is being raised, there is a period when the structure is not in
full control, so high winds may require delays in hoisting.
When the A-frames are being raised, the roof may be overloaded along a
geodesic surface that has insufficient capacity and will tear.
Pretension the membrane to ensure that the correct surface shape and
profile are obtained. This may require the use of the side poles to define
the membrane edge shape.
Has the site been investigated and all hazards reported and marked. Is
the site cleared for the safe use and erection of Tensile 1. Is all of the
relevant paper work in place and hazards marked, enclosed by barriers or
the correct warning signs.
Weather information check for significant risks from winds etc. Do not
consider erecting the fabric when winds in excess of 10m/s are forecast.
Met Office http://www.met-office.gov.uk , 0336 411 211 international info,
0374 555 876 or 0374 555 828 for UK info.
The erection of Tensile 1 cannot take place until the Operations Manager has this
information and the Erection Manager has sighted this documentation and signed to
state that he is familiar and appraised of all of the risks associated with the chosen
location. The wind speed should be constantly monitored using portable and site
anemometers.
Erection. Stage 1 kingpoles, headtrees and electrical assemblies. Responsible
Officers are the Operations Manager and the Erection Manager
Significant risks:
The following are considered significant risks:
These risks are covered by risk analysis statements. Personnel working within the
safety zone should be fully briefed on the risks and the control methods.
Plant required;
The following plant are required:
Hammers
The following outlines the procedures for the erection of Tensile 1kingpoles.
Item
Description
Checked
by/time date
Item
Description
Place the lifting frames onto the kingpoles and rig as per
the assembly drawings
10
11
12
Lift the kingpole clear of the ground and place on the support.
13
Dress the top of the kingpole with the flag-staff and the
fabric covering system.
Checked
by/time date
Item
14
Description
Checked
by/time date
15
16
17
the head will also occur with these kingpoles and again care is
needed until tensioned guys secure them .
18
Check that the rigging and anchors are all secure, making
fast with the chains and shorteners.
19
20
Clear the centre of the structure within the area of the roof
of any tools, materials or items that may damage or puncture
the fabric.
Erection Stage 2, the roof fabric stage. Responsible officers the Operations
Manager and the Erection Manager.
Significant risks:
The following are considered significant risks:
Drawing 276
These risks are covered by risk analysis statements. Personnel working within the
safety zone should be fully briefed on the risks and the control methods.
The following outlines the procedures for the erection of Tensile 1roof fabric. The
method is written assuming a level site. Adjustment in the levels and angles given
will be required to allow for sites with undulating or sloping surfaces. It is usual on
an evenly sloping surface for the tent to be erected at right angles to the surface
(assuming slope angles less than 10 degrees). For undulating surfaces a common
level is given for the top of the kingpoles and all other items referenced to this.
Item
Checked
Description
by/time date
3
21
22
Ensure that all side guy anchors are in place as per drawing
313.
23
Place the sheet pallets into the correct locations and unload
the sheets 4.
24
25
26
28
29
Drawing 281
Item
30
Description
31
32
33
In this manner both teams work around the tent until all of the
A Frames have been lifted to the initial position set by the
formation of a geodesic line through the fabric.
34
35
Lift the centre fabric of the roof to a level approximately 1416metres above the base of the kingpoles.
36
Checked
by/time date
Item
Description
38
Lift the centre of the tent on the balerings to the final height of
approximately 22metres above the base of the kingpoles.
Dress out and tension the structure by pulling out the guys and
adjusting the balering positions.
39
40
Checked
by/time date
Erection Stage 3, the walling stage. Responsible officers the Operations Manager
and the Erection Manager.
Significant risks:
The following are considered significant risks:
Tools falling.
These risks are covered by risk analysis statements. Personnel working within the
safety zone should be fully briefed on the risks and the control methods.
The following outlines the procedures for the erection of Tensile 1wall fabric. The
method is written assuming a level site. Adjustment in the levels and angles given
will be required to allow for sites with undulating or sloping surfaces.
10
Item
Description
41
Place any trussing system within the confines of the tent and
erect in accordance with the requisite method statement.
42
Identify and load out the side poles, organise this be area and
set the required teams to work.
43
Using the teams erect the sidepoles from the lifting platform
and stake at the base. Adjustable height sidepoles will be
required for undulating surfaces, or alternatively the sidepoles
will need to be angled to suit the variations in surface level.
Ensure that the head of the side poles is correctly fitted.
44
Adjust the dressing out of the tent and reset the kingploe
balering dead anchors.
45
46
Starting on the windward side, place the wall, door and sidepanels into location, working from the lift as required. This
work may be split into sections with teams as previously noted.
47
Ensure that the base of the walls and head are correctly
anchored, and that adjoining sheets are fitted correctly.
48
Check that all is in order, the Erection Manager can sign the
tent over to the Production manger and T1 Safety Crew.
This assumes that any flying truss members that are required
are in situ as required and tested as necessary.
11
Checked
by/time date
12
13
The use of damaged slings when lifting, this will allow the kingpoles to fall
if they should fail.
These risks are covered by risk analysis statements. Personnel working within the
safety zone should be fully briefed on the risks and the control methods.
Required plant and tools:
limit set by motor assemby used and recommended pretension as mid 1999.
14
The use of damaged slings when lifting, this will allow the balering units to
fall if they should fail..
15
These risks are covered by risk analysis statements. Personnel working within the
safety zone should be fully briefed on the risks and the control methods.
Required plant and tools:
All terrain forklift.
2 tonne SWL Slings
2lb hammer
20mm rod to help with alignment
Pinch bars
PPEs
Safety or Rigger boots with steel caps, goggles, ear defenders, hard hat, Riggers
gloves, tool pouch with tools on lanyards
The balering is assembled in two halves around the base of the kingpole. The units
should be placed in location using the forklift. The pins through the base obstruct
access to the base area and make assembly difficult if they are insufficiently
embedded.
Place the units in contact and lever the units over each other so that the projecting
tongues overlap in the required alignment. When aligned place the correct bolt
through the top plate, and repeat on the opposite side. Utilising the services of the
forklift and slings as required lift the balering and support as necessary so as enable
the placing and tightening of the bottom bolts safely.
Tighten the top bolts and check the assembly. Dress the balering with the required
shackles and fittings.
2.1.9 A Frame assembly
Significant risks directly related to the A Frame assembly:
The following are considered significant risks:
The use of damaged slings and shackles when lifting, this will allow the
units to fall if the slings should fail..
These risks are covered by risk analysis statements. Personnel working within the
safety zone should be fully briefed on the risks and the control methods.
Required plant and tools:
All terrain forklift.
2 tonne SWL Slings
2lb hammer
Lump hammer
20mm rod to help with alignment
Pinch bars
PPEs
Safety or Rigger boots with steel caps, goggles, ear defenders, hard hat, Riggers
gloves, tool pouch with tools on lanyards
The A Frames are assembled from 3 main components. The base units (2#), are
placed in the prescribed location and in alignment with the tent
The forklift is then used to bring the leg units to the location and lay them on the
ground facing the centre of the tent and centred at right angles to a line through the
base units.
The legs are then parted until they are placed at the correct angle to allow
connection to the baseplates. Remove the baseplate pins, and adjust to allow the
pins to be driven through the legs and baseplate to connect the units. Repeat for the
second leg.
Realign the baseplate and frame into the correct location and pin to the ground
utilising the 50mm pins driven through the baseplate holes formed for that purpose.
Dress with guys and shackles as required and lift onto the legs supports to allow the
positioning of the roof fabric.
2.1.10 Assembling and raising the truss sections.
Significant risks directly related to the A Frame assembly:
The following are considered significant risks:
The use of damaged slings and shackles when lifting, this will allow the
units to fall if the slings should fail..
These risks are covered by risk analysis statements. Personnel working within the
safety zone should be fully briefed on the risks and the control methods.
Required plant and tools:
All terrain forklift.
2 tonne SWL Slings
2lb hammer
Lump hammer
20mm rod to help with alignment
Pinch bars
PPEs
Safety or Rigger boots with steel caps, goggles, ear defenders, hard hat, Riggers
gloves, tool pouch with tools on lanyards
SWL 20 tonnes evenly distributed, with a maximum node load of 1 tonne.
The truss units comprise of three primary units that unfold and pin together.
The units are laid flat in sequence and in the correct alignment. Utilising wooden
packers; to lift the units clear from the ground, and slinging the units from the forklift,
pull the sections apart and connect utilising the attached members, to form the
individual sections.
When completed, align these sections and connect to the centre section, utilising the
pin sections.
Hang from the lifting slings and align between the kingpoles.
Cross brace between the centre sections and ends of the truss, and tighten to
maintain the correct alignment.
Lift into location and dead anchor.
2.1.11 Section Seven - Dressing Out
The Tensile1 can now be 'dressed out' (pretensioned). A simple visual check is all
that is needed to ensure that the roof is pulled out in a regular manner. To check if
the roof is 'regular', stand on looking along one axis (long or short), and look carefully
down the tent. The joins of the tent should be in line from one end of the tent to the
other. With no wrinkling in the roof, or pulls or creases, (effectively, the roof is pulled
out 'flat'), and the main seams are in line, the tent is correctly shaped. To achieve
this balance it is necessary for the balering's on different king poles to be lifted to the
same height in respect of the roof membrane and each other.
18
Remove guys to sidepoles, and all anchors liable to foul the fabric.
Remove the A Frames and fittings
Disconnect the fabric and roll this up.
Place the boxes into location and load.
Remove the kingpoles in a reversed operation to that of erection.
Remove all remaining anchors
Check all equipment and pack for transport and storage.
20
and 24hr weather forecasts should be accessed to ensure this does not occur.
Should the erection team find themselves in the difficult position of erecting or
dismantling the tent when high winds strike then the current advise is as follows.
Before starting any work ensure the team are aware of all current risks assessments
for the actions they will be undertaking.
Rule #1-never endanger life. Keep a cool head. Be aware!
There is likely to be more happening than can be easily assimilated. It is therefore
essential that the actions and processes necessary have been thought through
previously.
Before erecting kingpoles:
All groundwork can be completed in any comfortable wind environment. Where the
item has a large wind area, the comfortable handling of that item will set the limit.
The anticipated limits are 20-24m/s and 14m/s respectively.
Whilst erecting kingpoles;
The current limits for erecting the kingpoles are 10m/s for side wind conditions, and
for winds acting along the length of the kingpole 20m/s. As the wind direction can
vary quickly it is advised that the lower limit be adhered to. The side wind condition
is set in recognition of the sensitivity of the kingpole whist vertical and prior to
tensioning and adjusting guys.
In the event of wind speed exceeding these limits during erection the kingpoles
should be lowered if it is safe to do so. Otherwise stop the lift and guy tight into
position.
21
50m/s
25m/s
>35m/s
The term survivable wind speed has been used because it is the point at which the
wind environment becomes very hostile for personnel. Wind born debris, falling
trees and other hazards will become a significant risk. Personnel will have great
difficulty in standing and functioning properly.
Tornados, micro bursts and vertical wind shears, katabatic winds and turbulent
vortices are outside of the performance envelope of Tensile 1 and will cause
premature failure of the structure. Areas in which these winds will occur should be
avoided, or alternatively special precautions put in place which are outside of these
recommendations.
A properly anchored, fully maintained, correctly constructed Tensile 1will withstand a
50m/sec-wind speed under absolutely ideal conditions. In practice the structure will
rarely function at these levels of efficiency. The wind environment will not be clean,
as there will be large amounts of wind blown debris in evidence. This debris will
damage and weaken the fabric such that it will fail long before the design limit has
been reached.
Providing all openings are secure, the sidewalls in place, and the tent properly
dressed and anchored, the tent will withstand extreme winds. The practicable limit
for the safety of personnel must be around 35m/sec. Flying debris may well place a
22
actual limit well below this. Therefore the recommended method for dealing with
forecast high winds, to ensure crew safety, and in absence of further data must be
as follows:
v Whenever possible, lower the tent and strap down the fabric so that the
wind will pass over the fabric.
v In all cases the Operations Manager is to appoint a Safety Officer responsible
for deciding the safe limit for crew operations. (The Operations Manager
(T1OM) or Erection Manager (T1EM) may act as the Safety Officer, or appoint
another competent person as required )
v Have an agreed place of safety for crew.
v Have an agreed communication signal and method that can be heard or seen
by the crew and will inform them of the immediate need to recover to the
place of safety.
v Evacuate all members of the public, and advise other Event functions down
wind of any potential dangers.
v Check for upwind hazards and monitor as necessary.
v Have members with radio communications call regularly and advise the
Safety officer of the local conditions.
v Secure the tent and anchors and make the structure as weather tight as
practicable.
v Monitor the performance of the structure as the wind speeds increase. Log
wind speeds and video the performance of the structure if possible.
v Whilst safe to do so, supplement anchors and repair damage.
v Avoid placing the crew in danger. Do not work on the membrane or inside
when the structure starts to load significantly, flutter or behave in an unsafe
manner.
v Ensure the Safety Officer is aware of all crew actions and clears them before
commencing the work.
v NEVER RISK LIVES, LIMBS, OR THE SAFETY OF THE CREW OR THE
PUBLIC.
v IF SAFETY IS IN DOUBT, DO NOT ATTEMPT THE COURSE OF ACTION
THAT WILL IMPERIL THE INDIVIDUAL OR CREW.
v Ensure that the crew roster is available to check that all crew members are
safe.
v Where and when the structure of Tensile1 poses a risk to others at an Event,
the Safety Officer is to keep them fully informed and appraised of the risks so
that they may act accordingly and ensure the safety of their own personnel.
v Keep contemporary records, record all actions, times and warnings in the
Hazard log and diary.
The dangers to be aware of are:
Debris flying into a damaging the fabric. This may lead to a total failure of a
sheet. Sheet failure may cause a large increase in the internal pressure as
the wind stalls within the tent. This in turn may lead to total failure.
It is probable that the Tensile 1may be used as a shelter without side walls. On its
own the units can in all probability resist loads of up to 35m/s, although this has not
been confirmed structurally.
However, event units within the membrane diverting or stalling the wind will
significantly reduce this figure. This configuration should therefore only be used in
very sheltered locations where winds below 15m/s can be expected at ground level.
2.1.17 Snow, Rain and other loads.
Minimum internal temperature 12.5 C in freezing or snow conditions .
The membrane has not been designed to withstand snow loads. Properly
configured, a uniform membrane load of 0.2kn/m2 can be resisted. This is roughly
equivalent to 200mm of fresh uncompacted snow. Snow must never be allowed to
accumulate on the membrane, either by ensuring that the membrane is heated or
cleared manually where this does not expose the operatives to risk.
Rain is unlikely to overload the tent unless this is allowed to pond. Ponding can only
occur when the fabric is loose, or misshapen, and subjected to a heavy deluge.
The only other significant vertical load likely to affect the membrane is wind blown
sands or volcanic ashes. These should be immediately cleared if safe to do so.
Always evacuate the tent if any of the conditions described is or is liable to occur.
Only send personnel onto the roof if it is safe to do so, when panels are not
liable to rip or fittings fail, and when no other course of action is possible. Try
clearing the membrane with hot air pumped inside, or jetted water in the case of dust
loads.
The Operations Manager is to appoint a Safety officer and implement the
recommendations above for as for high winds.
not be readily predicted. An unexpected failure will always pose a major threat to the
safety and wellbeing of those working or utilising the tent.
The tear strength of a damaged fabric is a fraction (<20% typical) of the intact fabric.
The actual consequence of a hole or tear will vary with the position and likely loading
of the fabric. Many areas are more highly stressed than others and can be shown on
a stress diagram. The tent is also heavily reinforced with webbing systems, and if
these are fully bonded to the fabric substrate these will reduce the effects of any
damage by limiting the run of the tear and carrying the load.
Repairing large tears or rips by sending personnel onto the erected fabric is
not safe. The structure should be lowered and repaired.
2.1.19 Difficult Sites and non-standard configurations.
Difficult sites and non-standard erection configurations will be dealt with by referral to
the design team and specialists. This work will be controlled through the office of the
Operations Manager.
The results of the studies will be disseminated by the operations Manager to the
requisite field managers and a thorough briefing document prepared with the
required risk analysis and data.
25
6. GLOSSARY
neck or necks
section
panels
bale ring
The lifting ring(s) used to hoist the fabric of a tent. After the
ring used to hoist sails on ships.
Guy
king pole
horseshoe
The 'U' shaped brackets used to fasten the fabric to the bale.
26
Tensile 1
The following is extracted from the Tensile 1 Operations manual from the
section titled Tensile 1 Basis of Design and Operation by Stuart C Holdsworth at
Cameron Holdsworth Associates
TENSILE 1 and VALHALLA are trading names referring to the same structure.
SWL
105kN
23.0kN
148.0kN
27.5kN
107.0kN
308.0kN
135.5kN
123.5kN
Degrees
to Horiz.
45
45
45
45
43
62
46
45
15
17
SWL KN for
50mm stake embedded
1370mm in the soil.
Dry soil co nditio ns.
=45
=40
=35
=30
=25
60
60
40
40
20
20
Loose sand
15
17
Soil Density
Dense sand
dense angular
gravelly silty sand.
Above is the output graph for a nominal 50mm width stake embedded1370mm in dry
granular material.
For a material with a dry density of 16.5 kN/m3 () and an angle of shearing
resistance () of 35 degrees a SWL (Safe working load) of 28kN can be estimated
from the graph. This value corresponds to the SWL for the stake loaded at the
centre of soil area. To allow for the load being applied to the top of the stake this
SWL should be further reduced to between 14 and 10kN. The choice is dependent
upon the soil characteristics, the angle to the ground contour line at which the stake
is placed, and the line in which the load action occurs. For most applications the
lower value is appropriate.
The largest concentrated load at a system point on Tensile 1 is of the order of 300kN
when using guyed sidewalls. Using a system of stakes based upon the 175mm wide
units embedded in a soil with the same characteristics as the previous example, and
assuming the spacing was sufficient to prevent them interacting, then each stake
would give a SWL of 305kN/3=102kN. For a 300kN load a system of 3 stakes
would be required.
Staking in saturated granular material is not to be recommended. Using formulae
developed from the previous estimates the graphs in the appendices give an
estimate of the SWL that can be expected. Alternatively a known value for sat and
sat can be used to look up values on the graphs for a dry material to gain an
estimate of the SWL. For most cases no reasonable capacity can be expected.
Only extremely dense material with a high angle of friction gives a consistent, but
low, pullout load. Permanent or tested foundations must be used where these
conditions are liable to occur.
4
Angular grains
well graded.
Silty sands.
Sandy gravels.
Inorganic silts.
Loose
27.5
33
27-33
35
27-30
Dense
34
45
30-34
50
30-35
When saturated the angle of should be reduced by 2 degrees from the above
figures.
The following graph relates the SPT (standard penetration values) on the vertical
0
Very
Loose
Loose
30
Medium dense
Dense
35
very dense
40
20
40
30
35
40
The following table after Das et al gives typical moisture contents and dry-unit
weights for some soils.
Void ratio
e
Type of soil
0.8
0.45
0.65
0.4
0.6
Natural
moisture
content in
saturated
condition
(%)
30
16
25
15
21
Dry unit
weight
3
kN/m
d
Saturated
weight
3
kN/m
sat
14.5
18
Down to 9
16
19
17
9 to 12.5
9 to 12
10-13
9 to 13.5
0.9-1.4
0.9
2.5-3.2
30-50
25
90-120
11.5-14.5
13.5
6-8
6.5 to 9.5
0.3
10
21
10 to 13.5
6 to 9
0.5 to 4
Undrained
2
shear
strength
(kN/m2)
>300
150-300
75-150
40-75
20-40
25
200
50
75
100
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
Soft clays
S hear st rength kN/ m2.
25
Firm clays
50
75
stif f clays
0
100
The following graph gives the equivalent resistance for a 175mm wide stake
embedded in a cohesive soil 3 metres with =0. The following is an example of its
use. To resist a 300kN load, when the load is applied at the top of the stake, in a
firm clay c=100kN/m2 will require 300x3/180 stakes: i.e. Load to be resisted x factor
for loading at top (Between 2 and 3)/ value from graph at c=100kN/m2, i.e. 5 stakes.
When dealing with soils that exhibit cohesion and an angle of shearing resistance,
the so-called c soils, in the absence of test results, the SWL may be estimated from
the values for granular soils.
The following table gives a field test as to the consistency of clays. It is given as a
guide only and may need to be reassessed for individual sites.
Consistency
Field test
Very Soft
Soft
(Soft to firm)
Firm
(Firm to stiff)
Stiff
Very stiff or hard
Undrained
shear
strength
range.
KN/m2
Approximate
Equivalent
N value
Under 20
Under 2
20 to 40
(40 to 50)
50 to 75
(75 to 100)
100-150
2 to 4
Over 150
4 to 8
8-15
Over 15
4. GROUND IMPROVEMENTS.
By locally improving the density of a granular soil in the staking zone the capabilities
of the stakes can be much improved. This improvement can be bought about by
vibrating the unsaturated material above the free water table. This vibration can be
made at the time of driving the stake if a hydraulic vibrator is placed on the stake as
it is driven. As an indication of the improvement in and that can be obtained the
following graph is appended. It can be seen that by improving the material from the
loose condition, to the very dense alters and considerably. Relative density is
defined as D r=(n-min/ maxmin) x ( max/n) where n is the condition of the soil
sample.
ef fect ive angl e of
shearing re sist ance.
0y = +0. 0800x
50
+ 38.0, m ax de v: 0. 00
20
40
60
80
100
50
45
45
40
40
1
35
35
1
30
25
0
30
20
40
60
10
80
25
100
Type of soil
Allowable bearing
pressure
2
(kN/m )
Loose sand
90
Medium dense
sand
100
2ms squares
Firm clay
75
2.31ms square
Stiff clay
150
1.65ms square
11
GRAVELS
Particle size
mm
<200 but
>60
Coarse
20 to 60
Medium
6 to 20
Coarse
0.6 to 2
Medium
0.2 to 0.6
Fine
0.06 to 0.2
SILTS
CLAYS
PEATS
>200
Fine
2 to 6
SANDS
Visual identification
Coarse
0.02 to 0.06
Medium
0.006 to
0.02
Fine
0.002 to
0.006
Compactness/strength
Term
Field test
Loose
By inspection of voids
and particle packing.
Dense
Sandy GRAVEL
or gravely SAND
Sand or gravel
and important
second
constituent of
the coarse
fraction.
For composite types described as:
Clayey: fines are plastic, cohesive.
Silty: fines are not plastic or have
low plasticity.
Slightly
cemented
Soft or
loose
Firm or
dense
CLAY:SILT
Soft
Easily moulded or
crushed in the fingers.
Can be moulded or
crushed by strong
pressure in the fingers.
Exudes between the
fingers when squeezed
in the fingers.
Moulded by light finger
pressure
Can be moulded by
strong finger pressure
Can only be dented with
the thumb
Can only be indented by
the thumb nail.
varies
Predominantly plant remains, usually dark brown or
black in colour, often has distinctive smell. Low bulk
density
15 to 35
Under
35
Dense
loose
Very soft
Firm
stiff
Very stiff
Firm
Spongy
Plastic
12
Fibres already
compressed together
Very compressible and
open structure
Can be moulded in the
hand and will smear
fingers.
13
The previous graphs may be used to estimate the load carrying capacity of a stake,
accounting for the bending behaviour and capacity of the stake with an allowance for
the eccentricity of loading. Use of this graph requires structural knowledge of the
section properties and is best carried out by a structural engineer. However in its
simplest form it may be evaluated by use of the length depth ratio. For example:
14
Take a 90x90RSA of 2500mm embedded length placed into the soil such that
the diagonal face is at right angles to the direction of pull. The soil has a
cohesion of 50kN/m2.
From the above data the diagonal ditance can be estimated at 90 2 = 1 2 8 m m , b u t t h e b
oook value from British steel is 145mm which we will use.
L/D=2500/145=17.24, and e/D=0
from graph titled 18.10.2 short piles in cohesive soils we can read of the corresponding
2
=7.64/50x0.145 =50.1.
Again e/D=0 and Hu=20x50x0.1452=21kN and SWL=21/2=10.5kN or under
half the original value. As the failure mode is related to a property of the steel and
occurs under wind load a lower safety factor of 1.4 would be appropiate which gives a
slightly higher value of a SWL=15kN
The corresponding value for the first calculation using the previous charts would give
a SWL of 27.8kN. These values should be now proven by testing up to 20% of the
anchors as per BS 8081 Code of Practice for Ground Anchors.
15