Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los

gases de combustin
Alberto Gambar
Escuela Politcnica Superior de Algeciras,
02/12/2008

Agenda

1st topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin

2nd topic

Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo

3rd topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST

4th topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac

5th topic

Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 2

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Tecnologas de desulfuracin
Desulfuracin de tipo humdo: OST

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 3

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Tecnologas de desulfuracin
Desulfuracin de tipo humdo: FlowPac

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 4

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Tecnologas de desulfuracin
Desulfuracin de tipo humdo: Seawater

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 5

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Tecnologas de desulfuracin
Desulfuracin de tipo semi-humdo: NID

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 6

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Agenda

1st topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin

2nd topic

Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo

3rd topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST

4th topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac

5th topic

Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 7

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Tipica central trmica de combustin

Caldera

Sistema DeNOx

Turbina y generator

Carbn
Chimenea

Pulverizador
Sistema de combustion
Precipitador
electrisatico
Sistema DeSOx
Tech. a humdo
Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 8
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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Proceso de absorbcion de SO2 en fase acuosa:
SO2(g) + H2O H2SO3
(fase acuosa)
H2SO3(fase acuosa)
H+ + HSO3=
2H+ + SO3=

SO2
gas film
liquid film

SO2

SO2

CaSO3
CaSO4

Conjunto:
CaCO3 + SO2 + 2 H2O + 1/2 O2
CaSO42H2O + CO2

CaCO3
CO2
SO2

SO2

Absorbcin de SO2 en agua

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 9

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Qumica del proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo
Las reacciones qumicas, que ocurren en un sistema hmedo de
caliza, pueden ser caracterizadas mediante una serie de pasos.
Las reacciones en cada paso del proceso pueden ser agrupadas en
tres categoras generales: reacciones gas-lquido, reacciones lquidolquido y reacciones lquido-slido.
Los pasos principales que ocurren simultneamente son:

Absorcin
Neutralizacin
Regeneracin
Oxidacin
Precipitacin

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 10

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Qumica del proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo
Absorcin: este es el primer paso del proceso de remocin de SO2.
Es la absorcin del dixido de azufre en el lquido atomizado.
Absorcin es la transferencia de masa que lleva a un vapor soluble a
un estado lquido.
Neutralizacin: en este paso, el SO2 absorbido reacciona con la caliza
disuelta y otras especies alcalinas presentes. En esta etapa se forma
sulfito y dixido de carbono que se libera en forma gaseosa.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 11

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Qumica del proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a humdo
Regeneracin: es la disolucin de la caliza que provee el reagente
que reacciona con el SO2 formando sulfato de calcio, CaSO4. La
caliza es bsica y ayuda a balancear el pH de la lechada evitando que
se transforme en una solucin muy cida.
Oxidacin: es el proceso de combinar una sustancia con oxgeno. A
travs del proceso de oxidacin, sulfito es convertido en sulfato.
Precipitacin: es el proceso mediante el cual una sustancia se separa
de una solucin a travs de un cambio qumico. En el tanque de
reaccin del absorbedor, cuando la solucin se satura, el sulfato de
calcio precipita en forma de cristales.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 12

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
BYPASS

PRECIPITADOR
ELECTRO
STTICO

CHIMENEA

AGUA

CALENTADOR
ROTATIVO DE GASES

VENTILADOR
DE TIRO
INDUCIDO

TANQUE DE
AGUA DE
PROCESO

ABSORBEDOR

A TANQUE DE PREP. DE
LECHADA DE CALIZA
PURGA DE
CLORUROS A
PLANTA DE TRAT. DE
AGUA

VENTILADOR DE
REFUERZO

CALIZA

HIDROCICLN

SILO DE CALIZA

AIRE

FILTRO DE
BANDA
YESO

TANQUE DE PREP. DE
LECHADA DE CALIZA

AGUA DE
PROCESO

TANQUE DE
AGUA DE
RECUPERADA

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 13

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Almacenamiento y preparacin
de lechada de caliza

Absorbedor

Silo de yeso

Deshidratacin
de yeso
Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 14
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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Estacin de hidrociclones

Silo de
almacenamiento
de caliza

Tanque de la
lechada de caliza

Molinos de
caliza

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 15

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Sistema de almacenamiento y preparacin de lechada de caliza
El sistema de almacenamiento de caliza est diseado para recibir,
almacenar y dosificar caliza.
El sistema de molienda de la caliza est diseado para obtener reactivo en
forma de polvo con el objeto de obtener el tamao deseados de slidos.
La caliza en polvo se mezcla con agua de proceso/recuperada con el objeto
de obtener la concentracin deseada de slidos.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 16

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Sistema de almacenamiento de caliza
La caliza en grava se almacena en
un silo dedicado o en parque y se
transfiera hasta el sistema de
molienda.
La caliza en polvo se almacena en
un silo dedicado.
Tolvas fluidificadas o con sistema
de vibracin mecanico.
La caliza se dosifica normalmente
mediante una vlvula rotativa y se
pesa mediante un alimentador
gravimtrico.
Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 17
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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Sistema de molienda de caliza
Se utiliza normalmente una tipolga
de molino horizontal y con proceso
humdo.
Tamao de la caliza en entrada: 2025 mm.
Tamao de la caliza molida: 80-95%
< 44 microns.
Material: acero al carbono con
recubrimiento en goma y bolas en
acero endurecido.

Molino horizontal de tipo humdo

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 18

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Sistema de preparacin de lechada de caliza
La caliza en polvo es contenida en
el tanque de preparacin de caliza,
donde est mezclada con agua de
proceso o recuperada obteniendo
as una lechada con la
concentracin de slidos requerida
(tpicamente 30% ss).
La lechada de caliza se recircula
contnuamente a travs de las
bombas de alimentacin de
lechada, manteniendo la velocidad
de la lechada dentro de un rango
ptimo.

Molino horizontal de tipo humdo

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 19

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Estacin de hidrociclones

Filtro banda
de vaco

Bomba de
vaco

Separador del
filtrado
Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 20
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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Sistema de deshidratacin del yeso
La funcin del sistema de deshidratacin es la de remover los
cristales de yeso de la lechada contenida en el Tanque de Reaccin,
produciendo un yeso de calidad industrial y recuperando el agua para
ser reutilizada en el proceso.
El sistema de deshidratacin est normalmente costituido de un
sistema deshidratacin primaria (Hidrociclones) y de un sistema de
deshidratacin secundaria (Filtros banda de vaco).

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 21

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Sistema de deshidratacin primaria
Los hidrociclones producen la primera separacin entre los cristales de yeso
(ms gruesos) y la caliza no reaccionada (ms finos).
Los cristales de yeso son evacuados en su mayora mediante el flujo inferior
(underflow) y desde aqu son enviados a los filtros banda de vaco.
La caliza sin reaccionar se enva principalmente mediante el flujo superior
(overflow) y desde aqu se enva primero al tanque de agua recuperada y
luego al absorbedor.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 22

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Sistema de deshidratacin secundaria
El flujo inferior de los hidrociclones (underflow) descarga directamente en
los filtros banda de vaco, donde ocurre la deshidratacin final. El agua
extraida se recupera y se enva nuevamente al Absorbedor.
Dependiendo del nivel de cloruros del yeso, puede ser necesario lavarlo con
agua para reducir este nivel a un valor aceptable.
Aplicando vaco debajo de la cinta, se logra extraer el agua libre y el yeso se
deshidrata hasta el punto de humedad requerido (< 10%).

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 23

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Proceso caliza / yeso de desulfuracin a

humdo
Characteristicas del yeso de calidad commercial
Especificacin tpica:

>95% CaSO4.2H2O
<0.5-1.0% CaSO3.H2O
<100 ppm Cl
<10% moisture
pH 6 - 8
30-40 MMD

Requisitos:

Caliza de pureza elevada (95-96%)

PE de eficiencia elevada
Eficiencia de oxidacin: 99+%
Filtro banda de vacio o centrifugas
Lavado de la torta de yeso

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 24

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Proceso de desulfuracin a humdo

Simulacin CFD en conductos

Sistema de conductos de gas

Mezcla de gases

Separacin de gas

Descarga de VR

Doble codo

Deflectores

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 25

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Agenda

1st topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin

2nd topic

Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo

3rd topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST

4th topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac

5th topic

Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 26

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Instalacin de un absorbedor a humdo

Depulverizacin de gases:
Precipitador Electrosttico
Absorbedor

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 27

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Reacciones qumicas del proceso de desulfuracin:

H2O + CaCO3
(Agua) + (Caliza)

CO2
(Dixido de
Carbono)

Gases de combustin
(SO2)
O2
(Oxgeno)

CaSO42H2O
(Sulfato de Calcio,
Yeso)

SO2 + CaCO3 + O2 + H2O CaSO42H2O + CO2

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 28
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Absorbedor a humdo
Absorbedor y Tanque de Reaccin
El sistema del Absorbedor se
divide en dos (2) reas
principales:
Absorbedor
Tanque de Reaccin
Absorbedor
Tanque de
Reaccin
Absorbedor a humdo

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 29

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Absorbedor a humdo
Equipos principales de un Absorbedor a humdo:
Sistema de separador de gotas
Boquillas y bancos de
atomizacion
Agitadores del tanque de
reaccin y lanzas de aire de
oxidacin
Bombas de recirculacin del
absorbedor
Soplantes del aire de oxidacin

Absorbedor a humdo

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 30

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
La cantidad de lechada de recirculacin necesaria para una remocin efectiva
del flujo de masa de SO2 de diseo se identifica mediante un parmetro
llamado relacin lquido/gas (L/G).
La relacin L/G determina la eficiencia de desulfuracion que se intiende
consiguir en el Absorbedor.
Esta relacin est dada por el numero de niveles de bancos de atomizacin
operativos, cada nivel alimentado por una bomba de recirculacin propra.
Tipicamente se instala otro nivel de atomizacin como repuesto.
La lechada que circula en el ciclo del Absorbedor contiene en suspensin un
15% de sulfato de calcio, sulfito de calcio, caliza sin reaccionar y diversos
materiales solubles: extrae el dixido de azufre de los gases sucios.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 31

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
Cada banco de atomizacin consiste en una serie de atomizadores diseados
para suministrar gotas de un tamao especfico de manera tal de lograr una
absorcin ptima de SO2.
Los atomizadores se distribuyen de manera tal de garantizar una
pulverizacin uniforme y completa, asegurando un correcto contacto
lquido/gas en el absorbedor.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 32

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
El Tanque de Reaccin se dimensiona de manera de garantizar un tiempo de
retencin suficiente que permita un completo desarrollo de todas las
reacciones qumicas involucradas.
Un flujo de lechada de caliza pura se adiciona al tanque de reaccin donde se
balancea con la lechada que se encuentra en recirculacin.
El aire de oxidacin se genera por las soplantes correspondientes y se
agrega para transformar el sulfito de calcio disuelto (CaSO3) en sulfato de
calcio (CaSO4), que cristaliza a CaSO4*2H2O. Tipicamente un 99,5% del
grado de oxidacin del yeso se produce en el tanque de reaccin.
El aire de oxidacin es enfriado y saturado con agua previo a ser inyectado al
tanque de reaccin de manera tal de evitar depsitos.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 33

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
Las lanzas de oxidacin se encuentran localizadas delante de cada agitador.
Los agitadores se instalan en la parte inferior del tanque de reaccin para
asegurar la suspensin de slidos y la dispersin del aire de oxidacin en el
tanque de reaccin. Los agitadores se disean para operar con cualquier
combinacin posible de bombas de recirculacin en servicio

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 34

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
El arrastre de las gotas que llegan desde los bancos atomizacin est
removido en un separador de gotas normalmente instalado internamente a la
columna de desulfuracin.
El sistema separador de gotas consiste en dos etapas, flujo vertical,
instalacin horizontal, de tipo Chevron y dos niveles de lavado. Las etapas se
encuentran instaladas en la parte superior del absorbedor.
Los separadores de gotas se limpian con agua en forma discontinua a travs
de un ciclo de lavado pre-definido. El sistema inferior de lavado se efecta
hacia arriba, mientras que el sistema superior lo efecta en ambos sentidos
(hacia arriba y hacia abajo).

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 35

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Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Filosofa y conceptos generales de diseo basico
La presin de lavado del sistema separador de gotas se disean para permitir
el descenso de los slidos y lquidos qumicamente reactivos.
Se utiliza agua con bajo contenido de solidos y sulfatos para el lavado del
sistema separador de gotas. Las bombas de lavado estn dedicadas y se
utilizan para proveer agua a la primera y segunda etapa.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 36

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given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Materiales de construccin
Bancos de atomizacion:

Cuerpo:

Acero al Carbono con

recubrimiento de goma

Acero al Carbono con

recubrimiento de goma

FRP

Acero Inoxidable (317LMN)

Acero al Carbono con

recubrimiento de Flakeglass

Acero Inoxidable de tipo

Duplex (2205, 255)

Acero Inoxidable(317LMN)

Acero Inoxidable de tipo

Duplex (2205, 255)

Acero aleado al Ni

Hormign con recubrimiento

de azulejos plsticos

Acero aleado al Ni

Tuberias de recirculacin:

FRP

Acero al Carbono con

recubrimiento de goma

Conducto de entrada:

Acero Inoxidable / Acero

aleado al Ni

C-276 / Alloy 59

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 37

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Agenda

1st topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin

2nd topic

Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo

3rd topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST

4th topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac

5th topic

Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 38

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Instalacin de un Flowpac

Demister

Clean gas

Raw gas

Depulverizacin de gases:
Precipitador Electrosttico

Absobent
slurry

Compressed
air

Flowpac

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 39

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Reacciones qumicas del proceso de desulfuracin:
Demister

Gases de combustin
(SO2)

CO2
(Dixido de
Carbono)

Clean gas

H2O + CaCO3
(Agua) + (Caliza)
O2
(Oxgeno)

Raw gas

Absobent
slurry

CaSO42H2O
(Sulfato de Calcio,
Yeso)

Compressed
air

SO2 + CaCO3 + O2 + H2O CaSO42H2O + CO2

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 40
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given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Configuracin de layout del Flowpac:

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 41

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Tecnologa de desulfuracin a humdo

Flowpac: caractersticas de diseo
Layout reducido y optimizado en planta y elevacin.
Ausencia de bombas de recirculacin.
Eficiencias de SO2 muy elevadas y controlables en forma continua.
Consumido de potencia electrica optimizado.

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 42

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Agenda

1st topic

Tecnologas de Desulfuracin

2nd topic

Tecnologas de desulfuracin a hmedo

3rd topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: OST

4th topic

Desulfuracin a hmedo: Flowpac

5th topic

Central de Los Barrios

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 43

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Planta DGC (Desulfuracin Gases Combustin)

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 44

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Absorbedor

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 45

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Absorbedor

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 46

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Bombas de recirculacin

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 47

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given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Central de Los Barrios

Preparacin de lechada de caliza y silo de yeso

Tecnologas de desulfuracin de los gases de combustin - 02/12/2008 - P 48

ALSTOM 2008. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is
given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

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