Theories

- an organized, accepted knowledge

composed of concepts, propositions,
definitions and assumptions to explain a
fact, event or phenomena.
- system of ideas that is proposed to
explain a phenomena.
Preposition
- explain relationship of concepts.
Definitions
- descriptions which convey a general
meaning, reduces the vageness of
understanding a set of concepts.
Assumptions
- specifies connection of factual
concepts or phenomenon.
Concepts
- it is an idea formulated by the mind,
an experience perceived and observed.
Principles
- comprehensive and fundamental
law, doctrine or assumption.
- law or fact of nature underlying the
working of an artificial device.
Components of Theory
1. Context
- resembles envx. to which nursing
act takes place.
2. Content
- subject of theory.
3. Process
- method by which nurses act in using
nursing theory.
Burrhus Frederick
- he defined learning process as a
change in probability of response.
BEHAVIOR - orderly
* Conditioning takes place when a
response is followed by reinforcing
stimulus.
Operant Conditioning

- the learning process where by a

desirable behavior is made more
likely to occur in the future or occur
more frequently because it is being
reinforce or strengthen.
Reinforcement
- something observed to increase the
likelihood of response reccuring.
2 kinds of Reinforcement
1. Positive (Reinforcement)
- a stimulus that increase the
likelihood that a response will occur.
2. Negative (Punishment)
- stimulus when removed increases
probability that response will occur.
AIM of Reinforcement: CHANGE A
BEHAVIOR
Extinction
- the process of eliminating behavior
by with-holding reinforcement.
Spotaneous Recovery
- if subject is taken out from the
condition/situation forgets, he response,
but when subject returns to the situation if
not a similar situation the subject recalls
or performs the response again without
redraining.
Discrimination
- the behaving organism subject or
person learns to behave in ways
appropriate to a changing situation.
Stimulus Generalization
- the others stimuli similar to the one
used in training may produced the same
response.
Conditioned Reinforcement
- is a stimulus that is originally
reinforcing may become so through
repeated presentation.
Sequence of CR
1. Response
2. Neutral Stimulus
3. Primary Reinforcement

4. System Theories
- non-nursing theories
1. System
- is that which functions a a whole by
writers of organize, independent
interaction of its parts. Further, it is
made by components parts with
individual function to form a whole.
2. Sub-system
- component part of the system
- a mini system maintained in a
relationship to the entire system when
it or the environment are not
disturbed.
3. Elements
a) Input - it is matter, energy,
information received in the
environment.
b) Output - released from the system
into the environment.
c) Feedback - information regarding
environmental response used by
the system, maybe +, -, or =.

b) Behavior Modification
Nursing Theory
a) Meleis 1997
- conceptualization of some aspects of
reality that pertains to Nursing.
b) Tomey 2002
- a group of related concepts derived
from the disciplines.
c) Barnum 1994
- one that has context, content,
process ----> assessment, diagnosis,
planninh, implementation, evaluation.
Nursing Paradigm
- a way of viewing the world or
particular perspective of reality.
- used to denote the pernailing
schema or ---- approaches within a
discipline.

Basic Teret
1. A system is composed of a sub-system
each with its own function.
2. A system maybe open or close.
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Process
- most influencial theory in behavior
change
3 Concepts
a) Observation
b) Internal, mental state are important to
learning.
c) Learning doesnt necessarily change in
behavior.
d) Attention
1. Reinforcement
2. Modeling and Retention
a) Behavior Influence

> core content of a discipline

> main concepts that encompass the
subject matter on the scope of discipline
Nursing Theory Process

Concepts of Paradigm
Person
- individuals, family, community, or
all man kind
- the focus of nursing care or recipient
of nursing practice
Environment
- internal and external surrounding
that affected the person
- represent persons immediate
physical surrounding, community or the
universe and all that contains
Health
- degree of wellness of well-being that
the client experiences
- the state of well-being mutually on
by the client and the nurse
Nursing
- attributes, characteristics and actions
of the nurse providing care on behalf of
the client
- practice of the science and act of the
discipline
- interventions of the nurse, rendering
care, in support of or in cooperation with
the client