ek Also j 2h Sing vag A Review af Coal Pillar Strength Formulas W. A, Huei Summary Zasammetouny, — Résne 1 Rove oy Cou! Pt Snel Soma: St PAB ner a avenge, {Foes oe el sal saa. Fr the sey 3 ne ob fume fot formas lity spe wan ad spl saea infers have an pram thy uaa of fran dsr he sab Puna hn Can vim fr sh lk of uc ps th pet vont th ‘Moo ban Inhowscan etl ste “vublom boat sgh am Rosen tienen fessor stage tne Ree hr hater hdihon ino ahve ie tig C eh The ble ay conn .: . oy Ota aee 6 S. Masta: Resichangsn sich Deak und Geta. Di pre eval re Borne er en bechcie, war ct Grand dae dof dee Merson ict legen sean sett ier Mesfoichang wid geri. da een les, hire tren he Alebrdey exponen Daten she ga ches ie Mecho seen Brake and rie sat Gest 078 0322 10H seed ae = Wieck rs? re = Druck ines pisatichen Kiser 1 oman fr ale Rent We 8 Were des Prbeipere Gnd = He de Poke Gh! Apert eet spr das Bo anne de cas. De edb sh oe san erin nome de ceteeors sat Te pene eI Tlicion dele rtance de pcr dune fee mics de chor, cat et ‘ela Tent de compro fcr are pty Shen, ox ces a Shot om cercinrmbre de fran ‘ Terwaths proposer erent a ‘eso pae St acepice oh paige. Dae cate cnmmanctinn, Tn demente Sve Io dvs rations denne seven perme ec dane apart Resta eompresion ple ie oto de a vs ds Peck ant rE) awe = pees tem Ke pone HT 36 pes esate a compo vol oF foorion ds forme de Tras W778 4222 Wl x compreon sole, meric rar om échnaillon cubiant 1h résianee& fe comprenson sige, eure tig er ecrinds en lvespanced * marta: Urn mit den ir bennteten Verdffemtishngen Finks 20 Lion, erdon lace Mateiheen reer De foleicn thorn Faktori ciate heen tens I pel = # NPAT Linch = Q9284 Wen ‘oli fore ior mrs thick ot sunt hint hb k taeA Review uf Coal Pillar Strength Pornulas “7 big ce A une uns taste pour ne ee sat. iB W ta agar de Pshaaeln exits en pce ER 1 ta hanes heel, ein x pow (a Le {ntoduetion bee The base fnciin of ilies in eaonandpiae or sib pillar coal ae stag, ste isto malrat the conperce of tke cxpored foot for ite parila prod of tine Ts paisa tne ator can vy cone Le Wer Inline wo Be pronase aoe he grow sce te ic, prseing major anlage or veto futs tay. roi A por may he ned, fut wane, Tor some mente ony Sie sch Hicks wook? gone be gave conte thou mine the ariations in otength woul! be ascomplshal by changing pillar width ¢ gfe chengthe | wr sscng Teco dooms upon enitarting lar sak san | re dl . a ty “of sae structural inteyiy ofthe cout layers, ‘One ust have a relable method for etiating pillar ssngths if the pillars ate perform the sippor function neque Over the desi ect, The imporcanse ofthis probatn fy of course Bou rssogiined for any yeas, i ‘Since aboot 1900, 4 number of investigators have sed the steer uf sample sive and shape on the compeenive srength of so an gosk, From these studi a number of predictive aquations have emerusd, some. of ‘which have been sugested as applicable for cal pillar dni AM extensive review of these sty hay Boon made with the aim of finding general ‘uations thar might desenbe a majarigy of the experienc dea Ir as Ison found eonveniane to inci the revues of this analysis nde the ol Towing hoe Reading ine nto 2} Compressive strength — size relatiuaships 1) Compreine serngrh — shape eltonsips «Bild verification studies ; Iie vee be pala gu am sere $ La propraian de oe cammuntoaion 1 taseans df sumergem sivas dor eve employe al Je rrr ss SIT netic = pat MPa Sy tps = Van DDHCompressive Strength — Size Relationships & Millard «at icq the vation o easing ond with sample 3 cor thse gus (anlbie, seca aLateh) in ah Gi inp in the ese Wf the sagt and gteshanger sik) and sate ‘anaebie) smples. ‘the somple wecights arial front abun 10 gre to 19 grame. Using a dlesiy nf te thi coreaprns tm ace r te length range of from dtc 16 ine tu ting They fea. thee the Felaionship Retscen ctiching- ant “annie Seige cn he espreseed in 4 the For # | Dawe im where L- crshing hd of the samples stn) \ Ws = cof the snl fen i Vales ohn for ate preset i Tae } For sans that ave cai i hap Fa. (can be ete i watt denise) ay Cy) 1H = cue ce enh Gi) Here i related tay = 240, Assuming that the lan samples ea he adequately represent by cubes, value for can he computed fr al these tae staied by Millaed crak The seals given in Cable | would Sungest the the crvshing strength of coal cuhce sary inversely with the sare root of the cube edge Tet “Evans etal performed sh eet cubes basing edge lente rans eon tt" to 2 Tine rele om fico dierent enae are repretice in Figs. tad 2, The bexe Ht wf the Deep [Doty coal dara ovo suggest that rive series of remprewion txts on seat n meng wise 0h op the Bassey Hasds coal cubes dhe apparent equation is Ie hacen ae “ Ie shore & = et have boon Fs he seen the f 1 \ experimental ce spe The stone in sone dai in igs} eur bese po the ech sipecimpnbe be a A Rov of a Pilar Sgt Foran ww Wee wszted that svon sna tong of suc small us oo YA Shesticmly scat a the meaning ot te Fels Is qustoeabh Garses of the Form a= kH 8 whore A= omstane for cach cal tue bes fied through she compressive strength for the 1” cubes. Assan be noun tha Be is telatively good for cues larger thant". Theange of oh stm sion of he mem ss an hgh fr Dp Dalry a. cexpeneatal daa i, of case, envcliaie for making projects wo lange be ies, The strength of the coal Forming ee Paesburgh bus hay bos seo in some deta by a numer of investigators? Thee ess ae sino ft Fig 3. Carvey af the fae ok Me hs upon che 2° and 4” be strangstn a uhscns by Gaddy! have [Kon superimposed spon the experiment data tv can be sn the agia WA Mastratie 1 aca stengeh values over the entire range . ite yond. Hence, it would appeat thatthe Father large sanptce can be predict fat closely sing eq (5) and the stongth eae determined fron the texting of small cube. and a enbes | th ui interesting that the difference in strength bere the fe atively sal This will be decussad tn more deal later. 5 ln Tale Valves of # and Grams Gads's Dats a ed s ‘ Gaddy* peor a lange numberof compression tests on coal cubes having side enh of 2° through 9 take feo 5 ler hee, His sese ahae the lesey ing, Dall eb ees wat os A Revo of Calla Sth Formas a ame shows in Figs. 4 and §, He also foal that am equation of the Form a esrb his data very ll. Vals obtained for 8" andl! ate ven in Table 2. As cam be wa the wale =O fea gow apposition forall the buds. The talus of ke hawsceer varios Ay more daw a factor of 2 and ance must be daterminal far eich bes Tir anost practical applieations the compres strengths from 9 number of aifernt cue irs wn ue he seal Assning that only rege talues far 2" cabo ase avilable From he five boy he caleated val OF eave as yur n Take on) * Sing be vgs Ke is. : CThe masa fern athe | lof he 2 ces and thoes Values of ealeulatd Tabled. Obviowsir ther rveon the strength predicted «Lea 3 ange of hs srs ach bed and cach cube re a0 + real advantage in having v6 reswonaity sal ce ie. W won appear the cn abe vena j 3 | : j he 3 1 : | : { prison om 204 cube The ea val ff wh le Kemah fr omen We fed weld Sage to ne eke at ee | eaten fie oh aa sae e's ng eicompiled Hst of 125 Senses” inching both sole seri sod those sehich pillar collapse had ee wink The tllowine poustince sre Flew inseleting the ates 1. the mining. dimensions in the area of the ills stad! were the pillre were apposite: sqvate in crone-secton 1. The diameter of the area volo wae restr than ae bee theses 1 The seus were essay lar Bing ith The range at parameters considered i piven in TaNe 5 they asses that pillar sth fr) is eto pilla nein by where 2. f= constants : " Eo = strength of unit cube af coal The Toad (9) om the pillar ve sosidered to he wie be es ring 0 the pillar ips whee Te = overburden th p= avenge sre In Fay i has sen assed that he weight of the overburden in cerca hy Lp for csey fot bee the sorace, Thic cares 031 tverage spe raviy fr the overlsing rocks of 285, ihe hore suggest that since the dimensions te sty see sen Jn feet then the america vale of & shuld be taken a the tenth of fone fot cube of caaa ths 0 falls epi baa Cc unde Pook oan A Movi of Cas Pll Sesh Foals bs Hsoter im general, willbe a constant and have she unis af stent only 4 470, Fur all atber possibly the ants of & would change a W aed H change, For a-unicsuby, ie, Welly the vals of a and would be avbierary. The fact that Hand W are expres in feet dow nat 2 pin! ret hat tye the tev of a cue having id lenge of I Foe ‘An abjection raid by Bicmiawski" is that in expresing the ston ‘of cnal gulls as a power Function ‘of dhe pillar with aad hight this innplice tha ene atengih (HW) wuld Gantinue tw seceaseineftaly With side Teugihs Ths, af sour is nor weasonable and ile dacs i sore dat Io Vals for ky, 4 and f determina by stattial arate fro ath the tabled the ollspoe csr are given below f the das Be te fy = 1 Hence Uy 6) becomes As can be son 244 ~JF an hence the units of & are not acualy thove of teen “Ths exuation does hovsover deste the Fick dea rather well. ‘Th appeats te have et eal the only sevious atepr made to ghanily fl fxpertence. In his aah it was assured thar the value of fy id not ‘ary fom coal to coal. The rol of compression testy perfurnisd nL fales taken” trom 1 nuinbor of Sowth Adricaw ines “is roporta by Bisnsaveske!= would tend eo substanate the vali of thiy assumption CG. Sowey' prascatad the ranks of 193 compression teats per forma i 1981 by thy National Mechanical Enginscring Revere Insta (Gonth Afsics) on 1 cubes taken from the Nase, 2, and 4 scams of the Wolvekras Section of Wachunk Colliery Uni. The rltve yaks (based fo the sng uf the No.2 scam ay 1DN%G) are given helow Nob Seam — 1 No.2 Sein — 100% Nod Seam — 54% oles presenta hy Biewiaws kil for sans cakon frum dic same toe seas afe repastively He, 10%, , Sovwry sant that altho senor formal such as preset By Salamon anal Mune asf ds to the local variations ia sitengt, lacs srengch vals anos bs deerinad and ined. He puapuncs ing the Impact Sietth Test develops bythe Naval Coal Hoan Bieniawskithts thts has rporal the eosules oF tots perform i sit os sap rang tn see Fron 2 bos co 79" cub, Vhs a dane atthe Withavh Calley. che mar ing asics chore wste 3 classes oF tests of cia coal spacnee oe SSeS bs WA Hsien: (Cass ts Siallsie sprcinens fap 9 38) Glass 2; Medianesire specimens {6 tn FR) Claws 3: Largesire specimens (24 in 0 797) AN sample preparation and ceaing was done waders 1 eliminate effects of emiranmental changes on the specimens. The salle specimen ‘vere prepared cher frm nse ena pices or Tram dl sree. They mer testa in a 10t0n compression machine. The nied sre specnyens were fu tive tsi 9 nied chain saw, The specimen were placed in a Noviznaalslor ade in a pillae using @ coal cater aed ade tate sisne special horse ais, The large sive spcinane were tested ys Fic Gms fmt i be gh i ca Fert Damen kr Kang Wa They were formed fram the corners of existing pillars, The outer alanyazed sin (about 24) ofthe pillar eae Fst removed ad then the serial cs Searating the specimen from the pillar were made. Finally the upper hort onal eats sere made, AI! preparation was done using am universal con futer. The loaded surface is capped with a sand and cement mistore ap Frosimately 3° thick to remove surface ivpulaies, Stel shtering nd Feinfared concrete were ted ta simulate the effect of rool confinement 3 the spesinen. The lod was api tothe samples hy a srie af Hydra Fans Each cnn applie Tad ver 1 The ress of bic este ae presented sys ‘ft oh2 itinate specimens They were diced in Fo fata et hak eal coal Stare ap Fe Present i Fig. 6. On the huss of thee tests Bieaiawski conludal that for Simple lash tn a ske Fg 9) appli = 100 WHFS OF WH Ft i= 2699 WHIFESH (apts oF W. Tan aches or pillas 60° 2 se and larger Bg. (20) apples y= 400-420 With 0) The penitent conelasions trom his work see (1) Only large seals im situ tests am provide vali strength dats coal applicable co practical design 2) Laboratory costs on coal samples of small sacs be wed for comm parative purposes ole (G1 The strength uf coal decrease with incseasing size of cubic specie snes ting tam soymptoie wale a (Uh The watal asamption thatthe ssengah of eval glace sam ee proented by 2 power function of iheie with and high f nor val since Frances giluy size anwande chet sw anore shange alla seth, 15) A nese relationship ws derived for the in situ stengh of fll sie pillar i tor of their winch ea, The data ana and the daa ill provdad by Biensasesk is open fo sume question. AS seas pointed aut b) Evans), his resus on ctbes vob iia ot 3 groups (a) Sie 175° signs vaiaion in scent with se (oy 6-18": Masked variguun These rents carespont with the thice testing techniques wed ad Evans gnotons whuthor the testing mods may have buen the propodersst ‘lfc. In the range O75°——J" athor investigators (se for example, Figs Though 5) have observe sigifican tengiesize eer. There woul appear reawon 10 question the rally of thie small sine specimsn reas. Other investigators! have suggested thar the strength of sol cubes varies sversly With the quate oor ofthe side Tengch. The slid carve in Fig. as beck fmstructed ised oa che atrenguh dat given for the 6" cubes Mt wll be tbncted hat he fis go wee for th stale size cbs Ticniawslei suggests that one nisl only perform strength tots on 60 cubes ther than ow fnfinly Linge cubs o get the design strength of ee pillar Such tote re about ely praatcl fora particular wine. Hr appears Thac terse 6 sunpls cam be wed ts presi lange scale sarangi Naty ese Boe hat shea oh add rtm hi gion ne thane et ‘Thr boc se tan the suas of Becwianakeseateita : einen: Frum che data of Bienins si iti lle co ances any dlifernee in cconth tur cibee 21 and apse, Hhe rca iy seri Fre 28 fake tm ene fe valy abt 28 Fag a Met °9" el the llr Feel bout 3. Hves the stone uf ees fggor thsi 6 wall he cm fer tepals the ofthe eve, Tere fe sme question spar the siiority of the meta of Weal piston tothe pillar wed Faro trates canctont sees} ta that experienced the pills (weal eter to Contant eplacenen. He fe expoctad that consent dplacenant Ua nl pedis ihr strengths, The stall scake sts ate po Tike covseantdisplcenent than vows stese fs Compressive Stength-Shape Relatiunsip teh previous section, the effet of ae dinesiny cabal spe hae een bse this section ten fon evaluating the effect of specimen shape on tenet Cv the sample tines height or wth Heat lteral dineon we to specie the ene strcgth. I le shoves thay tie Takeo concoeney ve een lange responsible fur the variety wf compresive reigahshape eqns pesenly Svat, tn coal ining, he seams thickness nigh) feral constant ad the pillar width is arable, Hence the appropiate fe sreth snk he that for a euhe ving an alge level te Re wll he sco, > ner of invetigstrs ave eld the ste si (WY Constant aoa rare the Reght The cube srt ws i th ealulation fas then heen aed upon the sid, The routs nf te eos apprnackes ate Ehrontnecmatly oes nor apnese toe one of thew Herter the ee tefl for guest aplication ae those for which the sptnen habe (1) fae fo ed andthe wi (1°) vad In 876 Uaushingert!# presented the risus of a sce of cre sion teste performed an Swiss sandeigs 7 and 8. The equation shat best ite the data is given below ryt = OTR 222 WHE an where y= compres eeu fr the psn fe = compressive strength of prism for which. WH = ining Loe dns Ht = prin hei Alekoogl ris fonnula is bee om a very Foie anoint of dats and covets taal range of fess widebeghe ratios (DS te aout 2.12) as renainal unchanged and wear untested pf the present es foe example | | att of the presrmyeesommended STAI procedure forthe reduction of Compeesive strength dats. The seater inthe data i athe lage For wth Fgh ratios Ieper than about 1s This, however, isthe region inca inves coal pla desig Ii 1911, Banting’ peesered compressive strngth data for anthracite coal samples varius Winsome roan several mines. The results Fe Sinan in Fig 9. Using, 2500 pi ae the average compressive strength wi Ses the pil Ave the a heighta and te hos ule we A Revi af Cal Pile Sec Foals om J sl cubes with side lens of 2° 40 6 he charter dhe Taburacory Ina by dhe equation 9p = 1750-4750 WH ws He albu plored she “sqacoring® loads (of eaeularal axing dhe weight of the overburden and che extection rae foe abc mine ples of varying “abe ak stg Kane Bree a eae cv eighe ratios with hich he was families These data have abo beot Plotted in Fig 9. Fron chee to curves i would appear that by applying fsafery facor facially sele factor] of 23 to Ey, (12), one could prot the pillar ershing seongth: The appropriate equation ould be f= 700+ 300 WH, ws as cam he we this dows descibe the fed data guice well For ata pills the lationship huascen pray and cube strengths would be he sith of cubical pla having sw ee dutevion egal uo the se height snl e 10H pas I Fig, Wy Es [hy sl Ch) Ive en super 1B | 5 Feyca over the lahwrators fata, sean be sca the ite ight rage ‘onal and the scatter go Tage to really fel cident sm chosing ‘her vo describe the dat, (Greenwald eal? tose a number of Tange pristine of inne saline. Hc rue are plotted Sa Fig (1, The equnvin est fing th Ain sso Found hy Greenwald 9 be Hinseser as ear be seen the aycte= HF rstitionship can he ite wel repwesenil by a. (1 ‘hers ct al performed large number f yan cuspression ests tog cute af marble este, granite, sitions, sted greenstone hatin eshte vient 2, Wold als Fun vaous diameter to knggh ratios. No_appacentliferences ween the Fess forthe various rock eypes were breed al henee only the average Clues ave plod in Figs 42. (11 rpessens the pte very sel fae thee hr the FuHe hohe range ‘wom chasing as) A Resiew ile Sgt Funan us boca obrainal by Steare from compression ras perform on piss of coal from the. Durban Navigation Calley, Natah, South Afri, are prctnted i Fg. 13, tn thse fst the pillar wideh was ld onstant ana = ‘he hugh changad ‘The strength f the 9" cue was usc asthe ase. the Month af he basic cube would have eon Base am the heights rather than'on che whe, the elaionahip would change markedly. Alkovgh the Sal tated by Bicwiaweski conte fees quite diffrent ena fey the ile Scongthe were asus co he sinlae. H Sane’ datas asked by the auhe strength cureaponding to dhe siuple height the resis shown by the tangles in Figs 13, The nauiing elirve cane wall sdescnbol by Eq. IH], On the basis of observations made ia the laborateey and fl, Steare formulae che shes fllosing tule 0 pret thy serene of win Sie pills an the bai uf itor eal pis ule 1 The stromhs of piles uf the same wideh vary an inverse rao en thee igh, ule 2. The stvnghs or rains 6 eruaing faqs yl of the ‘ave aight vari othe sate rot of i eb,be S.A Haste Rule 3. the sen of pillars of ube fon vars in ierse ratio nf the square ror of the linens Thhe rules ate very single and appear to fie she data of ater I anforigoate thie Stetet hus aut applied more deals concerning hee ‘levelapment nd collaborative data parole ith reac tn Re 2h hhas al been pointed wat by Meveiee™). The experimental data present svoull tend ty susramtate Rae |. Accepting Moles tand 2 the Rule T Fale ds Steuart in seis of examples illstates howe ene son etoate the strength of Inve pills having ait wilth-heigh einen he ace oF | | L | ( ‘| i t | | i | i lL { sucha sleet He eon tha he Ml fe avai te dred and may sls eed i Trattand™ hay pes the rst of compre tas co show the | ion of ere sng ave wiring nao He eae se “Bon Be He od tat se the fre i one wo i foitosis heishea. his rang. thei ule this x present fon Kole $ stmane the Ie has oF + shaw the ise Cow A Review of Cal Pilar Stem Facmulae bs fave the best fit of the data. Applying the method of averages tothe data, the preset auibor olusina she sclatonskip, Ayla, =0.775 40.225 WHHL wy Which fs esenially Manica to the original Bausshinger equation. 1 is Pointe ove that the experimental rns wore performed Keoping the specimen jah constant and varying the with nae SN RR ee ac, ac Ha gr a Pa following rlaronsip between pillar crushing strength and she wih hight ei, 12 W008 Hoe “i ey oterosing es note chat this is similar ao she eavaton from proposed tyneliond : 7 16 A compatigon uf che pratt pila teagths using Eg. (8) and shar Bowe p= 128 5294 Wd an 1 0778 9.228 WHfs shown in Fig 15, The masinvnn dilfeence berecen the er eRe met the WH range of Veo 2 is aloo IS wath Fay 102 ging mer co Servatve revue foul be ic stnee rosin thee Feld data and a the ft prunidal fy 2 anore spf tcltbnnhip. such. ay eg, 1D. The htentivunss ofthis squats that fe drnensionlycorvet aa proses the eppeeity to tee cain con ee ste ole Vent ecient sh Bieaiawski!! concaded from hie pillar sts thatthe sromsth of ces having ee lent of and Fagen as costae Is sent va crite for piles having squane basee (6 edge senso a vari she see pleted Fi. 6, The equation sae = 4004220 WIT an vvae used describe the data, The normalize farm of Fy. 1181 lee NAS ASS WH 09 Ie ie nored that this has been constructed for the sitution in which the ‘wth fe hel constant ‘andthe aight sal ftom 241 The fae hat the cube strength fr a 24" cube an al che ae sit ton illest fece Tips acct Tor the fry of the eatin beng sian pte 0778 40.222 WIE an siren Savon | | steangth rests an sel Prins fo This voukt 8 Tes expect! is width vo F coral4 Revie of Coal Pl Stength Formals 7 su curves uter {This would not he the situation i the cube seengths had bees marke rg mare conf diferent. Fig. 17 shows the rete of ploning sll of Bicnivski's data for iitaandstidy | samples of soastane height and varying widths, The cube scengih uses Fy. 1b. The | hiv apolying tothe pillar eight. A can be seen dhe data For the 2, 36 saad pris | sat ri ale ag aa ch he stent of seroma dana fd 48° high prisns is wall described by Eg. (10) tis felt thoe such an fguation shoud he yaad rather than Es. (8) Cruise (se reference 18, 2} suai the wariainn ja comprasive suseng of val stndstone cores with the diamter to height rat, The fells are shown in Fig. IB. As cin be abon rhe slope of the sive fs similar to shat expected using Ey. (I) although most of the esprit siya the Sigh sample ble hat atl oth ape ute This could be explained by the asus cube ssengeh bing Wh by abou in which che; 19%. Tan on such stall sampler sre wry ifcule to do and. plate Tiveface shat | specimen mismatch effets ean he subsntal. Hence sch ilfsenc ght tow dtteene | be expecta J In summary, the variarion f the sompeesivessength id she gangs ¢ wih to height ratio has been stadial by a number of investigates sion types. Frum these stain variety of ean ave emgcach of whish yields rhe best fora pantcula dataset. Hoover 9 has teen shows the monaized aon en O77 HOR WIE Alescibe most of che data somarkally wll. Har saenple sires tre em to show asive fleets the sient (22) must he devcrsined fr les Facing sie lth DU rather ta side el W al SS ey Bee secu Ea hee ih il, Wel a, a Field Verification of the Equatinas fe dae, no eeal stay e0verfy he validity of using these equations for actugh nal pillar design has hoch made, Bunting’ deter the onypresive strengths of eubial and prisnave samples of anthracite eal {sample ive vase from about 2" to 6°. These were pleted as Function ff the sample height wid eatio (oe Fig 9). Superinnpose upon these Inonrvory dave ere she ekl seus frm actual pillar ses. He fa Hie the egiation fixe! thar Ivor thenone veal Sanction THe Gad A Review of Ga Pillar Sng Fon hs fiuad the laborwory dat fly wall. Wi he atradusto of 3 sea Fata ofS une obtains equation ey=70 +30 8 that eam be used ta gie a crmservative estimate of she astmal pillar scengths Tessas eespecs this 6 4 par field verification of the eiations Wn sae the shape rationship shown. Hovener the se af the fast 23 brea fis oS L - . | . L ea Sin, Br Crane can: Merl ai i de. Yahi Bre cube stengths has ben done arbitra, he avenge sample eonprenive Strength ubisined daring the laboratory sunly was about 2500 poi Ione somes that (0 this strength apples ca a cubby and (2) shat de sarang Femains essentially constant for culos having side Teng uncer that 36 the exjwsta seals Gator wuld be scale fase [8 This car hast of the same onder af mayatiks as sho by Bunting.Salamon and Muneo® did a statcal anaes of field data orich ced boil fied snl stable eal pillars, Asean thar pillar stent rl be exprseed a= hey We wvhose fn. = constants ‘hey detrmined the values of ka. ay and fae gave che best ft to thir they Sine Iahorsiny strength compressive strength dar was nor alae For the coals inlnded inthe stds they assumed # tbe estan The stcngth of cal ean however vary caer Fron ed uy bea and even sihin the same bed Hence ithe penetica application of his formula the designer wuld ave tm-extimate bro clowely the ba valve fo the natcuar coal in question compares with the equation Fy alne (b= L323) Strength data Ml avatlable forthe mine cual would probably hive ben vated by testing small eos, Since by definition, fe isthe cena of 3 Cin cube having. side length of 1 some sali rochnigue would be ecko put rf etal scale tests short alehoush 2 large amount fied! data was sel in he stady by Salsqven aed Muto, the file to ince coal srength ae 4 waviale greatly reduced the weiss of Mice resling equation. Bieniaskit™ 1 has not presented apy fed pill dats 0 subse time his pill strength predictions, Suwey"= however hay presented Feld fabsersations fron the shine slety (Whhank) sn which the sti bs Dieniaweki were conic The periment dats ave sinmarze below Fvampde Land 2 Witbank No.2 ann Room width = 22 Pillar (are with = 20% Set eighe = 16 10 18 fe Thickness of averburden = 110 Ft Diameter of mined aroa = 80 Pillar collapsed about years ater the area was mined (Exams Pills began to collapse within month afer one (Ean e23 sample $ : Wichank No. 2 seam f Pill Plan Arca ~ 86 Pilliameren width = 9 fe i Sean height = 9f¢ in Thickness of overburden ~ 120 r Average percentage extraction within a rads of 12 = 67% “ Percentage extetion in near siinity of pillar = 8% feAt daca which polar er fit thse wt avalable by as to ba Caiion of this elie for fo 1323. i) bave bee reengeh of tue cou be sot fash aaa 1 taba seta es te stalics by tinal below Example 4 Clery wosamed ovum deh = 20 Pilla (quae) wide ~ 25 Scam Heighe = 94 Thiccis of ovesburden = 230 tent of nad ey = HU fe 10 fe Hatracion = 25% xomple 5 Clery wmnamed Room widkh = 21 Petar qua) wide = 20 fe Seam heighe = 16 fe 1 = 906 Pillars showing sees Toca 200 fe away from a faule The loads at which the plas are showing dsinss calculated using the svarhunden sins and ihe estesction fin are given below sample Caley imac pile sen ‘i and Witbank: gp = 590 1 Wahaok pica yi 4 Unpamed ‘ Unnamed Bicmeavyabi!® Found the equasion sm +230 Weed to fi is dae for pillars having a bane of 60" sare eater wall, Asami thar cube strength is independent of side feng for cles lange than 6” tune wuld pred pillarstangths forthe above field ata about 620 psi The ayresmene iy robarkably good Holland presented Fell dana frum 8 aul pillars aan acct a sevity the usefulness of his strength prediction eqhations. The rots ul inca fur each ofthe aves. Unfortnatly 7 ofthe chs were for sable pillars aod in the Bth case in which pillar fails bad wurted the sept fhe overbnaden wis poorly documenta Using data for tae llare enc fan nly slenlate 2 lower unt for th: pillar srengeh, This hae bean one inthe Fllowing wayps A. ttyeteti 1a The average stone (i he pillar can be eae aig where Ta ~ ovesbnden thickness 1 psi dlsascume tocanse dhe depth of overburden fue neal all ofthe eases ws given a6 9 fang one elelatse the tuisinany sees. Since For ease 2 hua the pillars sve sae the pills stems panst he greater than this al 12) The srength of euboe having am edge diesion equal nthe seam hight can be pried using wn vehere & is detcrined fram tes perform an the ¥ cubes, These vas cv coun 3 of Table 6 4) The pila compressive strengthsape rlaianship hs fen df comert the cube seonat given in column ¥ 40 those se withthe fe vals However die co the given range of cetain parameters (nota: the yeh of meron) and the face that 7 ont of the eases were For stable pias, nothing more celly cae sad goat any relationship herveen the prodited and actual pillar strengths Thie particular sede cane really he Considered as Feld verification fmtl Go the ‘his value vie otal he ete stable ote j A Rev af Conclusions Te elvan beratureconcersing che elaoshiphstwesn onesie son am specimen acai ahape of cal saps has hoot vevcw insane dale wa fou shat althonh a substan! anne of abortry tnd in stn tating has buen done on tahoe vide cage of spe nies sl for seeal franco some question would apps a xb eae ing the appenite state tug the compreste aren on shape til sae paranctes. Ths review has shoe hae the nner and variety of ejations tga hy the varows suns ix due primary u the Oe fecn echoes ud so soayne ad pent the data rather than in sub seal difsune nthe data theese equations given Blow wens found wo deserbe all of thedstather wel Compressive Sengdh — Sige Relationship oe \f) Wsainchos v7 a vee ho Hee inches bs nhute de = cumpraive strength (pi of cube having se eng 1 = cunsant for eich paricuar cal 1 Sample height tins) Campresoe Strength — Shape Relationship dep = O77 401222 WEIL esse strength of a prim having wih (WY) and where ay = heighe (1) — psi W = sample wid (it lacealinension) — ins 1 = sample heghe — i e remains however to show tbat hey eat be will forthe pretion ‘of actual pill szenghs from the results of compressive sisngth tests orm on small cubes eve forthe se oal. This ie eing eres Bah preach te al the rests il e presente i the far 4 * dillard BLP. Newna sf Eaamialy Chacha Matty Probing amy by al GD. Remora: Seog Paci, ai Soak ot © Duantls. Jnsphy an 4. D. Ace, The Uinste Cun Sth oak The Engincting ad ng Jal uns We pe 363 8 1, PhitlaysThe Apps Suen gsuat Soy, Vl1 B.A Hest ih : * Rice, Geomme Si: Tests of Strenpth of Ronf Supports Used in Anthracite Society of Seuth Greenwald, H.t. H.C. Howarth, and 1. Hartmann: Progress Report: | 2 Standard [pinens te Sr Sal irs of Col nthe Putas Bods Repro Stone, al | diye Lh Sel of he Uh Senha Coal Ae Reed we [abe ae tne Ao Seat ca etn Te Slee the Ch ae i Nc gant ee Sate Se te Efe Dae 3 oe ee | tans & titlors, jue of the South Afi fstate af Aliing and Metalhngs-rp- 855%. | she wah Syren He Swen ae | Tow | Tr ylet GA alc of Des ord andr eins, | tly NSC f jul be Sot sen ae i Shading eee, | le eo! | oe U Bieniawski. Z 1: Contribution to dhe Discosian of "A. Stay of the eee ; sae eal ae i eae ermas aeeeceet | Sram Ee Tete oe Seat ee hae a ted an eo eee Rater rae "2 Soocty, C. Ge: Cambio to she Dic f° Saf the Suet aa Sng Sv 1 Co Pils! al *A Mtl of Desiring Borda Pilar Wingy ra Uae Sth Rca Inte of Anne nd ll, pp 87198, Sete Conky N. GW Contihation to. the Dhwamsin of A. Stay of he Shength oF Cosh Pla” and A Method of Derg ord and lle pn Tis Nowa 1967, NW mieniaweki, Zo ty Si Sth aad Deformation Chaeacersin of Goal, Eapnceriog Gey, V2 5p 32640 (88. "8 Wieniawski. 2.11 the Fee nf Specimen Sion Cmesive Suen ta Jus of Rack Mleshamss sal Ming Sees. So 4 328 ( evans, Le Dineunsion of ZT. teniowskis Paper “The Ffest uf Specimen | Sven Commesite Secon of Coal Ine fool of Rack. Mechamsy and Mining Sens 7-2 24, Alte (5 i TF Shearey. #.R Discssion of ZT. Hinnwskis Fave “the tect of | , Specimen Sin Comprcsve Stent of Cal Ine. Jornal nf Rock Mechanics sh Sing Selene 75.2. 2y March (970, ' Grobhelaar, C28 Theary forthe Sena of ils. Vouchers “i Steart FA Strong ad Sti of Plein Coal ies, Journal of ‘he Chemeal Metallurg snd' Mining Seley of South fies. pps MBS, | anc 984 | whRaper C. Rg hy Sut 3, Jounal vetaper, tac A Review of Coal Par Srength Form us > Suwey, GG Dasutsion of FAL Sten’s Har “Seong al Sabiiy sf il tn Ca Alas, faunal of the Chemie Rll ant Ann Sole of South Alcs pp 391393, May (953, Sr fauschinger Js Mivaiagen as dem Mechanish-Tecwishen Labo tsovum dor ke Tesbnncot Hochche in Manche, Vo 186. = jason's Mittils of Caney eowriman by MO, Withey and Jaws Aston eh Eon, fla Wiley, pp HE-“T0. 198 ® Stand Mola! of Tee for Compraive Sacngth of Natural Dang Sion An Bk of ASTAE Stans, 1970. Using, Dong, Char Pile in Dap Anthracite, Trsatons Oberg ky SL. Windes, and Wl Duvall: Sendardad Tots foe ‘acamining the Piya! Prats of Mine Rock, niet Sac Btean i ie, KV iby pp 1-22, haga (48, “Wallan, CTs The Strong of Gaal Abie Biles, Procaliogs of the sh Syupainon Rik econ, Uni of Mio Ralls, pp 480466. 14 Thomas TJs The Development of Roof Cant and Ie Besing on dh Pham the Withaok Daeg Journal af he Chee, Metlgc 3ad eing Souty ol South Ac, pp 29-195 Maye (1933). Cook, NG Wy KHodgsus, apd J.P. Al, Hjem A (00MM ocking yum for Testing Coal Pili Ulam, Rescanch Report No. 4130 Chamber Mines South Ac, September (170). Mercier, WG, Ps Discusion uf the Paper “Sena an Stblity of Pils in Cal Stns” by B.A Steare, Journal ef eho Chen Mella a Mining Society of South Alien, Nay U3 Alo of the author: W. A. Hustralid, Deparment of Alning, Mellie and Bole Engineering, Linsersy uf Gray Sal take Cay, UT AHIR, US A