Lab Manual 2016 17

Institute of Technology, Nirma University
Electronics & Communication Engineering Section

Department of Electrical Engineering
B. Tech, Semester: VII
EC603: Microwave Engineering

INDEX
Sr.
No.
Title/Name of Experiment
To identify various microwave components and their

basic functionality
To verify the V-I characteristics of a Gunn diode
To calibrate the variable attenuator
To distinguish the driving properties of an isolator,

circulator and directional coupler
To verify experimental and theoretical values

standing wave ratio (SWR) and Reflection coefficient
To measure unknown impedance using Smith Chart

technique
Page
Sign.
Marks
of
To understand the principle of wave propagation in

rectangular waveguide and determine the frequency and
wavelength in a rectangular waveguide.
A. To compare the matched and unmatched line
based on line parameters using frequency domain
techniques
B. To observe and calculate various transmission
line parameters using time domain techniques
To comprehend the power division and isolation
characteristics of a Microstrip 3 dB power divider/
Wilkinson power divider
10
To examine the characteristics of different filtering

devices at microwave frequencies
11
VIRTUAL LAB EXPERIMENT :

A. To verify the results of load point on Smith Chart
B. To examine the field strength in rectangular
waveguide for different dominant modes
Total
Microwave Engg.
B.Tech Semester VII EC
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
AIM: To identify various microwave components and their basic functionality.

THEORY:
Microwaves are high frequency waves radiating electromagnetic (EM) energy. They
travel at the speed of light, comprising both electric and magnetic fields that
oscillate at right angles to each other and in the direction of propagation.
Microwaves form part of the EM spectrum with frequencies ranging from 300MHz
to 300 GHz and wavelengths of 1 m to 1 mm respectively. The term micro-wave was
first coined by A.G. Clavier in a paper published in 1931 by the International
Telephone and Telegraph to describe the propagation of an 18 cm wavelength radio
link from Dover, UK to Calais, France. In another paper by Clavier in 1933, the
term microwave was used to refer to wavelengths of about 0.5 m. Since their
wavelength is small, greater accuracy is needed in the dimension of components.
Several important waveguide components are discussed below:
WAVEGUIDE:
Waveguides are hollow pipes having rectangular or circular cross section, used to
transfer EM energy from one place to another place. Waveguides differ from
transmission lines in many aspects. In waveguide, transmission takes place in TE
and TM modes, whereas in transmission line, it is TEM mode. In waveguide, the
propagation takes place by reflection from the conducting walls. So, power losses in
Waveguide are lower than in transmission line. Moreover, waveguides are simpler
to manufacture, as they do not contain inner conductor or dielectric. The power
handling capacity of waveguide is also higher as compared to transmission lines.
ATTENUATOR:
Attenuators are microwave components, which are used to reduce the amount of
signal power offered to the network. Attenuators are of two types:
Microwave Engg.
Variable Attenuator:
This type of attenuator can vary the amount of
attenuation provided to the network. In this attenuator, a piece of resistance is

placed in a waveguide. When it is moved to the center, it will provide maximum
attenuation. It will provide least attenuation when it is towards wall.
Fixed Attenuator: It attenuates a fixed amount of power.
WAVEGUIDE TEES:
Waveguide tees are used for the purpose of connecting a branch section of
waveguide in series or parallel with the main waveguide. The different types of
waveguide tees are: E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee and Magic Tee (Hybrid Tee)
E-Plane Tee: If the electromagnetic waves enter the junction from the side arm
and if the junction is symmetrical, then the waves leaving both the terminals of
main are equal in magnitude and opposite in phase. If the waves enter from
both the terminal of main branch, then the resultant field leaving the junction
through side arm is proportional to the difference between instantaneous fields
entered the junction from opposite direction.
H-Plane Tee: Its axis of side arm is parallel to the plane of the H-field of the
main transmission line. If the H-plane junction is completely symmetrical and
waves enter through the side arm, the waves that leave through the main arms
are equal in magnitude and phase. If the fields of same polarity approaching the
junction from main arms, then the leaving field through side arm is proportional
to phasor sum of entering fields. Maximum energy can be delivered to the side
arm when the waves entering the main arms are in phase.
Magic Tee: A Magic Tee is a combination of E-Plane tee and H-Plane tee. It acts
as a four port hybrid circuit. It consists of one series arm and one parallel arm.
The energy applied to the arm P or S is divided equally between 1 and 2, none
emerging from the opposite arm. i. e. S or P, respectively. When power enters
through arm 1 or 2, the fields leaving the P arm proportional to the phasor sum
Microwave Engg.
of two input fields, while the fields leaving arm S is proportional to the phasor
difference of two.
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER:
A Directional Coupler is a four port device, having characteristics such that there is
free transfer of power between port 1 & port 2 and port 3 & port 4 without
reflection. There is isolation between port 1 & port 3 and port 2 & port 4. The
degree of coupling between port 1 & port 4 and port 2 & port 3 depends upon the
structure of the coupler. Directional coupler can be used for power distribution,
power measurement, SWR measurement, etc. The characteristics of a Directional
coupler are specified in terms of coupling factor and directivity.
Coupling Factor: It is a measure of energy level in primary and secondary

waveguide.
Coupling Factor
= - 10 log10 P1/P4
dB
Directivity: It is a measure of how well the forward traveling wave in primary

guide couples only to the desired terminals of a secondary waveguide.
Directivity = 10 log10 P4/P3
dB
ISOLATOR:
Isolator is a device, which allows the flow of energy without attenuation in one
direction and prevents the energy to flow in the other direction. It uses ferrite as a
main material. Ferrite is a non- metallic material, which works on the Faraday's
Rotation principle.
CIRCULATOR:
Circulator is a multi port device in which the power can flow in nearby port in one
direction i.e. port 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 1. It also uses ferrite for this
application. Normally, a circulator with 4- ports is used.
SLOTTED SECTION:
Slotted section consists of a waveguide with a slot on the top. It has a mount
placed on the top. The mount consists of a coupling probe which is a movable
Microwave Engg.
through out the slotted section. With the help of slotted section, power at any point
on the waveguide can be measured.
BENDS:
In measurements, it is often necessary to bend waveguide by some angle.
Waveguide bends can have bending angles like 30, 45, 90 and 120 in E-Plane or
H- Plane.
PHASE SHIFTERS:
Phase shifters are used to change the effective electrical length of a transmission
line without changing its physical length. The phase shift is controlled by a
micrometer driven mechanism.
SHORTS:
Movable shorts are used to obtain a phase reference in a calibration of various
experimental set-ups and also are used to vary the effective plane of reflection and
therefore the phase of reflected wave.
TERMINATIONS:
These are used to terminate the waveguide systems operating at low average power.
The loads are carefully designed to absorb virtually all the applied power and
assure a low SWR.
TWISTS: These are used to rotate the plane of polarization of a waveguide. Twists
are manufactured by precisely twisting the waveguide by maintaining the same
internal dimension.
MATCHED LOAD:
The load that gives zero reflection of the power i.e. all the incident power is
absorbed by the load; is known as matched load. A simple form of matched load in
a waveguide is a piece of distance cord, which is placed in the waveguide parallel to
the field. The front end of the cord is tapered so that it prevents any discontinuity
Microwave Engg.
in the path of the microwave signal. The cord should be such that the reflection
from the load becomes negligible.
MODULATORS:
Many applications of microwave testing require amplitude modulation and pulse
modulation of signal sources. PIN diode modulators offer an ideal way for
amplitude and pulse modulation of microwave signal with a wide range of
frequencies. These modulators utilize PIN diode which is mounted across the
waveguide line.
DETECTOR MOUNT:
The crystal diode can be used for detection of microwave signal. At low level of
microwave
power,
the
response
of
detector
approximates
to
square
law
characteristics and may be used with a high gain selective amplifier having a
square law meter calibration.
CAVITY WAVE METER:
Tunable cavities are used as a wave meter to measure the frequency. The cavity is
made tunable by varying one of its dimensions, usually length. The cavity wave
meter is placed perpendicular to the main waveguide. Coupling from the cavity to
waveguide is achieved through small hole or iris. The indicator connected to the
wave meter shows the maximum output at the resonant frequency. At that instant,
the frequency can be read from the calibration of the wave meter.
TUNING SCREW:
Tuning screw is usually inserted at the top or bottom of the waveguide to provide
variable susceptance. If the insertion is less than quarter wavelength, it causes
capacitive resonance. At quarter wavelength insertion, resonance takes place and
further penetration beyond quarter wavelength results in inductive susceptance.
PYRAMIDAL HORN:
Pyramidal horns are used for radiating power as well as for receiving microwave
power. The horns give moderate directivity and very large bandwidth.
Microwave Engg.
FLANGES:
Waveguide flanges are used to coupler section of waveguide and guide components.
The flanges must have negligible power loss due to leakage and should not produce
any reflection through out frequency range.
WINDOWS:
Windows or Irises are fixed or adjustable projections from the walls of waveguide,
used for impedance matching. Mainly three types of windows are there
Inductive window consists of conducting diaphragms extending into a

waveguide from sidewalls. They have the effect of adding and inductive
susceptance across the waveguide at the point of window.
Capacitive window has diaphragms extending from top to bottom walls into the
waveguide. It has the effect of capacitive susceptance shunted across the
waveguide.
Resonant window is the combination of an inductive and capacitive window at

the same point in the guide. It gives the effect of a parallel tuned LC circuit
connected across the waveguide and act as a band pass filter.
CONCLUSION:
Microwave Engg.
ASSIGNMENT:
Draw the schematic diagram of all the components discussed in the experiment-1.
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
AIM: To Verify the V-I characteristics of a Gunn diode

APPARATUS:
1. Gunn diode with mount XG-11
2. PIN Modulator XM-55
3. Gun Power supply with PIN Diode Modulation GS-610
4. Isolator - XI621
5. Frequency Meter XF-710
6. Variable Attenuator XA-520
7. Detector Mount XD-451
8. VSWR Meter SW-115
9. Waveguide Stand XU-53
10. Matched Termination XL-400
11. SS Tuner XT-441
12. Cable BNC , TNC
THEORY:
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy
gap. A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field region which travels
towards the anode. When this high field domain reaches the anode, it disappears
and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving towards anode and
so on. The time required for a domain to travel from cathode to anode (Transit time)
gives oscillation frequency. In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a
resonant cavity.
PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare the set-up diagram
2. Set the components and equipment as shown in figure
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below:
Meter Switch
Microwave Engg.
'OFF'
Gunn bias Knob
Fully anticlockwise
PIN bias knob
Fully anticlockwise
PIN Mode frequency -
Any Position
4. Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for the required frequency of operation
5. Turn 'ON' the Gunn Power Supply
6. Turn the meter switch of Gunn Power Supply to voltage position
7. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the different voltage. Do not
exceed the bias voltage above 10 volts.
8. Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph
9. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponds to maximum current
Important Note:
Do not keep bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 second.
Readings should be obtained as fast as possible. Otherwise due to excessive
heating, Gunn diode may burn.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
Frequency ___________________
Frequency ___________________
No.
Voltage
(volts)
Current (mA)
Voltage
Current (mA)
(volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Microwave Engg.
12.
13.
14.
15.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1.
Draw the block diagram of the set-up used in the experiment.
2.
Does the measured V-I characteristic of a Gunn diode match with the
theoretical characteristic? If no, what may be the reasons?
3.
List down the specifications of a Gunn diode used in the experiment.
4.
What is negative differential conductivity? How does it appear in a Gunn

diode?
5.
What factors determine the frequency of Gunn diode oscillator?
Microwave Engg.
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
AIM: To calibrate the variable attenuator

APPARATUS:
1.
Gunn Diode with Mount XG-11
2.
PIN Modulator XM-55
3.
Gunn Power Supply with PIN Diode Modulation GS-610
4.
Isolator - XI621
5.
Frequency Meter XF-710
6.
Variable Attenuator XA-520 - 2 No.
7.
Slotted Line XS-651
8.
Tunable Probe XP-655
9.
VSWR Meter SW-115

THEORY:
The attenuator is two-port bidirectional device which attenuates the desired
amount of power, when inserted into a transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log10 (P1 / P2)
where P1 = Power absorbed or detected by the load without attenuation in the line
P2 = Power absorbed or detected by the load with attenuator in the line
Attenuator consists of a rectangular waveguide with a resistive vane inside it.
Resistive vane absorbs microwave power according to their position with respect to
side wall of the waveguide. As electric field is maximum at center in a TE10 mode,
the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed at the center of the
waveguide. Moving from the center towards side wall, attenuation decreases. In the
fixed attenuator, the vane position is fixed, where as in variable attenuator, its
position can be changed by the help of a micrometer or by other suitable methods.
PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare the set-up diagram and assemble the setup.
Microwave Engg.
2. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the microwave power
for maximum deflection on VSWR meter. ( Detector mount's output should be
connected to VSWR meter)
3. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of a variable attenuator
(not the attenuator under test) and gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let this
power be P1.
4. Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line, without
disturbing any position on the setup. Place the test variable attenuator to the
slotted line and detector mount to the other port of test variable attenuator.
Keep the micrometer reading of test variable attenuator to zero and record the
reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P2. Then, the insertion loss of the test variable
attenuator will be P1 - P2 dB.
5. Now change the micrometer setting of test variable attenuator and record the
VSWR reading. Record the micrometer position as well as the attenuation value
for different positions of the micrometer reading.
6. Plot a graph of micrometer readings v/s attenuation.
7. Measure the operating frequency of microwave bench.
8. Now change the operating frequency and repeat all the steps for finding out the
frequency sensitivity of fixed and variable attenuator.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Reference Reading P1 = ___________ dB
Frequency = ____________GHz
Frequency = ____________GHz
Sr.
Micrometer VSWR
Attenuation
Micrometer VSWR
Attenuation
No.
Reading
Reading -
P1 - Pa
Reading
Reading -
P1 - Pa
(mm )
Pa
( dB )
(mm )
Pa
( dB )
( dB )
( dB )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Microwave Engg.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1.
Draw the block diagram of the set-up used in the experiment.
2.
Draw and explain the operation of a fixed and a variable attenuator.
3.
Comment on the graph of micrometer readings v/s attenuation.
Microwave Engg.
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
AIM: To Distinguish the driving properties of an Isolator, Circulator and

Directional Coupler
APPARATUS:
1. Gunn Diode with a mount XG-11
2. PIN Modulator XM-55
3. Gunn Power supply with PIN Diode Modulation GS-610
4. Isolator - XI621
6. Slotted Line XS-651
7. Directional Coupler XK-620
8. Circulator XC-621
9. Isolator XI-621
10. Detector Mount XD-451
THEORY:
Isolator: Isolator is a two port device that transfers energy from input to output
with little attenuation and from output to input with high attenuation. It can also
be derived from a three port circulator by simply placing a matched load on one
port.
Circulator: Circulator is a multi-port device. In this, a wave incident to nth port
will be coupled to (n+1) th port only. For example, if the power is incident to port-1,
it will be coupled to port-2.
Directional Coupler:
Directional coupler is a four port device as shown in figure.
Microwave Engg.
It consists of a primary waveguide 1-2 and a secondary waveguide 3-4. There is a

free transfer of power without reflection between the terminal 1 & 2 and no transfer
of power between the 1 & 3 or 2 & 4. The degree of coupling between port 1 and
port 4 and between port 2 and port 4 depends on the structure of the coupler. The
performance of directional coupler may be specified in terms of the coupling factor
and the directivity.
The coupling factor is a measure of the ratio of power levels in the primary and
secondary lines. The directivity is a measure of how well the forward travelling wave
in the primary waveguide couples only to a specific port of the secondary
waveguide. An ideal directional coupler should have infinite directivity. In other
words, the power at port 3 must be zero because port 2 and port 4 are perfectly
matched. Actually, a well-designed coupler has a directivity of only 30-35 dB.
Mathematically, both these parameters are defined as,
Directional couplers are of many types, such as two-hole directional coupler, multihole directional coupler, Bethe-hole directional coupler, Schwinger directional
coupler, etc. The most famous, two-hole directional coupler is shown in the figure.
Microwave Engg.
PROCEDURE:
For Isolator
2. Assemble the equipment as per the diagram
3. Energies the microwave power source to obtain maximum power in the VSWR
meter
4. Connect the isolator in the forward power direction (indicated by the arrow) and
measure the attenuation
5. Connect the isolator in the reverse direction and measure the attenuation
6. Determine the insertion loss and isolation.
For Circulator
1.
Prepare the set-up diagram
2.
Assemble the equipment as per the diagram
3.
Energies the microwave power source to obtain maximum power in the VSWR
meter
4.
Adjust variable attenuator for a reasonable power level. Record this power
level and attenuator reading. This is the input power to the circulator
5.
Carefully remove the detector and setup Circulator
6.
Determine the insertion loss in dB
7.
Interchange port-1 & port-2 and determine the isolation in dB by noting the
change in output level.
Microwave Engg.
For Directional Coupler

2. Set up the equipment and the components
3. First measure the microwave power without connecting directional coupler (Pi)
4. Connect a multi-hole directional coupler. Feed the power from port-1, terminate
port-4 with a matched load and measure the forward output power port-2 (P12)
5. Now terminate port-2 with matched load and measure the coupled power (P14) at
port-4
6. Now reverse the position of a directional coupler under test. Now, feed the power
to port-2, terminate port-1 with matched load and measure the coupled power
(P24) at port-4
Find out insertion loss, directivity and coupling factor form the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
For Isolator
Reference = __________ dB (Pi)
Input port
Output Port
Reading dB
Attenuation
(Po)
Pi-Po dB
For Circulator
Reference = __________ dB (Pi)
Input
Output
Terminati
Reading in
Attenuation in
Port
Port
on
dB
dB
(Po)
Pi-Po
1
2
3
Microwave Engg.
For Directional Coupler

Sr. Directiona
Pi
P12
P14
P24
Coupli
Directivi
Insertion
No
(dB)
(dB)
(dB)
(dB)
ng
ty
Loss
Factor
D=P14
L=Pi
C=Pi
P24
P12 (dB)
l Coupler
P14
( dB )
( dB )
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Draw the block diagram of the set-up used in the experiment.
2. Explain the Faradays Law of rotation for Ferrite devices.
3. Define: Isolation, Insertion Loss
4. How does a circulator differ from a magic tee?
5. Discuss the practical applications of an isolator and a circulator.
6. Are the measured values of directivity and coupling factor match with that of
the theoretical values? If no, give reasons.
7. Explain the operation of a two-hole directional coupler.
8. Discuss practical applications of a directional coupler.
Microwave Engg.
Microwave Engg.
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
AIM: To Verify experimental and theoretical values of standing wave ratio

(SWR) and Reflection coefficient
APPARATUS:
1. Gun Diode with mount
2. PIN Modulator
3. Gun Power supply with PIN Diode Modulation
4. Isolator - XI621
7. Slotted Section XS-651
8. Tunable Probe XP-655
11. Movable Short XT-481
12. Matched Termination XL-400 or any unknown load
13. SS Tuner XT-441
THEORY:
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as
the sum of two traveling waves - the incident wave propagates from the generator
and the reflected wave propagates towards generator. The reflected wave is set up
by reflection of incident wave from the discontinuity on the line or from the load
impedance. The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depend on amplitude and
phase of the reflecting impedance. These two traveling waves result in standing
waves along the length of the transmission line. The maximum field strength is
found where the waves are in phase and minimum where they are in opposite
phase. The distance between two successive minimum or two maximum is half the
waveguide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electric field strength of reflected
and incident wave is called reflection coefficient.
Microwave Engg.
The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of maximum to
minimum field strength along the line.
VSWR (S)=
| |+| |
= | || |
Reflection-Coefficient
()=
| |
| |
= +0
ZL - Load Impedance and

Z0 - Characteristic Impedance
1
The above equation can be written as = +1

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the set-up diagram
2. Setup the components and equipment as shown in figure
3. Keep the variable attenuator in minimum attenuation position
4. Generate microwave power
5. Keep the depth of pin of SS Tuner to around 3-4 mm and lock it
6. If necessary, change the range of dB switch, Variable attenuator and gain
control knob to get the deflection in the scale of VSWR meter
7. Move the probe along with slotted line, the deflection will change
8. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR
meter
9. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until VSWR
meter indicates 1.00 on normal SWR scale
10. Keep all control knobs as it is. Move the probe to next minimum position. Read
the VSWR on scale and record it
11. Repeat the above step for the change of SS Tuner probe depth and record the
corresponding SWR
12. If the SWR is between 3 and 10 , change the range dB switch next to higher
position and read the VSWR on second VSWR scale ( 3 to 10 )
Microwave Engg.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
S.S. Tuner
Position of
Position of
No.
Depth
Maxima
Minima
VSWR
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1. What is the typical range of VSWR and reflection coefficient?
2. What is the value of SWR for a short circuited and open circuited load?
3. Why is VSWR never infinite?
4. Define return loss. How is it related to reflection coefficient?
Microwave Engg.
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
AIM: To Measure Unknown Impedance using Smith Chart Technique.

APPARATUS:
1.
Gunn Diode with a mount XG-11
2.
PIN Modulator XM-55
3.
Gunn Power supply with PIN Diode Modulation GS-610
4.
Isolator - XI621
5.
Variable Attenuator XA-520
6.
Slotted Line XS-651
7.
S.S. Tuner XT-441
8.
Movable Short / Termination
9.
VSWR Meter SW-115

12. Smith Chart, Engineering Compass
THEORY:
The impedance at any point in a transmission line can be written in the form of
R+jX
1+||
For comparison SWR can be calculated as, = 1||

where, =
1
0
+1
0
Z0 = Characteristic impedance of waveguide at operating frequency.

Z is the impedance at the desired point.
The measurement is performed as follows:
The unknown impedance device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR (S0)
and the position of one-minima is determined. Then, the unknown impedance
device is replaced by a movable short to the slotted line. Two successive minima
positions are noted. The twice the difference between the two minima position will
be the guide wavelength (g). One of the minima is used as reference for unknown
Microwave Engg.
impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and the minima
position obtained from unknown load. Let it bed. Take a Smith Chart, taking '1' as
center, draw a circle of radius equal to S0. Mark a point on circumference of chart
towards load side at a distance equal to d/g. Join the center with this point. Find
the point where it cuts the drawn circle. The co-ordination of this point will show
the normalized impedance of load.
PROCEDURE:
2. Assemble the components and the equipment
3. Generate maximum microwave power
4. Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit such that
the meter indicates 1.0 on the normal upper scale of VSWR meter
5. Move the probe to the next minima position note down the SWR (S0) on the
scale, also note down the probe position on the slotted section let it be 'd1'.
6. Remove the S. S. Tuner and matched termination and place movable short at
slotted line. The plunger of short should be at zero. Do not disturb other
settings.
7. Note the position of two successive minima positions. Let it be 'd2' and 'd3 '
Hence g= 2( d2-d3)
8. Find difference between reference minima of wavelength measurement and
minima of unknown load measurement d1, D = |( d2- d1)| and D = |( d3- d1)|.
9. Calculate D / g
10.Find out the normalized impedance
11.Repeat the same experiment for the other frequencies.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
d1 =
d2 =
d3 =
g= 2( d2-d3)
D = |( d2- d1)|
and D = |( d3- d1)|
D / g
Microwave Engg.
CALCULATION:
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Note down the various functions of S S Tuner.
2. For what type of problems, Smith Chart is suitable?
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date: _______
AIM: To Understand the principle of wave propagation in rectangular waveguide

and determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular waveguide.
APPARATUS:
1. Gun Diode with mount
2. PIN Modulator
3. Gun Power supply with PIN Diode Modulation
4. Isolator - XI621
7. Slotted Section XS-651
8. Tunable Probe XP-655
11. Movable Short XT-481
THEORY:
Waveguides are structures used in guiding EM waves at high frequencies. Based on
the cross-section, the waveguides can be classified as: Rectangular Waveguides,
Circular Waveguides and Elliptical Waveguides. The sketches of different
waveguides are shown in figure.
Microwave Engg.
Analysis of a rectangular waveguide:

Assuming a lossless rectangular waveguide, we apply Maxwell's equations in
analyzing EM wave propagation through the guide. The resulting partial
differential equation is solved using the method of separation of variables. On
applying the boundary conditions on the walls of the guide, the basic
formulas for the guide are obtained for different modes of operation.
Waveguide Cutoff frequency:

The cutoff frequency is the operating frequency below which attenuation occurs
and above which propagation lakes place.
TE Mode:
For this case, the components (Ex and Ey) of the electric field are transverse to
the direction of propagation az. (Ez = 0, Hz 0).
TM Mode:
For this case, the components (Hx and Hy) of the magnetic field are transverse to
the direction of propagation az. (Hz = 0, Ez 0).
HE Mode:
This is the case when neither E nor H field is transverse to the direction of wave
propagation. They are sometimes referred to as hybrid modes. (Ez 0, Hz 0).
Dominant Mode:
The dominant mode is the mode with the lowest cutoff frequency (or longest
cutoff wavelength). In a rectangular waveguide, TE10 mode is considered as the
dominant mode. It is related to 0 , g and c are related as below:
1
1
1
=
+
2
2
(0 )
(c )2
(g )
Microwave Engg.
Where, 0 is free space wavelength

g is guide wavelength
c is cutoff wavelength
The guide wavelength g is the distance along the waveguide between the
successive points at equal phase.
Now, c =
2
2
2
(m) +(n)
a
b
For TE10 mode m =1 and n=0, c = 2a and a is the broad dimension of the
waveguide.
PROCEDURE:
1.
Understand the theory and prepare the set-up diagram
2.
Set up the components and equipment
3.
Generate microwave power
4.
Measure microwave frequency of operation using frequency meter
5.
Replace the termination with Movable Short XT 481 and detune the frequency
meter
6.
Move the probe along with the slotted line. The deflection in VSWR meter will
vary.
7.
Move the probe to a minimum deflection position. To get the accurate

observation, it is necessary to increase the VSWR meter range in dB switch to
higher position. Note down the probe position on the varnier caliper scale.
8.
Move the probe to next minimum position by moving it to right or left in

slotted section and record the probe position
9.
Repeat step 7 for other minimum position and record in observation table
10. Similar to step 5, 6 and 7 measure the probe position for the maximum
deflection of VSWR meter and record it in observation table
11. Find out the difference between successive minimum deflection probe
positions and average it.
12. Find out the difference between successive maximum deflection probe
positions and average it.
Microwave Engg.
13. Calculate average of averages of Maximum deflection probe position and

minimum deflection probe position.
14. Calculate the Guide wavelength as twice the overall average
15. Measure the waveguide broad dimension (inner) 'a' which will be around 22.86
mm for X band.
16. Calculate the frequency by the following equation:
1
= =[
1
( )
1 2
]
( )2
Where, C = velocity of light = 3 x 108 meter /
sec
17. Verify frequency obtained by frequency meter
18. Repeat the experiment for three different frequencies
CALCULATION METHOD:
I.
C = 2*a = 2 * 2.286 = _______________ cm
II. 0 = ______________________ cm by observation

= ______________________
cm from calibrated chart of Gunn diode
III. Now g form the equation

1
(0 )2
1
(g )
1
2
c)
+ (
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
Position
Average of
Average
Average of
Practic
Theoreti
No.
(cm)
two
(cm)
Minima
al
cal
consecutive
and
g (cm)
g (cm)
readings
Maxima(c
(cm)
m)
Minimum Deflection Probe Position

1.
2.
3.
4.
Maximum Deflection Probe Position
Microwave Engg.
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Draw the block diagram of the set-up used in the experiment.
2. What is the difference between a dominant mode and a degenerate mode?
3. Why the guide wavelength is different from the free space wave length?
4. Draw the field patterns of TE10 mode.
5. Draw the standing wave patterns for short circuited and open circuited lines.
6. Does the practical value of guide wavelength match with the theoretical
value? If no, what may be the reasons?
Microwave Engg.
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No.:
Date:
AIM:
A. To Compare the matched and unmatched line based on line parameters
using frequency domain techniques
B. To Observe and Calculate various transmission line parameters using time
domain techniques
THEORY:
APPARATUS:
1. Transmission line Analyzer
2. 100 MHz CRO with X-Y facility
3. Transmission lines
EQUIPMENT SETUP:
For frequency domain technique
Swept RF Source
5-250 MHz
Attenuator
Frequency Display
RF Detector +
DC Amplifier
Transmission Line
Impedance
Display
Microwave Engg.
CRO
Load
For time domain technique
PROCEDURE:
To setup the standing waves formation on a transmission line and observe
their maxima and minima using frequency domain method.
1. Connect the Transmission line Analyzer and CRO to a suitable AC power
outlet and switch the equipment ON.
2. Bring the CRO into X-Y mode of operation. 6. Adjust the intensity on CRO to
get a bright spot. Adjust the position of the spot with horizontal and vertical
position controls.
3. Now connect a BNC lead from TLA Horizontal output to CRO X or Horizontal
input. CRO will start displaying a horizontal line.
4. Adjust the AC/DC/GND switch at CRO X input to DC.
5. Adjust the line length to ten cm by adjusting the X gain.
6. Adjust the vertical position of line to three graticules below center line by
adjusting CRO Y position control.
7. Adjust the AC/DC/GND switch at CRO Y input to DC.
8. Now connect a BNC lead from TLA vertical output to CRO Y or vertical input.
9. Adjust the attenuator setting of TLA with all the switches in upward
direction; indicating full power being applied at load.
Microwave Engg.
10. There will appear another line on top of the previously adjusted base line.
Adjust the Y input attenuator of scope to separate the line by six divisions.
11. Adjust the tune control on TLA to read a frequency of around 100MHz.
12. Adjust the span control fully clockwise.
13. Press the 1dB attenuator. The top line would come down a little bit. See that
the top line distortion is within 1dB overall. Overall flatness is specified to be
within 1dB overall.
14. Now connect a transmission line at the Load Out terminal through a suitable
connector.
15. Keep the line in open circuited and short circuited one by one. Observe the
CRO output.
16. Connect the other end of the transmission line to the Load Input via suitable
adapter.
17. Rotate the impedance measure controls to fully clockwise and counterclockwise one by one and note down the output wave form clearly showing the
positions of maxima and minima.
18. Also note down the point where minima and maxima become equal.
OBSERVATION :
Draw standing wave on transmission line
(i)
open circuited at load end
Microwave Engg.
(ii)
short-circuited at load end.
To measure the characteristic impedance/ resistance of transmission lines

using frequency domain method and to differentiate between the matched
and unmatched lines.
1. Set up the equipment as before.
2. Connect a transmission line at the Load Out terminal.
3. The scope shall display a standing wave pattern if the line is open circuited or
shorted.
4. Connect the other end of the transmission line to the load input.
5. Adjust the Impedance measure control on TLA so that the standing waves on
the CRO are minimized.
6. The characteristic impedance of the line is displayed on LCD in Ohms.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Characteristic impedance: __________
To measure the VSWR, reflection coefficient & return loss in a 50 Ohms
transmission line for following loads: Short, Open, Zo, Zo/2, 2Zo Ohms etc.
1. Set up the equipment as before & connect a transmission line at the Load Out
connector.
Microwave Engg.
2. Rotate the impedance measure control so as to read around 110 ohms on

display. The CRO will show standing waves as the line is now terminated in an
impedance other than its characteristic impedance of say 55 Ohms.
3. Press the attenuator to bring the voltage maxima to the level of voltage minima.
Expand the CRO display for more accuracy.
4. The amount of attenuation required indicates the difference in voltage levels of
maxima & minima at the generator end.
5. Calculate the VSWR from the attenuation e.g. if the attenuation required is 3dB
then ratio of voltage maxima & minima is 2.
Hence for VSWR = 2, load could be 27 Ohms or 110 Ohms.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
Attenuator
No.
VSWR=
Reflection coefficient
Return loss
Vmax/Vmin
Vreflected / Vincident
(dB)
1.
2.
3.
4.
For Time Domain Technique

To measure the characteristic impedance
1. Connect the SHORT RANGE output of the TDR to the CRO input using Tee
connector.
2. Measure the open circuit amplitude of the generated pulse (Voc).
3. Now connect one end of given open circuited transmission line to the Tee
connector on the CRO.
4. Measure the amplitude of the transmitted pulse (Vt).
5. As the same current is flowing in generator and cable so by ohms law
(Voc)/( Rg +Zo) = (Vt)/(Zo)
Microwave Engg.
6. Solving for Zo
Zo = (Vt * Rg)/ (Voc -Vt)
Consider generator output impedance (Rg) as 50 Ohms.
7. The characteristic impedance can further be cross checked by terminating the
other end of the given line into impedance analyzer and nulling out the reflected
pulse.
8. Repeat the experiment for different lengths of cables above 1m and find if the
result has any function of length.
9. Repeat the experiment for antenna feeder twin wire. Note that this cable has 1:4
balanced to unbalanced transformer (balun) at one end.
Note that measured impedance shall have to be multiplied by balun transformation
ratio of 4 to get the correct result. Note that since 300 ohms cable is prone to noise so
extend the cable fully before you start experiment and never attempt measurement in
a roll. Coaxial cables can however be tested when in a roll.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Characteristic impedance: __________
To measure the velocity of propagation and dielectric constant
1. Connect the SHORT output of the TDR to the CRO input using Tee connector.
2. Now measure the time delay between transmitted and reflected pulse (t).
3. Measure the physical length of the cable(l).
4. Now calculate velocity of propagation Vop = (2 X l)/ t
percentage of speed of light= Vop/C and Dielectric constant = (C/Vop) ^2
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Time delay between transmitted and reflected
ns
pulse(t).
Physical length of the cable(l)
Velocity of propagation Vop = (2 X l)/ t

m/sec
Microwave Engg.
Percentage of speed of light= Vop/C

Dielectric constant is thus (C/Vop) ^2
To measure the attenuation constant
3. Now measure the amplitude of the reflected pulse (Vr) for RG58 cable under test.
4. Now attenuation in dB/100m is calculated as
5. A(dB/100m) = {20log (Vt/Vr)}X 100/2L where L is length of cable.
6. A= (1000/L)log(Vt/Vr)
7. The pulse attenuation is mostly related to the first harmonic of the transmitted
pulse waveform which is 10 MHz in this case.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Amplitude of the transmitted pulse (Vt)
mV
The amplitude of the reflected pulse (Vr)
mV
Attenuation A= (1000/L)log(Vt/Vr)
dB /100m
To measure the reflection coefficient, VSWR and return loss

2. Connect one end of the cable to the Tee connector.
3. Terminate the other end of the line into impedance analyzer.
4. Set the load termination at say 100 Ohms.
6. Now measure the amplitude of the reflected pulse (Vr).
7. The reflection coefficient =V incident/ V reflected = (Vt)/(Vr)
9. Calculate VSWR = (1 + Refl. Coeff.)/(1-Refl. Coeff.)
10. And Return loss = 20log(Refl. Coeff.)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Amplitude of the transmitted pulse (Vt)
mV
The amplitude of the reflected pulse (Vr)
mV
The reflection coefficient =V incident/ V reflected = (Vt)/(Vr)

Microwave Engg.
VSWR = (1 + Refl. Coeff.)/(1-Refl. Coeff.)

Return loss = 20log(Refl. Coeff.)
dB
CONCLUSION:
Microwave Engg.
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Date: ___________
AIM: To comprehend the power division and isolation characteristics of a

Microstrip 3 dB power divider/ Wilkinson power divider
EQUIPMENTS: RF source, receiver, Wilkinson Power divider chip resistor type,
connecting cables.
THEORY: It splits an input signal into two equal phase output signals, or
combines two equal phase signal into in the opposite direction. Wilkinson relied on
quarter-wave transformers to match the split ports to the common port. The
resistor does a lot more than allow three ports to be matched; it fully isolates port 2
from port 3 at the center frequency. The resistor adds no resistive loss to the power
split, so an ideal Wilkinson splitter is 100% efficient.
In its simplest form, an equal-amplitude, two-way split, single stage Wilkinson is
shown in the figure below. The arms are quarter wave transformers of impedance
1.41xZ0. Here we show a three-port circuit (the most common in practice by far,
but Wilkinson described an N-way divider).
Fig. 1
Here is how the Wilkinson splitter works as a power divider:
When a signal enters port 1, it splits into equal-amplitude, equal phase output
signals at ports 2 and 3. Since each end of the isolation resistor between ports 2
and 3 is at the same potential, no current flows through it and therefore the
Microwave Engg.
resistor is decoupled from the input. The two output port terminations will add in
parallel at the input, so they must be transformed to 2xZ0 each at the input port to
combine to Z0. The quarter wave transformers in each leg accomplish this; without
the quarter-wave transformers, the combined impedance of the two outputs at port
1 would be Z0/2. The characteristic impedance of the quarter wave lines must be
equal to 1.414xZ0 so that the input is matched when ports 2 and 3 are terminated
in Z0.
Consider a signal input at port 2. In this case, it splits equally between port 1 and
the resistor R with none appearing at port 3. The resistor thus serves the important
function of decoupling ports 2 and 3. Note that for signal input at either port 2 or
3, half the power is dissipated in the resistor and half is delivered to port 1. Why is
port 2 isolated from port 3 and vice-versa? Consider that the signal splits when it
enters port 2. Part of it goes clockwise through the resistor and part goes counter
clockwise through the lower arm toward port 3. The recombining signals at port 3
end up equal in amplitude (half power or the CW signal is lost in resistor R1, while
half of the CCW signal is output port 1). And they are 180 degrees out of phase due
to the half wavelengths that the CCW signal travels that the CW signal does not.
The two signal voltages subtract to zero at port 3 and the signal disappears, at least
under ideal circumstances. In real couplers, there is a finite phase through the
resistor that will limit the isolation of the outputs.
Fig. 2
(a)
Fig 2 (b)
The Wilkinson power divider (a). An equal split Wilkinson power divider in
microstrip form. (b) Equivalent Transmission line circuit.
Microwave Engg.
Fig 3
Wilkinson Power Divider
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect a 20+20 dB attenuator at output level between source and receiver
so that receiver does not get saturated.
2. Connect output of source to input of receiver.
3. Vary frequency of source from 1GHz to 2GHz and note down the receiver
reading at each frequency at an interval of say, 100 MHz in order to measure
the flatness at each frequencies. The receiver level reads say 70dB.
4. Connect the output of source to input (PORT 1) of power divider and connect
one of the output PORT2 of power divider to receiver. Terminate the output
PORT 3 of power divider with a 50 ohms termination. Now, Rx reads 67dB.
Similarly measure at output port 3 with output port 2 being terminated.
Again Rx will read 67dB.
5. Vary frequency of source from 1GHz to 2GHz insteps of 100MHz and note
down the receiver reading at each frequency at interval of 100MHz in order to
measure the response of Power Divider at each frequencies.
6. Plot the above readings for frequency v/s Power in dB for measurement.
7. Difference between Power Level at a given frequency on reference plot to
Power output of Power Divider will give Power division at frequency range
from 1 GHz to 2 GHz.
Observation Table:
Frequency (GHz)
Reference Power
(dBm)
1
Microwave Engg.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
FOR EQUAL POWER DIVIDER:
Frequency
Output at Output at Port 2 Output at Output at Port 3
(GHz)
Port
(dBm)
2 Reference Power
(dBm)
Port 3
Reference
(dBm)
Power
(dBm)
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
FOR UNEQUAL POWER DIVIDER:
Frequency
Output at Output at Port 2 Output at Output at Port 3
(GHz)
Port
Microwave Engg.
2 Reference Power
Port 3
Reference
(dBm)
(dBm)
(dBm)
Power
(dBm)
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
Conclusion:
Microwave Engg.
Experiment No: 10
Date: ___________
AIM: To Examine the characteristics of different filtering devices at microwave

frequencies.
Apparatus: RF Source, Receiver, Filter, Connecting cables, attenuator 40 dB
Theory:
Parallel Edge coupled microstrip band pass filters that use half wavelength line
resonators. They are positioned so that adjacent resonators are parallel to each
other along half of their length. This parallel arrangement gives relatively large
coupling for a given spacing between resonators, and thus this filter structure
is particularly convenient for constructing filters having a wider bandwidth as
compared to the structure for the end coupled microstrip filters.
Hair pin line-band pass filters are compact structures. They may conceptually
be obtained by folding the resonators of parallel coupled, half wavelength
resonator filters, in to U shape. This type of U shape resonator is the so called
hairpin resonator. Consequently, the same design equations for the parallel
coupled, half wavelength resonator filters may be used. However, to fold the
resonators, it is necessary to take into account the reduction of the coupled
line lengths, which reduces the coupling between resonators. Also if the two
arm of each hairpin resonator are closely spaced, they function as a pair of
coupled line themselves, which can have an effect on the coupling as well.
Inter digital Band pass filter configuration consists, of array of n TEM mode or
quasi TEM mode transmission line resonators, each of which has an electrical
length of 90 at the mid band frequency and is short circuited at one end and
open circuited at the other end with alternative orientation. Coupling is
achieved by way of the filed fringing between adjacent resonators separated by
spacing. The filter input and output use tapped lines with a characteristics
admittance, which may be set to equal the source/ load characteristics
admittance. This type of microstrip bandpass filter is compact, but requires
Microwave Engg.
use of grounding microstrip resonators, which is usually accomplished with via

holes. However, because the resonators are quarter wavelength long using the
grounding, the second pass band of filter is centered at about three times the
mid band frequency of the desired first pass-band and there is no possibility of
any spurious response in between.
Open circuit stub low pass filter uses open circuit stub as an alternative
realization of shunt capacitors as against stepped impedance low pass filter
using the shunt capacitors of the low pass proto-type as low impedance lines in
the transmission path. The filter using an open circuited stub exhibits a better
stop band characteristics.
Procedure:
1)
Connect setup as the shown in block diagram.
2)
Set the frequency of source and receiver 1 GHz
3)
Change the frequency in the step of 100 MHz and note down in
observation table
4)
Plot the frequency response of a filter
5)
Repeat the above step for all filters.
Observation Table:
Reference Power: ___________ dB
Band pass filter
Frequency in MHz Power in dB
Low Pass Filter

Frequency
in Power in dB
MHz
1000
1000
1100
1100
1200
1200
1300
1300
1400
1400
Microwave Engg.
1500
1500
1600
1600
1700
1700
1800
1800
1900
1900
2000
2000
Conclusion:
Microwave Engg.

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Institute of Technology, Nirma University

Electronics & Communication Engineering Section

EC603: Microwave Engineering

To identify various microwave components and their

To verify the V-I characteristics of a Gunn diode

To calibrate the variable attenuator

To distinguish the driving properties of an isolator,

To verify experimental and theoretical values

To measure unknown impedance using Smith Chart

To understand the principle of wave propagation in

To examine the characteristics of different filtering

VIRTUAL LAB EXPERIMENT :

B.Tech Semester VII EC

AIM: To identify various microwave components and their basic functionality.

B.Tech Semester VII EC

This type of attenuator can vary the amount of

attenuation provided to the network. In this attenuator, a piece of resistance is

Fixed Attenuator: It attenuates a fixed amount of power.

B.Tech Semester VII EC

Coupling Factor: It is a measure of energy level in primary and secondary

Directivity: It is a measure of how well the forward traveling wave in primary

B.Tech Semester VII EC

B.Tech Semester VII EC

B.Tech Semester VII EC

Inductive window consists of conducting diaphragms extending into a

Resonant window is the combination of an inductive and capacitive window at

B.Tech Semester VII EC

B.Tech Semester VII EC

AIM: To Verify the V-I characteristics of a Gunn diode

Gunn bias Knob

PIN bias knob

PIN Mode frequency -

B.Tech Semester VII EC

Draw the block diagram of the set-up used in the experiment.

List down the specifications of a Gunn diode used in the experiment.

What is negative differential conductivity? How does it appear in a Gunn

What factors determine the frequency of Gunn diode oscillator?

B.Tech Semester VII EC

B.Tech Semester VII EC

AIM: To calibrate the variable attenuator

Gunn Diode with Mount XG-11

PIN Modulator XM-55

Gunn Power Supply with PIN Diode Modulation GS-610

Frequency Meter XF-710

Variable Attenuator XA-520 - 2 No.

Slotted Line XS-651

Tunable Probe XP-655

VSWR Meter SW-115

10. Waveguide Stand XU-53

B.Tech Semester VII EC

B.Tech Semester VII EC

Draw the block diagram of the set-up used in the experiment.

Draw and explain the operation of a fixed and a variable attenuator.

Comment on the graph of micrometer readings v/s attenuation.

B.Tech Semester VII EC

B.Tech Semester VII EC

AIM: To Distinguish the driving properties of an Isolator, Circulator and

B.Tech Semester VII EC

It consists of a primary waveguide 1-2 and a secondary waveguide 3-4. There is a

B.Tech Semester VII EC

Prepare the set-up diagram

Assemble the equipment as per the diagram

Carefully remove the detector and setup Circulator

C = 2a = 2 2.286 = _______________ cm