Hyd AP SFCP PDF

Slum Free City Plan of Action
for
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
Submitted to
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty

Alleviation, Government of India
Volume I of II (Report)
by
GREATER HYDERABAD MUNICIPAL

CORPORATION
Design Consultants
NCPE Infrastructure India Pvt. Ltd.
12-2-826/A/12, LIC Colony, Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad - 500028.
Tel.: 040-2351 7558. Fax: 040- 2351 4379.Cell.: 0-98480 35377, 98490 35377
Version
V
08-05-13
Slum Free City Development Plan for

Executive Summary
Chapter 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
1.2 Slums An Urban Phenomenon
1.3 Poverty Fallout
1.4 Multidimensional Poverty Index
1.5 Growth of Slums
1.6 City Profile
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.6.4
1.6.5
1.6.6
Introduction
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
(HMDA)
Constituents of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region
(HMR)
Demographic profile of HMDA
Profile of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
(GHMC)
Status of Slums in GHMC as per Hyderabad CDP
1.7 Slum Development Initiatives

1.7.1
1.7.2
1.7.3
6
7
8
9
10
12
National Slum Development Programme (NSDP)

Hyderabad Slum Development Project
Findings of the Hyderabad Slum Improvement
Project
1.7.4
Programs, schemes and government rules with
implications for slums
1.8 Hyderabad CDP-Basic Services to the Urban Poor
12
13
1.9 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
20
1.10 Rajiw Awas Yojana
21
1.11 RAY Guidelines
22
14
15
19
1.12 Methodology Adopted by GHMC to prepare SFCPoA

and Pilot Slum DPR
23
Chapter 2.0 Existing Condition of Slums in GHMC

2.1 Introduction to GHMC slums
NCPE
24
2.1.1
Physical Location of Slums
25
2.1.2
Classification of slums based on Population Density
27
2.1.3
Classification of Slums based on Age
27
2.1.4
Status Of Land Ownership In Slums
27
Infrastructure India Pvt. Ltd .

2.2 Data Collection
29
2.2.1
Household Survey (Poverty and Livelihood)
29
2.2.2
Raw Data
31
2.3 Data Description
31
Chapter 3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
43
3.2 Slum Population in Hyderabad
43
3.3 Steps for formulation of Slum Free City Plan
44
3.4 Guiding Principles for Slum Free City Plan
44
3.5 Household Survey
47
3.6 Public Consultations/Area Sabhas
48
3.7 Conceptualization of Strategies
49
3.8 Prioritization & Phasing
49
3.9 Towards implementation of RAY
50
Chapter 4.0 Slum Rehabilitation Framework

4.1 Introduction
54
4.2 Goal
54
4.3 Objective
4.4 SWOT Analysis
54
54
4.5 Contextualization Process
56
4.6 Contextualization of Strategies
57
4.6.1
Type of Development
57
4.6.2
Mode of Development
57
4.7 Formulation of Strategies
58
4.8 Proposed Criteria for Selection of Strategy
61
4.9 Analysis for Type of Location
63
4.9.1
Untenable Slums
63
4.9.2
Tenable Slums
63
4.10 Land Tenure Indicator
63
4.11 Analysis for Type of Structure
64
4.11.1
Type of Structure Analysis for Stable Land

Tenure Indicator Slums
4.11.2
Type of Structure Analysis for Unstable Land

Tenure Indicator Slums
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64
65

4.12 Strategy for Development of Slums in which housing is

not required
4.13 Analysis for Land Value
65
65
4.14 Strategy for Development of Slums in which housing

is moderately required
66
4.15 Strategy for Development of Slums in which housing

is strongly required
67
4.16 Strategy for Development of Slums Requiring Remodeling

or Upgradation
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68
4.17 Flow Chart
68
4.18 Slum Categorization
70
4.19 Physical Infrastructure Deficiency Analysis
71
4.20 Development of strategies
71
4.20.1
Strategy-1
71
4.20.2
Strategy-2
73
4.20.3
Strategy-3
75
4.20.4
Strategy-4
77
4.20.5
Strategy-5
79
4.20.6
Strategy-6
81
4.20.7
Strategy-7
83
4.20.8
Strategy-8
85
4.21 Prioritization Strategy
87
4.22 The Poverty Index VS. Infrastructure Deficiency Index Matrix
88
4.22.1
BPL score
88
4.22.2
SC/ST Population Score
89
4.22.3
Percentage of Literacy
89
4.22.4
Percentage of Katcha Houses
90
4.22.5
Percentage Coverage of Water Supply
90
4.22.6
Percentage Coverage of Underground Sewerage
91
4.22.7
Percentage Coverage of Drainage
91
4.22.8
Percentage Coverage of Roads
111
4.23 Methodology of Constructing the Matrix
92
4.24 Need for Phasing
92
4.24.1
Phasing of Housing Component
93
4.24.2
Phasing of On-site Infrastructure
94

4.24.3
Phasing of (Off site) Linking Infrastructure
94
4.24.4
Phasing of Social Infrastructure
94
4.24.5
Phasing of Capacity Building Cost
95
4.24.6
Phasing of Project Preparation Expenses
95
4.25 Strategy wise Phasing
95
4.26 Further Analysis of Strategy wise Indicators
95
Chapter 5.0 Costing and Impact Assessment

5.1 Costing of the Project
102
5.2 Cost of Environmental Infrastructure Requirements (On Site)
102
5.3 Cost of Linking Infrastructure Requirements (Off Site)

5.4 Cost of Social Infrastructure Requirements
102
102
5.5 Cost of Housing Requirement
102
5.6 Capacity Building
103
5.7 Abstract of the Estimates
103
5.8 Impact Assessment
105
5.8.1 Impact of Land Tenure
105
5.8.2
105
Impact on Housing
5.8.3
Sc/ST,OBC and Minority Welfare
106
5.8.4
Women Empowerment
106
5.8.5
Benefit to the BPL familys
106
5.8.6
Impact on Water Supply
107
5.8.7
Impact on Sanitation
107
5.9
Formulation of Credit Plan
107
Chapter 6.0 Slum Prevention Strategy
NCPE
6.1 Slum Definition
111
6.2 Reasons for slum Formation
111
6.2.1
Population Growth
112
6.2.2
Governance
112
6.3 Slum Development perspectives
113
6.4 Strategies for prevention of future slums
115
6.4.1
Provision of Rental Housing
115
6.4.2
Decongesting the core city areas
116
6.4.3
Addressing Regional Imbalances
116

6.4.4
Inventory of Vacant lands
117
6.4.5
Housing Shortage
117
6.4.6
Legal Framework
117
6.4.7
Find alternatives to new slum formation
118
6.4.8
Empower people
118
Chapter 7.0 Road Map

7.1 Organizational Framework
119
7.2
120
Implementation Agencies
7.3 Functioning of Nodal Agency
120
7.4 Legal Framework
121
7.4.1
7.4.2
Andhra Pradesh Property Rights to

Slum Dwellers Act, 2011
121
Draft Metropolitan Development Plan
121
List of Annexure
Annexure 1:
NCPE
Drawings
Slum Free City Plan for

Executive Summary
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a Slum free India by
encouraging the states/union territories to tackle the problem of slums in definitive manner. As per
guidelines, it is necessary to prepare a Plan of Action for Slum Free City which shall indicate the
manner the city be made slum free by carrying out redevelopment/resettlement of slums and
undertaking measures to prevent creation g of slums. All the slums will be included Slum Free City
Plan of Action (SFCPoA).
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) covers an area of 650 square kilometres and
has a population of 6,809,970. There are 1476 slums in Hyderabad out of which 1179 are notified &
297 are non-notified. The total slum area is 80.45 Km2, which is 12% of the total GHMC area. Total
slum population is 19, 51,207, which accounts 28.65% of the total population of GHMC. The total
number of households in the slums is 4.06 lakhs.
The first SFCPoA of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) has been prepared and
Submitted during December 2010, which is prior to the issuing of the Planning Guidelines. The
SFCPoA of GHMC was appraised by IDECK, Bangalore during February 2012, referring to the Planning
Guidelines of MoHUPA. Therefore, certain aspects of the SFCPoA do not meet the exact
requirements of the Planning Guidelines. The SFCPoA was revised addressing the suggestions given
in appraisal report and a presentation was made to the Sub-Committee of CSMC under RAY during
June 2012. The committee suggested few add-ons to the report as per the guidelines and further
observed that of the total estimated cost of Rs. 12054 Cr., Rs. 9185 Cr. is for housing alone which
seems to be on the higher side. The committee opined that housing may only be considered for the
untenable slums and 50% of the semi tenable slums. It was suggested that investment on housing be
brought down, if possible to about 25% of total investment.
The present SFCPoA is revised based on the suggestions given by Sub-committee of CSMC under
RAY. The SFCPoA of GHMC has been prepared in concurrence to RAY Planning Guidelines. Prior to
initiating the preparation of SFCPoA, a detailed review of the slum improvement programmes,
existing situation of slums, existing policies was carried out. In order to make detail slum household
profile, a Household Survey was carried out by UCD Cell of GHMC to collect the socio-economic
information of Households which forms basis for preparation of SFCPoA. The SFCPoA contains
profile of the city, housing stock, categorization of slums based on the infrastructure deficiency vs
poverty deficiency matrix, categorization of redevelopment options/strategies into either in-situ
NCPE Infrastructure India Pvt. Ltd

upgradation, in-situ redevelopment or relocation, implementation modes (public private

partnership, community oriented), details on stakeholder consultations such as elected
representatives or municipal officials, communities in slums, slum data analysis, findings of the
existing conditions of slums, institutional framework for implementation, estimated cost for
implementation, financial preparedness of ULB, Legislation by state for awarding of legal
entitlements to slum dwellers and preventive strategy for arresting future growth of slums.
First step carried out by UCD Cell of GHMC in preparation of SFCPoA was preparation of slum profile
and carrying out a detail household survey using NBO format. Information thus collected through
Household Survey was computerized and Municipal Information System for slums was prepared by
Centre for Good Governance (CGG), Hyderabad. MIS forms the basis for preparation of SFCPoA.
Second step was categorization of slums based on tenability, out of 1476 slums in the Greater
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, 1010 slums are on tenable locations, 374 are on semi-tenable
and 92 are on untenable locations. 92 slums belong to hazardous category which is to be relocated
to safer locations in the city and 1384 are non hazardous slums which are to be improved adopting
any of the strategies based on the existing condition and feasibility.
Third step was carrying out preliminary analysis of the slums, which was done based on the MIS data
to obtain status of tenure, housing condition & infrastructure facilities in the slums. After carrying
out the analysis of each slum, possible slum development strategies were framed based on the type
of development and mode of implementation. The parameters considered are, type of structure,
infrastructure deficiency, land value and land tenure. The table below presents the breakup of the
1476 slums in Hyderabad with respect to each of the strategies.

Sl.No
1
2
Indicator
Strategy
Implementation
Mode
Low Value Land and Redevelopment
of Public-Public
Secure Land Tenure
Slum
Partnership
Low Value Land and Upgradation (Housing Public-Public
Secure Land Tenure
and Infrastructure)
Partnership
No. of
Slums
216
581
High Value Land and Upgradation (Housing Public-Private

Secure Land Tenure
and Infrastructure)
Partnership
425
High Value Land and

Secure or Insecure
Land Tenure
Low Value Land and
Insecure Land Tenure
High Value Land and
Insecure Land Tenure
High or Low Value Land
and
Secure
Land
Tenure
Untenable Slums
160
5
6
7
Redevelopment
Slum
of Public-Private
Partnership
Redevelopment
and
Upgradation of Slums
Upgradation (Housing
and Infrastructure)
Upgradation
(only
physical and social
infrastructure)
Development
by
relocating to a nearby
slum or new premises /
colony
GHMC
28
GHMC
22
GHMC
28
GHMC
16
TOTAL
1476
Fourth step is to prioritize and phasing of the slums. The collated data on slums is analyzed to
classify slums according to their deficiency and potential as suggested in guidelines. An 8X8 matrix is
formed using Poverty Index & Infrastructure Deficiency Index. The Poverty index Vs. Infrastructure
Deficiency Index Matrix is a decision making tool for prioritization of the slums. The components
considered in deriving the matrix are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Poverty Index Parameters

Percentage of BPL families
Percentage of SC Population
Percentage of ST Population
Percentage Literacy
Infrastructure Deficiency Index parameters

1. Percentage of Katcha Houses
2. Percentage coverage of Water Supply
3. Percentage coverage of Underground Sewerage
4. Percentage coverage of Drainage
5. Percentage of Road Coverage
In a slum, for each parameter values varies from 0% to 100% if the lowest value is 0% and the
highest value is 100%, the range is 100 and one eighth of the range is 12.5 and likewise based on the
lowest and highest value of each parameter range is defined and scores are awarded. After award of
scores for the parameters above, the cumulative scores are computed as below:

i.
Poverty Index: The sum of scores under the Percentage of BPL families, percentage
of literacy and percentage of SC/ST population is the poverty index value.
ii. Infrastructure Deficiency Index: The sum of scores under the percentage coverage
of water supply, underground sewerage and drainage, roads and no. of katcha
houses is the infrastructure deficiency index.
Based on the cumulative scores, the slums are ranked
Sl.No
in a descending order based on poverty index and

infrastructure deficiency index independently. The
location of the slum in the priority matrix determines
its level of priority for implementation of RAY. The
rank of each cell is shown in the 8x8 matrix. The cell
1
2
3
4
5
Year of
Implementation
1st year
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
Total
No. of Slums
290
299
299
299
289
1476
shown as 8/8 is ranked first in the priority list and the

cell 1/1 is ranked last in the priority list. Based on the analysis deficiency matrix is prepared and
possible development options are adopted for each slum. Thus slums were prioritized and phased.
Stakeholder consultations were organized at every required stage/ step for introducing the project
to the community, needs assessment, identification of possible development strategies and to frame
suitable strategies for respective slums. Meetings were held at every Zonal Office of GHMC, in order
to introduce and sensitize the officials about the project. Municipal officials, elected representatives,
Project officers, concerned circle COs were also involved in the meetings. Detailed meetings were
also held with Circle wise officers for finalizing the slum list and further in furnishing the slum
information such as notification of slum, tenability land ownership, and slum boundaries, area of
slum and age of slums. All the circle wise information thus collected is processed in the UCD Cell,
GHMC and the final list of the slums was finalized.
Based on the discussions held with the GHMC officials, slum communities and respective
stakeholders, strategies were framed. Based on the existing condition of slum in terms of

infrastructure and housing, type of development and mode of implementation, eight strategies are
framed. In order to explain community in better way and to make community understand the
outcome of the project, different type designs were worked out for housing, social infrastructure
and transit accommodation and the designs were displayed to the officials, community during
community consultations, to assess the community consent and respective suggestions. The details
are furnished in report and annexure 9.
Every fortnight, a review meeting was conducted with the respective officials of GHMC, in order to
discuss and clarify the issues emerging while in process of finalizing the SFCPoA.
The Project financials are worked out for the i) Cost of Environmental Infrastructure Requirements
(On Site),ii) Cost of Linking Infrastructure Requirements (Off Site), iii)Cost of Social Infrastructure
Requirements , iv)Cost of Housing Requirement. The cost of the SFCPOA was revised as suggested in
the Sub-Committee of CSMC under RAY held during June 2012. The housing requirement in the
slums is calculated based on the proposed strategy, land ownership and type of structure. For Slums
which are located on government land and fall under Insitu redevelopment and insitu upgradation
strategy, the total number of semi-pacca and katcha houses is considered for improvement under
RAY. For slums which are located on private land, 10% of total semi-pacca and katcha houses are
considered for improvement under RAY
It is proposed to build a total of 1,40,255 dwelling units during the five years of implementation of
RAY in Hyderabad city. The total projected cost for housing is Rs. 664612 lakhs which is calculated
based on current SSR 2012-13and taking price escalation of 10 % per annum. During the First year it
is proposed to build 3,21,41 dwelling units at an estimated cost of Rs. 1,28,564 lakhs. It is also
proposed to construct 32,141 units of transit accommodation over period of three years and which
can later be utilised as rental accommodation of LIG and EWS groups.
The cost of transit
accommodation is worked out at Rs. 81,358 lakhs

GHMC is responsible for implementation of RAY. Broad institutional framework and the financial
strategy, preparedness of the state and GHMC, Prevention strategy is given in the report.

The total project cost is estimated as Rs. 9491.54 Crores over the five year implementation period
commencing from 2013-2014 and ending with 2017-2018 based on current SSR. However, the total
cost is again reworked considering 10% price escalation per annum and is worked out at
Rs.11243.23 crores. The cost with price escalation is considered as the final cost of SFCPoA. During
the first year, the budget requirement is projected as Rs. 2431.78 crores. The component wise and
year wise financial proposals for the scheme to be launched in the GHMC areas under RAY are given
in the report.
Note: The following special cases are to be considered, in order, not to violate the
SFCPoA during the process of implementation.
1. 1476 slums are prioritized on the base of poverty index and infrastructure
deficiency index, year wise phasing is also carried out and presented in SFCPoA.
However, 23 slums which belong to 2nd & other years of implementation are
proposed to take up in 1st year due to the excellent user willingness and
community interest.
2. There are 74 slums which have slum/slums adjacent to them; such slums are
proposed to taken up as cluster development irrespective of year of
implementation.

Abstract of the financial estimates for the Slum Free City Plan
Component
wise proposals
2013-14
No. of
Proposals
2014-15
Amount
No. of
Proposals
2015-16
Amount
No. of
Proposals
2016-17
Amount
Housing
32141
128564
31851
140144
36661
177439
Transit
accommodation
16071
37767
8035
20771
8035
22820
Environmental
Infrastructure
(Onsite &
Offsite)
290
slums
299
slums
299
slums
No. of
Proposals
24919
2017-18
Amount
132569
299
slums
No. of
Proposals
14683
Total
Amount
85896
299
slums
No. of
Proposals
Amount
140255
664612
32142
81358
1476
slums
53099
43067
57571
69809
69625
293171
8906
1370
1826
1992
2466
16561
Sub Total
228336
205353
259657
204370
157987
1055703
Capacity
Building
11417
10268
12983
10219
7899
52785
3425
3080
3895
3066
2370
15836
243178
218701
276535
217654
168256
1124323
Social
Infrastructure
Project
Preparation
(GIS, DPRs, 3rd
party , PMC,
etc.)
Total


1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Urbanization is an integral part of the process of economic growth. As in most countries,
Indias towns and cities make a major contribution towards the countrys economy. With
less than 1/3 of the population, its urban areas generate over 2/3 of the countrys GDP
and account for 90% of government revenues (World Bank Report).
Even though India's Mega-Cities are gigantic entities, they are yet to qualify as the world
class cities. Contemporary urban studies made by the social scientists, both Indian and
foreign often reflect the critical existence of the urban dwellers in terms of amenities and
life-supporting services and call for remedial strategies to forestall degeneration of
metropolitan life.
Mega-cities are more susceptible to a plethora of urban challenges due to a large number
of migrants who continue to pour in search of job, livelihood and safe living as compared
to the country-side. This is due to the marked concentration of economic activities,
attracting more people from the country-side as well as from smaller urban centres. This
results in the out-growth around the metropolises as well as development of new
colonies with unhygienic conditions due to lack of infrastructure facilities. This calls for
remedial strategies to forestall further deterioration of the metropolitan life.
One of the fall outs of uncontrolled urban growth is the proliferation of slums. Perhaps,
one of the biggest challenges Indian cities face today is solving the problem of slums
where millions of Indians continue to live amidst poverty and unhygienic conditions.
Every urban centre is prone to this social malady and the ULBs are grappling to find ways
and means of eradicating slums from urban agglomerates.
1.2
Slums An Urban Phenomenon

A slum is defined in several ways by different organizations. A slum is identified as an
area within a city characterized by unplanned growth, deteriorated buildings, unsanitary
conditions, and high population densities. Although their characteristics vary between
people. Most slums lack clean water, electricity, sanitation and other basic services.
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geographic regions, they are usually inhabited by the very poor or socially disadvantaged

As per UN-HABITAT, a United Nations agency, slum is an area that combines to various
extents the following characteristics: inadequate access to safe water; inadequate access
to sanitation and other infrastructure; poor structural quality of housing; overcrowding;
and insecure residential status. Slums are usually characterized by urban decay, high
rates of poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment. The identification of an area as a slum is
based solely on socioeconomic criteria, not on racial, ethnic, or religious criteria In
general an urban area is declared as a slum when the Government or the Urban Local
Body is satisfied that:
i.
The area is or is likely to be a source of danger to health, safety, or convenience of

the public of that area or of its neighborhood, by reason of the area being low-lying,
in-sanitary, squalid, overcrowded, or otherwise.
ii.
The buildings in any area, used or intended to be used for human habitation are:
a.
In any respect, unfit for human habitation
b.
By reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement and design of such

buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light
or sanitation facilities, or any combination of these factors, detrimental to safety,
health or morals, the State Government or Urban Local Body may, by
notification, declare such area to be a slum area. In determining whether a
building is unfit for human habitation regard is given to its condition in respect of
the following matters:
(i)
Repair
(ii)
Stability
(iii)
Freedom from dampness
(iv)
Natural light and air
(v)
Water-supply
(vi)
Drainage and sanitary conveniences
(vii) Facilities for storage, preparation and cooking of food and for
Pranab Sen Committee identified slum as A compact settlement of at least 20

households with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature,
crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in
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the disposal of waste water

unhygienic conditions. Most slums lack clean water, electricity, sanitation and other
basic services.
1.3
Poverty Fallout
Since independence, the issue of poverty has remained a prevalent concern of successive
Governments in India. The Mid-Term Appraisal Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-2012
report states that as of 2004-05 about 27.5% of Indias population still lives below the
poverty line. Poverty has many aspects, one of which is urban and rural poverty. While
28.3% of the rural population is reported to be below poverty line, the corresponding
figure for urban population stands at 25.7%. The phenomenal increase of population in
the cities is one of the main reasons for poverty in the urban areas of India.
More recently, a committee appointed by Government of India which was headed by S.D.
Tendulkar, former Chairman of Prime Ministers Economic Advisory Council adopted
different indicators like health, education, sanitation, nutrition and income as per
National Sample Survey Organizations survey of 2004-05 in order to estimate the
poverty in India. According to this report nearly 38% of Indias population is poor. This
figure is 10% higher than the earlier poverty estimate of 28.5%.
The Poverty level is not uniform across India. The poverty level is below 10% in states like
Delhi, Goa, and Punjab etc. whereas it is above 40% in Bihar (43%) and Orissa (47%). It is
between 30-40% in Northeastern states of Assam, Tripura, and Meghalaya and in
Southern state of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. Since the 1970s the Indian government
has made poverty reduction a priority in its development planning. The efforts have
usually been found falling short since poverty has been increasing more rapidly than the
eradication efforts.
1.4
Multidimensional Poverty Index

The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), of Oxford Department of
International Development, with advisors like Amartya Sen (Bharat Ratna awardee), Tony
Atkinson (British Economist) and Sudhir Anand (Professor of Economics at Oxford
University) has come up with a systematic and methodological approach for evaluation of
OPHI researchers analysed data from 104 countries with a combined population of 5.2
billion or 78 per cent of the worlds total. It found that about 1.7 billion people in the
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poverty through the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).

countries covered a third of their entire population live in multidimensional poverty,

according to the MPI. This exceeds the estimate of 1.3 billion people, in those same
countries, estimated to live on $1.25 a day or less, the more commonly accepted
measure of extreme poverty. This is so because MPI also captures distinct and broader
aspects of poverty rather than income terms alone.
The report has some startling facts for India. It states that there are more MPI poor
people in eight Indian states alone (421 million in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal) than in the 26 poorest
African countries combined (410 million).
Table (1.1) decomposes multidimensional poverty across twenty-eight Indian states. We
see that 81 percent of people are multidimensional poor in Bihar - more than any other
state. Also, poverty in Bihar and Jharkhand is most intense poor people are deprived in
60 percent of the MPIs weighted indicators. Uttar Pradesh is the home of largest number
of poor people 21 percent of Indias poor people live there. West Bengal is home to the
third largest number of poor people. On the other hand, the multidimensional poverty is
lowest for Kerala. The top five states home only 4.5 percent of the poor, whereas, the
five poorest states home more than 50 percent of the poor people.
The state of Andhra Pradesh is found to have a MPI of 0.211 with a proportion of poor
equalling 44.7% and it is ranked 11th in the list of 21 states. This means that Andhra
Pradesh stands at the middle of the ranking of the India States by the report.
Page4
Table (1.1)
Decomposition of Multidimensional Poverty across 21 Indian States as per Oxford Poverty
and Human Development Initiative
NCPE

1.5
Growth of Slums
After independence in 1947, commercial and industrial activity resulted in demand for
labour in the cities. In order to meet this demand people from rural areas were
encouraged to move to the cities and work. This migrant work force brought later
brought their relatives, friends, and rest of the families to the cities. Unable to find cheap
housing, they built their shelter closer to work places. Gradually the number of shelters
grew and resulted in a slum. Over a period of time Governments provided electricity
and drinking water. Thus began the vicious cycle of urban population growth,
opportunities in the cities, migration from rural areas, poverty with low incomes,
tendency to be closer to work hence occupying any land in the vicinity etc.
Indias urban population is increasing at a faster rate than its total population. With over
575 million urban population, India will have 41% of its population living in cities and
towns by 2030 from the present 28% of the population totaling 286 million. Due to rapid
urbanization, the number of slum dwellers is rising in Indian cities. The slum population
has increased from 27.9 million in 1981 to over 40 million in 2001. As per the 2001 census
of India, 640 towns spread over 26 states and union territories have reported existence
of slums. This means one out of every four persons reside in slums in our cities and
towns. The NSSO survey in 2002 has identified 51,688 slums in urban areas of which
50.6% of urban slums have been declared as notified slums.
1.6
City Profile
A brief profile of Hyderabad City is included in this section. Starting from its
establishment by the Qutb Shahi Dyanasty to its present status as an IT hub and the
various stages of urban governance from Municipality to Greater Hyderabad are traced in
the next few paragraphs.
1.6.1
Introduction
Hyderabad is erstwhile princely sate, established in the year 1591 AD by Sultan Mohd
Quli Qutb Shah. It is known for its rich history, multilingual culture, architectural marvels
and its unique character as a meeting point for North and South India. Today it is the
modern hub of Information Technology, ITES and biotechnology. Hyderabad is now the
fourth most populous city and the sixth most populous urban agglomerate.
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Page5
capital city of Andhra Pradesh State and one of the fastest growing cities in India. It is a

1.6.2
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA)

The State Government constituted Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA)
vide G. O. Ms. No. 411 M.A dt.27-09-1975 with a jurisdiction of 1864 Sq.kms, housing a
population of 6.5 million (Census 2001). The Government of Andhra Pradesh vide GO Ms
No 274 MA, 20-04-2007 expanded the jurisdiction of HUDA as the first step towards the
constitution of Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The expansion
of area of jurisdiction therefore brings under HMDAs purview, the extensive
development activity and real estate projects that are taking place outside the earlier
jurisdiction of HUDA. The HMDA was constituted vide G.O.Ms.No. 570 M.A, dt. 25-082008 covering an area of 7228.09 Sq. Km and the authorities such as HUDA/HADA/CDA
were dissolved so as to derive optimum scale agglomeration economies.
The jurisdiction of HMDA extends to 55 Mandals located in five districts. This includes the
entire Hyderabad district (16 Mandals), Medak district (10 out of 45 Mandals),
Rangareddy district (22 out of 37 Mandals), Mahbubnagar district (2 out of 64 Mandals)
and Nalgonda district (5 out of 59 Mandals). The jurisdiction of HMDA is now the second
largest in India. The figure 1 below shows the Growth of Hyderabad
HYDERABAD
1687
HYDERABAD AND
SECUNDERABAD
1787
1887
Hussain
Sagar
Hussain
Sagar
Secunderabad
R.S.
Hyderabad
R.S.
Golconda
Golconda
Musi River
Esi
Riv
er
Charminar
Charminar
HYDERABAD, SECUNDERABAD
AND CYBERABAD
HYDERABAD, SECUNDERABAD,
CYBERABAD AND SHAMSHABAD
1987
2010
Alwal
Munic ipality
Quthbullapur
Munic ipality
Kukatpally
Municipality
Cantonment
Seri Lingampally
Municipality
Kapra
Municipality
Osm ania
U nv ersity
U pp al
M un ici pal ity
M.C.H AREA
G ad dannar am
Mun ici pal it y
L.B Na gar
Municipality
Page6
Rajendranagar
Municipality
Figure. 1: Growth of Hyderabad
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1.6.3
Constituents of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region (HMR)

Hyderabad Metropolitan Region can be clearly divided into three sub-regions based on
level of urbanization, industrialization and percentage of non-farm employment. They
are:
A. Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration (HUA) - It is the Core Area of HMDA and it is the
economic base of HMR. It constitutes 11.64% of the total HMR area, spread over the
districts of Hyderabad (entirely urban), Rangareddy (12 Mandals) and Medak (2
Mandals). HUA area consist of 12 municipalities, 3 census towns and 13 outgrowths
according to 2001census.The total population of the HUA is 57.42 lakh which is 75%
of the HMR population. The Core Area is not static, but dynamic. HUA area has
increased from 298.5 Sq. Km in 1971 to 831.39 Sq. Km in 2001 an increase of 3.48%
per annum. Similarly, the population of the HUA has increased from 17.96 lakh in
1971 to 57.42 lakh at a CAGR of 3.95% per annum.
B. Rest of HUDA & HADA - This area includes 210 rural settlements including 18
uninhabited villages and 3 urban settlements. This is circular in shape, having a radius
of 47.22 Km. The total population living in this area of HMR is 5.73 lakh (7.49% of
HMR), comprising mainly rural population (Census, 2001). The economic base of this
component is predominantly rural and relatively poor, in comparison with HUA.
C. Extended Area of HMDA - This comprises of 635 settlements, including 26 uninhabited

villages and 7 urban settlements. The total area of extended HMDA is 5017.90 Sq.
Km. Thus, the extended area of HMDA is mainly rural with a population of 13.38 lakh,
Thus, this part of the region has also relatively poor economic base unlike other part
of region i.e. A, Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration. There is a need to avoid migration
of this rural population to the urban agglomeration by providing improved facilities
so as to make it competitive and reduce inequalities. Figure (1) presents the
conceptual representation of the three components of Hyderabad Metropolitan
Page7
Regions.
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Figure 2
1.6.4
Constituents of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Region

Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority Area has a total population of 76.54
lakh as per 2001 census. Extended area of HMDA contributes 17.2% of the total
population in HMDA while the core area, which includes Municipal Corporation of
Hyderabad and 12 municipalities and 3 census towns have a share of 75.3% to the total
population of HMR. The erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad area accounts for
a substantial share (3.6 million, i.e., 50%) in the total population in the Hyderabad
Metropolitan Development Authority area (Census 2001).
Region/Zone
A- HUA
B- Rest of HUDA &
HADA
C- Extended area of
HMDA
D- HMR (A+B+C)
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Status
Population
2001
Urban
57,42,036
Urban
HH
size
Density
Growth
rate
Sex
ratio
5.2
7,078
41.9
931
38,510
4.6
1,324
71.5
853
Rural
5,35,005
4.8
374
48.2
936
Total
5,73,515
4.8
393
49.5
931
Urban
1,84,418
2,766
32.9
938
Rural
11,54,447
4.9
235
16
957
Total
13,38,865
4.9
270
18.2
954
Total
76,54,416
5.1
1,070
37.7
935
Page8
Table 1.2

1.6.5
Profile of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)

After the formation of the State of Andhra Pradesh In 1956, Hyderabad was
designated as its Capital. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation was
formed on 16 April 2007 by merging 12 municipalities and 8 gram panchayats
with the erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad. The municipalities that
were merged are: L. B. Nagar, Gaddi annaram, Uppal Kalan, Malkajgiri, Kapra,
Alwal,
Qutubullapur,
Kukatpally,
Serilingampalle,
Rajendranagar,
Ramachandrapuram and Patancheru. All these municipalities are in Rangareddy

district. The merged panchayats are: Shamshabad, Satamarai, Jallapalli,
Mamdipalli, Mankhal, Almasguda, Sardanagar and Ravirala.
The greater Hyderabad covers an area of 650 square kilometre and has a
population of 6,809,970, making it the fourth largest city in India while the
population of the urban agglomeration is 7,749,334. Greater Hyderabad
Municipal Corporation is divided into five zones and eighteen circles that contain
150 municipal wards
As of 2001 population census of India, The gender ratio of Hyderabad was 945
females per 1000 males which is slightly higher than the national ratio of 926 per
1000.
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1869: the Kotwal-e-Baldia, the City Police Commissioner, begins to look after the
Municipal Administration
1869: Sir Salar Jung-I, the then Nizam, constitutes the Department of Municipal and
Road Maintenance and a Municipal Commissioner appointed for Hyderabad Board
and Chadarghat Board
Hyderabad is 55 sq km; population: 3.5 lakhs
1886: Chadargat becomes Chadarghat Municipality
1921: Hyderabad Municipality increases to 84 sq km
1933: The two Boards amalgamated into a Corporation and given statutory status
under the Hyderabad Municipal Act
1934: First elections held for Municipal Corporation, and a Standing Committee
appointed
1937: Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills merged into Jubilee Hills Municipality
Page9
Table1.3 : Chronological Listing of Growth of GHMC

1942: Corporation status removed due to certain issues
1945: Secunderabad Municipality formed
1950: two separate corporations created under the Hyderabad Corporation Act,
1950: one for the city of Hyderabad and another for the city of Secunderabad
August 3rd 1960: the two Corporations again merged into a single Corporation by
the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955
1956: Hyderabad becomes capital of Andhra Pradesh after the state is formed
1956 to March 2007 sees many changes and services provided to citizens. City
divided into 4 Zones and 7 Circles
In 1960, the budget of the Corporation was 1.5 crores; raised to 1000 crores in the
next 45 years
April 2007 onwards it becomes Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, based on

a notification released on 16th April 2007 by Government of Andhra Pradesh
City is divided into 5 Zones (North, South, Central, East and West) and 18 Circles
City grows from 175 sq km to 650 sq km
1.6.6
Status of Slums in GHMC as per Hyderabad CDP

As per the Hyderabad CDP, more than one-third of the Citys population resides
in slums, squatters and other poor settlements. In the absence of clear policy to
address their problems, the poor suffer from many inadequacies in terms of
access to basic services, socio- economic needs. As per the available data, the
number of people living below the poverty line is 540 thousand of which about
430 thousand live in the erstwhile MCH area and the rest in the surrounding
circles. The BPL population is quite substantial and constitutes around 13 percent
of the total population. There are wide variations in the number of people living
below the poverty line across the circles. For example, the percentage of BPL
population is very high in Quthbullahpur and Rajendranagar constituting about
37 and 24 percent respectively and very low in Serilingampally, Uppal and LB
Page10
Nagar constituting around 3 to 4 percent.
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Slum settlements have multiplied over the past decades and are scattered across the
core city and surrounding circles, with high population densities. It is estimated that more
than half of these slums are on private land, and the rest on lands belonging to various
public entities. It is found that the incidence of poverty among women is higher and
female-headed households constitute the poorest of poor. The number of slums and
slum population in the erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad area has been
increasing at a faster pace over the decades. In addition, in the surrounding erstwhile
municipalities constituting the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation there are
around 491 slums.
In the GHMC area, as can be seen from Table (1.4) given below, there are 1476 slums
with an approximate population of 2.0 million which are not concentric at a particular
location. They are spatially spread all over the area, which is a cause for concern and
requires appropriate strategies. Another concern is that several of them are non-notified
making it difficult for the provision of infrastructure and other services on sustainable
basis.
985
1411000
% of Slum
Population
20.72
Serilingampally
61
73866
1.08
Kukatpally
68
19585
0.29
Quthbullapur
64
138360
2.03
Alwal
49
62585
0.92
Malkajgiri
42
47396
0.70
Kapra
51
47064
0.69
Uppalkalan
29
43586
0.64
L.B.Nagar
75
23478
0.34
10
Rajendranagar
45
84287
1.24
1476
1951210
28.65
S. No.
Municipality/Circle
MCH
Total
No. of Slums
Source: 2009-10 Slum survey of GHMC
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Slum Population
Page11
Table (1.4) Slum wise Population in GHMC area as per CDP

1.7
Slum Development Initiatives

Many governments around the world have attempted to solve the problems of slums by
relocating slums with old decrepit houses to newly built colonies with modern houses
having much better water supply and sanitation. The displacement of slums is aided by
the fact that many of the residents do not possess property rights recognized by the
state. The new projects are often on the semi-rural peripheries of cities far from
opportunities for generating livelihoods as well as schools, clinics etc. At times this has
resulted in protest from the slum dwellers forcing the Governments to abandon the
relocation scheme. Many a time slum clearance tends to ignore the social problems that
cause slums and simply redistribute poverty to less valuable real estate. Where
communities have been moved out of slum areas to newer housing, social cohesion may
be lost. Slum clearance is the demolition of substandard housing, usually accompanied
by rehabilitation and redevelopment. Some schemes involve rebuilding on the same site,
while other clearances have relocated the population at the edge of the city. Some of the
slum development initiatives are discussed below.
1.7.1

National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) was introduced in the Eight Five Year
Plan during 1996-97 with the specific objective of providing basic amenities to slum
dwellers in the field of physical & social amenities, community infrastructure etc.. NSDP is
a centrally sponsored scheme meant for the improvement of slums.
The main
components of this scheme are:
Physical amenities : Provision of water supply, storm water drains, community baths,
widening and paving of existing roads, sewers, community latrines, street lights etc.
Community infrastructure: Provision of community centres to be used for preschool

education, non formal education, adult education, recreational activities etc.
Social amenities: Provision of preschool education, non-formal education, adult

education, maternity, child health and primary health care etc.
Provision for shelter: This scheme has a component of shelter upgradation or
be done.
1.7.2
Hyderabad Slum Improvement Project
Hyderabad Slum Improvement Project started in 1984 and aimed to improve the living
conditions and economic position of slum dwellers. It provided infrastructure (roads,
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Page12
construction of EWS houses which is a necessity if genuine slum improvement is to

drainage and sewerage), utilities (water and electricity) and social services (preschool
education and health) to 210 slums. It ended in the year 1989.
Post completion, the project was declared successful as it had a substantial positive
impact on slum dwellers by improving their quality of life and stimulating self help
initiatives and economic activity. After a detailed study of the project, the following
recommendations were made:
i.
Appraisal should be multi-disciplinary. It should consider the details of social

welfare programmes and the potential for community involvement in the design
of physical improvements and in their operation and maintenance.
ii.
Efficient monitoring requires management information systems in the recipient

institution and use of field managers.
iii.
Baseline data is required at appraisal stage to ensure that projects are well
defined and accurately estimated.
iv.
Consideration of alternative approaches and engineering designs is needed

particularly for drainage and sewerage because of potential for cost savings and
easier maintenance.
v.
Impact on the poor can be enhanced by selecting slums with low average
household incomes for improvement and by setting targets for including poorer
groups in social programmes.
vi.
Measuring progress in implementation should emphasize both physical

improvements and social activities.
vii.
Sustainability may be undermined where maintenance cannot be financed by the

Municipality. Community participation and taxation of slum households is
desirable and practical.
1.7.3
Findings of the Hyderabad slum improvement project

The Hyderabad slum improvement project (1984-89) funded under DFID provided
roads, drainage, sewerage, water, electricity, pre-school education and health care
effectiveness, identify benefits, assess the impact on target groups, and examine
sustainability. On the whole it was concluded that the project had a substantial
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Page13
facilities to 210 slums in Hyderabad. A study was carried out later to assess cost-

positive impact on slum dwellers and hence was declared as successful. Some of the
important issues highlighted by the assessment report are as follows:
i.
The per capita cost was Rs. 434 in 1988 prices and it was cost-effective compared
to similar projects in India.
ii.
Project benefits were quantified in terms of increased land values and rental
incomes to assess economic viability. Overall the ERR was 14% compared to 19%
expected at appraisal.
iii.
Women were spending less time collecting water and had greater access to
health and educational services for themselves and for their children. Their
economic activity had increased.
iv.
Around 60% of slum households sampled were from the Economically Weaker
Sections and 40% were below the official poverty line.
v.
The infrastructure programme dominated the project. Higher priority was given
to its completion because progress could be measured against defined targets.
The social programmes had few defined targets, were given lower priority and
resources, and failed to fulfill their potential.
1.7.4
Programs, schemes and government rules with implications for slums

In conjunction with the specific slum development initiatives presented in 1.7.1 to 1.7.3,
the Government has been formulating schemes over the years which have a direct
implication for slum development. The chronological presentation of such schemes is
given in Table (1.5).
1961
1967
1969
1974
1976
1976
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Banned the granting of pattas for government land within 10 miles radius of
the limits of MCH. ( G.O. Ms. No.1122, Revenue dept., dated 29-6-1961)
The Urban Community Development (UCD) Project in MCH was sanctioned
as a Government of India (GOI) Centrally Sponsored Scheme in one ward
with a population of 50,000. The contribution of fund for the project was in
the ratio of 2: 1: 1 by the Centre, State and the MCH respectively. ( G.O. Ms.
No.583, MA., dated 20-9-1967)
The UCD Scheme was transferred to the State sector funding and the
funding was contributed half by the State and half by the MCH.
Two more UCD projects sanctioned under State funding.
UNICEF funding for UCD schemes ( along with the State and MCH funds ).
Slum improvement and slum housing were included as part of the UCD
program, with a view to improve their living conditions and help them to
Page14
Table 1.5 Chronological listing of Government schemes with implications for slums
1979
1980:
1981
198183
198389
1984-89
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construct pucca houses with loans from banks/HUDCO on plots / land

holdings when pattas were assigned to them. ( G.O. Ms. No.88, Housing,
dated 26-10-1976 and G.O. Ms. No.526, MA, dated 18-11-1976)
Weaker Sections Housing Scheme was started. The Andhra Pradesh State
Housing Corporation Limited was established to formulate, promote and
execute housing schemes for the weaker sections of the society in the State.
50 slums were listed as objectionable to be shifted to new locations
where minimum infrastructure was to be provided and building of houses
be facilitated. The ban on granting pattas as per the 1961 G.O. was removed
. All eligible squatters / encroachers on government land were to be given
pattas if in unobjectionable slums and were to be allotted alternative sites if
occupying objectionable slums. Each encroacher was to be given up to 50
sq. m. of land and if occupation of land was more than 50 sq. m. the market
value was to be collected for the portion in excess of 50 sq. m. ( G.O. Ms.
No.3250, Revenue (L) dept., dated 24-7-1980 )
Of the 50 slums classified as objectionable, 30 were reclassified as
unobjectionable and one previously unobjectionable slum was
reclassified as objectionable. ( G.O. Ms. No.1520, Revenue (L) dept., dated
01-10-1981 )
UCD proposed to construct ( under the Habitat Slum Housing Program )
10,000 houses in slum areas by obtaining loans from HUDCO. In the first
phase it was proposed to build 3955 houses in 26 schemes by taking a loan
through the Andhra Pradesh State Housing Board with a State Government
guarantee. ( G.O. Ms. No.268, MA., dated 01-10-1981 )
The Hyderabad Slum Improvement Project Phase I was initiated by the
MCH with a proposal to develop 228 of the slums in two years with its own
funds. However due to paucity of funds, only sporadic development of
amenities could be taken up in 156 slums at about a fourth of the budget
originally proposed..Out of 455 notified slums, 142 were covered under the
( EIS ) Environmental Improvement Scheme ( a five year plan activity that is budgeted and funded under the five year plans ). The scheme envisaged the
involvement and participation of the local people.
The Hyderabad Slum Improvement Project Phase II was taken up for the
improvement of 210 slums. This time the financial outlay was enhanced due
to the assistance from the Overseas Development Administration, United
Kingdom.
Hyderabad Slum Improvement Project started in 1984 supported by ODAOverseas Development Administration (DFID), United Kingdom (and aimed
to improve the living conditions and economic position of slum dwellers. It
provided infrastructure (roads, drainage and sewerage), utilities (water and
electricity) and social services (pre-school education and health) to 210
slums. It ended in 1989. The project was successful. It had a substantial
positive impact on slum dwellers by improving their quality of life and
stimulating self help initiatives and economic activity. There were
weaknesses in appraisal and implementation and there is concern over
sustainability.
The per capita cost was Rs434 in 1988 prices and it was cost-effective
compared to similar projects in India. There have been major environmental
improvements from the removal of insanitary conditions, and the provision
of basic services such as water and electricity. Community activity has been
stimulated by the provision of community halls and the slums have been
Page15

198996
1989
1993
1997
1998
1998
1999
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physically integrated into the city.

The health programme delivered services to most of the slum community
but the impact of other social programmes such as loan schemes and
training was constrained by limited coverage.
Women were spending less time collecting water and had greater access to
health and educational services for themselves and for their children. Their
economic activity had increased.
The Hyderabad Slum Improvement Project Phase III was taken up for the
improvement of 300 slums. The per family expenditure norm adopted under
this phase was Rs.4000/- and in addition to physical infrastructure the
development programs covered socio-economic as well as health activities.
This phase also received financial sanction and assistance from the Overseas
Development Agency, United Kingdom
Establishment of the Andhra Pradesh State Urban Development and
Housing Corporation ( APSUDHC ) to cater to the development of urban
areas with a special emphasis on housing in the slums and other areas
occupied by the poorer sections of the society. The APSUDHC was to
implement in the urban areas, the State Governments programs of
providing shelter to the weaker sections of the society, viz.: Urban
Permanent Housing Program ( UPHP ) and Shelter Up gradation and Scheme
for Housing (SHASU ) ( G.O. Ms. No.98, MA., dated 03-3-1989 )
Under the EWS housing scheme ( started in 1981 ) undertaken by the MCH,
13,128 units were grounded in 95 slum areas, of which 10,000 houses were
completed in all aspects. This housing program was transferred to the
Collectorate, Hyderabad. The District Collector who is the Executive Director
of the district level office of the Andhra Pradesh State Urban Development
and Housing Corporation was made in charge of the implementation of the
program including planning, execution and monitoring of the program.
The Andhra Pradesh State Housing Corporation Limited ( APSHCL ) becomes
the apex agency for all public schemes for the weaker sections. The Andhra
Pradesh State Urban Development and Housing Corporations activities and
programs are transferred to the APSHCL.
A new category of dwelling unit named Township House is introduced by
the APSHCL. The cost ceiling for such Township Houses is specified as
Rs.50,000. This represents the net cost of a 24 sq.m.(plinth area ) tenement
completed in all respects, in a multi-storeyed building including the cost of
land, and the floor space including common facilities such as the staircase
and the corridor.
Policy Guidelines for Weaker Sections Housing in Urban Areas identified
certain problems such as selection of genuine beneficiaries; unnecessary
interference by middle men; frequent sale of assigned house sites: low level
of beneficiary participation; scarcity of funds to provide civic amenities;
inadequate unit cost specifications for purposes of grant of loan; etc. and
established an Empowered Committees at the district level which shall coordinate and monitor all the schemes in the respective districts in such a
manner so as to overcome the identified problems.
Relaxation of norms to expedite housing scheme in Hyderabad City.
Wherever shelter up gradation programs are taken up in existing slums, to
enable such schemes, particularly where reorganization of plots is resisted,
the modified minimum plot size of 24 sq.m. has been permitted. The width
of the internal roads also may be modified to the extent necessary instead
Page16


2000-2007
of the otherwise minimum specified (6 m.) as long as it is motorable. Also

the layout open spaces may be reduced to 5% instead of the stipulated 10%.
Reforms and Slum Upgradation under Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for
Poor (APUSP), funded by DFID.
Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP)
The State Government launched (April 2000) the Andhra Pradesh Urban
Services for thePoor (APUSP) project for achieving sustained reduction in
poverty and vulnerability of urban areas in 42 class I towns of the State.
Duration of the Project The project period is from June, 1999 to

31.3.2008.
Cost of the Project Under this project, DFID will provide Rs.745.39
crore. The budget comprises 71% financial aid and 29% technical
assistance. (42 ULBS)
3,30,050 houses have been constructed by the Andhra Pradesh State

Housing Corporation so far under the urban housing program. Out of these
18,025 houses were built in Hyderabad. This figure excludes the 13,128
dwelling units built by the UCD, before the APSHCL. As per revised
guidelines, houses are being allotted in the name of woman beneficiaries,
wherever feasible
Integrated development of slums under Basic Services to the Urban Poor
(BSUP) administered by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation under JnNNURM
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Page17
Objectives:- This project is intended to bring about more effective urban

poverty reduction through the convergence and developing existing poverty
alleviation schemes in three programme areas (economic, environmental
and social). The project will introduce a number of carefully selected
innovations in each of the three programme area to meet identified gaps
and opportunities. The project will, thus, ensure greater impact on the poor
by focusing on:a)
better complementary within and between the programme
areas
b) more effective management of resources;
c) improving and adapting forms of service provisions;
d) better access to the range of government schemes through
community based organizations.
Project Components - There are following three components in the
project:
C1 Component - Municipal Reforms Revenue improvement,
Institutional Development, Capacity Building.
C2 Component - Environmental infrastructure Water supply,
Drainage, Roads and Footpaths, Solid Waste Management, street
lighting.
C3 Component - Working with Civil Society - Health, Education,
livelihoods, Vulnerable groups, SHGs, Capacity building

The Centre had cleared 26 projects worth Rs 2,200 crore of the GHMC
under two categories Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UI&G) and
Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) of JNNURM. Most of these works were
sanctioned during 2005 and 2006. Of them, 10 works worth about Rs 407
crore were sanctioned under Urban Infrastructure and Governance and
another Rs 1,890 crore under BSUP.
In GHMC 78746 units were sanctioned under BSUP, as on June 30th, 2011,
52477 units were constructed and 26006 are occupied.
Table.1.6: Slum Improvement Programmes (Sector-wise)

Programme/Scheme
Housing Programmes
Rajiv Gruha Kalpa

VAMBAY
Rajiv Swagruha Scheme
INDIRAMMA Housing Scheme (Urban)
Infrastructure Programmes
Individual Latrines - Low Cost Sanitation

Programme (ILCS)
India Population Project (IPP-VIII)
Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal
Services Project (APURMSP)
Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor( APUSP)
Rajivnagar Bata Programme
Housing & Infrastructure

Programmes
BSUP under JnNURM

Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
Slum Improvement Projects under ODA assistance
Other Improvement
Programmes
Clean slum initiative (CSI)

Welfare Programmes Sponsored by Women, SC, ST,
Minorities and Other Corporations Voluntary
garbage disposal scheme (VGDS)
Swarna Jayanti Sahari Rozgar Yojana: (SJSRY)
Urban Programme for Advancement of Household
Incomes
Balika samrudhi yojana (BSY)
Adarsha basthis Programme (ABP)
Special nutrition programme: (SNP)
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Sector

Table1.7 : Slum Improvement Programmes (Funding agency wise)

Funding agency
Externally
Funded
Programme/Schemes
Slum improvement Program (SIP)
India Population Project (IPP-VIII)
2001, world bank ,
Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for Poor

(APUSP)
Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal
Services Project (APURMSP)
2002, DFID, MUAD
Swarna Jayanti Sahari Rozgar Yojana: (SJSRY)
2006, GoI
Nat ional Slum Development Programme

(NSDP)
Balika samrudhi yojana (BSY)
2006 , GoI
Individual Latrines - Low Cost Sanitation

Programme (ILCS)
1980-81, GoI
VAMBAY
BSUP under JnNURM
Central
Sponsored
State Sponsored
ULB Funds
1.8
Project Year and source

of Funds
1989-96 , Overseas
Development agency, UK
2004, World Bank
1999, GoI
2001, MoHUPA
2005, GoI MoUD/
MoHUPA.
2006, Government of
Rajivnagar Bata Programme
Andhra Pradesh
2007 , Government of
Urban Programme for Advancement of
Andhra Pradesh
Household Incomes
2007 , Government of
Rajiv Yuva Sakthi / Rajiv Gruha Kalpa
Andhra Pradesh
2006, Government of
Integrated Novel Development in Rural Areas
Andhra Pradesh
and Model Municipal Areas (INDIRAMMA)
Welfare Programmes Sponsored by Women, SC, 2005 , Government of
Andhra Pradesh
ST, Minorities and Other Corporations
2008, GHMC
Clean Slum Initiative (CSI)
2008 ,GHMC
Voluntary Garbage Disposal Scheme (VGDS)
Hyderabad CDP - Basic Services to the Urban Poor

Hyderabad City Development Plan deals exclusively with the statistics of the slum
population in Hyderabad and the basic services extended to them by the Urban Local
Body. As per the available data, the number of people living below the poverty line is
is quite substantial and constitutes around 13percent of the total population. There are
wide variations in the number of people living below the poverty line across the city. For
example, the percentage of BPL population is very high in Quthbullahpur and
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Page19
540 thousand in the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation area. The BPL population

Rajendranagar constituting about 37 and 24 percent respectively and very low in

Serilingampally, Uppal and LB Nagar constituting around 3 to 4 percent. Environmental
decline, vehicular pollution, inadequate basic services and infrastructure in the poor
settlements hit the poor hardest. It is estimated that more than half of the slums are on
private land, and the rest on lands belonging to various public entities.
As per the census 2001, the literacy rate of slum population was found to vary between
60 - 80%. Female literacy in slums varied from 52 - 73%. Slums in HUA are located on
state government, municipal and quasi government land, Abadi land, central government
land, private land and unclaimed land. Government of Andhra Pradesh classified all the
slums on government land into objectionable and unobjectionable in 1985.
Categorisation as objectionable was based on location and land use - location on
riverbeds, low lying areas, drains, road margins, etc. Only a few slums were cleared as
unobjectionable.
1.9
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

The recognition that a major thrust was needed to propel and sustain development of
physical infrastructure in India Cities prompted the Central Government to launch the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission in 2005. The aim of the mission is to
provide central assistance to the State Governments and ULBs in order to promote a
holistic urban growth by addressing the issues of infrastructure and housing development
and capacity building.
The following four components are part of the JNNURM programme:
i.
Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG)
ii.
Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)
iii.
Urban Infrastructure and Development Scheme for Small and Medium Town
(UIDSSMT)
iv.
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
Funding for improvement of physical infrastructure in slums has been provided under
these two schemes under Eleventh Plan is Rs. 16332 and Rs. 6811 crores respectively.
The midterm appraisal report for eleventh five year plan states that JNNURM has been
successful in providing a good start to the process of managed urbanization.
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BSUP. Housing component is addressed under BSUP and IHSDP. The total allocation to

1.10
Rajiv Awas Yojana

Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a Slum-free
India through encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem of slums in a
definitive manner. It calls for a multi-pronged approach focusing on:
Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail of
the same level of basic amenities as the rest of the town
Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums,
and
Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach
of the urban poor and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to
retain their sources of livelihood and employment.
The President of India, in an address to the Parliament stated that, The scheme for
affordable housing through partnership and the scheme for interest subsidy for urban
housing would be dovetailed into the Rajiv Awas Yojana which would extend support
under JNNURM to states that are willing to assign property rights to people living in slum
areas. The Governments effort would be to create a slum free India in five years through
RAY.
A high-powered panel formed to look into the Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for removal of
slums and rehabilitation of slum-dwellers has recommended that the scheme be
extended from five to 20years and be included in the JNNURM plan. Urban land policies
need to be revised and made inclusive. The provision of tenurial security should be
provided by the states as assignment of property rights would take time. The Parekh
Committee, which was constituted in April this year, also suggests that the central
subsidy to states should be attractive to work as an incentive.
Interestingly, it has recommended that there should be less emphasis on PPP for solving
the slum problem in small cities. Other suggestions include creation of a Mortgage
enabling environment to facilitate access to long term finance at a concessional rate for
the beneficiaries and rental housing of at least 30 per cent slums where houses are
constructed at the spot. The Ministry has already launched the Slum-free City Planning
scheme for undertaking various preparatory activities such as slum surveys, Geographical
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Guarantee Fund, a corporate structure for proper implementation of RAY, a credit

Information System (GIS) mapping of such clusters, preparation of slum free city and
State Plans.
1.11
RAY Guidelines
As per the RAY guidelines, the process of preparation of Slum-free City Plan will broadly
involve Slum Redevelopment / Rehabilitation Plans based on
(a) Survey of all slums notified and non-notified

During this stage, delineation of the areas under slums will be undertaken along
with demographic and social profiling of the slum dwellers. The most important
information gathered during this stage of the study would be the type of housing
in the slums (Katcha or Pucca). The survey would also include data gathering
about several important parameters like land ownership pattern (patta or
encroachment), Land use and FSI pattern, Adequacy of physical infrastructure
facilities like water supply, sewerage, drainage, solid waste management system,
roads, electricity etc. Yet another important parameter that would emerge from
this survey is the tenurial pattern of the dwellers. Lastly, the social infrastructural
facilities like education, health, banking, community hall, livelihood centres
would be covered in the survey.
(b) Mapping of slums using the state-of-art technology
All the slums are to be mapped using GIS technology with detail filling through
total station survey. Satellite images will be used, as appropriate in order to
generate the base map of the city/slum under consideration.
(c)
Integration of geo-spatial and socio-economic data

In this stage the data collection in steps (a) and (b) above is integrated in to a
single entity using GIS platform. This will enable ushering of greater accessibility
and transparency thereby making the entire exercise responsive to public needs.
(d) Identification of development model proposed for each slum.

At this stage the selection of development model for the slums is to be taken up.
The choice of the model may be Public-Public Partnership model or public-private
(e) Implementation strategy

The implementation strategy consists of three components: Prioritization,
phasing and measures for preventing future growth of slums. The first two
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Page22
partnership model.

components are important because the scheme extends for a period of five years
and the total slums in the city have to be taken up under the scheme for
development in a phased manner.
(f)
Preparation of Detailed Project Report

The Detailed Project Report is to be prepared by encompassing all the
components of Slum-Free City Plan. The DPR would include detailed designs and
drawing along with detailed costing of the project.
Capacity building and training will be critical for the preparation and implementation of
slum-free city action plan. This will need to cover both institutional and HR capacity
needs. The Slum-free City Plan will specifically include the Plan for Capacity Building
which will be supported by the Centre under the scheme following the guidelines and
scales approved under the Toolkit for Financial Support for Comprehensive Capacity
Building for Improved Urban Governance and Poverty Alleviation.
1.12
Methodology Adopted by GHMC to appoint consultants to prepare SFCPoA and Pilot

Slum DPR
GHMC floated open tenders inviting interested agencies who have capacity and
experience in slum Improvement projects, preparation of detailed project reports for
housing and infrastructure components to take part in preparation of Slum Free City Plan
of Action and Preparation of DPR s for Pilot Slums. The open tender No. CE
(M)/GHMC/JNNURM/2010-11 was issued on 09-05-2010.
Tender documents were acquired by eight consultants and four consultants took part in
bidding process. M/s NCPE Infrastructure India Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, by virtue of being L1,
was awarded the task of preparation of Slum Free City Plan of Action for GHMC. The
work order for the same was issued on 30.06.2010. Subsequently the work of
preparation of DPRs for Pilot Slums was assigned to two consultants viz. M/s NCPE
Infrastructure India Pvt. Ltd, and M/s Voyants Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad on the basis
of being L1. The work order issued is given in Annexure 2.
To monitor RAY activities, GHMC is in process of constituting the City Level Technical
Page23
Cell(CLTC) and will be constituted after approval from Government
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2.0 Existing Condition of slums in GHMC

2.1.
Introduction to GHMC Slums

The Greater Hyderabad covers an area of 650 square kilometres and has a population of
6,809,970. A map indicating the circle wise population is given in annexure -11. There are
1476 slums in Hyderabad out of which 1179 are notified & 297 are non-notified. The total
slum area is 80.45 Km2, which is 12% of the total GHMC area. Total slum population is
19,51,207, which accounts 28.65% of the total population of GHMC. The total number of
households in the slums is 4.06 lakhs. The GHMC area is divided into eighteen circles and
eleven ULBs. These details are furnished in the figure 2.1Table
and2.1:Circle
also in Table
2.1.
wise Slums
Sl.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Figure 2.1: Map showing circles in GHMC
13
14
15
16
17
18
Circle
Kapra - 1
Uppal - 2
L.B.Nagar - 3
Charminar - 4
Charminar - 5
Rajendra nagar - 6
Khairatabad - 7
Abids - 8
Abids - 9
Khairatabad - 10
Sherilingampally (S) - 11
Sherilingampally (N) - 12
No. of Slums
51
28
84
221
94
45
147
36
186
160
26
32
RC puram & Patan

Chervu - 13
12
Kukatpally - 14
Quthbullapur - 15
Alwal -16
Malkajgiri - 17
Secunderabad - 18
Total
68
63
49
42
132
1476
As seen from Table (2.1) there are a total of 1476 slums in the GHMC area. Circle wise
slum location maps are given in annexure 11.The maximum numbers of slums numbering
221 exist in Circle 4 and the least number of 12 slums in Circle 13 (Patancheruvu). A
closer analysis reveals that 66% of the slums (numbering 985) are in the seven circles of
GHMC and the remaining 34% in peripheral areas. Amongst the peripheral areas a major
chunk of the slums are in Kukatpally, LB Nagar, and Quthbullapur, followed by Alwal,
Kapra, Malkajgiir, Rajendra Nagar and Serilingamally. Hence it is to be concluded that the
remaining 34% are spread in the surrounding erstwhile municipalities which have been
merged with the MCH leading to the formation of GHMC.
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Page24
core area of the erstwhile MCH has the maximum number of slums (66%) and the

2.1.1
Physical Location of Slums

As per the guidelines, the slums are being classified as tenable, semi-tenable and
untenable. The definitions as per the guidelines are:
Tenable Slums means all slums which are not located on hazardous locations
suitable for human habitation and the land is not earmarked for any major public
facilities and therefore it can be regularized in the same location.
Semi Tenable Slums are those slums which are located on land zoned for
non-residential uses, as prescribed by the Master Plan.
Untenable slums are those slums which are on environmentally hazardous
sites (like riverbank, pond sites, hilly or marshy terrains, etc.), ecologically
sensitive sites (like mangroves, national parks, sanctuaries, etc.), and on land
marked for public utilities and services (such as major roads, railway tracks, trunk
infrastructure, etc.).
In GHMC, It is observed that 74% of the slums have secure tenability and 1% of
the slum have insecure tenability
Table 2.2: Tenability Status of Slums

1%
Tenability
No of slums
Tenable
1010
Semi-tenable
374
Tenability status
Tenable
25%
Semi tenable
Untenable
92
Total
1476
74%
Untenable
The circle wise list of slums is given in Annexure 4

The table in the next page shows the physical location of the slums in GHMC
Inspite of these discrepancies, necessary care is taken while planning & adopting
strategies for the slums. Slums which are adjacent to each other were considered
as one cluster and cluster development approach was followed.
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Page25
Note: The total number of slums in GHMC is 1476. While conducting socio
economic survey, slums which are adjacent to each other were considered as
single slum and the data entry is been done under 1402 slums. Awhile analyzing
data discrepancies were observed. An exercise is being carried out by GHMC to
find out such slums, as on the date of submission of SFCPoA out of 1476 slums
1462 slums were identified and data is been edited according to the slum name
and code.

Table 2.3:PHYSICAL LOCATION OF SLUMS IN GREATER HYDERABAD MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

PHYSICAL LOCATION OF SLUMS IN GREATER HYDERABAD MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
Name of the Circle
Total
Slums
Physical Location of Slum

Semi Tenable
Along
Along
Along
Along
Nallah
Other Railway
Major
(Major
Drains
Line
Transport
Stormwat
Alignment
er Drain)
Un Tenable
Along
River/
Water
body
bank
Tenable
Total
On
Others
Others
River/ (Hazardous
(NonWater
or
Hazardous/
body Objectiona
Nonbed
ble)
Objectiona
ble)
Core
City/
Town
Fringe
Area
Total
Residential
Industrial
Circle 16 (Alwal)
49
49
49
49
49
49
Circle 1 (Kapra)
51
48
51
51
51
47
Circle 14 (Kukatpally
68
14
35
68
59
68
62
Circle 3 (L.B.Nagar)
75
65
75
66
75
74
Circle 17 (Malkajgiri)
42
37
42
41
42
40
64
64
64
64
64
61
45
27
45
45
45
32
13
33
29
33
33
33
27
29
28
29
28
29
23
11 Circle 4 (Old Circle 1)
221
42
58
116
221
221
221
217
94
83
94
94
94
91
193
26
17
132
193
193
193
188
147
145
147
147
147
145
15 Circle 10 (Old Circle

5)
160
153
160
160
160
158
38
35
38
38
38
17 Circle 18 (Old Circle

VII)
18 Circle 12
(Serilingampally
132
16
111
132
132
132
122
28
28
28
28
28
28
1476
168
145
25
10
13
13
16
1086
1476
1420
56
1476
1376
42
Circle 13
(Patancheruvu)
7 Circle 15
(Quthbullapur)
8 Circle 6 (Rajendra
Nagar)
9 Circle 12
(Serilingampally
10 Circle 2 (Uppal)
TOTAL
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Slum in
Page26
Sl.
No

2.1.2
Classification of slums based on Population Density

1476 slums of GHMC were classified based on the population density. The
following table shows the density pattern
Table 2.4 : Classification of slums based on
Density distribution
Density(persons/sq.km)
0-5000
15
5001-10000
82
10001-15000
247
15001-20000
590
20001-25000
Total
1%
No. of slums
Population Density in slums
5%
0-5000
5001-10000
17%
37%
10001-15000
15001-20000
40%
542
20001-25000
1476
It is observed that 77% of slums have density varying from 15000 to 25000
persons/Sq.km and it shows slums are densely populated
2.1.3
Classification of Slums based on Age

It is observed that 28% of the slums are prevailing since 30 years and 1 %( 18
slums) of the slums are formed during last five years. The following table shows
the classification of slums based on age.
2.1.4
NCPE
No. of
slums
18
94
112
353
418
112
370
1476
Status Of Land Ownership In

Slums
The slums were classified based on
the land ownership of the slum,
the table in the next page shows
the details of land ownership in
1476 slums.
Infrastructure India Pvt. Ltd
Age of slums
1%
0-5
6-10
6%
25%
11-20
8%
21-30
24%
8%
31-40
41-50
28%
Above 50
years
18
7
4
592
Central Government
State Government
Urban Local Body
752
Private
Relious association
University
112
Other
Page27
Age of slums
(in years)
0-5
6-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
Above 50
Total

Table 2.5: Distribution of Slums based on land ownership, age and legal status
Central
State
Urban
Government Government Local
Age of slums
Body
0 10yr
0
62
1
11 20 yr
0
53
0
21 30 yr
1
236
48
Above 30 yr 2
262
39
Total
3
613
88
Number of non
Number of
notified slums notified slums
Land ownership
0 10yr
11 20 yr
21 30 yr
Above 30 yr
Total
Total No. of
slums
0 10yr
11 20 yr
21 30 yr
Above 30 yr
Total
% total no. of
slums
Private Religious
University Others Total
Associations
No. of
Slums
0
0
0
0
63
27
0
0
0
80
158
0
0
2
445
281
7
0
0
591
466
7
0
2
1179
1
2
4
3
31
72
33
139
8
4
7
5
24
7
37
46
36
126
1
1
19
73
128
77
297
1
0
2
4
7
0.47
65
84
308
295
752
50.95
9
4
55
44
112
7.59
7
64
204
317
592
40.11
0
0
1
7
8
0.54
0
0
0
1
1
0.07
0
1
3
0
4
0.27
82
153
573
668
1476
100.00
1
1
Table 2.6: Distribution of Slums with reference to land use of surrounding area
Legal status
of slums
Land use of
surrounding
area
Residential
Notified
Non Notified
Total
Slums in Households
category in category
as % of
in % terms
No.
No. of
No.
No. of
No.
No. of
of total
Of
households of
households of
households total no.
of slums number of
slums
slums
slums
slum
households
1048
344390
273
67919
1321
412309
89.50
89.00
Industrial
68
24339
11
797
79
25136
5.35
5.43
Commercial
26
18183
1171
34
19354
2.30
4.18
Institutional
33
4376
543
35
4919
2.37
1.06
Others
228
228
0.07
0.05
Quarry
651
651
0.20
0.14
Grave yard
131
131
0.07
0.03
Railway track
26
26
0.07
0.01
University
525
525
0.07
0.11
297
71112
1476
463279
100.00
100.00
1179
392167
Page28
Total
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2.2.
Data Collection
The data for formulation of the Slum Free City Plan is extracted from the Census record
and household survey results conducted by GHMC. Details about the available data are
presented in the following sections.
2.2.1
Household Survey (Poverty and Livelihood)

The livelihood survey of all the notified and non-notified slums in the Greater Hyderabad
Municipal Corporation area is assigned to the Community Development Societies (CDS)
by UCD cell of GHMC. The questionnaire is in accordance with the prescribed format by
RAY. A copy of the questionnaire for household level survey is included in the Annexure
1. The information collected during the survey covers not only the status of physical and
social infrastructure in the slum, but also the individual household information like
literacy, BPL status, livelihood means and reasons for migration etc. The exhaustive data
collected during the survey is analyzed to make decisions about the slum development
strategies.
The entire proforma has been divided into six sections, the details of which are as
follows:
1. General Information
2. House Hold Level General Information
3. House Hold Level Detailed Information
4. Migration Details of Households
5. Income-Expenditure Details of Household
6. Details of the earning members of the Household
i.
General Information
Information about slum name, ward number and ward name and the house number are
included in this section of the proforma. The information is useful for clubbing the
households of each slum in to a single group for the purpose of descriptive data analysis
and quantitative data analysis.
ii. Household Level General Information

Personal information like name of the head of the family, religion, caste, minority status,
number of family members with gender classification, literacy within the family, and BPL
Page29
status is collected in this section. Information about the caste, literacy, school going
NCPE

children and BPL information will be used in the data analysis in order to obtain the
appropriate development model for the slum.
iii. House Hold Level Detailed Information

In this part of the proforma, important information like land tenure and possession status
(Patta land or encroached land etc.), information about type of structure (Pucca or
Katcha), is collected. This information will be useful for analysing the slums to identify
those which are having majority pucca houses on patta land. In such slums housing
programme would not be implemented and they will only be considered for
improvement of infrastructure facilities if any deficiencies are present. For analyzing the
infrastructure deficiencies information like electricity, cooking fuel, water supply, toilet
facility, roads, schools, health facilities etc will be useful. This and other information
indicating the social and financial status of the families is collected in this part of the
proforma.
iv. Immigration Details

Information about the duration of stay in the present accommodation would be useful in
deciding whether the slum is fit for development or relocation. Other information about
migration like reasons for migration would be useful for future planning of Governmental
schemes in order to avoid the migration to urban areas or to mitigate the effect of
unplanned migration.
v. Income Expenditure Details of Household

This would be an important criterion in deciding the type of development to be adopted
for a particular slum because the financial status of the dwellers would influence their
capacity to pay for housing as well as contribution for capital development and
maintenance of infrastructure.
vi. Livelihoods Survey

Information about the earning members, their educational and technical skills,
employment record, place of work etc. is important information being collected in this
part of the proforma which will influence the decisions about provision of facilities for
ensuring employability of the slum dwellers. The responses to these questions would also
for making them capable of earning their livelihood. Needless to say that success or
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Page30
be useful in making decisions about the nature of training to be imparted to the residents

failure of slum development efforts hinges to a large extent on the provision of means of
livelihood to the residents.
2.2.2
Raw Data
The task of conducting household survey in the slums of Hyderabad has been assigned to
Community Development Societies (CDS) by the Urban Community Development Cell of
GHMC, Hyderabad. The data collected in accordance with the proforma provided by
GHMC is tabulated household wise in excel format. The compiled information includes
ward ID, slum code, slum name, household ID, household code, house number,
household head name to identify each household of the slum. This is followed by the
statistical information pertaining to items (i) to (vi) of section 2.2.2 in coded form. The
raw data is presented in Annexure 3.
2.3.
Data Description
The raw data is tabulated slum wise in Microsoft Excel format affording flexibility in
undertaking various types of analysis which will be used for arriving at decisions
pertaining to the slum development strategy and prioritization. The analysis will also be
used to identify the deficiencies in the infrastructure and other relevant parameters so
that appropriate proposal can be formulated to overcome the same. The information
generated after tabulation is attached as Annexure 3. The following information is
extracted post-description for each of the slums in the jurisdiction of GHMC:
i.
Population
The total number of households is summed up under this head. Based on the
survey a total of 406047 households are enumerated.
ii. Sex
Slum wise male, female and total
population is computed along with
the percentages. Out of the total
population of 17, 36,152 the male
population is found to be 8, 74, 864
(50.39%) and the female population
8, 61, 288 (49.61%). The sex ratio is
Page31
1000 males to 985 females.
NCPE

iii. Caste
Information about the OC, SC, ST and OBC population is computed separately. It
is found that the OBC population is the highest in the slums of Hyderabad
(50.56%) which is followed by General or OC population of 26.37%.
The minority population is found to be 34.01% of the household as shown in
table below.
S. No.
Minority Status
No of HHs
Percentage
Non-Minority
267970
65.99
Minority
138077
34.01
406047
100.00
Total
Further analysis reveals the following facts about the demographics of the slums:
a.
The SC and ST population is not significantly different in the core and peripherals
areas.
The minority population is 34.01% and the non-minority 65.99%
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b.
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i.
Literacy
The total literacy, male literacy and female literacy are computed separately in
both absolute and percentage formats. The over literacy is found to be 59.76%. It
is further found that 60.25% of the adult males and 58.35% of adult females are
literate.
Male literacy
Over all literacy
Illiterate
39.75%
Illiterate
40.24%
Literate
59.76%
Female literacy
Literate
60.25%
Literate
58.35%
Illiterate
41.65%
ii. BPL Status

The number of families below poverty line and their percentage is computed
under this head. It is found that 84.2% of the households are below poverty line.
About 1.78% of the households have responded with dont know thereby
leaving 14.04% households under non-BPL category. This information is utilized
for the purpose of strategy selection and prioritization in the subsequent
analysis.
Code
01
2
3
BPL Family
No of HHs
Percentage
Yes
341875
84.20
02
No
56931
14.02
99
Dont Know
7241
1.78
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S. No.
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iii. Land Ownership

Based upon the response to the questionnaire, information about ownership like
patta land, possession right, private encroachment, public encroachment, rented
etc. is found. The percentage of each category is computed. The information
about rented accommodation is redundant because it is not an indicator about
t
h
e
l
a
n
d
o
wnership. From the available data it is not possible to ascertain if the rented
accommodation falls under the patta land, possession right land or encroached
land.
The above table shows that the percentage of Patta land is 29% and another
11.5% is possession
right land. About 7.53% slums are located on private and
public encroached land. A significant
part of the sample size (47.1%) has
reported that they are residing in rented house. This analysis will be useful in
making informed decisions about the development models to be adopted for
each slum.
iv. Area under slums by type of land ownership
The table below gives the details of the area under slums by type of land
ownership, it is observed that 49.71 % of the lands belong to State Government
and 30.98% is private occupied
Local body
State Government
railways
defense
airport
GOI other than railways,
defense , airport
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No. of Slums
Area (in
sq.km)
72
678
4
2
2
2.92
42.23
0.11
0.8
0.2
0.63
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Ownership of land

Private Owned
Private occupied
MIXED
Others
Endowment
WAKF
Total
3.79%
0.04%
0.20%
0.15%
502
125
3
81
1
2
1476
3.44%
26.32
8.19
0.17
3.22
0.03
0.13
84.95
Local body
stategovernment
9.64%
railways
defense
airport
30.98%
49.71%
GOI other than railways, defense
, airport
Private Owned
Private occupied
0.74%
0.24%
0.94%
0.13%
v. Employment Status
A majority of the slum dwellers in
GHMC area belong to the Casual
Labour and Salaried category (28 and
26 percent respectively). This is
followed by self employed and
regular wage earners (20 and 19
percent respectively). The balance 7
percent belong to other categories
of employment.
vi.
Distance Between Residence and

Place of Work
Distance to be travelled every day
from home to the work place
constitutes one of the primary
slums reveals that about 61 percent of the slum dwellers travel a distance of
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Page35
criteria of housing by slum dwellers. However, analysis of the data of GHMC

more than 5 Km every day to their work place. About 15 percent of the residents
are employed within a distance of 0.5 Km from their residence. The remaining 24
percent travel a distance ranging between 0.5 to 5 Km.
vii. Head of the House hold
The survey results reveal that about
31 percent of the households are
headed
by
women
and
the
remaining 69 percent by men.

Among the female Head households
a very large percentage (86913
representing 69.1%) are headed by
married women. This is followed by
widowed category which is 23955 representing 19.0%. The remaining categories
of abandoned/single, divorced and unwed women head of the households
account for 1.4 percent.
viii. Earning Female Households
Data pertaining to earning

females in a household
reveals
that
households
16.81%
of
68,
249
representing
the
total
earning members. Further
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households have female

analysis reveals that 77.4% of the earning females are married and 20.8% are
widowed. The other categories like single, divorced and unwed mothers
constitute 1.8%.
ix. Income and Expenditure

The
average
monthly
income of the slum households is

reported as Rs. 4114 and
the
expenditure as Rs. 4164. The total

average outstanding debt as on the
date of survey is reported as Rs. 23,
620 which is approximately six
months of household
income.
x. Type of Structure
Cumulative
number
pucca, semi
kutcha
pucca and
houses
enumerated
head,
along
of
are
under
this
with
the
percentage of each. Useful

information extracted from
this data
consists of
the percentage of pucca,

semi-pucca and katcha houses across various income levels of the slum dwellers.
It can be seen from the above information that 46% of the houses in the slums of
Hyderabad are of Pucca type and only 10% are katcha type. However, the
percentage of semi-pucca
houses nearly matches with that of Pucca
houses.
xi.
Water Supply
This information is furnished under the following heads: Tap within premises,
well or hand pump, open well, public tap outside premises, tube well or
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tube
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bore well or hand pump outside premises, open well outside premises, tank or
pond, river or canal or lake or spring and water tanker.
S. No.
Source of Drinking Water
No of HHs
Percentage
Within Premises - Tap
325012
80.04
12870
3.17
Within Premises -Tube Well/Hand

Pump
Within Premises - Open Well
7327
1.80
Outside Premises -Public Tap
32307
7.96
4335
1.07
Outside Premises -Tube Well/Bore

Well
/Hand
Pump -Open Well
Outside
Premises
2162
0.53
Outside Premises -Tank/Pond
276
0.07
175
0.04
Outside Premises River/Canal/Lake/Spring

Outside Premises - Water Tanker
15902
3.92
10
Other
5681
1.40
88% of the households have access to tap water with 80.04% accessing it within
the house and 7.96% outside the house through public tap. 3.92% of the
households rely on water tankers for their needs.
xii.
Sewerage, Sanitation and Drainage

As seen from the table given below, 76.39% of the households have their own
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septic tank or flush latrine. 11.73% have own dry latrine. The remaining 11.88%
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of the households have various other means of sanitation including community

septic tanks and dry latrines.
S. No.
No of HHs
Percentage
Own Septic Tank/ Flush Laterine
Facility
310194
76.39
Own Dry Laterine
47615
11.73
Shared Septic Tank/ Flush Laterine
15994
3.94
Shared Dry Laterine
11615
2.86
5914
1.46
Community Septic Tank/ Flush

Laterine
Community Dry Laterine
2834
0.70
Open Defecation
7728
1.90
Others / Not Mentioned
4153
1.02
Data about the bathroom facilities indicates that 84.96% of the households have
bathrooms within the premises and 7.51% have it outside the premises.
Community bath facility is available to 4.09% of the households.
S. No.
Facility
No of HHs
Percentage
Within Premises
344980
84.96
Outside Premises
30485
7.51
Community Bath
16614
4.09
No Bathroom
8595
2.12
5373
1.32
The number of kilometers of storm water

drainage existing in the slum is obtained and
listed under Drainage. In conjunction with
the road length and the DEM of the slum,
decision about the additional drainage
requirement will be taken.
xiii. Roads
It is observed that
of
households
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the
have
Page39
62.23%

motorable pucca road in front of their house. Another 22.27% have motorable
katcha road. The remaining 15.5% of the households do not have motorable road
in front of their house. The number of kilometers of road existing in the slum is
obtained in order to estimate the gaps in the road network so that proposals for
road laying can be formulated
The data analysis results for availability of physical infrastructure facilities
encompassing water supply, sanitation and connectivity by road are summarized
in the figure given below.
xiv. Roofing and Flooring in the houses
The two prominent types of roofing materials are asbestos (47.5%) and
C
Type of Roof
e S. No.
Type of Roof
No of HHs
Percentage
m 1
e 2
Grass/thatched
16655
4.10
Tarpaulin
16710
4.12
Wooden
9201
2.27
Asbestos
192861
47.50
Tiled
10707
2.64
Cement/Slab
153866
37.89
Other
6047
1.49
No of HHs
Percentage
a
Type of Flooring
b
S. No.
Type of Flooring
Mud
17581
4.33
Brick
22028
5.42
Stone
216907
53.42
Cement
114292
28.15
Tiles
29872
7.36
Other
5367
1.32
.
8
9
%). Similarly, stone flooring predominates with 53.42% followed by cement

flooring in 28.15% of the households.
xv.
House and Street Lighting

The survey results show that 95.73% of the households have electricity
connection. Only 1.98% of the households are using kerosene for the purpose of
proposing the requirement of additional lights to be installed
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house lighting. The exiting number of street lights in the slum will be the basis for

xvi. Cooking Fuel

Kerosene
to
be
happens
the
most
predominant
cooking fuel in the
slums of Hyderabad
with 48.99% of the
households
reporting its usage. Another equally important source of cooking fuel is LPG gas
which accounts for 42.81% of the households. Electricity, Charcoal and Firewood
constitute 7.1% of the households.
xvii. Duration of Stay
86.99% of the slum dwellers are domiciled for more than five years. About 4.91%
have been living for less than a year. Table below shows the number of years of
stay ranging from 0 to more than 5 years.
S. No.
Number of Years
No of HHs
Percentage
0 to 1 year
19933
4.91
1 to 3 years
15899
3.92
3 to 5 years
15655
3.86
more than 5 years
353219
86.99
1341
0.33
xviii. Migration Type

It is observed that the urban to urban (39.31%) and rural to urban (45.40%)
migrations are not differing significantly. The single most predominant reason for
migration is unemployment being reported by 42.12% of the households. Low
wages is quoted as the reason for migration by 13.78% of the households.
S. No.
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Reason
No of HHs
Percentage
Unemployment
171041
42.12
Low Wage
55960
13.78
Debt
4778
1.18
Drought
3294
0.81
Conflict
1185
0.29
Education
4124
1.02
Marriage
6630
1.63
159035
39.17
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Reasons for Migration

xix.
Consumer Durables
Data pertaining to possession of consumer durables by slum dwellers shows that
95.5% of the households have an electric fan. The next item most possessed by
the slum dwellers is the mobile phone (73.68%) which is followed by a Colour
Television (57.44%), which shows the large penetration of communication
technology.
S. No.
"Yes"
Percentage
No of HHs
"Yes"
"No"
No of HHs
Percentage
"No"
Electric Fan
388014
95.56
18033
4.44
Refrigerator
44140
10.87
361907
89.13
Cooler
37752
9.30
368295
90.70
Residential Telephone
18563
4.57
387484
95.43
Mobile Phone
299180
73.68
106867
26.32
B/W Television
52928
13.03
353119
86.97
Colour Television
233242
57.44
172805
42.56
Sewing Machine
27386
6.74
378661
93.26
Furniture
25514
6.28
380533
93.72
10
Bicycle
49389
12.16
356658
87.84
11
Rickshaw
4848
1.19
401199
98.81
12
Push Cart
2421
0.60
403626
99.40
13
Bullock Cart
2211
0.54
403836
99.46
14
Two Wheeler
61916
15.25
344131
84.75
15
Three Wheeler
6099
1.50
399948
98.50
16
Taxi
1040
0.26
405007
99.74
17
Car
1812
0.45
404235
99.55
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Item
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3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
It is paradoxical that rapid urbanization resulting from high level of economic opportunities
in urban centres is also responsible for formation of slums. As per an UN estimate 43% of
urban residents in developing countries live in slums. An admission of this fact is reflected
in Indias 10th Five Year Plan which noted that the urban slum population is growing despite
sharp reductions in poverty and rising incomes.
The central and several state governments while recognizing the need for enlarging
existing urban housing and other slum subsidy programs in order to alleviate the hardships
of slum dwellers have also comprehended the enormity of financial commitments required
to realize the targets of slum development. In this connection, the union urban
development ministry has finalized guidelines to accommodate substantial participation of
Private Equities (PEs) under Rajiv Awas Yojana as centre would need private funds to
provide affordable housing to millions of households. This chapter discusses the steps and
guiding principles for slum free city plan and recognizes relevant parameters to build
scenarios for urban planners and policy-makers to make informed slum improvement
decisions.
3.2
Slum population in Hyderabad

As per the 2001 census, Hyderabad city has a slum population of 19, 80,347 out of the total
population of 55, 11,046. This 35.9% of the citys population which is living in slums are
spread over 1476 slums across the city in 4, 63,163 households. As per slum survey
conducted by UCd cell of GHMC It is noticed that 65% of the slum population is
concentrated in core area of the erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad and the
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remaining 35% is distributed in the peripheral areas consisting of the erstwhile circles.
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3.3
Steps for Formulation of Slum Free City Plan

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation has formalized its strategy to make
Hyderabad Slum Free through implementation of Rajiv Awas Yojana of the Central
Government. The goals of this programme are to bring the existing slums within the formal
system and enable them to avail of the same level of basic amenities as the rest of the
town. The steps leading to realization of this goal are summarised in the Figure (2.1) shown
below.
Selection of Cities for

the 1st Phase of RAY
Slum Level
Identification of Slum
Pockets in the City
Database Creation
(Spatial & Non-Spatial)
Redevelopment in situ
Availibility of housing /
basic Infrastructure,
demographic, Socio
economic & other data.
GIS - enabled
Slum MIS
Zone Level
City Level
Decision for Slum

Redevelopment Model
Level of gaps in
hosing / civic
services in slums
methodology
Relocation
Slum Free City Plan

(with Timelines & Phasing)
Review & Changes in Master Plan & Frarning

of Appropriate Regulations to facilitate
Slum free Cities
Figure 2.1 Steps leading to formulation of Slum Free City Plan for Hyderabad
3.4
Guiding Principles for Slum Free City Plan

The eleventh Five Year Plan envisions that the ambitious goal of 9 to 10% growth in the
Countrys GDP depends fundamentally on the sustainable and inclusive growth and
development of urban areas of the Country. The flagship scheme of the Central
the year 2005. The midterm appraisal report of the Eleventh Five Year plan states that the
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Page44
Government to realize this goal of orderly and sustainable growth is JNNURM, launched in

scheme has been successful in raising the aspirations of the ULBs and enabling them to
execute projects of a much larger scale than they were used to. This change is believed to
be vital for the countrys economic growth, social condition and political stability. The
report stresses on improved methods of change management in order to sustain the urban
transformations.
Some of the identified principles of urban change management are:
xx. The urbanization policy should be made inclusive by adopting a bottom up
approach through increased community participation
xxi. The Centre should work in a macro framework with the micro planning, decision
making left to the ULBs.
xxii. Processes and Plans of urbanization must follow the 7 Cs:
a. Be Citizen Centric
b. Be Comprehensive
c. Create Convergence
d. Have Continuity
e. Be relevant to the Context
f.
Involve Conversations with stakeholders
g. Have Connections with other relevant policies
The City Level Plan of Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) meets the above stated principles of urban
development as envisioned in the interim appraisal report of the eleventh five year plan.
i.
Citizen centric: With economic liberalization, the past two decades have witnessed a
surge in the economic power of the citizens of the Country in general and urban citizens
in particular. Further, with the recent urban development propelled by huge allocation of
funds under JNNURM, the ULBs are now expected to further improve the service
delivery. Slums being essentially a part of the urban phenomenon, the aspirations of the
slum dwellers have also shot up and they are now expecting better housing, roads,
protected and reliable water supply, uninterrupted power supply and efficient sanitation.
The methodology adopted for implementation of the scheme of RAY aims at making
Hyderabad slum free to alleviate the hardships of slum dwellers and provide them an
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opportunity to acquire living standards at par with the other residents of the city.
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Apart from meeting the aspirations of the slum dwellers, the Slum Free City Development
Plan is deemed to be citizen centric as it is formulated based upon an exhaustive
livelihood survey covering every household of all the slums. The proposals address the
core issues of lack of housing and physical infrastructure. Social infrastructure in the form
of health care facilities, education facilities and livelihood centres are also planned.
Capacity building is also envisaged as part of the overall scheme. Hence the scheme
under consideration is truly citizen centric.
ii. Comprehensiveness: The Slum Fee City Plan is a holistic approach to urban
transformation as it aims at replacing the haphazardly spread slums with planned layouts
having all modern infrastructural facilities. It focuses on three basic issues; Housing,
Physical Infrastructure and Social Infrastructure. The scope of the scheme includes
provision of pucca houses to all slum dwellers, ensuring reliable water supply, sewerage,
power and sanitation, good quality roads, primary health centres, livelihood centres,
schools etc. Hence the comprehensiveness of the scheme is ensured.
iii. Convergence: RAY has a clearly defined goal of making cities slum-free and this is
achieved through instructional convergence, Human Resources Convergence and Funds
Convergence. Various institutions like Governmental Departments (Housing, Water
Supply and Sewerage, Electricity, Social Welfare etc.), Non-Governmental Organizations,
Elected representatives, Local Body etc. have to work in tandem to realize the goal.
Similarly pooling of human and financial resources is also essential for successful
implementation of the project.
iv. Continuity: The massive investment entailed in RAY warrants that instead of being a
one-time effort there should be a continuity of the process so that sustainability is
ensured. Schemes for preventing formation of new slums in the future and earmarking of
funds for this purpose is an integral part of RAY.
v. Contextualized Scheme: The Slum Free City Plan being prepared for implementation
under RAY is based on a contextualized process wherein the decision making is made at
every stage based on the context in which the decision is to be made. Accordingly, the
decision making is based on the following contexts: Untenable and, Tenable Slums, Type
Tenure Indicator (Secure or Insecure).
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Page46
of Structure (Katcha or Pucca Houses), Land Value (High or Low Land Value) and Land

vi. Participation of the Stake Holders: By now it is well recognized that community
participation and convergence of the ideas of the stake holders is essential for any
citizen-centric scheme to be successful and sustainable. Community participation is
ensured at every step for formulation of the Slum Free City Development Plan. Even the
livelihood survey is conducted through Community Development Societies (CS) so that it
reflects the true and frank assessment of ground level realities of slums. Further the
strategy for every slum has been discussed thread bare in local Area Sabha so that the
plan is prepared bottom up and is comprehensive without missing any locally desired
component. The RAY scheme has been discussed over several brain storming sessions at
the highest decision making level of the State Government and ULB. It has also been
presented to the Cooperators in order to ensure their participation in the scheme.
vii. Connectivity of other Relevant Policies: As already stated several schemes have been
launched in order to deal with the housing and infrastructure deficiencies of the slums.
Under JNNURM itself BSUP and IHSDP components are aimed at slum development.
Apart from these schemes, time and again, the State Government and the ULB has been
pursuing and getting funds for slum development from Central Government and also
International Funding Agencies. The Slum Free City Plan will exclude from its ambit
beneficiaries under other schemes in operation to avoid duplicity. Apart from this, a new
Act is to be promulgated for awarding possession rights (Pattas) to the slum dwellers
whose houses are located on encroached land. Along with this, a policy for earmarking of
land for EWS housing in new colonies will also be made.
3.5
Household Survey
The Household survey of all the notified and non-notified slums in the Greater Hyderabad
Municipal Corporation area is assigned to the Community Development Societies (CDS) by
GHMC. The questionnaire is in accordance with the prescribed format by RAY. A copy of
the questionnaire for household level survey is included in the Annexure 1. The
information collected during the survey covers not only the status of physical and social
infrastructure in the slum, but also the individual household information like literacy, BPL
status, livelihood means and reasons for migration etc. The exhaustive data collected
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during the survey is analyzed to make decisions about the slum development strategies.
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3.6
Public Consultations/Area Sabhas

The success of Slum Free City Plan depends to a large extent on the acceptance of the
strategy by the slum dwellers who are the stake holders. This aspect of community
participation is ensured by GHMC though holding of Area/Mohalla Sabhas in which
representatives of GHMC, NGOs, Community Social Organizations, Slum Development
Organizations and local leaders/Corporators interact with the slum dwellers in order to
gather information about their needs and disseminate information about the strategies
under RAY.
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Indira Nagar Slum Kachiguda Division

Circle-9
Indira Nagar slumGolnaka Division

Circle-9
Surya Nagar slum
Mallikarjuna Nagar slum
Page48
Brahmanwadi slum, Circle-10

Public consultations were held at two levels. In First level, attempt was made at creating
awareness about the RAY Project among the stakeholders. Slum visits were organized
along with the GHMC officials, respective corporators, and MLAs.
In the second level, detailed discussions were held with the stakeholders to understand
the needs of the community and their priorities. Based on the discussions held with the
GHMC officials, slum dwellers and respective stakeholders, strategies were formed.
Meetings were held at every zonal office, in order to introduce and sensitize the officials
about the project. Slum visits were organized and interactions with the community were
carried out in order to find out the existing problems and to assess the requirements of
the community which in turn helps in framing the strategies for improvement of slum.
Project officers, Concerned zone COs were also involved in the meetings. Circle wise
officers were involved in finalizing the slum list and further in furnishing the slum
information such as notification of slum, tenability land ownership, and slum boundaries,
area of slum and age of slums. All the circle wise information collected is processed in the
UCD Cell, GHMC and the final list of the slums was finalized.
Every fortnight, a review meeting was conducted with the respective officials of GHMC, in
order to discuss and clarify the issues emerging while in process of finalizing the SFCPoA.
The Slum Free City Plan thus incorporates the aspirations of the community in a realistic
manner.
3.7
Conceptualization of Strategies
The Slum Free City Development Plan for Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation is
conceptualized conforming to the principles of urban change management as mentioned
in the midterm appraisal report of the Eleventh Five Year plan. The formulated strategies
are not only citizen centric but they are also contextualized. Comprehensiveness is
ensured by formulating eight strategies meeting the varying needs of the slums in the
GHMC area. The strategies are presented in detail in subsequent chapter of the report.
3.8
Prioritization & Phasing
prioritization process which is based on construction of the Poverty Index Vs.
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The priority of implementation of the Slum Free City Development Plan is based on the

Infrastructure Deficiency Index Matrix. The matrix construction a technical tool for
incorporating multiple parameters in the decision making process. The methodology is
presented in detail in (4.24). Phasing is done in order to spread over the implementation
process over a five year period. The prioritization results are utilized for the purpose of
phasing of the slums. The top priority slums (having maximum deficiencies) are phased in
the beginning of the implementation period. These are followed by the other slums in
order of priority over the next four years period.
3.9
Towards implementation of RAY

This section highlights the important principles of Slum Development each one an
important building block which eventually add up to form the Slum Free City Plan under
RAY. Discussed below are the chief components of the project:
a. Slum Listing
This consists of a detailed list of the notified and non-notified slums falling within
the GHMC area, list of slums based on land ownership , list of slums based on
land use, list of slums based on physical location.
b. Data Collection
This component of the project consists of socio economic data of the slum
dwellers collected through an exhaustive community driven survey as per the
prescribed format.
c. Slum Infrastructure Inventory

A detailed slum infrastructure inventory is prepared for each slum indicating the
level of penetration of basic infrastructure like water supply, sewerage, roads,
storm water drains, solid waste collection bins etc.
d. Data Description
The objective of data description is to collate and present the extracted data in a
manner such that information about the characteristics and results of the studies
are summarized in a meaningful way. This is best done by tabulation, which
allows readers to access relevant information at a mouse click. The raw data
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collected under (ii) and (iii) is organized in desired format in order to make it
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suitable for further analysis. After organization the data is subjected to a detailed
statistical analysis in order to identify
the infrastructural gaps and deficiencies.
e. Slum Development Strategies

Based upon the contextualization process the following parameters are identified
for the purpose of strategy formulation:
i.
Type of Development: This refers to the development category in which a

slum is placed depending upon the extent of deficiencies in the housing or
physical infrastructure. Accordingly, a slum may require remodeling,
development of infrastructure alone, a combination of both or total
relocation.
ii.
Mode of Implementation: The various options for implementing the slum

free city plan include public-public partnership, public-private partnership
and development by the local body, i.e. GHMC.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
f.
TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT
Development of Infrastructure
only without housing
Development of housing and
Infrastructure (Upgradation)
Redevelopment
Redevelopment and Upgradation
Relocation
MODE OF IMPLEMENTATION
a. Public-Public Partnership
b. Public-Private Partnership
c. GHMC
Mode of Implementation
Three modes of implementation of the Slum Free City Plan are envisioned which
have been listed above. The developed strategies are related to the mode of
implementation and the type of development. The Public-Public Partnership
mode entails development of the slum through a partnership between the slum
dwellers and the Public Agencies, which are Government or Semi-Government
Agencies. The Public-Private Partnership mode entails development of the slum
through a partnership between the slum dwellers and a private investor. Lastly,
the mode of implementation titled GHMC implies development of housing or
Corporation (GHMC).
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infrastructure by the Urban Local Body which is the Greater Hyderabad Municipal

g. Type of Development
The five types of development as mentioned in (e) above are described in detail
in this section.
i.
Development of Infrastructure only without housing: This strategy is valid

for slums which have 100% pucca houses. The deficiencies in the
infrastructure by overcome by undertaking necessary works to plug the gaps.
ii.
Development of Housing and Infrastructure (Upgradation): In slums which

have a mix of katcha and pucca houses, this strategy aims to develop the
katcha houses. Simultaneously, gaps in the infrastructure will also be filled by
formulating appropriate proposals.
iii.
Redevelopment : This strategy is specifically for slums which are having a

large percentage of katcha houses. In such a scenario a totally new layout will
be implemented along with necessary physical infrastructure.
iv.
Redevelopment and Upgradation: This is a special class of strategy in which

slums which have both housing and or infrastructure deficiencies will be
taken up for development.
v.
Relocation: This strategy is designed for slums which are located in

untenable zones and hence have to be relocated either an existing slum or a
new area or colony.
To summarize, it is to be stated that development of housing on a large scale is

present in (iii) and (v). A minor component of housing as a means of Upgradation
is observed in (ii) and (iv). (i) has no housing component in it since it is meant for
slums which have 100% pucca houses.
h. Implementation Schedule
After completion of steps (i) to (v) of (2.3) the slums under consideration fall
slum in each strategy category. Since RAY is a five year scheme it becomes
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under one of the eight strategies mentioned above. There may be more than one

necessary to prioritize the slums under each strategy in order to implement the
Slum Free City Plan in a phased manner. This is done by constructing the Poverty
Index Vs. Infrastructure Deficiency Index Matrix.
Prioritization leads to
assignment of ranks to each slum which is related to the degree of poverty and
infrastructure deficiency. Slums with maximum poverty and infrastructure
deficiency will be taken up first under RAY. Phasing is the process through which
the slums are segregated based upon the ranks in to suitable groups so that they
can be taken up for implementation of the Slum Free City Development Plan in
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the respective year to which they are allocated.
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4.0 Slum Rehabilitation Framework

4.1
Introduction
The descriptive data presented in (2.3) is used to arrive at a decision about the adoptable
strategy for making the GHMC area slum-free in accordance with the RAY directives. In
this chapter the Contextualized Approach adopted for choosing the strategies for
development of the slums are discussed in detail. The proposed decision making process
is based upon sound technical principles. In the initial part of the chapter details about
the analysis is presented followed by the methodology and the strategies of
development.
4.2
Goal
Goal represents the end result towards which an endeavour is directed. The Goal of RAY
is to make Hyderabad slum free by preparing an integrated and holistic plan to upgrade
all slums in Hyderabad City by developing basic civil infrastructure and services in
addition to providing affordable housing to all.
4.3
Objective
Objectives are the clear, realistic, specific, measurable statement of actions which are
based on the strategy leading to the realization of the broader goal. The objectives of the
present project are stated as follows:
4.4
To prioritize slums for development based on infrastructure deficiency and

poverty index
To prepare contextualized strategies for slum upgradation and redevelopment
SWOT Analysis
Assessment of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), is the
stepping stone towards formulation of strategies and action plans to make Hyderabad
Slum Free. An attempt is made in this section to extract information from the data
description and brain-storming sessions to prepare a brief SWOT Analysis which will serve
as guidance in formulating the development and implementation strategies.
The slum level SWOT analysis attempted in the present study pertain to various housing,
physical and social infrastructure issues in the slums of Hyderabad city. The strengths and
opportunities can be leveraged in order to achieve the goal of making the city slum free.
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The weaknesses, if not overcome, are likely to become threats in the future. Hence the
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slum free city plan is developed by capitalizing on the strengths, exploiting the available
opportunities and addressing the weakness.
STRENGTHS
1. 575 slums constituting about one third of the total slum are located on high
value land
2. 1040 slums have secure land tenure indicator suggesting high incidence of patta
and possession right lands.
3. Potential for Public Private Partnership mode development in the slums
located on High Value Land and Secure Land Tenure Indicator Slums
4. 28 slums have 100% Pucca Houses
5. 46% of houses are of Pucca type. Another 44% are Semi-Pucca Type
6. Slums with severe deficiencies in Physical Infrastructure are few in number
7. Slums in the core area are well connected to the important commercial centres
of the city through public transport system
8. As a State Capital, Hyderabad provides ample opportunities to the slum
dwellers to eke out a living
WEAKNESSES
1.
16 Slums are located in harzardous zones
2.
783 slums are located on low value land and hence may find it difficult to
attract private investment for their development
3.
136 Slums have Medium Land Tenure Index and hence will have to be
developed by Public Agencies
4.
142 slums have Low Land Tenure Index necessitating the State Government
to issue pattas to the dwellers prior to implementation of RAY scheme
5.
High Population densities in some of the slums
6.
Water Logging in the slums during monsoon season
7.
Inadequate quantity and frequency of water supply
8.
Many slum lack solid waste management system with the result that the
streets are littered with waste
Inadequate Social Infrastructure like health and education facilities
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9.
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OPPORTUNITIES
1. 358 slums to be remodelled with a new layout
2. 1000 slums to overcome deficiencies in physical and social infrastructure
3. 16 slums located in hazardous zones have an opportunity of moving to safer
areas
4. Several Central and State Government Schemes in operation for slum
improvements possibility of cheap loans for housing development
5. Ample opportunity to ensure 100% Pucca Houses in all slums
6. The economic growth of Hyderabad presents a good opportunity for slum
dwellers to be gainfully employed through livelihood centres
7. Possibility of acquiring pattas and possession rights as a prelude to
implementation of RAY
8. The development of infrastructure will benefit the economy of Hyderabad City
and provide jobs
THREATS
1. Overcrowding and increased population density due to continued migration
from semi-urban and rural areas
2. Forced eviction from encroached lands
3. Relocation of 16 hazardous slums-resentment due to loss of means of livelihood
for some of them
4. Increased pressure on the existing Physical Infrastructure
5. Delays in the implementation of the slum less city plan
6. Higher level of traffic congestion as commercial properties to be developed in
the slums under Public-Private Partnership Mode
7. Resistance to the scheme from dwellers of slums located on high value land
8. Failure to sustain and maintain the developed infrastructure
4.5
Contextualization Process
The complex nature of the project to make Hyderabad slum free under RAY, warrants a
Contextualized approach where in the large number of variables are dealt in with respect
to their context. Some of the contexts which influence the decision making process are
the location of the slums, the type of structures in the slums, Land value and Land
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ownership pattern. The approach leads to sub-problems which are solved individually
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using established techniques of decision making. The solutions thus obtained are
progressively refined to yield the final optimal solution to the larger problem.
4.6
Conceptualization of Strategies
Prior to formulation of the strategies of development it is necessary to identify the
possible types of developments and the modes of their implementation. Combinations of
these two options will lead to several types of development strategies which can be
easily formulated thereafter. Analysis of the data description presented in 3.3 will assist
in evaluating the different types of developments and their modes of implementation in
the present context.
4.6.1
Type of Development
After perusing the results of the data description the following facts have emerged which
play a key role in formulating the strategies of slum development:
i. Some slums are located in untenable areas and hence have to be relocated
ii. In some of the slums all the houses (100%) are of pucca type and hence housing
development is not required. These slums may however lack in other physical and
social infrastructure facilities.
iii. Another category of slums is one in which there are a few Katcha houses along with
deficiencies in physical and social infrastructure
iv. In some of the slums the majority of the houses are of katcha type
The above findings were discussed over several brain-storming sessions in order to arrive
at the following plausible types of developments:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
4.6.2
TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT
Development of Infrastructure only without housing
Development of housing and Infrastructure (Upgradation)
Redevelopment
Redevelopment and Upgradation
Relocation
identification of the modes of development. As per the RAY guidelines due importance
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Having identified the desirable types of development, attention was then diverted to

has to be accorded to the Public-Private Partnership model of development over other

types in view of paucity of spare funds with Governmental agencies.
It was noted that the Public-Private Partnership model was practical only in those slums
which are located in high land value zones of the city and have owner ships rights in the
form of pattas. Slums located in low land value regions or which are located on
encroached lands would not attract private investments due to obvious reasons of
uncertainty over the returns. Such slum development would have to be financed through
Public-Public Partnership between the slum dwellers and public agencies which may be
Central Government, State Government or ULB. Slums located on encroached private
lands are deemed to be more difficult to handle because of additional constraints in the
form of ownership claims by the original title holders. Hence a need for State
Government to resolve the ownership issue and award pattas to the dwellers before such
slums can be taken up for development. Eventually the following three modes of
implementation have been identified:
a.
b.
c.
4.7
MODE OF IMPLEMENTATION
Public-Public Partnership
Public-Private Partnership
GHMC
Formulation of Strategies
Strategies of slum development are formed by combining the type of development
option with the mode of implementation option. The following constraints are accounted
for while forming the combinations:
i.
Remodeling of slum with a completely new layout permits flexibility in planning due
to which it is possible to easily demarcate and earmark land area for slum dwellers
and investor or developer. As partnership is easily possible, GHMC need not be
involved in these strategies. Hence, option III under type of development can
combine only with options (a) and (b) of mode of implementation.
ii. The role of GHMC is predominant in infrastructure development. Hence, slums in
respect to infrastructure. Similarly, relocation is a sensitive strategy which is best
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which houses are of pucca type can be assigned to GHMC for Upgradation with

handled by a public organization like the GHMC. Hence, Options I, IV and V under
type of development can combine only with option (c) of mode of implementation
iii. Slums requiring partial (up to 25%) development of housing and infrastructure
Upgradation are not likely to find a private investor willing to enter into a
partnership. Hence they are best handled by public agencies or GHMC. Hence, Option
II under type of development can combine with options (a) and (c) of mode of
implementation
Based upon the above given possibilities the following eight strategies are identified for
slum development:
Strategy
ID
Strategy
Redevelopment
of
Slum
Implemented through Public-Public

Partnership
Upgradation
(Housing
and
Infrastructure) Implemented through
Upgradation
(Housing
and
Infrastructure) Implemented through
Redevelopment
of
Slum
Implemented through Public-Private

Partnership
Redevelopment and Upgradation of

Slums Implemented by GHMC
Upgradation
(Housing
and
Infrastructure) Implemented by
GHMC
No Housing and only physical and

social infrastructure - Implemented by
GHMC
Untenable Slums - Development by

relocating to a nearby slum or new
premises / colony Implemented by
GHMC
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GHMC
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DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES
NON-HAZARDOUS
SLUMS
HAZARDOUS
SLUMS
STRATEGY 1
MODE OF
IMPLEMENTATION
PUBLIC PUBLIC
PARTNERSHIP
Redevelopment of Slum
Implemented through Public-Public
Partnership
GHMC
STRATEGY 2
Upgradation (Housing and
Infrastructure) Implemented
through Public-Public Partnership
STRATEGY 3
MODE OF
IMPLEMENTATION
PUBLIC PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIP
MODE OF
IMPLEMENTATION

Infrastructure) Implemented
through Public-Private Partnership
STRATEGY 8
Hazardous Slums Development by relocating
to a nearby slum or new
premises / colony
Implemented by GHMC
STRATEGY 4
Redevelopment of Slum
Implemented through Public-Private
Partnership
STRATEGY 5
Redevelopment or Upgradation of
Slums Implemented by GHMC
STRATEGY 6
MODE OF
IMPLEMENTATION

Infrastructure) Implemented by
GHMC
GHMC
STRATEGY 7
Figure 4.1
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The eight identified strategies for Slum Free City Plan (Hyderabad)
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No Housing and only physical and

social infrastructure - Implemented
by GHMC

4.8
Proposed Criteria for Selection of Strategy

As per the contextualized approach the goal of making Hyderabad City slum-free is to be
accomplished by developing strategies in a sequential manner thereby breaking down
the complex problem into simpler units. In the following sections the steps involved in
the formulation of the strategies are presented in detail. The following criteria are
employed for selection of an appropriate strategy of slum development:
i. Type of Location
ii. Land Tenure
iii. Type of Structure
iv. Land Value
Based upon the type of location criteria, the slums are classified into Untenable and
Tenable slums. This constitutes the first stage of strategy selection. The Tenable slums
then go through the subsequent stages of selection.
In the second stage the slums are classified as Secure or insecure based upon the Land
Tenure Indicator. Both these groups of slums go through the next stage as described
below.
Secure Land Tenure Indicator: The third stage of classification for slums falling under
secure category is based upon type of structure. This criteria leads to classification of
slums into three groups: Slums which do not require housing, slums where housing is
moderately required and slums where housing is strongly required. While further
classification comes to an end in case of slums not requiring housing, the other two
category of slums go through the fourth and final stage in which the land value criteria is
applied to group the slums into Low and High land value category.
Insecure Land Tenure Indicator: In this case, the third stage of classification is based
upon the land value which may be low or high. The categorization comes to an end after
this stage for low land value slums. The high land value slums then go through the fourth
and final stage of classification in which the type of construction criteria is applied in
order to group them into slums in which housing is moderately required and strongly
Figure (4.2) presents the flow chart depicting the proposed criteria for strategy selection.
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required.

STRATEGY SELECTION
TYPE OF LOCATION
NON-HAZARDOUS
SLUMS
HAZARDOUS
SLUMS
LAND TENURE
INSECURE
SECURE
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
LAND VALUE
LOW
HIGH
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
HOUSING STRONGLY
REQUIRED
HOUSING NOT
REQUIRED
HOUSING MODERATELY
REQUIRED
HIGH
HOUSING
MODERATELY
REQUIRED
LAND VALUE
LOW
HOUSING STRONGLY
REQUIRED
HIGH
LAND VALUE
Figure 4.2
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Proposed Criteria for Strategy Selection
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LOW

4.9
Analysis for Type of Location

This is the first criterion which is employed for grouping the slums into two categories:
Untenable Slums
Tenable slums
The criteria and the proposed development in each of the above categories are discussed
in the subsequent sections of this chapter.
4.9.1
Untenable Slums
Slums located along Nallahs, Major Drains, River Bunds, below HT Lines, Parks, Play
Grounds, etc. are classified as falling in untenable zone and these slums will be relocated
to a nearby high value land slum or to new premises / colony on a case to case basis. Post
analysis it is found that out of the 1476 slums in Hyderabad, 92 slums fall under the
definition of untenable slums and these will be relocated in accordance with strategy 8.
The remaining 1384 slums are tenable.
4.9.2
Tenable Slums
After segregation based on type of location, the 1384 Tenable slums are subjected to the
next stage of analysis in order to choose an appropriate strategy of development. The
first criterion employed for this purpose is Land Tenure Indicator in which the decision is
arrived at by formulating a model to choose the development strategy based upon
whether the slums have secure or insecure land tenure indicator.
4.10
Land Tenure Indicator

This analysis is carried out for the tenable slums and it constitutes the second stage of
analysis. This is an important parameter in which information about the following
ownership pattern is considered in order to derive the Land Tenure Indicator:
Patta Land
Possession Right Land
Encroachment on Public Land
Encroachment on Private Land
Slums located on land in which there is more than 90% encroachment (any combination
of encroachment on public land and private land totaling 90%) are deemed to have
Insecure Land Tenure Indicator. All the remaining slums then belong to Secure Land
Tenure Indicator category.
lands and hence they can be developed under Private-Public Partnership mode. Private
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Slums with Secure Land Tenure Indicator have mostly Patta lands or possession right

developers may not find developing insecure Land Tenure Indicator Slums viable since
issues of ownership will crop up. Hence such slums have to be mostly developed by the
Urban Local Body (GHMC) or by the Governmental agencies under Public-Public
Partnership mode. There may be an exception to this for slums located on high value land
where the private developer may be tempted to develop the slum because of high
returns in spite of insecure land tenure indicator. Similarly, it may be easier to acquire
encroached lands (insecure land tenure indicator) and implement the scheme under
Public-private or Public-Public Partnership.
4.11
Analysis for Type of Structure

In this stage of analysis which follows the land tenure indicator categorization, screening
of slums is done based on the type of structure. The data pertaining to structure type is
isolated from the descriptive data generated in Chapter 3 and then it is subjected to
categorization in accordance with the models presented below. The type of structure
models for Secure and insecure Land Tenure Indicator are different from each other.
4.11.1 Type of Structure Analysis for Secure Land Tenure Indicator Slums
For secure land tenure indicator slums, the type of structure analysis yields three
categories of slums, based upon the percentage of katcha houses in accordance with the
table (4.1).
Table 4.1 : Analysis based on Types of Structure for Secure Land Tenure Indicator Slums
S. No.
Range of parameter
Strategy
If Percentage of Katcha Houses in a slum Housing Not Required and only

is 0%
infrastructure gaps to be filled
If Percentage of Katcha houses in a slum Housing Moderately Required

along
with
infrastructure
are > 0% but < 75%
Upgradation
If percentage of Katcha houses in a slum
Housing Strongly Required
are > 75%
As seen from the table above, subsequent to the analysis based upon the type of
structure, the slums are classified into three categories. Category one consists of those
slums in which housing is not required and only physical and social infrastructure
upgradation is needed. The second category consists of slums in which housing is
moderately required in order to fill the gap of up to 75% katcha houses. These slums may
which housing is strongly required are those in which majority of houses (more than 75%)
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require provision of physical and social infrastructure also. The third category of slums in

are of katcha type and hence these slums are suitable for remodeling with new layout.
Based upon the analysis of the 1476 slums of Hyderabad the following results are
obtained:
Slums in which housing is not required
28
Slums in which housing is moderately required
1028
Slums in which housing is strongly required
404
Untenable slums
16
4.11.2 Type of Structure Analysis for insecure Land Tenure Indicator Slums
For insecure land tenure indicator slums, the type of structure analysis yields two
categories of slums, based upon the percentage of katcha houses in accordance with the
table (4.2).
Table 4.2 : Analysis based on Types of Structure for insecure Land Tenure Indicator Slums
S. No.
Range of parameter
Strategy
If Percentage of Katcha Houses in a slum

Housing Strongly Required
is > 75%
If Percentage of Katcha houses in a slum Housing Moderately Required

along
with
infrastructure
is < 75%
Upgradation
Based upon the analysis of the 1476 slums of Hyderabad the following results are
obtained:
4.12
Slums in which housing is strongly required
42
Slums in which housing is moderately required
22
Strategy for Development of Slums in which housing is not required

The first strategy involves upgradation of physical and social infrastructure alone since
these slums have 100% pucca houses. Implementation of this strategy will be through
GHMC, the Urban Local Body. Strategy 7 is formulated for these slums.
4.13
Analysis for Land Value
land value analysis in order to classify them as one of the following:
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Slums proposed to be developed under minor strategies 1 to 6 are subjected to the

Slums in high value land
Slums in low value land
The land value is arrived at by considering the land value and cost of construction as
shown on page (55).
The criterion for classifying the slums into High Value Land and Low Value Land is as
follows:
Classification
Criterion
High Value Land
> Rs. 10,000 per Sq. Yard
Low Value Land
< Rs. 10,000 per Sq. Yard
Remarks
Land value as per Government
Records
The Land Value Classification of the slums in conjunction with the Land Tenure
information will be used for choosing the mode of development of the slum, viz. PublicPublic Partnership, Public-Private Partnership or GHMC.
4.14
Strategy for Development of Slums in which housing is moderately required

These are slums in which a new layout is not proposed since a significant percentage of
houses are already pucca type. The proposed strategies of development for these slums
involve replacement of kutcha houses with pucca ones and overcoming of infrastructural
deficiencies. Three strategies will be implemented under this category of development,
which are named as strategies 2, 3 and 6. The following are the attributes of the three
strategies adopted:
Low value land, secure land tenure indicator
strategy 2
High value land, secure land tenure indicator
strategy 3
High value land, insecure land tenure indicator
strategy 6
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COMPUTATION OF HIGH & LOW LAND VALUES

Two factors are considered for arriving at high and low land values. These factors are:
i.
Land value
ii.
Cost of construction
The following assumption made in arriving at the criterion:
No of Floors : G+3
Existing house hold is located in 200 sft (~20 Sq m)
Common facilities area like Roads, schools etc is 100sft (~10 Sq m) per house hold
Thus the each household area is 300 sft (~30 Sq m)
Proposed housing area 300 sft (~30 Sq m)
Assuming 1Ha land no of households existing presently
= 10000/30
= 334 Houses
Built up Area require for 334 houses @ 30 Sqm per house
= 10000 Sq m
Ground area required to construct 10000 Sqm
= 10000/4
= 2500 sq m
Cost of Construction @Rs.3 lakhs per house
= 1002 Lakhs
Total cost of the project
= 1002 Lakhs
After constructing 10000 sq m area over a land of 2500 sq m, developer will left with 7500 sq
m land and developer should get his amount back by selling the land.
Then the land cost should be
= 1002/7500
= 0.1336 Lakhs
= Rs. 13360.00
Cost of land per sq yard
= 13360*(9/10)
= 12000
Say Rs. 12000/ per sq yd. or 13300 per sq m
4.15
Strategy for Development of Slums in which housing is strongly required

In these slums majority of the houses are of kutcha type and hence the strategy consists
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of Redevelopment the entire slum through a new layout. Two minor strategies will be
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implemented under this category of development which are named as minor strategies 1
and 4. The following are the attributes of the two minor strategies under this category:
4.16
Low value Land, secure land tenure indicator
strategy 1
High value land, secure or insecure land tenure indicator
strategy 4
Strategy for Development of Slums Requiring Remodeling or Upgradation

This category of slums belongs to insecure land tenure located on low value land. The
type of structure criterion does not play any role in the choice of this strategy. Depending
upon the percentage of kutcha houses, a slum may be either remodeled with a new
layout or infrastructure Upgradation may be attempted along with moderate housing.
More specifically if the percentage of katcha houses is more than 75% then
Redevelopment
is done and if it is less than 75% infrastructure Upgradation is
attempted. Strategy 5 is designed for this type of slums.
4.17
Flow Charts
The flow chart depicting the conceptualization of the strategies is presented in Figure
(4.3). A total of eight strategies have been identified as shown in the figure under the
three modes of implementation. A detailed flowchart representing the eight formulated
strategies along with their attributes is presented in Figure (4.4).
MODE OF
IMPLEMENTATION
Public-Public
Partnership
Public-Private
Partnership
GHMC
Two
strategies (1
and 2)
Two strategies
(3 and 4)
Four
strategies
(5, 6, 7 and 8)
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Figure (4.3) Flow chart depicting the conceptualization of the strategies
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Figure (4.4) Flow Chart depicting the Major and Minor Strategies Along with their Attributes
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4.18
Slum Categorization
The categorization of the slums based upon the four criteria is presented below:
CATEGORIZATION OF SLUMS
CRITERIA
TENABLE
SLUMS
TYPE OF
LOCATION
UNTENABLE
SLUMS
SECURE LAND
TENURE
LAND TENURE
UNSECURE
LAND TENURE
HOUSING NOT
REQUIRED
TYPE OF
STRUCTURE
HOUSING
MODERATELY
REQUIRED
HOUSING
STRONGLY
REQUIRED
HIGH VALUE
SLUMS
LAND VALUE
SLUMS
SLUMS
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LOW VALUE

4.19
Physical Infrastructure Deficiency Analysis

The slums in which housing development is not required and those in which it is
moderately required (strategies 2, 3, part of 5, 6 and strategy 7) are subjected to Physical
infrastructure deficiency analysis in order to identify gaps so that appropriate proposals
for upgradation of physical infrastructure can be formulated. The following infrastructure
deficiencies are considered in the analysis:
1.
Deficiency of Water Supply
2.
Deficiency of Underground Sewerage
3.
Deficiency of Drainage
4.
Deficiency in Roads
5.
Deficiency in street lights
Based upon the quantitative results obtained from (3.3) the deficiencies in each of the
above areas are assessed and proposals are formulated for overcoming them.
Infrastructure deficiency analysis is not attempted in case of strategies 1, 4 and 8 because

slums under these strategies are either being remodeled or relocated and hence in either
case a new layout will be implemented which includes physical infrastructure.
4.20
Development of strategies
Based upon the criteria presented in (4.6) to (4.18), eight strategies of slum development
are identified for implementation under RAY in GHMC area and these are presented in
detail in this section. The strategy wise list of slums is presented in Annexure 5
4.20.1 STRATEGY 1
Remodeling of Slums Implemented through Public-Public Partnership
(Low value land, secure land tenure indicator)
This strategy involves complete remodeling of the slum with a new layout for housing
and physical/social infrastructure. This strategy is applicable to slums which are located
on low value land thereby making Public-Private Partnership model non-viable. The land
Public-Public Partnership mode.
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tenure indicator is secure type. These slums are proposed to be developed through

MODEL DETAILS
The salient features of the STRATEGY 1 are summarized below
Implementation Mode
Role of Private Developer
Role of Central Govt.
Role of State Govt./ULB
Role of Beneficiaries
None
Share in infrastructure cost and interest subsidy on
housing loan
Complete execution of the project. Possible share
in infrastructure / housing cost and subsidy on
housing loan
Handing over land/possession rights to the
Government
OUTCOME
Out of the 404 slums identified for remodeling, 216 are found to be located on low value
land. Subsequent to the land tenure analysis, these slums are found to have secure land
tenure indicator. Owing to the low land value there is no possibility of remodeling these
slums under Public Private Partnership mode. Hence it is envisaged to develop slums
under strategy 1 through the Public-Public Partnership mode. Under this strategy, the
slum dwellers will hand over possession of their land to the State Government agencies
who in turn would take up the housing and infrastructure development.
No. of Slums under Strategy 1: 216
COSTING COMPONENTS
Costing is done for the following components under this strategy:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Housing
On site Environmental Infrastructure
Off-site Environmental Infrastructure
Social Infrastructure
SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS
Located in Tenable Zone
Secure Land Tenure Indicator
13145 (21.76%) households on Patta land and 8995 (14.89%) on Possession Right Land
216 slums with 60408 households and a population of 267162 to benefit from the
strategy implementation
5. 51957 (86.01%) of households with over 5 years stay
6. Redevelopment will lead to a new layout with pucca houses with all infrastructure
amenities
7. Public-Public Partnership can lessen the burden on the residents
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Page72
1.
2.
3.
4.

WEAKNESSES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Low Value Land

Not likely to attract private investors
42536 (70.41%) of the houses are Semi-Pucca
18013 (29.82%) casual labour households may find it difficult to pay for the
Redevelopment cost
18389 (30.44%) female head households may be burdened with the cost of
Redevelopment
OPPORTUNITIES
Opportunity to acquire pattas or possession rights for households on encroached land
43413 (71.87%) SC/ST/OBC households to acquire pucca houses with all civic amenities
50583 (83.73%) BPL households to benefit due to implementation of the strategy
16606 (27.49%) households to get drinking water within premises
11279 (18.67%) households to acquire sanitation facilities
THREATS
Reluctance on the part of 8076 (13.37%) pucca households to opt for Redevelopment
8107 (13.42%) houses on encroached land may pose problems in transferring the
property rights to the slum dwellers
18013 (29.82%) casual labour households may find it difficult to pay for Redevelopment
cost
It may be difficult to formalize a public-public partnership for some of the slums
Average outstanding debts of Rs. 25929 per household may affect future loan
repayment capacity
4.20.2 STRATEGY-2
Upgradation (Housing and Infrastructure) - Implemented through public-public Partnership
(Low value land, secure land tenure)
Strategy 2 belongs to the group of strategies in which partial housing development
is envisaged along with Upgradation to upgrade the physical infrastructure. The gaps
in the housing and physical infrastructure will be filled by formulating proposals to be
funded through Public - Public Partnership.
MODEL DETAILS
-
None
Share in Infrastructure cost and
Interest Subsidy on Housing Loan
Complete execution of the project. Possible
Share in Infrastructure/housing cost and
Subsidy on Housing Loan
Government
Page73
Implementation Mode
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OUTCOME
Out of the 1028 slums identified in which housing development is moderately required,
447 slums are located in high value land and 581 are located on low value land. The land
tenure indicator of the 581 low value land slums is of secure type and they will be
developed by encouraging the katcha or semi-pucca house owners to rebuild their houses
under Public-Public Partnership mode. The physical infrastructure deficiencies as identified
in (4.18) will be overcome through participation by the Central Government, State
Government, and ULB. The list of the slums is included in Annexure 5. The Central and
State Governmental agencies may extend interest subsidy on the housing loans in order to
facilitate rebuilding of the katcha houses.
Number of Slums under Strategy 2: 581

COSTING COMPONENTS
Costing is done for the following components under this strategy:
i.
Housing to eliminate deficiencies
ii.
On site Environmental Infrastructure to eliminate deficiencies
iii.
Off-site Environmental Infrastructure to eliminate deficiencies
iv.
Social Infrastructure to eliminate deficiencies
SWOT ANALYSIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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58406 (30.74%) households on Patta land and 19870 (10.46%) on Possession Right Land
163599 (86.11%) households with over 5 years stay
public-Public Partnership can lessen the burden on the residents
105384 (55.47%) houses are pucca type
WEAKNESSES
Low Value Land
55537 (29.23%) casual labour may find it difficult to pay for the housing and physical
infrastructure cost
Only the semi pucca and katcha houses to be rebuilt. Old pucca houses will remain.
56553 (29.77%) female head households may be burdened with the cost of housing
and infrastructure
Page74
STRENGTHS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
OPPORTUNITIES
138811 (73.06%) SC/ST/OBC households to benefit from the strategy
47719 (25.12%) of the households to get pucca roads in front of their houses
THREATS
8420 (4.43%) houses on encroached land may pose problems in transferring the
property rights to the slum dwellers
Public public partnership may be difficult to formalize in some slums
Pucca house owners may also demand for reconstruction of their houses
repayment capacity
4.20.3 STRATEGY - 3
Upgradation (Housing and Infrastructure)-Implemented through public-private
Partnership
(High value land, secure land tenure)
Strategy 3 is similar to strategy 2 except that the slums are located on high value land
instead of low value land. In this strategy housing development to the extent of
replacing katcha houses with pucca ones is envisaged along with Upgradation to
upgrade the physical infrastructure. Since the land value is high there is a possibility of
private investment in these slums for development. The gaps in the housing and
physical infrastructure will be filled by formulating proposals to be funded through
Public-Private Partnership. A total of 425 slums are falling under this strategy.
MODEL DETAILS
-

100% investment by Developer/ Upfront in
some cases
None
FSI incentives and framing of new zoning
regulations
developer
Page75
Implementation Mode
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OUTCOME
447 slums are located in high value land out of which 425 possess secure land tenure.
These 425 slums will be developed under Public-Private Partnership mode wherein a
private investor will fund the entire housing cost. The developer will be compensated
through a share in the land for commercial development. The State Government and or the
ULB will provide necessary FSI incentives by implementing revised zoning regulations. The
physical infrastructure deficiencies as identified in (4.18) will be overcome through
participation by the Central Government, State Government and ULB. The list of the slums
is included in Annexure 5.
Number of Slums under Strategy 3:
425
COSTING COMPONENTS
The components under this strategy accounted for costing consist of the following:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
SWOT ANALYSIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Page76
8.
9.
10.
STRENGTHS
High Land value
Private Public Partnership feasible
38521 (38.54%) of households on Patta land and 10453 (10.46%) on Possession Right
Land
Private and Public land encroachment is of minor nature (3947 households
representing 3.95%)
60528 (60.56%) of the houses are pucca
88467 (88.51%) households with over 5 years stay
private-Public Partnership can lessen the burden on the residents
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1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
WEAKNESSES
33055 (70.41%) of the houses are Semi-Pucca and 6365 (6.37%) of the houses are katcha
24863 (24.88%) casual labour households may find it difficult to pay for the housing and
infrastructure cost
After implementation of the strategy the slums will have a mix of old (pucca houses) and
new houses (semi pucca and katcha houses rebuilt)
33184 (33.2%) female head households may be burdened with the cost of housing and
infrastructure
OPPORTUNITIES
76367 (76.41%) SC/ST/OBC households to benefit from the implementation of the
scheme
Opportunity for 33055 (33.07%) semi pucca and 6365 (6.37%) katcha households to
acquire pucca dwellings with infrastructure
22975 (22.99%) households to get pucca road in front of their house
THREATS
Private public partnership may be difficult to formalize in some slums
Pucca house owners may also demand for reconstruction of their houses
The high land value may not be fully unlocked due to partial reconstruction of the houses
Average outstanding debts of Rs. 22034 per household may affect future loan repayment
capacity
4.20.4 STRATEGY - 4
Remodeling of Slums Implemented through Public-Private Partnership
(High value land, secure or insecure land tenure)
`
This strategy involves complete remodeling of the slum with a new layout for housing and
physical/social infrastructure. This strategy is applicable to slums which are located on high
value land thereby making Public-Private Partnership model viable. The land tenure
indicator may be of secure or insecure type.
MODEL DETAILS
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Implementation Mode

100% investment by Developer/ Upfront in
some cases
None
FSI incentives and framing of new zoning
regulations
Handing over land/possession rights to
developer
Page77

OUTCOME
Out of the 404 slums identified for remodeling, 160 are found to be located on high value
land. Subsequent to the Land Tenure Analysis, 144 slums out of 160 are found to have
Secure Land Tenure Indicator and the remaining 16 Insecure Land Tenure Indicator. Owing
to the high land value there is a possibility of remodeling these slums under Public
Private Partnership mode. In fact this is the preferred model of development in high value
land slums in which the entire investment will be done by the developer who in return will
be benefited through FSI incentive.
160
COSTING COMPONENTS
The components under this strategy consist of the following:
i.
Housing
ii.
iii.
iv.
SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
WEAKNESSES
Some slums have insecure land tenure indicator
Private investor will require assurance about the transfer of ownership rights in case of
insecure land tenure slums/areas
Only 5597 (15.3%) of the households are pucca
Encroachment on private and public land is 20.49% corresponding to 7493 households
Redevelopment
Page78
3.
4.
5.

High value land
Public-private partnership feasible
11657 (31.78%) households on patta or possession rights land
32400 (88.58%) of households with over 5 years stay
Redevelopment will lead to a new layout with pucca houses with all infrastructure
amenities
Private-Public Partnership can lessen the burden on the residents
NCPE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
OPPORTUNITIES
Opportunity for 25410 (69.47%) of semi pucca and 5571 (15.23%) of katcha houses to
acquire pucca house with infrastructure facilities
THREATS
Reluctance on the part of 5597 (15.3%) pucca households to opt for Redevelopment
3814 (10.43%) households on private encroached land may pose problems in
transferring the property rights to the slum dwellers
3679 (10.06%) households on public encroached land will have to be give property
rights
10574 (28.91%) of casual labour may find it difficult to pay for Redevelopment of the
slum
repayment capacity
4.20.5 STRATEGY - 5
Remodeling and Upgradation of Slums Implemented through GHMC
(Low value land, insecure land tenure)
`
This strategy is independent of the type of structure. It is designed for slums on low value
land with insecure land tenure indicator. The percentage of katcha houses in these slums
may vary from 0 to 100%. Accordingly, part of the slums under this strategy will be
developed by Redevelopment (wherever the percentage of katcha houses is more than
75%) and the remaining slums will be subjected to moderate housing scheme wherein only
the katcha houses are replaced with pucca ones along with physical and social
infrastructure deficiency Upgradation. Since the land value is low and the land tenure
indicator is insecure, development under public and private partnership is difficult. Hence
this strategy is proposed to be implemented by GHMC.
MODEL DETAILS
NCPE
GHMC
None
Share in infrastructure cost
Construction with State
supervision
Government/ULB
Page79
Implementation Mode

OUTCOME
There are 28 slums under this category which are located on low value land with insecure
land tenure indicator. The Urban Local Body (GHMC) will undertake the development of
these slums either by remodeling or Upgradation or a combination of both depending
upon the percentage of katcha houses.
Number of slums under Strategy 5: 28
COSTING COMPONENTS
i.
Housing in case of remodeled slums
ii.
Housing to eliminate deficiencies in case of Upgradation slums
iii.
iv.
v.
SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS
1. Located in Tenable Zone
2. 28 slums with 5124 households and a population of 22715 to benefit from the strategy
implementation
3. 1570 (30.64%) of the households have pucca houses
5. 3499 (68.29%) self employed or salaried households may find it easy to pay for housing
and infrastructure development
6. Redevelopment will lead to a new layout with pucca houses with all infrastructure
amenities
7. Upgradation for semi-pucca or katcha houses will not affect the pucca houses.
WEAKNESSES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Page80
9.
Low Value Land

Insecure land tenure indicator
Not likely to attract public-public partnership due to insecure land tenure indicator
Only 97 (1.89%) households have pattas and 71 (1.39%) households have possession
rights
3052 (59.56%) of the houses are Semi-Pucca
1235 (24.10) households on private encroached land
1197 (23.36%) of the households on other category of land tenure status thereby
creating uncertainty about the ownership
Redevelopment
NCPE

OPPORTUNITIES
1. Opportunity to acquire pattas or possession rights for households on encroached land
2. 3350 (65.38%) SC/ST/OBC households to benefit with the implementation of the
strategy
3. 4506 (87.94%) BPL households to benefit due to implementation of the strategy
4. Opportunity for 3052 (59.56%) semi-pucca and 502 (9.8%) katcha houses to acquire
pucca houses with infrastructure facilities
5. 1096 (29.21%) households to get drinking water within premises
6. 653 (12.74%) households to acquire sanitation facilities
7. 1380 (26.93%) of the slums to get pucca road in front of their house
THREATS
1. 1235 (24.1%) households on private encroached land may pose problems in
transferring the property rights to the slum dwellers
2. Uncertainty about the land ownership of 1197 (23.36%) Other category land tenure
status households. This may delay the implementation of the scheme
3. Average outstanding debts of Rs. 16044 per household may affect future loan
repayment capacity
4.20.6 STRATEGY - 6
Upgradation (Housing and Infrastructure) - Implemented by GHMC
(High value land, insecure land tenure)
This strategy has the following attributes: High value land, katcha houses less than
75% and insecure land tenure indicator. Since the percentage of katcha houses are
less than 75, these slums will be treated as those in which moderate housing is required
in the form of Upgradation. Since the land tenure indicator is insecure, the chances of
funding under public-private partnership are remote. Since remodeling is also not
envisaged, these slums are best suited for development by the Urban Local Body
(GHMC).
MODEL DETAILS
-
GHMC
None
supervision
Government/ULB
Page81
Implementation Mode
NCPE

OUTCOME
447 slums are located in high value land out of which 22 possess insecure land tenure.
These 22 slums will be developed by GHMC by providing assistance to rebuilt katcha
houses. The physical infrastructure deficiencies as identified in (4.18) will be overcome
through participation by the Central Government, State Government and ULB. The list
of the slums is included in Annexure 5.
22
COSTING COMPONENTS

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS
1. Located in Tenable Zone
2. High Value Land
implementation
4. 1467 (62.53%) Pucca houses in the slums
5. 2226 (94.88%) of households have access to drinking water within the premises
6. 2208 (94.12%) of the households have sanitation facilities
8. 1042 (44.44%) regular wage earner households will not have difficulty in paying for the
housing and infrastructure cost
1. Insecure land tenure indicator

2. Only 54 (2.31%) households have patta or possession rights.
3. 1204 (51.32%) households fall under other category under land tenure status for
which there is uncertainty about the ownership.
4. Not likely to attract private investors as housing development is scattered
5. Public-public partnership not feasible since land tune indicator is insecure
6. After implementation of the strategy the slums will have a mix of old (pucca houses
)and new houses (semi pucca and katcha houses rebuilt)
NCPE
Page82
WEAKNESSES

7. 575 (24.51%) female head households may burdened with the cost of housing and
infrastructure development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
OPPORTUNITIES
3350 (77.45%) SC/ST/OBC households to benefit due to implementation of the strategy
656 (27.96%) Semi pucca and 223 (9.51%) Katcha households to get pucca houses
THREATS
Owners of old houses may resent the fact that dwellers in other slums are being
provided with new houses
15.48% houses on encroached land may pose problems in transferring the property
rights to the slum dwellers
High land value may result in litigations between encroachers and rightful owners
Uncertainty about the land ownership of 1204 (51.32%) Other category land tenure
status households.
repayment capacity
4.20.7 STRATEGY 7
No Housing and only physical and social infrastructure - Implemented by GHMC
(High or low value land, secure land tenure)
This is the simplest of all the strategies in which there is no housing component. Slums in
which all the houses are of pucca type do not require any proposals for housing
development. However, in such slums certain physical and social infrastructural
deficiencies may exit which will be overcome by formulating necessary proposals based
on the deficiency analysis done in (4.18)
MODEL DETAILS
The salient features of STRATEGY 7 are summarized below
Urban Local Body (GHMC)

None
Share in Infrastructure Cost
Share in Infrastructure Cost
Government / ULB Supervision
Page83
Implementation Mode
Role of Central Government
Role of State Government/ULB
NCPE

OUTCOME
28 of the 1460 Tenable slums have total pucca houses and hence do not require even
individual housing development. In these slums only physical and social infrastructure
deficiencies exist as identified in (4.18) and these gaps will be filled through proposals
funded by Central Government, State Government and ULBs. The list of the slums is
included in Annexure 5 .
Number of Slums under Strategy 7: 28
COSTING COMPONENTS

i.
ii.
iii.
SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

100% pucca houses
1691 (64.96%) Patta land and 130 (4.99%) Possession Right Land households
28 slums with 2603 households and a population of 10989 to benefit from the strategy
implementation
7. Monthly surplus income of Rs. 502 per household
WEAKNESSES
Page84
1. Since only infrastructure deficiency is to be overcome there is no likelihood of having

public-public or public-private partnership
2. Unplanned housing development to remain as Redevelopment is not being done
3. No improvement in the aesthetics as the old houses will remain
4. Narrow roads will be widened through land acquisition
5. 481 (18.49%) casual labour households may find it difficult to pay for the physical
infrastructure cost
6. 1140 (43.8%) female head households to may be burdened with the cost of
infrastructure development
NCPE

OPPORTUNITIES
1. Opportunity to acquire pattas or possession rights for households on encroached land
2. Opportunity to acquire full physical infrastructure facilities without Redevelopment or
relocation
3. 657 (25.24%) households to get drinking water within premises
4. 204 (7.84%) households to acquire sanitation facilities
5. 770 (29.58%) households to get pucca road in front of their house
6. 1140 (43.8%) female head households to benefit leading to women empowerment
THREATS
1. Owners of old houses may resent the fact that dwellers in other slums are being
provided with new houses
2. Slum dwellers may not get proportionate share in the state fund allocations/subsidy as
housing is excluded from the strategy
4.20.8 STRATEGY - 8
Untenable Slums - Development by relocating to a nearby slum ore new premises /
colony Implemented by GHMC (High or low value land, secure land tenure )
Slums which are deemed to be untenable by virtue of their location as described earlier
have to be relocated in order to eliminate the hazard. If the untenable slum is small and it
is feasible to relocate the slum to a nearby slum which is being remodeled under
STRATEGIES I and IV then this model is adopted for development of such slums. In the
event of non-availability of a slum in the vicinity of the untenable slum it will have to be
relocated to a virgin area either within the city or on its periphery.
MODEL DETAILS
Since this is a case of relocation, no separate and distinct strategy is needed. The strategy
of the slum to which it is being relocated will automatically apply to this slum also. In case
of new location, public agencies will implement the strategy.
OUTCOME
Details about the 16 number of slums proposed to be developed by relocating them are
NCPE
16
Page85
furnished in Annexure 5.

COSTING COMPONENTS
Housing
SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS
1. Relocation to safer areas from untenable zone
implementation
3. Relocation will lead to a new layout with pucca houses with all infrastructure amenities
4. Relocation will result in improved infrastructural and social security to the dwellers
WEAKNESSES
Slums located in Untenable Zone
Difficulty in identifying suitable land for relocation of the slums
Not feasible to have either public-public or private-public partnership for development
Physical infrastructure like water supply within household (7437 households -82.19%),
sanitation facility (8023 households -88.66%) and pucca roads in front of houses (6738
households-74.46%) to be lost due to relocation
5. 3309 (36.57%) female head households may be burdened with the cost of relocation
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
NCPE
THREATS
Reluctance on the part of 2104 (23.25%) pucca households to opt for relocation
5992 (66.22%) of semi-pucca household may resist relocation
7931 (87.65%) of the households with more than 5 years of stay will put up resistance
to relocation
2515 (27.80%) of the population employed within the slums face the threat of loss of
livelihood due to relocation.
1320 (14.59%) of patta households and 1286 (14.21%) of possession right households
may resist relocation
repayment capacity
Page86
1.
2.
OPPORTUNITIES
in Tenable area

The table below presents the breakup of the 1476 slums in Hyderabad with respect to
each of the fourteen strategies.
Strategy
Details
No. of
Slums
Redevelopment of Slum Implemented through Public-Public

Partnership
(Low Value Land and Secure Land Tenure Indicator)
216
Upgradation (Housing and Infrastructure) Implemented

through Public-Public Partnership
(Low Value Land and Secure Land Tenure Indicator)
581
Upgradation (Housing and Infrastructure) Implemented

through Public-Private Partnership
(High Value Land and Secure Land Tenure Indicator)
425
Redevelopment of Slum Implemented through Public-Private

Partnership
(High Value Land and Secure or Insecure Land Tenure Indicator)
160
Redevelopment and Upgradation of Slums Implemented by

GHMC
(Low Value Land and Insecure Land Tenure Indicator)
28
Upgradation (Housing and Infrastructure) Implemented by

GHMC
(High Value Land and Insecure Land Tenure Indicator)
22
No Housing and only physical and social infrastructure Implemented by GHMC

(High or Low Value Land and Secure Land Tenure Indicator)
Untenable Slums - Development by relocating to a nearby slum

or new premises / colony Implemented by GHMC
TOTAL
28
16
1476
4.21 Prioritization Strategy

Post strategy selection it is observed that under each strategy there are several slums.
Under these circumstances a methodology for prioritisation of slums for implementation of
Page87
RAY is required as the scheme is phased over a 5 year period. For each of the six strategies
NCPE

prioritization is based on the outcome of a decision matrix. The decision matrix used is the
poverty index Vs Physical infrastructure deficiency index matrix.
4.22
The Poverty Index VS. Infrastructure Deficiency Index Matrix

The Poverty index Vs. Infrastructure Deficiency Index Matrix is a decision making tool for
prioritization of the slums under all the strategies except strategy 1. The components
considered in deriving the matrix are:
a. Poverty Index Parameters
1.
Percentage of BPL families
2.
Percentage of SC Population
3.
Percentage of ST Population
4.
Percentage Literacy
b. Infrastructure Deficiency Index parameters
1.
2.
Percentage coverage of Water Supply
3.
Percentage coverage of Underground Sewerage
4.
Percentage coverage of Drainage
5.
Percentage of Road Coverage
Each parameter is discussed in detail in the subsequent sections.
4.22.1 BPL score

In a slum, for BPL Households, values varies from 0% to 100 ( if the lowest value is 0% and
the highest value is 100%, the range is 100 and one eighth of the range is 12.5.
Range
BPL House Holds
Score
Between 0 and 12.5
2 nd
Between 12.5 and 25
3 rd
Between 25 and27.5
4 th
Between 37.5 and 50
5 th
Between 50 and 62.5
6 th
Between 62.5 and 75
7 th
Between 75and 87.5
8 th
Between 87.5 and 100
Page88
1 st
NCPE

4.22.2 SC/ST Population Score

In a slum, for SC/ST Households, if values varies from 0% to 100 ( if the lowest value is 0%
and the highest value is 100%, the range is 100 and one eighth of the range is 12.5.
Range
SC/ST House Holds
Score
1 st
Between 0 and 12.5
2 nd
Between 12.5 and 25
3 rd
Between 25 and27.5
4 th
Between 37.5 and 50
5 th
Between 50 and 62.5
6 th
Between 62.5 and 75
7 th
Between 75and 87.5
8 th
4.22.3 Percentage of Literacy

In a slum, if the percentage literacy varies from 0% to 100 ( if the lowest value is 0% and
the highest value is 100%, the range is 100 and one eighth of the range is 12.5.
NCPE
Percentage Literacy
Score
1 st
Between 0 and 12.5
2 nd
Between 12.5 and 25
3 rd
Between 25 and27.5
4 th
Between 37.5 and 50
5 th
Between 50 and 62.5
6 th
Between 62.5 and 75
7 th
Between 75and 87.5
8 th
Page89
Range

4.22.4 Percentage of Katcha Houses

In a slum, if the percentage literacy varies varies from 0% to 100 ( if the lowest value is
0% and the highest value is 100%, the range is 100 and one eighth of the range is 12.5.
Range
Score
1 st
Between 0 and 12.5
2 nd
Between 12.5 and 25
3 rd
Between 25 and27.5
4 th
Between 37.5 and 50
5 th
Between 50 and 62.5
6 th
Between 62.5 and 75
7 th
Between 75and 87.5
8 th
4.22.5 Percentage Coverage of Water Supply

In a slum, if the population covered with piped water supply varies from 0% to 100 (if the
lowest value is 0% and the highest value is 100%) the range is 100 and one eighth of the
range is 12.5.
Range
Water Supply Coverage Range
Score
2 nd
Between 75and 87.5
3 rd
Between 62.5 and 75
4 th
Between 50 and 62.5
5 th
Between 37.5 and 50
6 th
Between 25 and27.5
7 th
Between 12.5 and 25
8 th
Between 0 and 12.5
8
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1 st
NCPE

4.22.6 Percentage Coverage of Underground Sewerage

In a slum, if the population covered with UGS varies from 0% to 100 (if the lowest value is
0% and the highest value is 100%, the range is 100 and one eighth of the range is 12.5.
Range
UGD Coverage Range
Score
1 st
2 nd
Between 75and 87.5
3 rd
Between 62.5 and 75
4 th
Between 50 and 62.5
5 th
Between 37.5 and 50
6 th
Between 25 and27.5
7 th
Between 12.5 and 25
8 th
Between 0 and 12.5
4.22.7 Percentage Coverage of Drainage

In a slum, if the population covered with Open Drainage varies from 0% to 100 ( if the
lowest value is 0% and the highest value is 100%, the range is 100 and one eighth of the
range is 12.5.
Range
Drainage Coverage Range
Score
2 nd
Between 75and 87.5
3 rd
Between 62.5 and 75
4 th
Between 50 and 62.5
5 th
Between 37.5 and 50
6 th
Between 25 and27.5
7 th
Between 12.5 and 25
8 th
Between 0 and 12.5
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1 st
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4.22.8 Percentage Coverage of Roads

In a slum, if the percentage coverage of roads varies from 0 % to 100%, (if the lowest
value is 0% and the highest value is 100%) the range is 100 and one eighth of the range is
12.5.
Range
4.23
Roads Coverage Range
Score
1 st
2 nd
Between 75and 87.5
3 rd
Between 62.5 and 75
4 th
Between 50 and 62.5
5 th
Between 37.5 and 50
6 th
Between 25 and27.5
7 th
Between 12.5 and 25
8 th
Between 0 and 12.5
Methodology of Constructing the Matrix

The parameters considered in derivation of the Poverty Index Vs. Infrastructure
Deficiency matrix and the scores accorded are presented in 4.18.1 to 4.18.8. The
descriptive data presented in chapter 3 is used in order to award scores to the three
parameters of the Poverty Index and each of the three parameters of the Infrastructure
deficiency index. After award of scores for the five parameters as discussed above, the
cumulative scores are computed as below:
i.
Poverty Index: The sum of scores under the Percentage of BPL families,
percentage of literacy and percentage of SC/ST population is the poverty index
value.
ii. Infrastructure Deficiency Index: The sum of scores under the percentage
coverage of water supply, underground sewerage and drainage is the
infrastructure deficiency index.
Based on the cumulative scores, the slums are ranked in a descending order based on
slum in the priority matrix determines its level of priority for implementation of RAY. The
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poverty index and infrastructure deficiency index independently. The location of the
Infrastructyre Deficiency Index

1/1
2/1
3/1
4/1
5/1
6/1
7/1
8/1
1/2
2/2
3/2
4/2
5/2
6/2
7/2
8/2
1/3
2/3
3/3
4/3
5/3
6/3
7/3
8/3
1/4
2/4
3/4
4/4
5/4
6/4
7/4
8/4
1/5
2/5
3/5
4/5
5/5
6/5
7/5
8/5
1/6
2/6
3/6
4/6
5/6
6/6
7/6
8/6
1/7
2/7
3/7
4/7
5/7
6/7
7/7
8/7
1/8
2/8
3/8
4/8
5/8
6/8
7/8
8/8
Poverty Index
rank of each cell is shown in the 8x8 matrix. The cell shown as 8/8 is ranked first in the
priority list and the cell 1/1 is ranked last in the priority list.
4.24
Need for Phasing

This is the last stage of the implementation of the Slum Free City Development Plan as
presented in chapter (2). Subsequent to prioritization, the slums under each strategy are
ranked in accordance to the scores awarded based on level of poverty and infrastructure
deficiencies. Slums which have high level of deficiencies are located in the right hand
bottom corner of the poverty index Vs. Infrastructure deficiency index matrix and these
will be taken up first for implementation of slum-free city plan. Since RAY is a five year
scheme, funding would be spread over this duration and the implementation schedule
should therefore be spread over the same period of five years. Moreover, the
infrastructure development project proposals being extensive in nature their phasing
over 5 years duration is inevitable. The decision regarding the number of slums to be
included in each year of project implementation constitutes the phasing of the project.
4.24.1 Phasing of Housing Component

The housing component is evidenced in Minor strategies 1 to 7. While it constitutes a
major component of minor strategies 1, 4 and 8, it continues to be important in
The following is the phasing of slums for housing component:
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Strategies involving moderate housing requirements.

Slums under minor strategies
1, 2, 3 and 4
To be implemented during the entire five years

of the scheme
Slums under strategy 7
To be implemented in the first year

of the scheme
Slums under strategy 5, 6
and 8
To be implemented from second to fifth

year of the scheme
4.24.2 Phasing of On-site Infrastructure

The on-site infrastructure components pertain to provision of water supply, drainage,
roads, street lighting and sewerage to the slums under all the six strategies. This
component is phased uniformly over the five years period of implementation.
4.24.3 Phasing of (Off site) Linking Infrastructure

The off-site infrastructure components pertain to linking infrastructure requirements in
the sectors of water supply, drainage, roads, street lighting and sewerage to the slums
under all the stated Strategies. This component is also phased uniformly over the five
years period of implementation and is synchronized with the on-site infrastructure
phasing.
4.24.4 Phasing of Social Infrastructure

The following category of social infrastructure is proposed under the present scheme:
i.
Anganwadi Schools or Pre Schools
ii.
Primary Schools
iii.
Urban Health Centres
iv.
Livelihood Centres
v.
Multi-purpose Community Resource Centres
Provision of the above category of infrastructure is envisioned in all the six strategies and
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the same is phased over a period of five years which corresponds to the project duration.
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4.24.5 Phasing of Capacity Building Cost

This component of the project has the minimum allocation of funds. The proposals are
phased almost equally over the five years period and the requirement of funds is
progressively higher which is due to the increasing cost due to price escalation.
4.24.6 Phasing of Project Preparation Expenses

The components considered under this are project preparation cost which includes GIS,
DPR preparation, PMC and third party quality control. The expenditure is phased over the
entire project duration of five years since payments under this category are related to the
mile stones.
4.25
Strategy wise Phasing

In 4.25.1 to 4.25.6 the component wise phasing has been presented. From
implementation point of view it is desirable to arrive at strategy wise phasing. The table
below presents this aspect of phasing based upon the phasing strategy presented above.
It can be seen from the above table that sufficient care has been exercised to ensure that
the proposals are spread out evenly over the five years of project implementation (290 in
first year, 299 in second year to fourth year and 289 in the fifth year).
4.26
Further Analysis of Strategy wise Indicators
In the following sections an attempt is made to assess the impact of the proposed slum
free city development plan viz the eight proposed strategies. The outcome of the
assessment will serve as a guideline for course correction, if required, during the period
of project implementation.
i.
House Hold Coverage

The 1476 slums in GHMC area have a total of 406047 households. Development of these
slums will be taken up in accordance with the identified strategies for each slum in as
per the charted out phasing programme. The pie chart below shows the percentage of
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household coverage in each of the eight strategies.
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It is to be observed that strategy

2, Upgradation (Housing and
infrastructure) implemented
through
public-public
partnership is accounting for

the maximum percentage of
household at 46.8%. This is
followed
by
Upgradation
strategy
(Housing
3,
and
infrastructure) implemented
through
public-private
partnership at 24.6%of the households.
Strategy 1, Redevelopment
of Slum
Implemented through Public-Public Partnership, stands third with coverage of 14.9% of

the households. Lastly, strategy 4, Redevelopment of Slum Implemented through
Public-Private Partnership, accounts for 9% of the households.
Further analysis of the results indicates that Public-Public Partnership and Public-Private
Partnerships accounts for development of 95.3% of the households. A meagre 4.7% of
the households are to be developed by the Urban Local Body, GHMC.
Break up of strategies 1, 2,3 and 4
The first four minor strategies

involving
Remodelling
27%
Gap Filling
73%
Upgradation
Redevelopment
and
under Pubic-
Break up of public-public and

public-private partnership for
minor strategies 1 to 4
Public Partnership and Public-Private Partnership

account for the development of 95.3% of the
households. A Breakup indicates that 73% of these
households require only Upgradation and the
PublicPrivate
42%
PublicPublic
58%
remaining 27% Redevelopment . Hence the major

thrust area is Upgradation with housing and
two modes of implementation is also satisfactorily balanced with 581 slums under public-
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infrastructure under public-public and public-private partnership. The division between these

public partnership and 425 slums under public-private partnership. This is an advantageous
proposition since Upgradation can be accomplished in a fast track mode unlike
Redevelopment with the result that 1006 slums representing 67.9% of the total slums will be
availing the benefit of development without major hindrances.
GHMC is required to develop 94 slums representing 4.7% of the total slums. This aspect can
be seen as a strength of the proposal because delay in implementation of this component
due to lack of funds with the Urban Local Body will not have any significant negative impact
on the overall scheme.
ii. Relocation
Only 16 slums are found to be located in untenable zones requiring their relocation. This
constitutes only 2.2% of the households and 1.14% of the total slums. Due to their small
number it would not be very difficult to relocate them as per the phasing plan. However,
since the percentage of household are double that of the number of slums, these are
large slums and difficulty could be anticipated in relocating them by identifying such large
areas.
iii. Insecure Land Tenure

Only 64 slums are falling under the insecure land tenure thereby indicating that the
remaining 1396 slums have mostly patta or possession right lands. This aspect will ensure
that the slum free city development plan will not be derailed due to delay in award of
pattas by the Government to these slum dwellers are it is a prerequisite of RAY for taking
up their development.
iv. Only Infrastructure Upgradation

28 slums have 100% pucca houses and therefore require only infrastructure up gradation.
As per the phasing plan, these slums are to be taken up and completed during the first
year of the scheme. This aspect will ensure that progress is achieved in the
implementation of the plan from the year of the commencement of the scheme itself.
v. Place of Work
The reluctance of slum dwellers to relocate is generally attributed to the perception of
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loss of livelihood. In the GHMC area, as per the analysis of the household poverty and
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livelihoods survey data, except for the slums under strategy 6, in all the other strategies,
over 50% of the slum dwellers have reported travelling distance of over 5 Km
to their place of work. Only 10 15% of the slum dwellers are found to travel less than 1
Km to their place of work. This implies that majority of the slum dwellers are gainfully
employed outside their slums and relocation would not be a hindrance to the
implementation of the slum free city plan.
vi. Employment Status

The household poverty and livelihoods survey has recorded four types of employment
status of the slum residents, namely self employed, salaried, regular wage, and casual
labour. The maximum numbers of self employed persons are found under strategy 7
(about 30%) which corresponds to slums with 100% pucca houses on secure land tenure.
The least number of 10% self employed persons are observed under strategies 5 and 8
residents with secure land tenure in Tenable zones are more likely to be gainfully self
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which corresponds to untenable and insecure land tenure slums. This indicates that

employed and live in pucca houses. Therefore, it would be expected that post
implementation of slum free city plan, the economic status of the slum dwellers would
improve as they would all have got pucca houses with pattas or possession rights.
Similarly relocation would move the people living in untenable zones to Tenable zones
which would ensure a more secure dwelling. The salaried class varies between 20 to 30%
in all strategies except strategy 6 where it is 10-15%. It is interesting to note that in minor
strategies 1 to 4 which accounts for 95.3% of the households, the employment status is
nearly the same. Post slum improvement it is expected that the number of self employed
and salaried person would increase and the number of casual labour would decrease.
Hence it is important to provide adequate livelihood centres under social infrastructure
in order to meet the slum dwellers future aspirations.
vii. Financial Status of the Slum Dwellers

The data pertaining to the financial status of the slum dwellers consists of their monthly
income, expenditure and total debt as on the date of survey. The collected data is
presented below in the form of bar chart. There is no significant variation in the monthly
income and expenditure of the residents from different development strategies. The
average monthly income is found to be Rs. 4114 and expenditure Rs. 4164. The total
of income.
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outstanding average debt as on the date of survey is Rs. 23,620 which is about 6 months

Slums under minor strategies 1 to 4 exhibit similar trends in the total outstanding debt
which lies between Rs. 20,000 to 25,000. The debt is least under minor strategies 6 and 7
(about Rs. 10,000). It is to be inferred that people living in slums with largely katcha
houses have a higher quantum of debt.
viii. Male and Female Heads of the Households

Information about the head of the household is also collected during the survey. The
strategy wise percentage of households with male and female heads is shown in the
graphs plotted below. It is observed that in the first four strategies (95.3% of all the
households) the number of female head of the households is about 30%. Hence it can
construed that implementation of the slum free city plan would empower a large number
of women dwellers in slums.
In strategies 5 and 6 the percentage of women heads of the households is a little over
Page100
20%. These slums belong to insecure land tenure category.
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The maximum incidence of women heading the households is found under strategy 7 (40%)
which represents the groups of slums where 100% pucca houses are present.
Note: The following special cases are to be considered, in order, not to violate the
SFCPoA during the process of implementation.
1. 1476 slums are prioritized on the base of poverty index and infrastructure
deficiency index, year wise phasing is also carried out and presented in SFCPoA.
However, 23 slums which belong to 2nd & other years of implementation are
proposed to take up in 1st year due to the excellent user willingness and
community interest.
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2. There are 74 slums which have slum/slums adjacent to them; such slums are
proposed to taken up as cluster development irrespective of year of
implementation.
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5.0 FINANCING & IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

5.1
Estimation of Investment Requirements

The Project financials are presented under four different heads as mentioned below:
i.
Cost of Environmental Infrastructure Requirements (On Site)
ii.
Cost of Linking Infrastructure Requirements (Off Site)
iii.
Cost of Social Infrastructure Requirements
iv.
Cost of Housing Requirement
The costing is done by phasing the project over a five year period. The estimates are
derived based on the current year SSR. For the subsequent four years the estimates are
inflated at the rate of 10% per annum in order to take in to account the inflationary rise
in the costs. These details are discussed in brief in the subsequent sections. A table is
given in annexure 12 which gives slum wise estimates, year of implementation and
strategy adopted.
5.2
Cost of Environmental Infrastructure Requirements (On Site & Offsite)

The On Site Environmental Infrastructure Cost has been computed by considering the
requirements of Water Supply, Drainage, Roads, Street Lighting and Sewerage in each of
the analyzed slums of the city. The combined first year cost is Rs. 53099 lakhs and the
total allocation for this component over the five year period is Rs. 293171 lakhs.
5.4
Cost of Social Infrastructure Requirements

Provision of pre-schools, primary schools, urban health centres, livelihood centres,
multipurpose community resource centres is treated as social infrastructure
requirement. The combined first year cost is Rs. 8906 lakhs and the total allocation for
this component over the five year period is Rs.16561 lakhs.
5.5
Cost of Housing Requirement

The housing requirement in the slums is calculated based on the proposed strategy, land
ownership and type of structure. For Slums which are located on government land and
fall under Insitu redevelopment and insitu upgradation strategy, The total number of
semi-pacca and katcha houses are considered for improvement under RAY. For slums
which are located on private land, 10% of total semi-pacca and katcha houses are
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considered for improvement under RAY
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Table showing distribution of year wise no. of housing units required based on land
ownership
Sl.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ownership of Land
Central Government
State Government
Urban Local Body
Private
Religious Association
University
Other
Total
1
14
28023
2474
1547
32
52
0
32141
Year of Implementation
3
4
451
268
0
27186
33039
20535
2291
1726
2375
1897
1620
2009
22
1
0
0
0
0
4
7
0
31851
36661
24919
5
132
12295
857
1389
4
0
6
14683
Total
Units
865
121078
9723
8462
58
52
18
140255
Its proposed to build a total of 1,40,255 dwelling units during the five years of
implementation of RAY in Hyderabad city. The total projected cost for housing is
Rs. 664612 lakhs which is calculated taking 10% price escalation per annum. During the
First year it is proposed to build 3,21,41 dwelling units at an estimated cost of Rs.
1,28,564 lakhs.
It is also proposed to construct 32,141 units of transit accommodation over period of
three years and which can later be utilised as rental accommodation of LIG and EWS
groups. The cost of transit accommodation is worked out at Rs. 81,358 lakhs
5.6
Capacity Building
Capacity building of the Urban Local Body will be carried out by providing the following:
Strengthening the administration of better implementation of project.
Upgrading the infrastructure facilities like computers, software for handing the
project effectively and achieve targets in less time.
Skill training programs for the municipal officials at all levels
Fulfilling the human resource gap existing in the ULB
Improving the technical skills of the community level organisers
The cost of capacity building is worked out at 52,785 Lakhs

5.7
Abstract of the Estimates

The total project cost is estimated as Rs. 11243.23 crores over the five year
implementation period commencing from 2013-2014 and ending with 2017-2018. During
the first year, the budget requirement is projected as Rs. 2431.78 crores. Table (5.1)
below presents the component wise and year wise financial proposals for the scheme to
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be launched in the GHMC areas under RAY.
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Table (5.1) Abstract of the Financial estimates for the slum free city plan
Component
wise proposals
2
Housing
Transit
accommodation
Environmental
Infrastructure
(Onsite & Offsite)
2013-14
2014-15
Capacity
Building
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2017-18
Total
Amount
No. of
Proposals
Amount
No. of
Proposals
Amount
No. of
Proposals
Amount
No. of
Proposals
Amount
No. of
Proposals
Amount
10
11
12
13
14
14683
85896
32141
128564
31851
140144
36661
177439
16071
290 slums
37766
8035
299 slums
20771
8035
299 slums
22820
24919
132569
299 slums
299 slums
140255
664612
32141
1476
slums
81357
53099
43067
57571
69809
69625
293171
8906
1370
1826
1992
2466
16561
228335
205353
259657
204370
157987
1055701
11417
10268
12983
10219
7899
52785
3425
3080
3895
3066
2370
15836
243176
218701
276535
217654
168256
1124322
Project
Preparation
(GIS, DPRs, 3rd
party , PMC,
etc.)
Total
2016-17
No. of
Proposals
Social
Infrastructure
Sub Total
2015-16

5.8
Impact Assessment
Eight strategies are formulated for
the implementation of the slum
Free
City
Plan
for
Greater
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.

Strategies 2 and 3, involving
Upgradation
(Housing
and
Infrastructure) account for 1006

slum development proposals which
represents 68.15% of the total
slums. Of these 581 (39.36%) are
to be implemented under publicpublic
(28.97%)
partnership
under
and
425
public-private
Figure 5.1 Allocation of slums to eight strategies
partnership. Figure (5.1) presents

information about the percentage allocation of slums to the eight strategies. Impact
assessment due to implementation of the slum development strategies is presented in
the next few section of this chapter.
5.8.1
Impact on land Tenure

As per the survey results 118994 households are on patta land and another 46702 are on
land with possession Certificate or Occupancy Right. This accounts for 41.45% of the slum
households. Since RAY lays down the condition to accord patta or possession right to the
dwellers as a prerequisite to the implementation of the slum free city plan, the impact of
the scheme will be felt by all the slum dwellers who do not have pattas or possession
rights. As per the statistical analysis presented in chapter 3, the number of persons
benefiting due to award of pattas is about 10.16 lakhs. Issue of pattas will grant legal
sanctity to the property as a sequel to which the residents will feel secure. This is a
positive social impact on the slum free city plan.
5.8.2
Impact on Housing
Out of the 406047 houses in the 1476 slums of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
area, 177842 houses are semi-pucca and 40876 houses are katcha. The semi-pucca and
katcha houses represent 53.87% of all the houses and 54.11% of the population residing
for all the slum dwellers in a phased manner over the five year implementation period.
Hence on successful completion of the project, 1,40,255 dwelling units will be
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in slums. The housing proposals under Slum Free City Plan aim to provide pucca houses

constructed which will provide a pucca house slum dwellers that are at present residing
in semi-pucca and katcha houses. Provision of pucca houses will improve the hygienic
conditions in the homes which will eventually have a positive impact on the social and
health conditions of the residents.
It also needs to be mentioned that provision of pucca houses will benefit the population
of 318320 whose houses at present have mud, brick or tiles flooring. Asbestos containing
products, like cement asbestos roofing have fibres imbedded in the Portland cement, and
there is health risk if the sheets are worn out or damaged which can allow release of the
fibres and risk the health of the occupants and neighbours. It is observed that majority of
the slum houses have asbestos roofing and hence about 192861 household which are
presently having asbestos roofing will benefit from the housing scheme.
5.8.3
SC/ST, OBC and Minority Welfare

About 485939 people representing 27.99% of the slum population belong to the General
OC category. The remaining population belongs to the SC, ST and OBC category.
Implementation of the slum free city plan will lead to an improvement in the living
conditions of this segment of the society.
As per the statistics, 37.7% of the slum population representing 6.54 lakhs people
belongs to various minority communities. The slum free city plan will directly benefit this
segment of the society and contribute towards the general minority welfare efforts of the
government.
5.8.4
Women Empowerment
31% of the households representing a population of 467818 area headed by a female.
These earning female members are mostly married (80.13% of the 467818 women)
followed by widows (17.9%). Implementation of the slum free city plan will provide an
opportunity to these women to acquire a pucca house with modern amenities. The
scheme will also provide them with an opportunity to provide better education and
health care to the family members due to provision of social infrastructure under the
present scheme. Hence, in general the slum free city plan will empower the 4.67 lakh
women heads of the families.
5.8.5
Benefit to the BPL families
(84.74%) are below the poverty line. The number of household possessing BPL card
status is 330959. The Central and State Governments are running several schemes for the
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Records show that 341875 households corresponding to a population of 14.71 lakhs

benefit of the BPL families. In this regard, the plan to provide pucca houses along with
required physical and social infrastructure to this segment of poor urban slum dwellers is
more holistic in approach and will have a lasting impact on a sizeable population of 14.71
lakhs in the GHMC area.
5.8.6
Impact on Water Supply
It is well known that access to safe potable water supply is essential in order to avoid
several water borne diseases. At present a population of 202918 residing in various slums
of GHMC do not have access to the potable water supply of the HMWS & SB. These
people are depending on sources like bore well or open well etc. for all their water
requirements. Provision of water supply to all the slum dwellers will provide security
against water borne diseases to a population of 202918 belonging to 48728 households.
5.8.7
Impact on Sanitation
It is a matter of concern that a population of 267153 is still using dry latrine. In addition
to this about 31923 persons are reported as adopting open defecation. Under the slum
free city plan it is envisioned to provide bathroom and toilet facilities to all the slum
dwellers. Hence implementation of the scheme will benefit this segment of the
population which is using dry latrines or open defecation.
5.9
Formulation of Credit Plan

5.9.1 Review of Accessibility and Affordability of housing finance for urban poor
With this rapid urbanisation, one of the biggest challenges will be providing
affordable housing to city dwellers, especially the urban poor. Housing is integral
to the well-being of a family. In many cities, around 10-15% of the city population
lives in appalling conditions of urban slums lacking the benefits of adequate
housing. There is huge shortfall in housing with regard to economically weaker
sections (EWS) and low-income groups (LIG).There is a need for adequate
housing for EWS/LIG groups, where people can afford.
Affordability and accessibility are the two big questions in housing sector. Most
of the projects worked by the private developers aim at providing housing for
in formal housing system.
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Page107
middle and upper income groups and there is no provision of houses for EWS/LIG

Affordability of the EWS/LIG is again dependent on the income levels of different

groups and the market prices of the houses. Since the affordability levels of the
EWS/LIG groups are very low, they have to compromise on the quality of the
house. Access to housing finance for poor is limited in the formal systems, and it
is limited to mainly formal employment with regular salaries. Some of the
common obstacles for EWS/LIG groups are irregular income, high down
payments and their guarantee for the repayment.
Affordability of the household is ability to pay for the house and can be
calculated taking ratio of price of housing to income of household. In the recent
household survey conducted by the UCD Cell, GHMC, it is observed that 30-40%
of the monthly income is spent towards housing as rent/loan, which shows that
they are capable of paying EMI for stipulated time if they are provided with
loans.
As per the household survey conducted in the month of June, 2010, the average
household income is Rs.5636. It is presumed that the current income would be at
Rs. 6000. For calculating EMI and accessing the repaying capacity of household,
the cost of dwelling unit is considered as Rs.4,00,000/- for which Rs. 2,80,000 is
borne by Central and State Government and Rs. 1,20,000 is the beneficiary
contribution.
The monthly EMI calculated taking interest rate at 10 % per annum, and the loan
repayment period will be 10-15 years. Mortgage of the dwelling unit will be
accepted as primary security and no prepayment charges. The EMI worked is
given in the table
Loan
Interest Loan term(in % to monthly
Amount rate(%
years)
income
p.a)
Monthly Total interest Total amount

payment (in
paid (in
paid (in Rs.)
Rs.)
Rs.)
1,20,000
10%
10
1,586
70,297
1,90,297
1,20,000
10%
11
1,502
78,315
1,98,315
1,20,000
10%
12
1,434
86,510
2,06,510
1,20,000
10%
13
1,377
94,877
2,14,877
1,20,000
10%
14
1,330
1,03,414
2,23,414
1,20,000
10%
15
1,290
1,12,115
2,32,115
26.43
25.03
23.90
22.95
22.17
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21.50
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From the above table it is clear that the EMI calculated varies from 21% to 27 %
of monthly income of the household. Hence, slum household may not have
burden in future as his income will increase in the coming years and where as the
EMI is fixed.
Providing housing finance to the beneficiaries through banks, Housing Funding
institutions will help in bridging the housing gap and will help in building new
housing stock
The central nodal agencies like National Housing Bank (NHB) and Housing &
Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) shall act intermediaries for releasing
of subsidy to the primary lending institutions.
5.9.2 Formulation of an effective credit plan
The cost of housing is so high compared to what people early and the households
who can save in hand can afford houses without any loans & financing. It is
difficult for the EWS/LIG to afford a house without any loans; finance for the
housing needs is the required for the EWS/LIG group.
In order to overcome the obstacles for the getting loan from the formal systems,
strategies are worked out to make the housing finance reach the needy. The
strategies are as follows:
Strategy 1: Legalization of Slums Land:
Government legalizes slum land and provides the slum dwellers with tenurial
rights they can individually take loans from housing banks to pay for the
construction cost of their houses.
The slum dwellers will then be able to
mortgage their houses against the loan.

Strategy 2: Forming intermediate finance institutions:
As formal institutions hesitate to provide loan to the LIG/EWS /poor households
due to their inability to repay and as they fail in providing security for the loan
amount. Setting up intermediate finance institutions which facilitate the
households in getting loans and linking them with banks makes the formal
institutions comfortable in providing loans to these groups.
Strategy 3: Cost reduction strategy:
One way of providing houses to EWS/LIG category is to reducing the cost of
unit cost lower and make them affordable to the vulnerable groups.
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Page109
housing by using innovative and design construction strategies, which make is

Strategy 4: Channelling loans from Self Help Groups (SHGs) within the
community:
A SHG is a small group of persons who come together with the intention of
finding a solution to a common problem such as medical issues, livelihood
generation or watershed management, with a degree of self-sufficiency. . In
GHMC there are 48878 SHGS out of which 47761 are in slum areas The primary
aim of the SHG-Bank linkage program is to integrate informal savings and credit
groups with mainstream banking by providing them with credit to enhance their
fund base. Once an SHG has demonstrated its capacity to sustain and to absorb
outside credit, loans are extended to it from the formal banking structure. These
can help the formal systems for channeling the loans to the needy and can
provide financing institutions with an established, capable management
mechanism that can manage loan disbursal and repayment as a group thereby
Page110
creating trust to the institutions
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6.0 Slum Prevention Strategy

6. 1
Slum Definition
Slums have come to form an integral part of the phenomena of urbanization in India. The
generally accepted definition of a slum from the perspective of housing, water supply,
sanitation and poverty has been presented in (1.2). The definitions included the ones
given by UN-HABITAT and the general criteria adopted by Governments and ULBs. For the
purpose of Census of India, 2001, the slum areas broadly constitute of:
(i)
All specified areas in a town or city notified as Slum by State/Local Government

and UT Administration under any Act including a Slum Act.
(ii)
All areas recognized as Slum by State/Local Government and UT Administration,

Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum
under any act
(iii)
A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 poorly built and
congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate
infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
RAY Suggests to use the definition of slum as a compact settlement of at least 20

households with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature,
crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in
unhygienic conditions.
As reported by the Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI), Census 2011 will use the
same definition as used by Census 2001 for delineating the slum blocks in the notified,
recognized and identified slum areas of each statutory town. In addition, the House
listing and Housing Census data will be used for earmarking the slum like clusters
uniformly through the country. The ORGI will also identify all the House-listing Blocks
(HLBs) where at least 20 households satisfying the set criterion, as recommended by the
Pranab Sen Committee exist.
6. 2
Reasons for Slum Formation
of industrialization. The main reasons for the formation of slums are population growth,
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Page111
Formation of slums is not a new phenomenon; it was part of history from the early years

rural urban migration, lack of good governance etc. Some of the more common reasons
are identified below:
1. Migration from rural to urban areas

2. Lack of affordable housing
3. Lack of secure tenure
4. Unemployment
5. Illiteracy
6. Poor Governance
7. Poverty
It can be summarized that the broad reasons for slum formation can be grouped into two
main heads; Population growth and Governance.
6.2.1
Population growth
Post industrial revolution population growth is mainly attributed to the reducing death
rate. The population growth is observed to be more pronounced in urban areas in
comparison to rural areas due to the phenomenon of migration. Some of the identified
reasons for migration from rural and semi-urban areas to urban areas are as follows:
1.
Low income from agriculture due to lack of fertile pastures and arable land.
2.
Lack of food, water, work and other fundamental needs of existence.
3.
Environmental catastrophes like drought and floods
4.
Lack of education and employment opportunities in rural areas
5.
Better transportation system in urban areas
6.
Lack of health facilities in rural areas
6.2.2
Governance
Slum formation is attributed to a variety of reasons and failure of governance is one of

them. Slums are usually a result of failed policies, poor governance, inappropriate
regulations, unresponsive financial system and dysfunctional land markets. Apart from all
these reasons, lack of political will to recognize the problem and incorporate appropriate
cities.
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Page112
schemes in the action plans is responsible for the mushrooming of the slums in major

The authorities responsible for city governance fail to recognize consequences of rapid
and unplanned urbanization and hence do not incorporate strategies for slum
development and prevention in the developmental and urban planning activities. Many
of the Municipal bodies have not even identified the localities in their cities and towns
which are deprived of basic facilities.
The urban development initiatives of ULBS do not focus on the urban poor and in turn
the poor are forced to find their own land for housing through encroachments leading to
creation of slums. Most of the people in these slums are migrants who have moved to
urban areas in search of livelihood and work.
Though the authorities focus on the infrastructure, it may not be a solution for arresting
future growth of slums. Empowerment of the slum dwellers should also be part of the
planning activities.
6. 3
Slum Development Perspectives

Slums are plagued with numerous issues and constitute one of the fundamental global
challenges of present times though development plans have been under implementation
since many years. Many of such schemes adopted earlier have laid substantial stress on
adaptive approaches at the cost of proactive approaches, thus not being able to address
the subtleties of slum development in the right perspective. It is now recognised that a
permanent resolution to improving lives of the slum dwellers is not the only perspective
of slum development because equal efforts should be taken towards planning a new
urban growth in a way which ensures future migrants are not forced to live in slums.
Therefore cutting edge approaches are required which deal with the problems of slums
as a whole.
Adaptive approaches are economically feasible strategies for improving the existing
slums in order to integrate them into the social-economic fiber of the city. Some such
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approaches are:
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ADAPTIVE APPROACHES
1. Security of land tenure through issue of ownership rights which requires new
legislations in the area of urban land use.
2. Provision of adequate physical infrastructure like water supply, sanitation,
sewerage, drainage, roads and electricity.
3. Provision of adequate health infrastructure through primary health centres.
4. Provision of appropriate education facilities through primary schools.
5. Provision of livelihood centres / skill improvement programmes for economic
betterment.
These measures enable upgradation of physical and social infrastructure and economic
services in the slums to a level at par with the rest of the city. The most important
characteristic of the adaptive approach is the implementation of a practical solution to
the issue of land tenure in order to provide ownership of the land to the residents. Such
measures are tried, tested and proven to be practical for improving the well-being of the
slum dwellers in many parts of the world.
In contrast with the adaptive approach, the proactive approach concentrates on
conceptualization and implementation of measures that ensure that rapid urbanisation
does not compel future slum formation. In the long run, the proactive approach will be
more cost-effective and simpler that provides social and financial benefits to the urban
poor, the city and the nation. Some such approaches are:
PROACTIVE APPROACHES
Earmarking adequate land for EWS and LIG segments of the Society with tenure
security, thereby addressing the issues of demand for land, housing, physical
and social infrastructure and priorities for land use should be established. E.g.
Transportation etc.
2.
The city bylaws should be practically formulated in order to provide greater FSI
to these sections of the society.
3.
Provision of adequate physical, social, and economic infrastructure in rural areas

in order to discourage migration to urban centres.
4.
Develop satellite towns, cluster towns, and urban corridors with employment
opportunities in order to decongest the core urban area and reduce land
demand for housing.
5.
Devise and implement Regional Development Plan in conjunction with the

CDP in order to reduce regional imbalances and encourage development of
counter-magnet towns.
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1.
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Hence, proactive approach tackles urban development problems and prevents slums
more reasonably than the adaptive approach. The corner stone of the approach is the
Regional Development Plan which may be the cutting edge approach required to deal
with the problem of slum formation in a holistic manner.
6. 4
Strategies for Prevention of Future slums

Identification and incorporation of appropriate strategies for prevention of future slums
is an integral part of any slum free city plan. Some such proposals are presented in this
section.
6.4.1. Provision of Rental Housing

The slum free city plan of action contains a proposal for construction of transit
accommodation to house the slum dwellers during the period of slum development. A
detailed study was done for providing transit accommodation for the slum households
five models were worked out and detailed SWOT analysis was done. Detailed report is
presented in Annexure 8 for reference. The slum free city plan of action contains a
proposal for construction of transit accommodation to house the slum dwellers during
the period of slum development. 32,141 numbers of houses are proposed to be
constructed as transit accommodation during implementation of RAY. The transit
accommodation provided for the present slums can be used as rental accommodation in
future as a strategy to prevent new slum formations or to provide rental accommodation
for LIG and EWS category. For the horizon year of 2030, the housing stock required is
estimated at 2,11,036 units. Out of which 2,01,793 are required to house EWS & LIG. By
the year 2020, 32141 units will be provided for rental accommodation to EWS & LIG
which further reduces the required housing stock for the year 2030 to 1,69,652 from
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201793.
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6.4.2
Decongesting the core city areas

The core areas of a city are generally congested due to concentration of commercial and
administrative activities. The migrants generally tend to settle down in the core area due
to easy access to the work sites. This leads to the formation of slums which gradually
grow in size and population. Hence it is necessary to overcome this issue by developing
peripheral areas in order to decongest the core areas. This will stop the migration to the
core city areas leading to prevention of new slums.
6.4.3
Addressing Regional Imbalances

Focusing on Regional Development in conjunction with the city plans to reduce regional
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imbalances and encourage development of counter-magnet towns.
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6.4.4
Inventory of vacant lands

All the vacant lands under ownership of GHMC are under recreational use (i.e parks) in
various layouts in the city and there is no scope for GHMC to allot the vacant land for
housing the urban poor.
6.4.5
Housing shortage
For the horizon year of 2030, the housing stock required is estimated at 2,11,036 units.
Out of which 50649 units are required to house for future BPL migrants. Hence, the net
housing shortage is 50649 units. For the calculation of Land requirement, the following
density norms are followed:
EWS Housing - 600 DUs/Ha

LIG housing - 500 DUs/Ha
Particular
No. of Units required
No. of units per Ha
Area required ( in ha)
600 DUs/Ha
50649
600
84.42
500 DUs/Ha
50649
400
126.62
The area earmarked in the layouts for LIG & EWS may be used for constructing the
houses for future population. To meet the housing shortage, an amount of Rs. 2026
crores is required based on the current year SSR.
6.4.6
Legal Framework
Andhra Pradesh Property Rights to Slum Dwellers Act, 2011 (Draft)
Reservation of land / Build up space for economically weaker sections
Provision of incentives
Land pooling scheme / Group Housing Scheme(Layout approval)

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NCPE

10% of the plotted area is earmarked for Lower Income Group (LIG) Housing with
maximum plot size up to 100 sqm.
5% reservation of land for the purpose of providing housing accommodation for

EWS.
A copy of the draft act is given in Annexure 6

Draft Metropolitan Development Plan 2031 for Hyderabad Metropolitan Region
(Group housing schemes)
At least 10% of the total built up area shall be developed for EWS dwelling units
At least 10 % of the total built up area dwelling units shall be developed for LIG
dwelling units with a maximum plinth area of 50 sq m for each unit
Future industrial development is earmarked in outskirts of the city and the land for
housing is also earmarked in the landuse
A notification issued by G.O.Ms.No. 245 ,M.A. & U.D Department for Earmarking 20% of
developed land for EWS/LIG category in all housing projects (both public and private
Agencies) Amendments to Revised Common Building Rules is given in Annexure 7
6.4.7
Find alternatives to new slum formation.

Cities need to introduce proactive measures for producing viable alternatives to slums.
Earmarking adequate land for EWS and LIG segments of the Society with tenure security,
thereby addressing the issues of demand for land, housing, physical and social
infrastructure and priorities for land use should be established. E.g. Transportation etc.
The city bylaws should be practically formulated in order to provide greater FSI to these
sections of the society.
Provision of adequate physical, social, and economic infrastructure in rural areas in order
to discourage migration to urban centres.
Develop satellite towns, cluster towns, and urban corridors with employment
opportunities in order to decongest the core urban area and reduce land demand for
housing.
Devise and implement Regional Development Plan in conjunction with the CDP in order
to reduce regional imbalances and encourage development of counter-magnet towns.
Empower people
Providing housing and infrastructure merely will not solve the problem of slums,
empowering people, uplifting their social status and financial status will solve the
problem of slums
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6.4.8

7.0 Road Map

7. 1
Organisational Framework
The Urban Community Development cell in GHMC is the organization responsible for
implementation of programmes and schemes for the betterment of poor. In addition to
this there are a large number of agencies responsible for implementing programmes
aimed at poverty alleviation. They include the revenue, education, health, housing and
SC, ST, BC, Physically Handicapped, Women and Minority welfare departments and their
allied organisations, urban development authorities, CBOs, NGOs and academic
institutions, etc.
Linkages should be established between the UCD Cells and civil society and their role in
poverty reduction should be clearly understood. The Table gives an indicative list of
agencies and the focus of their activities.
Indicative list of Institutions and Programmes
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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Institutions
Programmes
GHMC
Implementation of poverty programmes

Notification and denotification
Health and Sanitation
Town Planning& provision of Infrastructure
Issue of Pattas
Provision of loans and subsidy for livelihoods
District Collector
Scheduled Caste Corporation
Minorities Development
Corporation
Women Welfare Development
Corporation
Housing Corporation/Board
Education Department
Health Department
Social Welfare Department
HUDA, QQSUDA
Urban Health Posts/Centres
NGOs
Research and Training
Institutions
CBOs

House Development
School education
Health care and ICDS
Welfare of backward sections
Planning and development
Primary health care
Livelihoods and services
Studies and surveys
Training Impact assessment
Policy advice and support
Articulating needs and priorities
Planning and implementation
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S.
no.
1

7. 2
Implementation Agencies
The project components proposed under the slum free city plan for GHMC fall under the
purview of various departments. The agencies involved in planning and implementation
of Slum Development projects are listed below along with their scope of work:
1.
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Rehabilitation and extension of

distribution network, Improvement, & construction of public toilets, rehabilitation,
& extension of storm water drain network, monitoring SWM activities, undertaking
road improvement works, etc. Maintenance and Operation of social infrastructure
like parks, playgrounds, livelihood centres , civic amenities complex etc.
2.
Water Supply & Drainage Board Water Supply and UGD components (Planning,
Augmentation, and implementation).
3.
Public Works Department- Road construction & Upgradation

This department is concerned with road construction and upgradation. The
responsibilities of this Implementation Agency (IA) include:
i.
Carrying out detailed surveys, investigations and engineering designs of subproject components
ii.
Tendering, evaluating bids and awarding works, contract administration,

supervision and quality control
7.3
iii.
Measuring works carried out by the contractors and certifying payments
iv.
Conducting public awareness campaigns and participation programs
v.
Carrying out environmental assessments and
vi.
Preparing monthly physical and financial progress reports.
Functioning of the Nodal Agency

GHMC, the nodal agency, need both administrative and technical assistance to get the
projects implemented through different agencies with external financial assistance. It is
proposed to establish "Project Management Committee (PMC)" to strengthen and assist
GHMC in its functions of plan formulation, implementation, and co-ordination. A
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"Technical Committee (TC)" consisting of all concerned officers relating to development
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of the infrastructure will also be constituted to provide the needed technical cooperation and assistance on finalization of project implementation programmes.
7.4
Legal Framework
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has legislated certain acts aimed at providing a
proper legal framework to the slum development initiatives. Some of these are discussed
below:
7.4.1
Andhra Pradesh Property Rights to Slum Dwellers Act, 2011 (Draft)
Reservation of land / Build up space for economically weaker sections
Provision of incentives
Land pooling scheme / Group Housing Scheme(Layout approval)
10% of the plotted area is earmarked for Lower Income Group (LIG) Housing with
maximum plot size up to 100 sqm.
5% reservation of land for the purpose of providing housing accommodation for

EWS.
7.4.2
Draft Metropolitan Development Plan 2031 for Hyderabad Metropolitan Region

(Group housing schemes)
At least 10% of the total built up area shall be developed for EWS dwelling units
At least 10 % of the total built up area dwelling units shall be developed for LIG
dwelling units with a maximum plinth area of 50 sq m for each unit
Future industrial development is earmarked in outskirts of the city and the land for
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housing is also earmarked in the landuse
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Slum Free City Plan of Action

Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty

GREATER HYDERABAD MUNICIPAL

Slum Free City Development Plan for

Chapter 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.2 Slums An Urban Phenomenon

1.3 Poverty Fallout

1.4 Multidimensional Poverty Index

1.5 Growth of Slums

1.6 City Profile

1.7 Slum Development Initiatives

National Slum Development Programme (NSDP)

1.9 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

1.10 Rajiw Awas Yojana

1.11 RAY Guidelines

1.12 Methodology Adopted by GHMC to prepare SFCPoA

Chapter 2.0 Existing Condition of Slums in GHMC

Physical Location of Slums

Classification of slums based on Population Density

Classification of Slums based on Age

Status Of Land Ownership In Slums

Infrastructure India Pvt. Ltd .

Slum Free City Development Plan for

2.2 Data Collection

Household Survey (Poverty and Livelihood)

2.3 Data Description

Chapter 3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.2 Slum Population in Hyderabad

3.3 Steps for formulation of Slum Free City Plan

3.4 Guiding Principles for Slum Free City Plan

3.5 Household Survey

3.6 Public Consultations/Area Sabhas

3.7 Conceptualization of Strategies

3.8 Prioritization & Phasing

3.9 Towards implementation of RAY

Chapter 4.0 Slum Rehabilitation Framework

4.5 Contextualization Process

4.6 Contextualization of Strategies

4.7 Formulation of Strategies

4.8 Proposed Criteria for Selection of Strategy

4.9 Analysis for Type of Location

4.10 Land Tenure Indicator

4.11 Analysis for Type of Structure

Type of Structure Analysis for Stable Land

Type of Structure Analysis for Unstable Land

Infrastructure India Pvt. Ltd .

Slum Free City Development Plan for

4.12 Strategy for Development of Slums in which housing is

4.14 Strategy for Development of Slums in which housing

4.15 Strategy for Development of Slums in which housing

4.16 Strategy for Development of Slums Requiring Remodeling

4.17 Flow Chart

4.18 Slum Categorization

4.19 Physical Infrastructure Deficiency Analysis

4.20 Development of strategies

4.21 Prioritization Strategy

4.22 The Poverty Index VS. Infrastructure Deficiency Index Matrix

SC/ST Population Score

Percentage of Katcha Houses

Percentage Coverage of Water Supply

Percentage Coverage of Underground Sewerage

Percentage Coverage of Drainage

Percentage Coverage of Roads