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I. INTRODUCTION
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[Iabc]1
Node 2
Series
Component
[Iabc]2
[Vabc]2
[Vabc]1
Forward Sweep
(1)
Backward Sweep
(2)
(3)
The [a], [b], [c], [d], [A], and [B] generalized matrices are
developed using characteristics of the individual series
components. The matrices are 3x3 and represent three-phase
components, but can also represent two-phase and singlephase components by filling in the unused rows and columns
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( ) ]
k =1
tp
(4)
Vmj =
(y )
jj mm
Pmj + Qmj
Vmj
[(y
[(y
n t p
k =1
k m t p
t j
) (V ) ]
*
jt mk
t *
k
t *
k
) (V ) ]
jt mk
(5)
In (5) both the real and reactive powers at a given bus are
known values, but this is not true for a PV bus where the
reactive power can vary based on bus voltage. Equation 6
shows how the reactive power injection at a PV bus is
calculated.
j
m
= Im Vmj
[(y
n
k =1 t p
) (V ) ]
*
jt mk
t *
k
(6)
EXAMPLE CASE
Pm =
1
r 2C p (u) gear u 3
2
(7)
Fig. 1. GridLAB-D active power output for a General Electric 2.5 MW wind
turbine compared to manufacturers data.
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nodes along the radial feeder. Wind speed data was imported
from a Typical Meteorological Year 2 data set (TMY2)
produced by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) [9], then semi-randomized at one-minute intervals to
provide gust-like conditions. Voltage measurements were
made at five minute intervals at a residential house
approximately halfway along the feeder. Fig. 2 shows the
results for 2 days at 1 minute time intervals and Fig. 3 shows
the results for 8 days at 5 minute time intervals. In Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3 the regulator at the substation was held constant so that
the voltage effects of the WTG can be seen.
From Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 it can be seen that the outputs of the
WTGs have a pronounced effect on the voltage level at the
house, so much so that the normal diurnal variations are
masked. This is not a completely unexpected result for three
1.5 MW turbines on a 12.47 kV feeder. These WTGs are
much large than those that are generally connected to a 12.47
kV distribution feeder.
The point of interest in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 is that the detailed
residential models and the detailed WTG models were
combined into a single simulation environment. In this
environment the meteorological effects were used to
determine the power output of the WTGs and the
heating/cooling requirements of the house while at the same
time electrical models were coupled to thermal building
models. All of these effects were combined to determine
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www.gridlabd.org/
IEEE 1366: IEEE Guide for Electric Power Distribution Reliability
Indices, available online at: www.ieee.org
[3] IEEE Radial Test Feeders- Available through the IEEE Distribution
System Analysis Subcommittee.:
www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom/testfeeders.html
[4] D. P. Chassin, P. R. Armstrong, D. G. Chavarria-Miranda, R. T.
Guttromson, Gauss-Seidel accelerated: implementing flow solvers on
field programmable gate arrays, IEEE PES GM 2006,
[5] W. H. Kersting, 2nd ed., Distribution System Modeling and Analysis.
Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007
[6] P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereira, S. Carneiro Jr., V. M. Da Costa, and N.
Martins, Three-Phase Power Flow Calculations using the Current
Injection Method, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 15, Issue 4,
May 2000, pp. 508-514
[7] C.G. Justus, Winds and Wind System Performance, Philadelphia, PA:
Franklin Institute Press, 1978.
[8] B. Malinga, J.E. Sneckenberger, and A. Feliachi, Modeling and Control
of a Wind Turbine as a Distributed Resource, Proc. 35th Southeastern
Symp. System Theory, Atlanta, GA, 2003, pp. 108-112.
[9] TMY2weather
data,
available
online
at:
www.rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/tmy2/
[10] www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Kevin P. Schneider (M06, SM08) received his B.S. degree
in Physics and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical
Engineering from the University of Washington. His main
areas of research are power system operations and visual
analytics. He is currently a research engineer at the Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), working at the
Battelle Seattle Research Center in Seattle Washington. Dr.
Schneider is also an Adjunct Faculty member at the
Washington State University Tri-Cities campus and a licensed Professional
Engineer in Washington State.
David P. Chassin (M03, SM05) received his BS of
Building Science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in
Troy, New York. He is a staff scientist with the Energy
Science and Technology Division at Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory where he has worked since 1992. He
was Vice-President of Development for Image Systems
Technology from 1987 to 1992, where he pioneered a hybrid
raster/vector computer aided design (CAD) technology called
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Yousu Chen (M07) received his B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Sichuan
University, China, his M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Nankai University,
China, and M.S. in Environmental Engineering from Washington State
University. Currently he is a Research Engineer at the Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory in Richland Washington. Mr. Chen is an IEEE member and
the Vice-Chair of the Richland Chapter of the Power Engineering Society.
Jason C. Fuller (S'08) received his B.S. degree in Physics from the University
of Washington in Seattle Washington. Currently he is a graduate student at
Washington State University Tri-Cities Campus in Richland Washington. His
main areas of interest are power system analysis and renewable integration. Mr.
Fuller is a Student Member of the IEEE.